Engleza KINETO

ADINA RĂDULESCU *

E NGLISH IN K INETOTHERAPY INETOTHERAPY. A PRACTICAL E NGLISH HANDBOOK

Editura Fundaţiei România de Mâine 2004

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ADINA RĂDULESCU

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ADINA RĂDULESCU

English in Kinetotherapy. A practical English handbook

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CONTENTS CUVÂNT ÎNAINTE

UNIT 1 THE MAIN PARTS OF THE BODY IMPE IMPERA RATI TIVE VE SENT SENTEN ENCE CES S USED USED IN RELA RELAXA XATI TION ON TRAI TRAINI NING NG TECHNIQUES PREPOSITIONS

UNIT 2 THE SKELETAL SYSTEM INTERROGATIVE INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS AND ADVERBS USED BEFORE THE VERB TO BE ASKING QUESTIONS

UNIT 3 THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM ADJECTIVES – BASIC KNOWLEDGE DESCRIBING A CERTAIN MUSCLE

UNIT 4 EXAMINING THE PACIENT POLYSEMANTIC WORDS THERAPIST-PATIENT DISCOURSE – GREETINGS, IDENTIFICATION AND INTRODUCTORY DIALOGUES

UNIT 5 TYPES OF INJURIES PASSIVE MODAL CONSTRUCTIONS PRESENT TENSE SIMPLE AND PRESENT PERFECT THERAPIST-PATIENT THERAPIST-PATIENT DISCOURSE – PATIENT`S SYMPTOMS AND COMPLAINTS FORMAL AND INFORMAL MEDICAL TERMS

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UNIT 6 THERAPEUTIC EXERCISES WORD FORMATION – DERIVATION THERAPIST-PATIENT DISCOURSE – RECOMMENDING DIFFERENT THERAPEUTIC EXERCISES

UNIT 7 THERAPEUTIC PROCEDURES IN HANDLING THE PATIENT PASSIVE VERBAL CONSTRUCTIONS THERAPIST-PATIENT DISCOURSE – POSITIONING AND HANDLING THE PATIENT

UNIT 8 MUSCULOSKELETAL AND CONNECTIVE TISSUE DISORDERS PRONOUNCING TONGUE-TWISTERS DESCRIBING SYMPTOMS AND RECOMMENDING THERAPEUTIC EXERCISES

UNIT 9 POSTURAL PROBLEMS CONDITIONAL CLAUSES THERAPIST-PATIENT DISCOURSE – IMPROVING COMMUNICATION

UNIT 10 REVISION EXERCISES

BIBLIOGRAPHY

CUVÂNT ÎNAINTE


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Specificul studierii limbilor străine în cadru universitar este reprezentat de trecerea de la studierea limbii străine la modul general la aprofundarea ei pe diverse domenii de specialitate. În funcţie de specializarea pentru care studenţii optează, ei vor studia, în cazul nostru, engleza economică, juridică, tehnică, medicală etc. Studiul limbilor străine aplic ate pe un anumit domeniu de specialitate – în cazul nostru fiind vorba de engleza în kinetoterapie , o ramură a englezei medicale –

presupune din partea studenţilor un nivel mediu de cunoştiinţe de limba engleză, stăpânirea unor tehnici de muncă individuală şi, de asemenea, a unui nivel mediu de cunoştiinţe generale pe domeniul respectiv de specialitate. Manualul de faţă se adresează studenţilor secţiei de Kinetoterapie, din cadrul Facultăţii de Educaţie Fizică şi Sport a Universităţii Spiru Haret Bucureşti, atât anului I cât şi anului II de studiu. El răspunde unei nevoi reale – aceea de a avea un instrument practic de lucru pentru desfăşurarea activităţii de seminar. Conştientizarea avantajelor pe care le presupune stăpânirea unui limbaj de specialitate într-o limbă străină, dintre care amintim: posibilitatea consultării unei bibliografii de specialitate în limba respectivă, participarea studenţilor la conferinţe internaţionale, publicarea unor materiale în revistele de specialitate şi, poate cel mai important, posibilitatea de a lucra într-o clinică sau cabinet de profil cu personal şi clienţi străini fie în România fie peste hotare – a constituit motivaţia principală pentru menţinerea interesului studenţilor faţă de această disciplină de studiu şi pentru obţinerea unui certificat de competenţă lingvistică pe specialitatea engleză medicală, eliberat în cadrul Centrului de Limbi Străine al Universităţii Spiru Haret.

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Manualul este structurat pe 10 capitole (Units), axându-se pe trei componente principale: 1) un corpus de texte de specialitate,

care-şi asociază diverse exerciţii de vocabular, traduceri de text şi exerciţii de redare selectivă a informaţiei prezentate; 2) o selecţie a unor probleme de gramatică a limbii engleze, efectuată în funcţie de criteriul frecvenţei anumitor structuri gramaticale în limbajul medical şi 3) un set de „discursuri” kinetoterapeut-pacient , axate pe tematica fiecărui capitol, având ca scop familiarizarea studenţilor cu utilizarea unui limbaj oral, informal, care completează lim bajul formal în care sunt redate textele de specialitate. Selectarea acestor texte din diverse materiale – atlase de anatomie, cursuri de kinetoterapie, etc a avut ca intenţie creearea unui cadru „profesionist” de lucru,

precum şi stimularea interesului studenţilor pentru consultarea unor materiale de specialitate în limba engleză. Şi, nu în ultimul rând, exerciţiile de la fiecare sfârşit de Unit – “create your own dialogues”, “ consider yourself as a kinetotherapist” etc. testează capacitatea studenţilor de a se exprima liber şi firesc în limbajul de specialitate asimilat, într-un context socioprofesional artificial creat în sala de seminar, prin ceea ce în metodica limbii engleze se numeşte “Role playing”. Cu speranţa şi dorinţa că acest manual va răspunde nevoii practice a studenţilor de a aprofunda limba engleză pentru o viitoare practică kinetoterapeutică , constituind în acelaşi timp un stimulent pentru o perfecţionare permanentă, prin consultarea unei bibliografii actualizate în limba engleză, închei prin a le mulţumi studenţilor din primele generaţii cu care am lucrat pentru ajutorul pe care mi l-au acordat, prin simpla lor participare activă la seminariile de limba engleză, în conturarea suportului teoretic şi practic al acestui manual.


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Autoarea

UNIT I THE MAIN PARTS OF THE BODY IMPERATIVE SENTENCES USED TRAINING TECHNIQUES PREPOSITIONS

IN

RELAXATION

1. Read the following texts containing relaxation techniques and write down the new words: “Trainer’s introduction: ‘This relaxation procedure is one that has been practised for many years now. It has been studied by researchers and found to be effective. You will feel very relaxed and calm as a result. It is not the same as hypnosis and you will not lose consciousness at any point.’ The procedures: ‘Make yourself as comfortable as you can… become aware of the surface underneath you… let your body settle into it… notice how it supports you… notice the points of contact between you and the floor: your head… shoulders… spine… ribs… hips… heels… elbows… forearms and hands… feel your body sinking into the surface you are lying on… feel your body getting heavier as the tension ebbs away… feel at peace…. Take one good breath and as you let it out, feel it carrying all your tensions away… then let your breathing settle into a gentle rhythm…’ ‘As you lie or sit, reflect on the idea that you are going to give the next half-hour to yourself. No telephone can ring for you; no doorbell disturb you; no one will call your name. You may hear sounds around you: voices, horns, sirens, bangs and revs… think of them as being outside your world. With these thoughts in mind, draw an imaginary circle around yourself, about three feet from the centre. Create an imaginary bubble… think of the interior as your space… your own private space. Feel how safe it is… safe to get in touch with yourself. Turn your thoughts inward.’

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Trainer’s termination of the procedure : ‘I am going to bring this

relaxation sesssion to an end… I’d like you gradually to become aware of the room… feel the floor/chair underneath you … open your eyes… give your limbs a few gentle stretches… have the feeling that you are alert and ready to carry on with your life…’ ‘With your eyes open, raise your eyebrows… feel the tension… and release the tension… frown… feel the tension… and release it… shut your eyes tightly… feel the tension… and let it go… with your eyes still closed, spend a few minutes releasing tension in this part of your face… Close the jaws firmly, noticing the sensations you get from the action… hold it… and… discontinue… let your jaw drop… feel the tension leaving you… and continuing to leave you… then repeat the action…. Next, bare your teeth… feel the tension in the cheeks… hold it for a few seconds… and release the tension…. Make a tight ‘O’ with your lips… hold it, while you register tension in the lips… and cancel the action…. Press your tongue against your teeth… feel the pressure and release it… Now pull the tongue back towards the throat. Feel the muscles drawing it back and note the sensations you get from this action… and… release it… ” (R. A. Payne – Relaxation Techniques)

2. Read the text again, select the words that designate:

a) parts of the body, b)verbal constructions expressing commands and c) prepositions or other words indicating direction and place them in

three different columns. 3. Using the vocabulary practice below write the Romanian equivalents for the terms indicating parts of the body. ♣ VOCABULARY PRACTICE 4. Pronounce and learn the names of the main parts of the human body. For some notions two alternative terms have been provided:


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The head: - eyes, eyelids (pleoape), eyelashes (gene), eyebrows (sprâncene); - nose, nostrils (nări); -

-

ears, ear lobe; mouth, lips (buze), gum (gingie), to oth - teeth,

tongue (limbă), jaw (falcă), upper jaw /maxilla (maxilar), under jaw (mandibulă); forehead (frunte), cheek (obraz), cheek bone (os maxilar), chin (bărbie), dimple (gropiţă în obraz), dimple in the chin /fossette (gropiţă în bărbie).

The neck: -

throat; Adam’s apple/thyroid cartilage; hollow of the throat (scobitura gâtului); nape of the neck (ceafa).

The body: - shoulder, shoulder blade/scapula (omoplat);

- limb (membru), arm/upper limb (braţ), armpit/axilla (subsuoară), forearm (antebraţ), hand, elbow (cot), crook of the arm (îndoitura braţului), palm, wrist/carpus (încheietura mâinii), fist (pumn), fingers – thumb (degetul mare), forefinger (deget arătător), middle finger, ring finger (deget inelar), little finger, finger tip (vârful degetului), finger pad (perniţa degetului), fingernail (unghie), knuckle (articulaţia degetului); - biceps, thorax/chest (torace), breast (piept), nipple (mamelon), abdomen, stomach, waist (talie), navel/umbilicus (buric), bottom (şezut), buttocks (fes e); - hip (şold), leg, thigh (coapsă), calf

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(gambă), shin/cannon bone (fluierul piciorului, tibia), knee (genunchi), knee cap (rotulă), ankle (gleznă), instep (scobitura gleznei), sole (talpă), heel/calcaneus (călcâi), toes (degete de la picioare). 5. Choose the right word that best completes the sentence: 1. I can’t move my left hand; I have problems with my ………... a) fingers b) armpit c) wrist d) fists 2. It is not polite to talk to somebody when you have your ………. in your pockets. a) fingers b) hands c) palms d) arms 3. He has had this nasty habit of biting his ………. ever since he was a kid. a) tongue b) toes c) fingers d) nails 4. This old lady can’t hear you very well; she has got an ……… infection. a) ear b) throat c) tooth d) eye 5. He fell and hurt his ……… really bad, as he was not wearing his knee-pads when roller skating. a) ankles b) legs c) knees d) toes 6. The underside both of a foot and a shoe is called a ………….. a) heel b) sole c) shin d) toe 7. I ate an icecream yesterday and now I have a sore ……………. a) neck b) eye c) jaw d) throat 8. You should not drink so much coffee on an empty …………….. a) stomach b) waist c) abdomen d) throat 9. Nobody is perfect and carelessness is his Achilles’………... a) toe b) arm c) heel d) head 10. He is walking on the tips of his ………… so as not to awake the baby. a) feet b) toes c) fingers d) sole


6. Match up the following words with their definitions: 1. wrist 2. forehead 3. hip 4. tongue 5. calf 6. armpit 7. nostril 8. thigh 9. fingernail 10. heel 11. abdomen 12. biceps

a. the thick, fleshy part of the back of the leg, between the ankle and the knee b. large muscle at the front of the upper arm, which bends the elbow c. the small depression beneath the arm where it joins the shoulder d. a thin, horny, translucent plate covering part of the dorsal surface of the end joint of each finger e. the part of the face between the natural hairline and the eyes; formed skeletally by the frontal bone of the skull f. part on either side of the body below the waist where the bone of a person’s leg is joined to the trunk g. the joint between the forearm and the hand h. the back part of the human foot from the instep to the lower part of the ankle i. part of the body below de chest and diaphragm, containing the stomach, bowels and digestive organs j. organ of taste that aids the mastication and swallowing of food. k. either of the two external openings of the nose l. part of the human leg between the knee and the hip

♣ VOCABULARY PRACTICE

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Here is a list of the most commonly used prepositions of place and position:

above = deasupra, de deasupra, mai sus de across/along = de-a lungul, transversal around/round = de jur împrejurul below = dedesubt, sub (fără a indica contact cu suprafaţa superioară) beneath/underneath = dedesubt, sub (indi când existenţa unei suprafeţe superioare de protecţie, separare) between = între (două obiecte) behind = în spatele, înapoia in front of = în faţa in = în, în interiorul into = în, înspre interior (indicând pătrunderea, străbaterea spaţiului) on = pe, deasupra onto = pe, deasupra (indicând mişcare pentru atingerea poziţiei) over = peste, deasupra through = prin, printre under = dedesubt, sub (indicând contact cu suprafaţa superioară) Other words indicating movement and direction: -WARDS class (wards = spre, către, indicând direcţia) Backward (s) = înapoi, invers, pe spate

Downward (s) = descendent, spre partea inferioară Forward (s) = înainte, în faţă Inward (s) = înăuntru, către interior Leftward (s) = către stânga, dinspre stânga Outward (s) = către/spre exterior, în afară Towards = spre, către, în direcţia Upright = drept, vertical


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Upward (s) = ascendent, spre partea superioară Sideways = lateral, oblic, într-o parte ►◄Pair work 7. Read the following commands to your deskmate and ask him/her to follow your indications and practise the exercises. Then, change activities: • Place your hands around your ankles. • Rest your elbows on your thighs. • Place your fingertips on your shoulder. • Bend your body sideway s and give it a good stretch. • Lift your arms above your head. • Spread your arms sideways and lower them to your sides. • Clasp both hands behind your head. • Arch your body backwards. • Stretch your arms upwards. • Bend your knees forwards. • Hold your head forward and up. • Raise your arms above your head and turn the palms toward s the ceiling. • Lean your forearms vertically on the wall. With your heels on the ground and your knees straight, let your hips sink forwards.

8. Read the following sentences and translate them into Romanian: • Without moving your head, turn your eyes upwards behind your closed lids. • Roll your eyes in a clockwise circle… Now notice the sensations of tension…. Pause… Roll them now in an anticlockwise direction. • Place your palm downwards on a surface (table, chair arm or thigh); press your fingertips into the surface, drawing them towards your palm so that your hand gradually takes on the shape of a spider… Hold the position, feel the tension in the hand and then let the tension

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go and relax the muscles. • Keeping your toes firmly in contact with the floor, raise your heels up in the air… Now feel the tension in your calf muscles… Relax… drop your heels to the ground and notice the relief, the comfort, the warm tingling sensation in your calves.

9. Create your own relaxation techniques; write down five examples of such exercises and then read them to your deskmates. 10. Translate into English, using the new words: 1. Plasaţi-vă ambele mâini pe umeri. Rotiţi-vă trunchiul alternativ la stânga apoi la dreapta. 2. Staţi în poziţie depărtată, cu mâinile pe lângă corp. Ridicaţi mâna dreaptă şi îndoiţi corpul spre stânga. Reveniţi în poziţia iniţială. Apoi ridicaţi mâna stângă şi îndoiţi corpul spre dreapta. Repetaţi mişcarea de cinci ori. 3. Îndoiţi-vă uşor trunchiul în faţă. Atingeţi-vă genunchii, apoi gambele, apoi gleznele şi dacă puteţi chiar şi degetele de la picioare. 4.Stând pe un scaun, plasaţi-vă ambele coate pe coapse, întindeţi-vă antebraţele şi mişcaţi-vă degetele. 5. Închideţi ochii, ridicaţi mâinile deasupra capului şi arcuiţi-vă uşor trunchiul pe spate. Staţi în poziţie 10 secunde şi apoi reveniţi în poziţia iniţială. 6. Plasaţi-vă ambele mâini pe şolduri. Îndoiţi-vă uşor genunchii şi apoi rotiţi-vă corpul la stânga şi la dreapta. Observaţi ce simţiţi la articulaţiile şoldului. 7. Întindeţi-vă braţele lateral. Apoi îndoiţi-le din coate spre în faţă, la nivelul umărului. Repetaţi mişcarea de câte ori doriţi. 8. Staţi ghemuiţi pe vârfurile picioarelor, cu capul aplecat şi cu mâinile atârnând pe genunchi. Simţiţi cum vi se relaxează muşchii gâtului. Menţineţi poziţia cât


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doriţi. 9. Staţi cu picioarele depărtate şi cu mâinile pe şold. Înclinaţi-vă spre dreapta, ridicând piciorul stâng. Menţineţi poziţia pentru 5 secunde. Apoi repetaţi în direcţia opusă. 10. Staţi cu picioarele depărtate şi cu mâinile întinse lateral şi cu pumnii strânşi. Rotiţi-vă simultan braţele, trasând un cerc mic în aer. Încercaţi rotirea braţelor în ambele direcţii. Observaţi ce se întâmplă cu muşchii braţelor şi pieptului.

UNIT 2

THE SKELETAL SYSTEM INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS AND ADVERBS BEFORE THE VERB TO BE ASKING QUESTIONS 1. Read the following texts and write down the new words:

USED

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“The function of the bones is to form a hard skeleton for the softer materials of the body, to enclose and protect some of the most important vital organs. Bone development takes place at a very early period. In embryonic life, the parts destined to become bones consist of a congeries of cells which constitutes the simplest form of cartilage. This temporary cartilage is an exact miniature of the bone which in due course is to take its place. The process of ossification is slow and not completed until adult life. The next step is the ossification of the intercellular substance and of the cells composing the cartilage. The period of ossification varies much in different bones. It commences first in the clavicle, in which the primitive point appears during the fifth week; next in the lower jaw. The ribs also, and the long bones of the limbs, appear soon after. For a long period after birth, a thin layer of unossified cartilage remains between the diaphysis and epiphyses, until their growth is finally completed.” (Henry Gray – Gray`s Anatomy. Descriptive and Surgical ) “Almost all the elements of the joints of adults are also present in the joints of the newborn. The most active factor determining the formation of a joint after birth are the muscles which exert an action on the given joint, i.e. the work of a joint. The development of bone articulations is directly dependent on the formation of the bony and connective-tissue structures and muscular tissue. All the elements encountered in the joints of the newborn continue their formation and acquire the geometrical shapes of the articular surfaces characteristic of each joint of an adult. ” (R.D. Sinelnikov – Atlas of Human Anatomy )

♣ VOCABULARY PRACTICE

2. Pronounce and learn the names of the main parts of the skeletal system. Add more terms to the list:


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The skeletal system: -

-

skull = craniu

spine/spinal column/backbone = coloana vertebrală vertebra, -ae /bony ring = vertebră spinal cord /marrow = măduva spinării the cervical, dorsal, lumbar, sacral and coccygeal sections of the spine = secţiunile cervicale, dorsale, lombare şi coccigiene ale coloanei vertebrale rib = coastă cartilage = cartilaj sternum /breastbone = stern clavicle /collarbone = claviculă

thoracic cage = cuşcă toracică shoulder girdle = centură scapulară scapula/ shoulder blade = omoplat, scapulă pelvis = pelvis pubis = pubis sacrum = os sacral coccyx = coccis

articulation /joint = articulaţie fibrous joint = articul aţie fibroasă synovial joint = articulaţie sinovială ossification = osificare ligament = ligament

hip joint = articulaţia şoldului knee joint = articulaţia genunchiului ankle joint = articulaţia gleznei

3. Complete the following sentences using the nouns in the box. The first one has been done for you as an example:

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sternum scapula tibia

ADINA RĂDULESCU

coccyx phalanges metacarpus

carpus cranium femur

calcaneus joint vertebrae

1. The spine is a flexuous column, formed of a series of bones called _ vertebrae_. 2. The ____________ is composed of eight bones: the occipital, two parietal, frontal, two temporal, sphenoid, and ethmoid. 3. The ____________ is a long, flat vertical bone, situated in front of the thorax to which are attached the collarbone and the first seven parts of ribs. 4. The ____________ is the longest, thickest and heaviest bone in the skeleton, articulating with the pelvis above and the knee below. 5. The ____________ is the inner and thicker of the two bones of the human leg, between the knee and ankle. 6. The ____________ is a small triangular bone at the end of the spinal column, articulating by its base with the apex of the sacrum. 7. The ____________ is a large, flat bone, triangular in shape which forms the back part of each shoulder. 8. The hand is subdivided into three segments: the __________ or wrist, the ____________ or palm and the ____________ or fingers. 9. The ______________ or heel bone is the largest tarsal bone, irregularly cuboidal in form and situated at the lower back part of the foot. 10. The structures which enter the formation of a ___________ are: bone, cartilage, fibro-cartilage, ligament and synovial membrane.

4. Match up the following words with their definitions: 1. breastbone 2. ligament 3. skull

a. Rings placed one above the other which form a single column, the spinal column b. Triangular bone that forms the back of the pelvis c. Twelve pairs of curved bones extending


4. vertebrae 5. clavicle 6. spine 7. pelvis 8. sacrum 9. cartilage 10. ribs

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from the backbone round the chest d. Narrow, bony and curved column – as a cable for the spinal cord e. Basin-shaped framework of bones at the lower end of the body f. Tough white flexible tissue attached to bones and joints g. Though, flexible tissue that connects bones and holds organs in position h. Thin, flat, vertical bone in the chest, between the ribs i. Bone joining the breastbone and the shoulder blade j. Bony framework of the head under the skin

■ GRAMMAR INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS AND ADVERBS BEFORE THE VERB TO BE

USED

When forming interrogative sentences with the verb TO BE the rule to be remember is to place the words in the following order: WHAT WHICH WHERE + is (sg.) / are (pl.) – present + object WHY + was (sg.) / were (pl.) – past + object HOW HOW MANY

WHAT – is used to ask somebody to specify one or more things, places, people, etc from an indefinite number: What are the main causes of muscular weakness? What is the shape of the spinal column?

WHICH - is used to ask somebody to specify one or more things, people, etc from a limited number:

Engleza KINETO

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