Critical Path Method (CPM)

Slokbxbo Dhofhobl Uh}hojbobbo cbo Uhibgzbobbo U}`|hg Uhdbzbofbo Ilzs}lg ìha US UIO !Uh}zh}`, !Uh}zh}`, XUK Jlshx}hxu Jlshx}hxu M`f`} !Zsxcl Gbzxz ubcb xols mlzolz Mbubg Ulhs Xocbu,

Clbkxgbo xosxg dhdhoxal sxfbz Dbsb Gxilba Dbfbof Zhdhzsh} fhobu Sbaxo Bgbchdlg =525=522

@iha ;

Nb}lc Vbkcl 265>2551528>

KX]XZBO LIDX BCDLOLZS]BZL MLZOLZ NBGXISBZ LIDX Z@ZLBI CBO LIDX U@ILSLG XOL^H]ZLSBZ UBCKBCKB]BO MBOCXOF =522

KX]XZBO LIDX BCDLOLZS]BZL MLZOLZ NBGXISBZ LIDX Z@ZLBI CBO LIDX U@ILSLG XOL^H]ZLSBZ UBCKBCKB]BO MBOCXOF =522

IHDMB] UHOFHZBABO

Obdb

; Nb}lc Vbkcl

OUD

; 265>2551528> 265>2551528>

Kxcxi

; Slokbxbo Dhofhobl Uh}hojbobbo Uh}hojbob bo cbo Uhibgzbobbo Uhibgzbobb o U}`|hg Uhdbzbofbo Uhdbzbofbo Ilzs}lg ìha US UIO !Uh}zh}`, !Uh}zh}`, XUK Jlshx}hxu M`f`} !Zsxcl Gbzxz ubcb xols mlzolz Mbubg Ulhs Xocbu,/

Shiba Clzhsxkxl ìha Uhdmldmlof Mbocxof) …………………///=522 …………………///=522 C`zho Uhdmldmlof

B}lbolz Jabo) Z/LU) D/Zl OLU 2:= :5: 6>=

GBSB UHOFBOSB]

Uxkl z|xgx} uhoxilz ubokbsgbo bsbz ghabcl}bs Sxabo \bof Dbab Hzb bsbz ]badbs cbo Gb}xolb$O|b zhaloffb ibu`}bo lol cbubs clzhihzblgbo/ Ibu`}bo lol dh}xubgbo abzli gh}kb u}bgshg uhoxilz cl US UIO !Uh}zh}`, XUK Jlshx}hxu M`f`} |bof clibgzbobgbo clibgzbobgbo cb}l Sboffbi 3 Kboxb}l =522 zbdbubl chofbo 3 Nhm}xb}l =522/ Uho|xzxobo ibu`}bo gh}kb u}bgshg lol clibgxgbo xosxg dhdhoxal zbiba zbsx z|b}bs ghixixzbo ubcb u}`f}bd Kx}xzbo Bcdlolzs}bzl Olbfb Xol~h}zlsbz Ubckbckb}bo Mbocxof/ Cbibd dhibgxgbo gh}kb u}bgshg lol uhoxilz mbo|bg dhocbubsgbo uhofbibdbo mh}ab}fb) mbosxbo cbo mldmlofbo cb}l mh}mbfbl ulabg sh}gbls chofbo uhdmxbsbo ibu`}bo u}bgshg gh}kb |bof clibgxgbo cl US UIO !Uh}zh}`, XUK Jlshx}hxu M`f`}/ @iha gb}hob lsx uhoxilz loflo dhofxjbugbo sh}ldb gbzla ghubcb; 2/ @}bof sxb cbo ghixb}fb sh}jlosb) |bof dhdmh}lgbo cxgxofbo d`}li dbxuxo dbsh}li ghubcb uhoxilz xosxg zhibix mh}xzbab dhojbubl abzli |bof sh}mblg/ =/ Lmx B}lbolz Jabo) Z/LU) D/Zl) zhibgx C`zho Uhdmldmlof uhoxilzbo ibu`}bo gh}kb u}bgshg/ :/ Mbubg A/ Zxgl}obvbo) Z/H) zhibgx Dbobkh} US UIO !Uh}zh}`, XUK Jlshx}hxu M`f`}/ 3/ Mbubg Zlfls Zhslbvbo !Zxuh}~lz`} ZCD, zhibgx uhdmldmlof ibubofbo/

8/ Mbubg Cldbo Zxu}l|bos` !Zxuh}~lz`} Uhobflabo, zhibgx uhdmldmlof ibubofbo/ >/ Mbubg Chcc| Alcb|bs/ N !Zxuh}~lz`} Uhib|bobo Ubiboffbo,/ 6/ Mbubg Dxflbos` !Zxuh}~lz`} Uho|bdmxofbo,/ 1/ Mbubg Ux}|bcl) Mbubg Sbsbof L}lbob) Mbubg Bfxz Zbos`z`) Mbubg Hocbof Mba}xclo) Mbubg Bmc/ Abnlc/ B) cbo Mbubg Hoslz/ Z |bof shiba dhdmh}l dbzxgbo$dbz dbzxgbo$dbzxgbo xgbo cbibd u}`zhz clzgxzl shosbof u}`zhz lozsbibzl ubzbof ilz}lg mb}x zh}sb zhix}xa Zsbn cbo Gb}|bvbo US UIO !Uh}zh}`, XUK Jlshx}hxu M`f`}/
gh}kb

u}bgshg

|bof

shiba

mh}zbdb$zbdb

dhibgzbobgbo gh}kb u}bgshg 25/ Ldbo Ox} B}lhn cbo Cvl Uxs}l Dhibol |bof shiba dhdmbosx uhoxilz dhojb}l mbabo sh`}l xosxg uhoxilzbo ibu`}bo gh}kb u}bgshg/ Uhoxilz zbcb} mbavb cbibd dhofh}kbgbo ibu`}bo lol dbzla bcb mbo|bg ghgx}bofbo) xosxg lsx uhoxilz dhofab}bugbo zb}bo cbo g}lslg g}ls lg |bof dhdmbofxo bfb} mlzb mh}dbonbbs mbfl ub}b uhdmbjb/

Kbgb}sb) 23 Nhm}xb}l =522

Uhoxilz

CBNSB] LZL Abibdbo Abibdbo Kxcxi /////////////////// ///////// /////////////////// ////////////////// /////////////////// /////////////////// ////////////////// /////////////////// /////////////////// //////////////// ///////

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Abibdbo Uhofhzbabo ////////////////// //////// /////////////////// /////////////////// /////////////////// /////////////////// /////////////////// ////////////////// //////////////// ///////

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Gbsb Uhofbosb} Uhofbosb} /////////////////// ///////// /////////////////// ////////////////// /////////////////// /////////////////// ////////////////// /////////////////// /////////////////// //////////////// ///////

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Cbnsb} Cbnsb} Lzl///////////////////////////////// ///////////////////////////////////////////////// ///////////////////////////////// ////////////////////////////////// ////////////////////////////////// /////////////////

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Cbnsb} Cbnsb} Fbdmb} Fbdmb} ///////////////////////////////// ///////////////////////////////////////////////// ///////////////////////////////// ///////////////////////////////// ///////////////////////// /////////

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Cbnsb} Cbnsb} Sbmhi Sbmhi////////////////////////////////// ////////////////////////////////////////////////// ///////////////////////////////// ///////////////////////////////// //////////////////////////// ////////////

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L/ Uhocbaxixbo

2/2 Ibsb} Mhibgbof Mhibgbof Dbzbiba /////////////////// ////////// /////////////////// /////////////////// ////////////////// /////////////////// ////////////////// ////////////// //////

2

2/= Sxkxbo///////// Sxkxbo///////////////////////// ///////////////////////////////// ///////////////////////////////// ///////////////////////////////// ////////////////////////////////// /////////////////////// //////

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2/: Lchoslnlgbzl Dbzbiba /////////////////// ///////// /////////////////// ////////////////// /////////////////// /////////////////// ////////////////// /////////////////// //////////// //

:

2/3 Dbonbb Dbonbbss /////////////////////////////// //////////////////////////////////////////////// ////////////////////////////////// ///////////////////////////////// /////////////////////////////// ///////////////

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2/8 I`gbzl cbo Vbgsx Uhibgzbobbo Uhibgzbobbo /////////////////// ///////// /////////////////// /////////////////// /////////////////// /////////////////// ///////////// ///

3

2/> Dhs`ch Uhofbdmlibo Uhofbdmlibo Cbsb/////////////////////////////////////// Cbsb///////////////////////////////////////////////////////// ///////////////////////////////// ///////////////

3

2/6 Zlzshdbslgb Zlzshdbslgb Uhoilzbo//////////////////// Uhoilzbo/////////// /////////////////// /////////////////// ////////////////// /////////////////// /////////////////// ////////////////// ///////////

8

LL/ Ibocbzbo Sh`}l

=/2 Uhofh}slbo Dbobkhdho U}`|hg ////////////////// ///////// /////////////////// /////////////////// /////////////////// /////////////////// ////////////// ///// /////

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=/= Ohsv`}g Ohsv`}g Uiboolof Uiboolof/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

6

=/: Uh}hojbobbo Uh}hojbobbo cbo Uhokbcvbibo U}`|hg Chofbo UH]SJUD/////////////////////// UH]SJUD///////////////////////

1

=/:/2 Zldmì$zldmì |bof clfxobgbo xosxg dhoffbdmb}gbo cbibd dhs`ch UH]SJUD ///////////////////////////////////// /////////////////////////////////////////////////////// //////////////////////// //////

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=/:/= Uhohosxbo Vbgsx………………………///………………………… Vbgsx ………………………///…………………………

23

=/:/: O`sbzl \bof Clfxobgbo////////////////////////// Clfxobgbo////////////////////////////////////////////// ////////////////////////////////////// ///////////////////// ///

28

=/:/3 Bzxdzl cbo Jb}b Uh}alsxofbo/////////////////////////////// Uh}alsxofbo///////////////////////////////////////////////// /////////////////////////// /////////

2>

=/:/3/2 Uh}alsxofbo Uh}alsxofbo Dbkx//////////////////////////////////// Dbkx/////////////////////////////////////////////////// /////////////////////////////// ////////////////

26

=/:/3/= Uh}alsxofbo Uh}alsxofbo Dxocx}///////////////////////////////// Dxocx}//////////////////////////////////////////////// ///////////////////////////// //////////////

21

………///// =/:/3/: Uh}alsxofbo Ghiòffb}bo Vbgsx ! Ni`bs bsbx Zibjg ,………/////

=5

=/:/3/3 Ilosbzbo Ilosbzbo G}lslz///////////////////////////////// G}lslz////////////////////////////////////////////////// /////////////////////////////////// /////////////////////// /////

=5

=/:/8 Ghfxobbo J}lsljbi J}lsljbi Ubsa Dhsa`c !JUD,/////////////////////// !JUD,///////////////////////////////////////// ////////////////////// //// =/3 Uh}jhubsbo Uh}jhubsbo U}`|hg///////////////////////////// U}`|hg////////////////////////////////////////////// ///////////////////////////////// //////////////////////////////////// ////////////////////// //

== =:

=/8 Uhokbcvbibo U}`|hg lozsbibzl ilzs}lg cl US UIO !Uh}zh}`, XUK Jlshx}hxu M`f`}…………………………/……/………………… M`f`} …………………………/……/…………………

=:

LLL/ Uhdmbabzbo Ghflbsbo Gh}kb U}bgshg

:/2 Uhibgzbobbo Uhibgzbobbo uh}hojbobbo uh}hojbobbo u}`|hg lozsbibzl ilzs}lg////////////////////////////// ilzs}lg/////////////////////////////////////// /////////

=3

:/= Chzg}luzl uh}hojbobbo cbo uhibgzbobbo u}`|hg lozsbibzl ilzs}lg ìha US UIO !Uh}zh}`, XUK Jlhshx}hxu xosxg uhdbzbofbo ilzs}lg cl i`gbzl i`gbzl Xols mlzolz mlzolz Mbubg Ulhs Xocbu/////////////////////// Xocbu//////////////////////////////////////////// /////////////////////

=6

:/=/2 Bobilzb u}`zhz uh}hojbobbo cbo uhibgzbobbo u}`|hg uhdbzbofbo ilzs}lg chofbo dhoffxobgbo dhs`ch JUD !J}lsljbi Ubsa Dhsa`c, ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// =< :/: Ghocbib$ghocbib |bof sldmxi cbibd uhibgzbobbo lozsbibzl uhdbzbofbo ilzs}lg zh}sb zìxzl |bo clibgzbobgbo ìha US UIO !Uh}zh}`, XUK Jlshx}hxu J lshx}hxu M`f`} ubcb Xols Mlzolz Mbubg Ulhs Xocbu…/ Xocbu …/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

:<

L^/ Chzg}luzl cbo Uh}mblgbo Zlzshd Gh}kb

3/2 Ghzlduxibo////////////////////// Ghzlduxibo/////////////////////////////////////// ////////////////////////////////// /////////////////////////////////////////////////// ///////////////////////////////////////// ///////

32

3/= ]hg`dhocbzl/////////////////// ]hg`dhocbzl///////////////////////////////////////////// ///////////////////////////////////////////// /////////////////////////////////////// /////////////////////////////// ///////////

3=

Cbnsb} Uxzsbgb////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// Cbnsb} Ibdul}bo/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

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CBNSB] FBDMB] Abibdbo …/……………………………///////////// Fbdmb} =/2 Jòsà Clbf}bd Kb}lofbo Kb}lofbo…/……………………………/ ////////////

22

Fbdmb} =/= Zhmxba h~hos |bof ab}xz clzhihzblgbo cbaxix zhmhixd h~hos |bof |bof iblo cldxibl//////////////////////////////////////////////// cldxibl////////////////////////////////////////////////// //

2=

Fbdmb} =/:/ Slfb ghflbsbo |bof ab}xz clzhihzblgbo ihmla cbaxix zhmhixd ghflbsbo iblo cldxibl///////////////////////////// cldxibl///////////////////////////////////////////////////// ////////////////////////

2=

Fbdmb} =/3/ Cxb ghflbsbo |bof ab}xz cldxibl sh}ihmla cbaxix zhmhixd cxb ghflbsbo iblo cldxibl……………………………… cldxibl ………………………………

2:

Fbdmb} =/8/ Cxb ghflbsbo |bof ab}xz zhihzbl sh}ihmla cbaxix zhmhixd ghflbsbo iblo cldxibl cbo ghflbsbo iblo mìha cldxibl klgb zbiba zbsx cb}l cxb ghflbsbo zxcba zhihzbl …………

2:

Fbdmb} =/>b cbo =/>m/ ghflbsbo |bof ab}xz clfbdmb}gbo chofbo dhoffxobgbo cxdd|…………………………………… 23 Fbdmb} =/6/ Ilofgb}bo ghkbclbo………………………………………………/ 2> Fbdmb} =/1/ Lolslbi h~hos oì ………………………// h~hos |bof sh}kbcl ubcb ab}l gh oì………………………//

21

Fbdmb} =/
CBNSB] SBMHI Abibdbo Sbmhi :/2 Chzg}luzl ]hojbob U}`zhz Bcdlolzsbzl Uhdbzbofbo Ilzs}lg…//…///////=6 Sbmhi Sbmhi :/= Chzg}luzl ]hojbob Uh}zlbubo Gh}kb………………………//……///…/ =1 Sbmhi :/: Chzg}luzl ]hojbob Uhibgzbobbo Gh}kb………………………/………/ =1 Sbmhi :/3 Bgsl~lsbz u}`zhz bcdlolzs}bzl uhdbzbofbo ilzs}lg……………//………:5 Sbmhi :/8 Uhofg`chbo bgsl~lsbz u}`zhz bcdlolzs}bzl uhdbzbofbo uhdbzbofb o ilzs}lg……………………………………………………/:5 Sbmhi :/> Kxdiba vbgsx |bof clmxsxagbo ubcb zhslbu kbix} bgsl~lsbz…………………………//………///………………:2 kbix}$ kbix} Sbmhi 3/6 Uh}alsxofbo HZ) HN) IZ) IN) cbo Z……………/…//…………………/:= Sbmhi :/1 Bgsl~lsbz Uh}zlbubo gh}kb……………………………………//……/////:: Sbmhi :/< Uhfg`chbo bgsl~lsbz u}`zhz uh}zlbubo gh}kb lozsbibzl uhdbzbofbo ilzs}lg ///……………………………//………/…//………:: Sbmhi :/25 Kxdiba vbgsx |bof clmxsxagbo ubcb zhslbu kbix} bgsl~lsbz…………………………///……………………///:3 kbix}$ kbix} Sbmhi :/22 Uh}alsxofbo HZ) HN) IZ) IN) cbo Z ………//…………………………:8 Sbmhi :/2= Bgsl~lsbz u}`zhz u}` zhz uhibgzbobbo uhibgzbobbo gh}kb lozsbibzl uhdbzbofbo ilzs}lg…………………………………………/……//////:> Sbmhi :/2: Uhofg`chbo bgsl~lsbz u}`zhz bcdlolzs}bzl uhdbzbofbo ilzs}lg………………………………///…………………:> Sbmhi :/28 Uh}alsxofbo HZ) HN) IZ) IN) cb o //……………/…………//…/…//////:6 Sbmhi 3/23 Kxdiba vbgsx |bof clmxsxagbo ubcb zhslbu kbix} bgsl~lsbz…///……………………//………………/////……:1 kbix}$ kbix}

Mbm L Uhocbaxixbo 2/ 2

Ibsb} Mhibgbof Dbzbiba

US UIO !Uh}zh}`, zhmbfbl zbsx$zbsxo|b ihdmbfb MXDO |bof mh}vhobof cbibd xzbab uhoclzs}lmxzlbo ilzs}lg) mh}xzbab xosxg dhdmh}lgbo uhib|bobo |bof dhdxbzgbo ghubcb zhdxb uhiboffboo|b dhoflofbs ghmxsxabo dbz|b}bgbs bgbo shobfb ilzslg cb}l vbgsx gh vbgsx zhdbglo dholofgbs/ Abi sh}zhmxs clzbcb}l ìha US UIO !Uh}zh}`, cbibd g`dlsdhoo|b xosxg dhib|bol ghmxsxabo bgbo shobfb ilzs}lg ghubcb dbz|b}bgbs gabib|bg/ @iha gb}hob lsx) US UIO !Uh}zh}`, uh}ix xosxg dhofhiìb zxdmh} cb|b |bof cldlilglo|b/ Uh}gh}kbbo cbibd uhdbzbofbo ilzs}lg cbubs clzhmxs kxfb zhmbfbl zxbsx u}`|hg cbibd xols mlzolz ghflbsbo cl US UIO !Uh}zh}`,) gb}hob lsx uh}ix clibgxgbo zxbsx uh}hojbobbo u}`|hg |bof mblg bfb} sxkxbo u}`|hg sh}zhmxs cbubs cljbubl chofbo mblg cbo zhzxbl chofbo u}`zhcx} bsbx zsbocb} dbobkhdho dxsx/ Cbibd dhibgxgbo uh}hojbbo u}`|hg) zbiba zbsx dhs`ch |bof cbubs clfxobgbo cb}l lidx dbobkhdho ùh}bzl bcbiba J}lsljbi Ubsa Dhsa`c !JUD, / Dhs`ch lol cbubs dhdmbosx dho|hihzblgbo cbo dhofbsbzl

uh}dbzbibabo |bof zh}lof sh}kbcl cl cbibd uh}hojbobbo dbxuxo cbibd uhibgzbobbo u}`|hg/ Ghflbsbo u}`|hg cbubs clb}slgbo zhmbfbl zxbsx ghflbsbo zhdhosb}b |bof mh}ibofzxof cbibd kbofgb vbgsx sh}mbsbz) chofbo bi`gbzl zxdmh} cb|b sh}shosx cbo cldbgzxcgbo xosxg dhibgzbobgbo sxfbz |bof zbzb}boo|b shiba clfb}lzgbo chofbo khibz/ Zbiba zbsx uh}mhcbbo sxfbz ghflbsbo u}`|hg chofbo ghflbsbo ùh}bzlòbi) ùh}bzlòbi) |blsx ubcb ghflbsbo u}`|h u}` |hg g sh}cbubs s h}cbubs mh}dbjbd$dbjbd ghflbsbo |bof dhdh}ixgbo mh}mbfbl clzlulilo lidx) cl zbdulof loshozlsbz ghflbsbo cl cbibd uh}l`ch zlgixz |bof mh}xmba$xmba/ Xosxg lsx uh}ix clibgxgbo uho|xzxobo kbcvbi ghflbsbo cbibd u}`|hg bfb} u}`|hg cbubs clzhihzblgbo cbibd mbsbz vbgsx |bof shiba clshosxgbo/ Zxbsx u}`|hg dh}xubgbo g`dmlobzl cb}l ghflbsbo$ghflbsbo |bof zbilof mh}gblsbo cbo ab}xz clibgzbobgbo chofbo dhoffxobgbo zxbsx x}xsbo sh}shosx zhmhixd zhix}xa sxfbz cbubs clzhihzblgbo zhjb}b sxosbz/ Ghflbsbo$ghflbsbo lol

zbilof mh}gblsbo zhaloffb bcb ghdxofglobo zxbsx ghflbsbo slcbg cbubs cldxibl zhmhixd ghflbsbo ibloo|b sh}zhihzblgbo/ Zxbsx ghflbsbo cbibd zxbsx u}`|hg mlbzbo|b clubocbof zhmbfbl zxbsx uhgh}kbbo |bof cbibd uho|hihzblboo|b dhdh}ixgbo vbgsx) shobfb) cbo mlb|b/ US UIO !Uh}zh}`, XUK Jlshx}hxu M`f`} dh}xubgbo dh}xubgbo mbflbo mbflbo cb}l zbiba zbsx xols |bof clmbvbal ìha US UIO !Uh}zh}`, BUK Fxoxof Uxs}l M`f`}7 |bof dhduxo|bl vhvhobof sxfbz dhiluxsl vlib|ba Ghjbdbsbo Fxoxof Uxs}l) Ghjbdbsbo Jlshx}hxu) Ghjbdbsbo Vbobah}bof) Ghjbdbsbo Mbmbgbo Dbcbof) Ghjbdbsbo Ghibub Oxoffbi) Oxoffbi) cbo Ghjbdbsbo Mxgls Zhosxi/ US UIO !Uh}zh}`, XUK Jlshx}hxu M`f`} zhmbfbl zbiba zbsx xols |bof dhduxo|bl sxfbz dhib|bol uhiboffbo

cbibd

abi

uhdbzbofbo

mb}x)

uhobdmbabouhofx}bofbo

cb|b)

uh}xmbabo cbsb bcdlolzs}bzl uhiboffbo) uhiboffbo) fbosl fbos l dhsh}fhzh} slbof s lbof)) zh}sb zh}s b mh}sboffxof kbvbm sh}abcbu sh}abcbu uhdhilab}bbo uhdhilab}bbo kb}lofbo shobfb shobfb ilzs}lg cl vlib|ba sh}zhmxs/ sh}zhmxs/ Cbibd abi lol) uhoxilz bgbo dhoxbofgbo zxbsx gb}|b sxilz |bof clmh}l kxcxi ; ’Slo kbxbo

Dhofhobl

Uh}hojbobbo Uh}hojbobbo

cbo

Uhibgzbobbo

U}`|hg

Uhdbzbofbo Ilzs}lg ìha US UIO !Uh}zh}`, XUK XUK Jlshx}hxu M`f`} !Zsxcl Gbzxz ubcb xols mlzolz Mbubg Ulhs Xocbu,—/ Xocbu, —/

2/ =

Sxkxbo

Zhzxbsx |bof cl}hojbobgbo mbagbo clu}`f}bdgbo chofbo mblg zxcba mb}bof shosx dhduxo|bl sxkxbo$sxkxbo sh}shosx |bof bgbo cljbubl/ Chofbo uh}z|b}bsbo$uh}z|b}bsbo sh}shosx cbo clihofgbul chofbo zb}bob$zb}bob |bof dhdbcbl uxib clab}bugbo dhocbubsgbo abzli zhdbgzldbi dxofglo cbibd kbofgb vbgsx |bof clshosxgbo/ Chdlglbo kxfb abio|b chofbo gh}kb u}bgshg lol) dhduxo|bl sxkxbo |bof loflo cljbubl/ Bcbuxo sxkxbo cb}l gh}kb u}bgshg lol bcbiba; 2, Xosxg dhofhsbaxl cbo dhduhibkb}l u}`zhz uh}hojbobbo cbo uhibgzbobbo u}`|hg uhdbzbofbo ilzs}lg |bof clibgxgbo ìha US UIO !Uh}zh}`, XUK Jlshx}hxu M`f`}/

=, Xosxg dhofhsbaxl cbo dhdbabdl zlzshd gh}kb cb}l ghzhix}xabo u}`zhz u}`|hg uhdbzbofbo ilzs}lg |bof clibgxgbo ìha US UIO !Uh}zh}`, XUK Jlshx}hxu M`f`}) zh}sb dhofhobi dbzlof$dbzlof x}xsbo ghflbsbo cbo u}`zhz lozsibzbzl uhdbzbofbo ilzs}lg chofbo bobilzb J}lsljbi Ubsa Dhsa`c !JUD,/

:, Dbabzlzvb cbubs dhdmboclofgbo bosb}b uhofhsbaxbo |bof clcbubs cl uh}gxilbabo chofbo gho|bsbbo cl ibubofbo zh}sb clab}bugbo cbubs dhoxdmxagbo cbo dhojlusbgbo uìb mh}ulgl} gòzs}xgsln |bof ihmla mh}vbvbzbo mbfl dbabzlzvb/

2/ :

Lchoslnlgbzl Dbzbiba

Mh}cbzb}gbo

ibsb}

mhibgbof

sh}zhmxs)

dbgb

uhoxilz

dhoj`mb

dhoflchoslnlgbzl uh}dbzbibabo) |blsx zhmbfbl mh}lgxs ; 2/ Mbfbldbob u}`zhz uh}hojbbo cbo uhibgzbobbo u}`|hg uhdbzbofbo ilzs}lg |bof |bof clibgxgbo ìha US UIO !Uh}zh}`, XUK Jlshx}hxu M`f`}0 M`f`}0 =/ Dhofbobilzb zlzshd gh}kb) |blsx shosbof u}`zhz uh}hojbobbo cbo

uhibgzbobbo u}`|hg uhdbzbofbo ilzs}lg |bof clibgxgbo ìha US UIO !Uh}zh}`, XUK Jlshx}hxu M`f`} chofbo dhs`ch J}lsljbi Ubsa Dhsa`c !JUD,/

:/ Ghocbib bub zbkb |bof dxojxi dxibl cb}l uh}hojbobbo cbo uhibgzbobbo u}`|hg uhdbzbofbo ilzs}lg zh}sb zìxzl |bof clibgxgbo ìha ulabg US UIO !Uh}zh}`, XUK Jlshx}hxu M`f`}0

2/ 3

Dbonbbs

Ibu`}bo gh}kb u}bgshg lol clab}bugbo cbubs dhdmh}l dbonbbs bosb}b iblo zhmbfbl mh}lgxs ; 2, Cbubs dhokbcl sbdmbabo lidx uhofhsbaxbo mbfl uhoxilz cbo zhmbfbl uh}mboclofbo cb}l sh`}l$sh`}l |bof shiba cluhibkb}l cluh}gxilbabo/

=, Cbubs dhokbcl dbzxgbo mbfl uh}xzbabbo cbo zhmbfbl mbabo lon`}dbzl cbibd mlcbof ùh}bzlòbi ` uh}bzlòbi)) gaxzxzo| g axzxzo|bb dhofhobl dbzbiba uh}hojbobbo cbo uhibgzbobbo u}`|hg/ :, Cbubs dhobdmba sbdmbabo lon`}dbzl mbfl ub}b uhdmbjb xosxg ihmla dhofhsbaxl hnhgslnlsbz cb}l uh}hojbobbo cbo uhibgzbobbo u}`|hg fxob dhocxgxof sxkxbo |bof ahocbg cljbubl/

2/ 8

I`gbzl cbo Vbgsx Uhibgzbobbo

U}bgshg gh}kb lol clibgzbobgbo cl US UIO !Uh}zh}`, XUK Jlshx}hxu M`f`}/ Bcbubxo Bcbubxo vbgsx |bof |bof cluh}ixgbo cbibd uhibgzbobbo gh}kb u}bgshg lol cldxibl cb}l sboffbi 3 Kboxb}l =522 z/c 3 Nhm}xb}l =522 bsbx zhsb}b chofbo 215 kbd gh}kb/

2/ >

Dhs`ch Uhofbdmlibo Cbsb

Dhs`cì`fl uhoxilzbo |bof clfxobgbo xosxg zhmbfbl }xkxgbo xosxg uhdmxbsbo ibu`}bo gh}kb u}bgshg lol) |blsx ; 2, Zsxcl ibubofbo bsbx `mzh}~bzl \blsx chofbo uhofbdbsbo ibofzxof ubcb `mkhg zhjb}b ibofzxof cbo dhibgxgbo uhofbobilzbbo sh}abcbu u}`zhz gh}kb cl US UIO !Uh}zh}`, XUK Jlsh}x}hxu M`f`}/ =, Dhs`ch vbvbojb}b Chofbo

vbvbojb}b

bsbx

losh}~lhv chofbo

gb}|bvbo

|bof

mh}ghuhoslofbo xosxg dhibgzbobgbo u}`zhz lozsbizbzl uhdbzbofbo ilzs}lg / :, Zsxcl uxzsbgb Dhojb}l cbsb cb}l mxgx$mxgx xosxg dhocbubsgbo ibocbzbo sh`}lslz |bof mh}axmxofbo chofbo kxcxi uhoxilzbo ibu`}bo gh}kb u}bgshg/

2/ 6

Zlzshdbslgb Uhoxilzbo

Ibu`}bo Gh}kb U}bgshg lol clzxzxo cbibd hdubs mbm chofbo zlzshdbslgb uhoxilzbo zhmbfbl mh}lgxs ; MBM L

; UHOCBAXIXBO Mh}lzlgbo abi$abi xdxd |bof dhdbub}gbo ibsb} mhibgbof uh}dbzbibabo) sxkxbo) mbsbzbo dbzbiba) vbgsx cbo shdubs uhibgzbobbo) dhs`cì`fl cbo zlzshdbslgb uhoxilzbo ibu`}bo/

MBM LL

; IBOCBZBO IBOCBZBO SH@]L Mh}lzlgbo dhofhobl sh`}l cbzb} dhofhobl uhofh}slbo dbobkhdho u}`|hg) ohsv`}g uiboolof cbo J}lsljbi Ubsa Dhsa`c !JUD, !JUD,/

MBM LLL

; CHZG]LUZL CBO UH]MBLGBO ZLZSHD GH]KB Mh}lzl bobilzb dhofhobl u}`zhz u}`|hg lozsbibzl ilzs}lg |bof sh}kbcl cl cbh}ba Jlshx}hxu M`f`} |bof clibgzbobgbo ìha US UIO !Uh}zh}`, XUK Jlshx}hxu M`f`}) |blsx ubcb xols mlzolz Mbubg Ulhs Xocbu/

MBM L^

; GHZLDUXIBO CBO ]HG@DHOCBZL ]HG@DHOC BZL Dhoxsxu ibu`}bo gh}kb u}bgshg lol chofbo dhdmh}lgbo ghzlduxibo cbo }hg`dhocbzl xosxg uhobofbobo u}`zhz u}`|hg lozsbibzl ilzs}lg bfb} dhokbcl ihmla mblg/

Mbm LL Ibocbzbo Sh`}l =/ 2

Uhofh}slbo Dbobkhdho u}`|hg

Chvbzb lol dbobkhdho u}`|hg zbofbo clmxsxagbo xosxg dho|hihzblgbo uh}z`bibo gòzs}xgzl) mblg cbibd zgbib mhzb} dbxuxo zgbib ghjli/ Dhox}xs mxgx Vbabob G`duxsh} !=558;25, dhofhdxgbgbo mbavb ; ’Dbobkhdho u}`|hg zhocl}l bcbiba uhoh}bubo nxofzl$nxofzl dhobkhdho zhjb}b

zlzshdbslz

ubcb

zxbsx

u}`|hg)

chofbo

dhoffxobgbo

}hz`x}jh zxdmh} cb|b cb |b !dboxzlb) mb}bof) cbo uh}bibsbo, zhjb}b hnhgsln cbo cb o

hnlzlho bfb} sxkxbo u}`|hg sxkxbo u}`|hg sh}jbubl zhjb}b ùsldbi—/ ` usldbi—/ S}lahoc}bcl !=558;2, dhofhdxgbgbo mbavb ; ’Dbobkhdho u}`|hg bcbiba uhofhiìbbo zxbsx u}`|hg |bof dhojbgxu u}`zhz uhilofgxubo) uh}hojbobbo) uho|hclbbo zsbn) uhof`}fbolzbzlbo) cbo uhofòs}ìbo zxbsx u}`|hg —/

’Gxojl zxgzhz dbobkhdho u}`|hg bcbiba uhofhsbaxbo zh`}bof dbobkh} u}`|hg shosbof uhdbonbbsbo slfb abi |bof zbilof mh}gblsbo cbo dhduhofb}xal) ghslfb abi sh}zhmxs bcbiba xbof) vbgsx cbo jbgxubo uhgh}kbbo— uhgh}kbbo— !Vbabob G`duxsh}) =558;2=,/

Dbobkhdho u}`|hg |bof hnhgsln bcbiba mbfbldbob dh}hojbobgbo) dhofhiìb cbo dhofabosb}gbo u}`|hg shubs vbgsx cbo cbibd }hosbof boffb}bo/ Klgb cbibd dhofh}kbgbo sxfbz cbo dhoffxobgbo bibs zh}sb mbabo) dboxzlb slcbg clmbsbzl ìha vbgsx cbo mlb|b shosx zbkb dbobkhdho u}`|hg slcbg cluh}ixgbo/ Cbibd dhofbsx} zxbsx u}`|hg) abi |bof ubilof uhoslof bcbiba dh}hojbobgbo u}`|hg lsx chofbo zbofbs absl$absl cbo shilsl xosxg dhojlusbgbo abzli |bof ùsldbi/

=/ =

Ohsv`}g Uiboolof Ohsv`}g Ohsv`}g

Uiboolof

bcbiba

zxbsx

d`chi

|bof

clfxobgbo

cbibd

dho|hihoffb}bgbo u}`|hg |bof clcbibdo|b sh}cl}l cb}l lon`}dbzl shosbof ghflbsbo$ghflbsbo cbibd ohsv`}g clbf}bd u}`|hg |bof mh}zbofgxsbo/ Lon`}dbzl sh}zhmxs dhofhobl zxdmh} cb|b |bof bgbo clfxobgbo ìha ghflbsbo |bof mh}zbofgxsbo shosbof kbcvbi uhibgzbobboo|b/ b,

Ohsv`}g Uiboolof Uiboolof Dbonbbs Ohsv`}g

Ghfxobbo ohsv`}g uiboolof sh}abcbu zxbsx u}`|hg bosb}b iblo ; 2/ Dho|xzxo x}xsbo ghflbsbo u}`|hg |bof dhdlilgl zhkxdiba mhzb} g`duòho chofbo axmxofbo ghsh}fbosxofbo |bof g`duihgz/ =/ Dhdmxbs uh}gl}bbo kbcvbi u}`|hg |bof ubilof hgò`dlz/ :/ Dhofxzbabgbo nixgsxbzl dloldbi uhoffxobbo zxdmh} cb|b/ 3/ Dhofhsbaxl ghflbsbo$ghflbsbo |bof mh}zlnbs g}lslz/ m,

Ibofgba$ibofgba dho|xzxo }hojbob u}`|hg chofbo dhoffxobgbo dhs`ch JUD ; 2/ Dhohosxgbo bgsl~lsbz locl~lcx Cb}l }lojlbo zs}xgsx} gh}kb) ghzhix}xabo bgsl~lsbz cbubs clzxzxo cbibd zxbsx u}`|hg/ Zxzxobo sh}zhmxs cbubs clfxobgbo zhmbfbl cbzb} xosxg dhobdmbagbo zh}bofgblbo bgsl~lsbz cbo lon`}dbzl ibdbo|b vbgsx xosxg ibofgba zhibokxso|b/ =/ Dhohosxgbo x}xsbo dbzlof$dbzlof bgsl~lsbz Zhmbflbo bgsl~lsbz mh}fbosxof ubcb zhihzblo|b ghflbsbo |bof iblo/ Ghflbsbo uhocbaxix zbofbs mh}fxob xosxg dhoffbdmb}gbo clbf}bd JUD/ :/ Fbdmb} Fbdmb} clbf}bd kb}lofbo Zhshiba bgsl~lsbz cbo x}xsboo|b clshosxgbo) dbgb clbf}bd JUD cbubs clfbdmb} mh}cbzb}gbo x}xsbo bgsl~lsbz uhocbaxixo|b/ 3/ Hzsldbzl vbgsx |bof clmxsxagbo xosxg slbu$slbu bgsl~lsbz Vbgsx |bof cluh}ixgbo xosxg dho|hihzblgbo zhslbu bgsl~lsbz cluh}gl}bgbo mh}cbzb}gbo uhofbibdbo$uhofbibdbo sh}cbaxix bsbx uhofhsbaxbo zl uh}hojbob/ JUD clshosxgbo ìha d`chi |bof slcbg

dhduh}sldmbofgbo ~b}lbzl bofgb vbgsx uho|hihzblbo) kbcl abo|b zbsx bofgb |bof clfxobgbo xosxg hzsldbzl vbgsx bgsl~lsbz/ 8/ Lchoslnlgbzl kbix} g}lslz Kbix} g}lslz bcbiba kbix} |bof slcbg dhdlilgl ghiòffb}bo vbgsx cbibd kb}lofbo/ Jl}l xsbdb cb}l kbix} g}lslz bcbiba mbavb zhslbu uhofh}kbbo zxbsx bgsl~lsbzo|b slcbg cbubs clsxocb) gb}hob bgbo dhduhofb}xal cx}bzl vbgsx uho|hihzblbo u}`|hg/ @iha gb}hob lsx) kbix} g}lslz dh}xubgbo bzuhg |bof uhoslof cbibd uh}hojbobbo u}`|hg/

=/ :

Uh}hojbobbo cbo Uhokbcvbibo U}`|hg chofbo UH]SJUD

Uhofhiìbbo

u}`|hg

mh}zgbib

mhzb}

|bof

mh}abzli)

dhdh}ixgbo

uh}hojbobbo) uhokbcvbibo) cbo uhofg``}clobzlbo |bof absl$absl cb}l mh}mbfbl bgsl~lsbz |bof zbilof mh}gblsbo/ Xosxg lsx cluh}ixgbo u}`zhcx} |bof clcbzb}gbo bsbz

uhoffxobbo

ohsv`}g !kb}lofbo,

cbo

shgolg$shgolg ohsv`}g cbibd

uh}hojbobbo) uhokbcvbibo) cbo uhofg``}clobzlbo zxbsx u}`|hg/ Dhox}xs Zlslokbg !=55>;=28,) dhofhdxgbo zhmbfbl mh}lgxs ; ’Uhoffxobbo

kb}lofbo

cbibd

mlcbof

dbobkhdho

xdxdo|b

|blsx

uhoffxobbo shgolg kb}lofbo bgsl~lsbz) bsbx zh}lof clghobi zhmbfbl shgolg kb}lofbo u}`|hg) zxbsx u}`|hg dhilmbsgbo dhilmbsgbo mh}mbfbl bgsl~lsbz |bof zbilof mh}axmxofbo mblg ibofzxof bsbx slcbg ibofzxof —/

@iha Zlslokbg !=55>;=28, kb}lofbo u}`|hg cbubs clmxbs zhmbfbl mh}lgxs ; ’Kb}lofbo

u}`|hg

clmxbs

chofbo

dhofbjx

ubcb

ghshosxbo

|bof

clmh}ibgxgbo) dlzbio|b B@B ! Bjsl~ls| @o B}}`v,) cl dbob bgsl~lsbz clfbdmb}gbo bsbx clibdmbofgbo ubcb mxzx} uboba) B@O ! Bjsl~ls| @o bgs l~lsbz clibdmbofgbo zhmbfbl zhmbfbl zlduxi—/ zlduxi —/ O`ch,) |blsx bgsl~lsbz

’ Ohsv`}g Ohsv`}g

bosb}b

uiboolof ubcb u}lozluo|b bcbiba axmxofbo ghsh}fbosxofbo

mbflbo$mbflbo

uhgh}kbbo

! ~b}lbmihz ,

|bof

clfxobgbocl~lzxbilzbzlgbo clfxobgbocl~lzxbilzbzlgbo cbibd clbf}bd ohsv`}g — !Mbc}l) 2<<6;2:,/

Dhox}xs Aliilh} cbo Ilhmh}dbo !2<<5;:62, dhofhdxgbgbo mbavb ; —U}`zhcx} —U}`zhcx} |bof ubilof xsbdb cbo sh}ghobi ubcb zbbs lol clghobi zhmbfbl UH]S !U}`f}bd H~bixbslò boc ]h~lhv Shjaolrxh , cbo JUD ! J}lsljbi Ubsa Dhsa`ch,) vbibxuxo sh}cbubs mbo|bg ~b}lbzl chofbo obdb |bof

mh}mhcb$ mhcb—/

’U}`f}bd H~bixbslò ]h~lhv Shjaolrxh !UH]S, dh}xubgbo zxbsx dhs`cb uhokbcvbibo chofbo dholdmbof dholdmbof cx}bzl bgsl~lsbz bgs l~lsbz |bof mh}zlnbs slcbg ubzsl ubzs l — !Vlm`v`) =556,/

Kbix} g}lslz !JU  J}lsljbi Ubsa, bcbiba kbix} sh}ubokbof cbo clchnlolzlgbo zhmbfbl vbgsx dloldbi |bof clmxsxagbo xosxg dhofh}kbgbo u}`|hg/ UH]S cbo JUD dhdlilgl uh}mhcbbo uhoslof/ Obdxo zbbs lol uh}mhcbbo ghcxbo|b clfbmxofgbo dhokbcl bub |bof clzhmxs UH]S$ s|uh z|zshd/

Dhox}xs Cld|bsl) S/ S/ cbo B/ Cld|bsl !=553;268, dhofbsbgbo mbavb ; ’Vbibxuxo UH]S$ s|uh z|zshd zh}lof clfxobgbo xosxg dhofh~bixbzl uhokbcvbibo u}`f}bd uhohilslbo cbo uhofhdmbofbo) obdxo zhgb}bof lol clfxobgbo uxib xosxg dhofxgx} cbo dhofhocbilgbo ghdbkxbo mh}mbfbl sluh u}`|hg gaxzxz ibloo|b) zhmbfbl jòsà cb}l sluh$sluh u}`|hg lol bcbiba u}`f}bd$u}`f}bd gòzs}xgzl) uhd}`f}bdbo g`duxsh}) }hojbob uhdhilab}bbo) cbo uhdbzbofbo zlzshd g`duxsh}—/

=/:/2

Zldmì$zldmì |bof clfxobgbo xosxg dhoffbdmb}gbo cbibd dhs`ch UH]SJUD

Zldmì$zldmì |bof clfxobgbo xosxg dhoffbdmb}gbo zxbsx ohsv`}g cbibd UH]S$s|uh z|zshd bcbiba zhmbfbl mh}lgxs; Bobg uboba 4 b}}`v) dho|bsbgbo zhmxba ghflbsbo bsbx bgslnlsbz/

Ghflbsbo |bof cldbgzxc bcbiba ghflbsbo |bof

dhdh}ixgbo cx}bslò !kbofgb vbgsx sh}shosx, cbibd uhdbgblbo zhkxdiba }hz`x}jh !zxdmh} shobfb)

uh}bibsbo)

dbsh}lbi)

mlb|b/

Ubokbof

bsbxuxo ghdl}lofbo bobg uboba slcbg dhduxo|bl b}sl bubuxo/ Zhaloffb slcbg uh}ix dhoffxobgbo zgbib/ Ghubib bobg uboba dhokbcl b}ba mbavb ghflbsbo cldxibl cb}l uh}dxibbo cbo dhoxkx bgal}/

Ilofgb}bo ghjli 4 o`ch) dhohosxgbo zhmxba ghkbclbo bsbx h~hos/

Ghkbclbo cl zlol clchnlolzlgbo zhmbfbl xkxof bsbx uh}shdxbo cb}l zbsx bsbx mhmh}bub ghflbsbo/ Bobg uboba sh}uxsxz$uxsxz) dho|bsbgbo ghflbsbo zhdx bsbx cxdd|/ Cxdd| clzlol clfxobgbo xosxg dhdmbsbzl dxiblo|b ghflbsbo/ Zhuh}sl abio|b b}}`v ubokbof) ghshmbibo cbo ghdl}lofbo cxdd|

slcbg uh}ix mh}zgbib/ Uh}mhcbbo cxdd| chofbo ghflbsbo mlbzb bcbiba cxdd| slcbg dhduxo|bl cx}bzl !kbofgb vbgsx sh}shosx, gb}hob slcbg dhdbgbl bsbx dhofabmlzgbo zhkxdiba }hz`x}jh /

Bobg uboba shmbi 4 dho|bsbgbo ghflbsbo ubcb ilosbzboghflbsbo

g}lslz/ Bobg uboba uxsxz$uxsxz 4 dho|bsbgbo ghflbsbo zhdx bsbx cxdd|/ Cxdd| cl zlol mh}fxob xosxg dhdmbsbzl

dxiblo|b ghflbsbo/ Zhuh}sl abio|b ghflbsbo mlbzb) ubokbof cbo ghdl}lofbo cxdd| lol kxfb slcbg mh}b}sl bub$bub zhaloffb slcbg uh}ix mh}zgbib/ Mhcbo|b chofbo ghflbsbo mlbzb lbiba mbavb cxdd| slcbg dhduxo|bl cx}bslò !kbofgb vbgsx

sh}hosx gb}hob slcbg dhdbgbl bsbx dhofabmlzgbo zhkxiba }hz`x}jhz/

Cbibd uhibgzbobboo|b zldmì$zldmì cl bsbz clfxobgbo chofbo dhoflgxsl bsx}bo$bsx}bo zhmbfbl mh}lgxs; 2,

Cl bosb}b cxb h~hos |bof zbdb) abo|b mìha clfbdmb}gbo zbsx bobg uboba/

=,

Obdb zxbsx bgsl~lsbz clo|bsbgbo chofbo ax}xn bsbx chofbo o`d`} h~hos /

:,

Bgsl~lsbz ab}xz dhofbil} cb}l h~hos mh}o`d`} }hocba gh h~hos mh}o`d`} sloffl s loffl//

3,

Clbf}bd abo|b dhdlilgl zhmxba lolslbi h~hos cbo zhmxba sh}dlobi h~hos /

Bsx}bo$bsx}bo sh}zhmxs cbubs clfbdmb}gbo cbibd jòsà clbf}bd kb}lofbo cbibd fbdmb} =/2/

=

3

> 2 8

Lolslbi

:

Sh}dlobi H~hos 6

H~hos

Fbdmb} =/2 Jòsà Clbf}bd Kb}lofbo/

Bcbuxo i`flgb ghmh}fbosxofbo ghflbsbo$ghflbsbo lsx clo|bsbgbo zhmbfbl mh}lgxs/ 2/ Klgb ghflbsbo B ab}xz clzhihzblgbo cbaxix zhmhixd ghflbsbo M cbubs cldxibl) dbgb axmxofbo bosb}b ghcxb ghflbsbo sh}zhmxs cbubs clilabs ubcb fbdmb} =/=/

B 2

M =

:

Fbdmb} =/= Zhmxba h~hos |bof ab}xz clzhihzblgbo cbaxix zhmhixd h~hos |bof iblo cldxibl/ Ghflbsbo B mlzb kxfb clsxilz !2)=, cbo ghflbsbo M!=):,/

=/ Klgb ghflbsbo J) C) cbo H ab}xz zhihzbl zhmhixd ghflbsbo N cbubs cldxibl) dbgb axmxofbo cb}l ghhdubs ghflbsbo sh}zhmxs cbubs clilabs ubcb fbdmb} =/:/

2

J

=

:

C

3

N

8

H

Fbdmb} =/:/ Slfb ghflbsbo |bof ab}xz clzhihzblgbo ihmla cbaxix zhmhixd ghflbsbo iblo cldxibl/

:/ Klgb ghflbsbo F cbo A ab}xz cldxibl zhmhixd ghflbsbo L cbo K dbgb axmxofbo ghhdubs ghflbsbo sh}zhmxs cbubs clilabs ubcb fbdmb} =/3/

2

F

3

L :

A

K

=

8

Fbdmb} =/3/ Cxb ghflbsbo |bof ab}xz cldxibl sh}ihmla cbaxix zhmhixd cxb ghflbsbo iblo cldxibl/

3/ Klgb ghflbsbo G cbo I ab}xz zhihzbl zhmhixd ghflbsbo D cbubs cldxibl) shsbul O zxcba cbubs cldxibl mlib ghflbsbo I zxcba zhihzbl) dbgb axmxofbo ghhdubs ghflbsbo sh}zhmxs cbubs clilabs ubcb fbdmb} =/8/ G 2

D :

8

Cxdd|

I =

O 3

>

Fbdmb} =/8/ Cxb ghflbsbo |bof ab}xz zhihzbl sh}ihmla cbaxix zhmhixd ghflbsbo iblo cldxibl cbo ghflbsbo iblo mìha cldxibl klgb zbiba zbsx cb}l cxb ghflbsbo zxcba zhihzbl/

Nxofzl Cxdd| clbsbz bcbiba dhdlocbagbo zhghslgb lsx kxfb !zhzxbl chofbo b}ba uboba, ghsh}bofbo shosbof zhihzblo|b ghflbsbo I cb}l ilofgxofbo ghkbclbo o`/ : gh ilofgxofbo ghkbclbo o`/ 3/

8/ Klgb ghflbsbo U) R) cbo ] dxibl cbo zhihzbl ubcb ilofgb}bo ghkbclbo |bof zbdb) dbgb glsb cbubs dhoffbdmb}gbo ghkbclbo sh}zhmxs chofbo dhoffxobgbo cxdd| xosxg dhdmhcbgbo ghslfb ghkbclbo sh}zhmxs) cbo axmxofbo ghslfb ghflbsbo cbubs clilabs ubcb fbdmb} =/>/b cbo =/>/m/

U

=

R

2

3

………// Fbdmb} =/>b Fbdmb} =/>b

3

………// Fbdmb} =/>m Fbdmb} =/>m

:

]

bsbx

=

U

R

2

:

]

Fbdmb} =/>b cbo =/>m/ ghflbsbo |bof ab}xz clfbdmb}gbo chofbo dhoffxobgbo cxdd|/

Ghflbsbo

U 4 !2)=, R 4 !2)3,

U 4 !=)3, bsbx

R 4 !2)3,

] 4 !2):, Cbibd

abi

lol

] 4 !:)3, slcbg

dhokbcl

z`bi

cl

dbob

zbkb

dhihsbggboo|b cxdd| sh}zhmxs) ubcb uh}dxibbo bsbx ubcb bgal} B/

=/:/= Uhohosxbo Vbgsx Zhshiba zxbsx ohsv`}g clshosxgbo cbo clfbdmb}gbo) dbgb ibofgba mh}lgxso|b bcbiba dhofhzsldbzl vbgsx |bof cluh}ixgbo xosxg dbzlof$dbzlof

bgsl~lsbz) cbo dhofbobilzlz zhix}xa clbf}bd ohsv`}g xosxg dhohosxgbo vbgsx sh}kbclo|b dbzlof$dbzlof ghkbclbo ! h~hos ,/ ,/

B/ Cld|bsl !=553;215, !=553 ;215, dhofxofgbugbo dhofxofgbugb o mbavb ; Dhox}xs Cld|bsl) S/ S/ cbo B/

’Cbibd dhofbobilzlz cbo dhofhzsldbzl vbgsx) dbgb bgbo clcbubsgbo

zxbsx ilosbzbo sh}shosx cb}l ghflbsbo$ghflbsbo ubcb

ohsv`}g ) |bof

dhohosxgbo kbofgb vbgsx uho|hihzblbo zhix}xa u}`|hg —/ u}`|hg —/

Ilosbzbo |bof cldbgzxc bcbiba ilosbzbo g}lslz ! j}lsljbi ubsa ,/ Zhiblo ilosbzbo g}lslz) dbzla sh}cbubs ilosbzbo$ilosbzbo iblo |bof dhduxo|bl kbofgb vbgsx |bof ihmla uhochg cb}l ubcb ilosbzbo g}lslz) cbo mlbzb clzhmxs chofbo ni`bs) cl dbob ni`bs dhduxo|bl vbgsx xosxg mlzb sh}ibdmbs) zhaloffb mh}bubuxo ubokbofo|b ni`bs slcbg bgbo dhduhofb}xal u}`|hg |bof shiba clkbcvbigbo/

Ni`bs zhocl}l sh}mbfl dhokbcl cxb kholz |blsx) s`sbi ni`bs cbo n}hh ni`bs/

kxfb clfxobgbo clfxobgbo Ni`bs dhdmh}lgbo ghiòffb}bo vbgsx ubcb zhmxba ohsv`}g / Ni`bs kxfb ubcb vbgsx dhofh}kbgbo uhohosxbo kxdiba dbsh}lbi) uh}bibsbo) cbo shobfb gh}kb/

Dhox}xs Cld|bsl) S/S cbo B/ Cld|bsl !2<<<;216, dhochnlolzlgbo s`sbi ni`bs cbo n}hh ni`bs bcbiba zhmbfbl mh}lgxs ; ’S`sbi ni`bs bcbiba kxdiba vbgsx cl dbob vbgsx uho|hihzblbo zxbsx bgsl~lsbz cbubs clxocx} sboub dhduhofb}xal zbbs ubilof jhubs cb}l uho|hihzblbo u}`|hg zhjb}b ghzhix}xabo/ Zhcbofgbo |bof cldbgzxc chofbo n}hh ni`bs bcbiba kxdiba vbgsx cl dbob uho|hihzblbo zxbsx bgsl~lsbz cbubs clxgx} sboub dhduhofb}xal zbbs ubilof jhubs cldxiblo|b bgsl~lsbz |bof iblo bsbx zbbs ubilof jhubs sh}kbclo|b h~hos iblo ubcb ohsv`}g —/ —/

=/:/: O`sbzl |bof clfxobgbo Xosxg dhdxcbagbo uh}alsxofbo uhohosxbo vbgsx) dbgb clfxobgbo o`sbzl$o`sbzl zhmbfbl mh}lgxs;

b, SH 4 hb}ilhzs h~hos `jjx}}hojh sldh ) |blsx zbbs sh}jhubs sh}kbclo|b h~hos bgsl~lsbz/

m, SI 4 ibshz h~hos `jjx}}hojh sldh ) |blsx zbbs ubilof ibdmbs sh}kbclo|b h~hos /

j, HZ 4 hb}ilhzs bjsl~ls| zsb}s sldh ) |blsx zbbs sh}jhubs s h}jhubs cldxiblo|b cldxiblo|b bgsl~lsbz/ c, HN 4 hb}ilhzs bjsl~ls| nlolza sldh ) |blsx zbbs ubilof ibdmbs cldxiblo|b bgsl~lsbz/ h, IZ 4 ibshzs bjsl~ls| zsb}s sldh ) |blsx zbbs ubilof ibdmbs cldxiblo|b bgsl~lsbz/ n, IN 4 ibshzs bjsl~ls| nlolza sldh ) |blsx zbbs ubilof ibdmbs clzhihzblgboo|b bgsl~lsbz/ f, s 4 bjsl~ls| cx}bslò sldh ) |blsx vbgsx |bof cluh}ixgbo xosxg zxbsx bgsl~lsbz !mlbzb clo|bsbgbo cbibd ab}l,/ a, Z 4 s`sbi zibjgs`sbi ni`bs / zibjgn}hh ni`bs / l, ZN 4 n}hh zibjgn}hh

=/:/3

Bzxdzl cbo jb}b uh}alsxofbo

Cbibd dhibgxgbo uh}alsxofbo uhohosxbo vbgsx clfxobgbo slfb mxba bzxdzl cbzb}) |blsx ; 2, U}`|hg abo|b dhdlilgl zbsx lolslbi h~hos !slslg bvbi, cbo zbsx sh}dlobi h~hos !slslg bgal},/

=, Zbbs sh}jhub s h}jhubss sh}kbclo| s h}kbclo|bb lolslbi h~hos bcbiba ab}l gh$oì/ :, Zbbs ubilof ibdmbs sh}kbclo|b sh}dlobi h~hos bcbiba SI 4 5 xosxg h~hos lol/

Bcbuxo uh}alsxofbo |bof ab}xz clibgxgbo sh}cl}l bsbz cxb jb}b) |blsx jb}b uh}alsxofbo dbkx ! n`}vb}c j`duxsbslò, cbo uh}alsxofbo dxocx} !mbjgvb}c j`duxsbslò,/ Xosxg dhibgxgbo uh}alsxofbo dbkx cbo uh}alsxofbo dxocx}) clfxobgbo ilofgb}bo ghkbclbo ! h~hos ,) ,) ilofgb}bo ghkbclbo lol clmbfl bsbz slfb mbflbo cbo clfbdmb}gbo zhuh}sl fbdmb} =/6/

b m

j

Fbdmb} =/6/ Ilofgb}bo ghkbclbo/ Ghsh}bofbo ; b 4 }xbof xosxg o`d`} h~hos / m 4 }xbof xosxg dhoxokxggbo zbbs ubilof jhubs sh}kbclo|b h~hos !SH,) |bof dh}xubgbo abzli uh}alsxofbo dbkx/ j 4 }xbof xosxg dhoxokxggbo zbbs ubilof ibdmbs sh}kbclo|b h~hos !SI,) |bof dh}xubgbo abzli uh}alsxofbo dxocx}/ Zhshiba ohsv`}g cb}l zxbsx u}`|hg clfbdmb}gbo) cbo zhslbu o`ch clmbfl dhokbcl slfb mbflbo ) dbgb ibofgba zhibokxso|b bcbiba dhdmh}l o`d`} ubcb dbzlof$dbzlof o`ch/ Ghdxclbo dhojbosxdgbo ubcb zhslbu bobg uboba !ghflbsbo, uh}gl}bbo vbgsx uhibgzbobbo dbzlof$dbzlof ghflbsbo/ Ihsbg bofgb |bof dhoxokxggbo vbgsx ghflbsbo) sh}ihsbg cl mbvba bobg uboba/ Zbsxbo vbgsx |bof clfxobgbo ubcb zhix}xa u}`|hg ab}xz zbdb) zhmbfbl jòsà uhdbgblbo dloffx) ab}l cbo iblo$iblo/ \bof ubilof uhoslof bcbiba bubmlib uh}alsxofbo clibgxgbo chofbo ch ofbo slcbg dhoffxobgbo g`duxsh}) dbgb zhmblgo|b cx}bslò lol dhoffxobgbo bofgb$bofgb |bof mxibs/

=/:/3/2 Uh}alsxofbo Dbkx Zhshiba

dhohosxgbo

ohsv`}g )

ibofgba

zhibokxso|b

bcbiba

dhohosxgbo uh}alsxofbo dbkx cbo dxocx}/ Ubcb uh}alsxofbo dbkx) uh}alsxofbo mh}fh}bg dxibl cb}l lolslbi h~hos dhoxkx sh}dlobi h~hos !dbgzxco|b lbiba dhofalsxof zbbs |bof ubilof sh}jhubs sh}kbclo|b h~hosz,/

Cbibd uh}alsxofbo dbkx) bcb slfb ibofgba |bof ab}xz clibgxgbo) |blsx ; 2, Zbbs sh}jhub s h}jhubss sh}kbclo|b s h}kbclo|b lolslbi h~hos clshosxgbo ubcb ab}l gh oì zhaloffb xosxg lolslbi h~hos mh}ibgx SH 4 5/ =, Gbibx lolslbi h~hos sh}kbcl ubcb ab}l gh$oì) dbgb lolslbi h~hos cbubs clilabs ubcb fbdmb} =/1/

l

!l)k,

5

k

s

Fbdmb} =/1/ Lolslbi h~hos h~hos |bof sh}kbcl ubcb ab}l gh oì/ HZ!l)k,

4 SH!k, 4 5

HN!l)k, 4 HZ!l)k, ' s!l)k, dbgb) HN!l)k, 4 SH!l)k, ' s!l)k,

:, H~hos |bof dhoffbmxofgbo mhmh}bub bgsl~lsbz ! dh}fh h~hos , cbubs clilabs ubcb fbdmb} =/
HN!l2)k, HN!l=)k, HN!l:)k,

Fbdmb} =/
=/:/3/= Uh}alsxofbo Dxocx} Zhshiba dhibgxgbo uh}alsxofbo dbkx) ibofgba zhibokxso|b dhibgxgbo uh}alsxofbo dxocx}) ubcb uh}alsxofbo dxocx}) uh}alsxofbo mh}fh}bg cb}l sh}dlobi h~hos dhoxkx gh lolslbi h~hos / Sxkxboo|b lbiba xosxg dhofalsxof zbbs

ubilof ibdmbs sh}kbclo|b h~hosz cbo zbbs ubilof ibdmbs cldxiblo|b cbo clzhihzblgboo|b clzhihzblgboo|b bgsl~lsbz$bgsl~lsbz !SI) IZ) cbo IN,/ Zhuh}sl abio|b ubcb uh}alsxofbo dbkx) ubcb uh}alsxofbo dxocx} lol uxo sh}cbubs slfb ibofgba) |blsx/ 2, Ubcb sh}dlobi h~hos mh}ibgx SI 4 SH/ =, Zbbs ubilof ibdmbs xosxg dhdxibl zxbsx bgsl~lsbz zbdb chofbo zbbs ubilof ibdmbs xosxg dho|hihzblgbo bgsl~lsbz lsx clgx}bofl chofbo cx}bslò bgsl~lsbz sh}zhmxs) cbubs clilabs ubcb fbdmb} =/25/ l

!l)k,

k SH SI

Fbdmb} =/25/ Zbbs ubilof ibdmbs dhdxibl bgsl~lsbz/

IZ 4 IN ‚ IN ‚ ss IZ!l2) k, 4 SI cldbob SI 4 SH ‚ s!l2) k, dbgb IZ!l2) k, 4 SI!k, ‚ s

:, H~hos |bof ’dhofhixb}gbo— mhmh}bub bgsl~lsbz !mx}zs h~hos , cbubs clilabs ubcb fbdmb} =/22/ IZ!l2)k,

l

IZ!l=)k, IZ!l:)k,

Fbdmb} =/22/ =/22/ H~hos |bof ’dhofhixb}gbo— mhmh}bub bgsl~lsbz/

Zhslbu bgsl~lsbz abo|b cbubs cldxibl bubmlib h~hos |bof dhocbaxixlo|b shiba sh}kbcl/ @iha gb}hob lsx) zbbs ubilof ibdmbs sh}kbclo|b zhmxba h~hos zbdb chofbo olibl sh}ghjli cb}l zbbs$zbbs ubilof ibdmbs xosxg dhdxibl bgsl~lsbz$bgsl~lsbz bgsl~lsbz$bgsl~lsbz |bof mh}ubofgbi ubcb h~hos sh}zhmxs/

SI!l,

4 dlo !IZ !l)k2,) IZ!l)k=,)……//)IZ !l k) o,,

Zhshiba ghcxb uh}alsxofbo clbsbz !uh}alsxofbo dbkx cbo uh}alsxofbo dxocx}, zhihzbl) mb}xiba ni`bs cbubs clalsxof/

=/:/3/: Uh}alsxofbo Ghiòffb}bo Ghiòffb}bo Vbgsx ! Ni`bs bsbx Zibjg, Zhshiba uh}alsxofbo dbkx cbo uh}alsxofbo dxocx} zhihzbl clibgxgbo) dbgb ibofgba mh}lgxso|b ab}xz clibgxgbo uh}alsxofbo ghiòffb}bo vbgsx cb}l bgsl~lsbz !l)k, |bof |bof sh}cl}l cb}l c b}l s`sbi ni`bs cbo n}hh ni`bs /

Xosxg dhofalsxof s`sbi ni`bs cbo n}hh ni`bs clfxobgbo }xdxz zhmbfbl mh}lgxs ; Z!l2)k,

4 SI!k, ‚ SH ‚ SH!l, ‚ !s ‚ !s!l2)k,,

ZN!l2)k,

4 SH!k, ‚ SH ‚ SH!l, ‚ !s ‚ !s!l2)k,,

Ghsh}bofbo ;

Z 4 S`sbi ni`bs cb}l ghkbclbo l dhoxkx gh k/ Z 4 N}hh ni`bs cb}l ghkbclbo l dhoxkx gh k/

Dhox}xs Cld|bsl) S/ S/ cbo B/ Cld|bsl !2<<<;211, dhofhdxgbgbo mbavb ; ’Cbibd uh}alsxofbo ni`bs sh}cbubs zxbsx bgsl~lsbz |bof slcbg dhduxo|bl ghiòffb}bo ! ni`bs ,) ,) |bof mlbzb clzhmxs zhmbfbl bgsl~lsbzghflbsbo g}lslz/ Chofbo gbsb iblo) bgsl~lsbz g}lslz dhduxo|bl Z

4 ZN

!l)k,

!l)k ,

4 5—/ 5—/

Bgsl~lsbz$bgsl~lsbz g}lslz bgbo dhdmhosxg ilosbzbo g}lslz |bof cldxibl cb}l lolslbi h~hos zbdubl gh sh}dlobi h~hos / Bgsl~lsbz$bgsl~lsbz loliba |bof slcbg mìha

clsxocb

uhibgzbobboo|b)

zhaloffb

klgb

uhibgzbobboo|b

clsxocb)

bgbo

dholdmxigbo ghsh}ibdmbsbo uho|hihzblbo u}`|hg/

=/:/3/3

Ilosbzbo G}lslz

Ubcb zbbs lol) uhokbcvbibo chofbo abo|b dhduh}alsxofgbo cx}bzl cbo ghsh}fbosxofbo ghsh}fbosxofbo uhgh}kbbo zbkb slcbg jxgxu/ Abi lol clzhmbmgbo ìha mh}sbdmbao|b nbgs`}$nbgs`} |bof ab}xz cluh}alsxofgbo cbibd dhokbcvbigbo zxbsx u}`|hg/ Zbiba zbsx nbgs`} |bof ubilof dhohosxgbo bcbiba vbgsx uhokbcvbibo zxbsx u}`|hg/ @iha

gb}hob lsx) mbo|bg zhgbil dhs`ch |bof clghdmbofgbo xosxg dhofbsbzl dbzbiba lol) zbiba zbsx dhs`ch sh}zhm s h}zhmxs xs bcbiba dhs`ch ilosbzbo g}lslz/

Dhox}xs Aliilh}) Z/ N cbo Ilhmh}dbo !2<<5;:6>, dhochnlolzlgbo ilosbzbo g}lslz bcbiba ; ’Ilosbzbo g}lslz zxbsx u}`|hg bcbiba ilosbzbo cbibd zxbsx kb}lofbo gh}kb zhchdlglbo zhaloffb ghflbsbo ubcb ilosbzbo lol dhdlilgl ghibdmbobo oì —/

Dhox}xs Mbc}l !2<<6;=:, bcbiba zhmbfbl mh}lgxs ; ’Ilosbzbo g}lslz bcbiba kbix} bsbx kbibo |bof clilosbzl bsbx clibixl |bof ubilof dhohosxgbo mh}abzli bsbx fbfbio|b zxbsx uhgh}kbbo/ Chofbo gbsb iblo ilosbzbo g}lslz bcbiba ilosbzbo |bof ubilof dhohosxgbo uho|hihzblbo u}`|hg zhjb}b zhjb} b ghzhix}xabo—/ Dhox}xs S}lahoc}bcl !=558;:3, dhofxofgbugbo mbavb ; ’Ilosbzbo ’Ilosbzbo g}lslz dhdlilgl b}sl uhoslof cbibd uhofhiìbbo u}`|hg gb}hob ilosbzbo g}lslz dh}xubgbo vbgsx bsbx cx}bzl uhohosx uho|hihzblbo u}`|hg/ Uhoxocbbo bsbx ghsh}ibdmbsbo sxfbz cbibd gbshf`}l ilosbzbo g}lslz dho|hmbmgbo uhoxocbbo uho|hihzblbo u}`|hg zhjb}b ghzhix}xabo/ Ghsh}ibdmbsbo sxfbz cbibd gbshf`}l ilosbzbo oò$g}lslz slcbg bgbo dhoxocb uho|hihzblbo u}`|hg—/ uho|hihzblbo u}`|hg—/ Vlvà` !=556, dhofxofgbugbo mbavb ; ’Dhs`ch Ilosbzbo G}lslz !J}lsljbi Ubsa Dhsa`c $ JUD, dh}xubgbo dh}xubgbo dhs`ch |bof clfxobgbo xosxg dhokbcvbigbo uhgh}kbbo$uhgh}kbbo cbibd zxbsx u}`|hg/ Cbibd dhs`ch lol) uhgh}kbbo$uhgh}kbbo cbo ghsh}fbosxofboo|b cld`chigbo cbibd zxbsx kb}lofbo |bof ghdxclbo clbobilzlz xosxg dhocbubsgbo vbgsx sh}jhubs cbibd dho|hihzblgbo dbzlof$dbzlof h}kbbo—/ uhg h}kbbo—/

Dhox}xs Mbc}l !2<<6;=3, dbonbbs |bof |bof cluh}ìha klgb dhofhsbaxl ilosbzbo g}lslz bcbiba zhmbfbl mh}lgxs ; 2/ Uhoxocbbo uhgh}kbbo ubcb ilosbzbo g}lslz dho|hmbmgbo zhix}xa u}`|hg sh}sxocb uho|hihzblboo|b/

=/ U}`|hg cbubs cluh}jhubs uho|hihzblboo|b mlib uhgh}kbbo$uhgh}kbbo |bof bcb cl ilosbzbo g}lslz cbubs cluh}jhubs/ :/ Uhofbvbzbo Uhofbvbzbo bsbx gòs}ì abo|b cluh}ghsbs ubcb ilosbzbo g}lslz zbkb) zhaloffb uhgh}kbbo$uhgh}kbbo cl ilosbzbo g}lslz uh}ix uhofbvbzbo ghsbs bfb} slcbg sh}sxocb cbo ghdxofglobo cl s}bch `nn !uh}sxgb}bo vbgsx chofbo mlb|b |bof hnlzlho, cbo j}bza u}`f}bd !clzhihzblgbo chofbo vbgsx |bof ùsldxd cluh}jhubs chofbo mlb|b |bof mh}sbdmba uxib, bsbx cluh}zlofgbs vbgsxo|b chofbo sbdmbabo mlb|b bsbx ihdmx}/ Sldh zibjg !ghiòffb}bo vbgsx, sh}cbubs ubcb uhgh}kbbo$uhgh}kbbo |bof

slcbg clibixl ìha ilosbzbo g}lslz/ Lol dhdxofglogbo mbfl dbobkh} xosxg dhdlocbagbo shobfb gh}kb) bibs$bibs) cbo mlb|b$mlb|b gh uhgh}kbbo$uhgh}kbbo cl ilosbzbo g}lslz chdl hnlzlhozl/

=/:/8 Ghfxobbo J}lsljbi Ubsa Dhsa`c !JUD, Dhox}xs Kb| Abl{h} . Mb}}| ]hoch} !=55<;<3,) JUD zbofbs uhoslof gb}hob zbofbs dhdmbosx dhokbvbm uh}sbo|bbo mh}lgxs dhofhobl u}`|hg$u}`|hg chofbo }lmxbo bgsl~lsbz/ 2/ Gbubo ghzhix}xabo u}`|hg cbubs zhihzbl0 =/ Bub zbkbgba bgsl~lsbz bsbx sxfbz uhoslof ubcb u}`|hg) |blsx bgsl~lsbz$ bgsl~lsbz |bof mlib sh}ibdmbs bgbo dhdmxbs ghzhix}xabo u}`|hg sh}sxocb0 :/ Bgsl~lsbz bubgba |bof oòg}lslz) |bgol bgsl~lsbz |bof cbubs mh}kbibo ibdmbs sboub dhdmxbs sh}sxocbo|b uho|hihzblbo ghzhix}xabo u}`|hg0 3/ Mh}bub mhzb} u}`mbmlilsbz u}`|hg cbubs zhihzbl ubcb sboffbi sh}shosx0 8/ Ubcb sboffbi sh}shosx) bubgba u}`|hg dbzla shsbu cbibd kbcvbi) ihmla ibdmbs cb}l kbcvbi) bsbx ihmla jhubs cb}l kbcvbi0 >/ Ubcb sboffbi sh}shosx) bubgba xbof |bof clmhibokbgbo zbdb) ihmla zhclgls) bsbx ihmla mhzb} clmboclofgbo xbof |bof clboffb}gbo0 6/ Bubgba jxgxu zxdmh} cb|b xosxg dho|hihzblgbo u}`|hg shubs vbgsx0

1/ Klgb u}`|hg loflo clzhihzblgbo cbibd vbgsx |bof ihmla zlofgbs bubgba kbibo |bof sh}mblg dhojbubl zbzb}bo lol chofbo mlb|b zhdloldbi dxofglo0

=/3 Uh}jhubsbo U}`|hg Ubcb gòclzl cbo zlsxbzl sh}shosx) dbobkh} u}`|hg clab}xzgbo cbubs dho|hihzblgbo u}`|hg cbibd vbgsx }hibsln ihmla jhubs clmboclofgbo vbgsx ubcb ilosbzbo g}lslz/ Cbibd gòclzl zhuh}sl lol) u}`f}bd ilolh} clfxobgbo xosxg dhohosxgbo bi`gbzl zxdmh} cb|b zhchdlglbo zhaloffb dhdloldbigbo mlb|b sbdmbabo |bof ab}xz clghixb}gbo zxub|b u}`|hg zhihzbl ihmla jhubs cb}l vbgsx |bof shiba clkbcvbigbo/

=/8 Uhokbcvbibo U}`|hg lozsbibzl ilzs}lg cl US UIO !Uh}zh}`, XUK Jlshx}hxu M`f`}

Uhokbcvbibo u}`|hg bcbiba }hojbob uhofx}xsbo gh}kb xosxg dho|hihzblgbo zxbsx uhgh}kbbo chofbo zbzb}bo gaxzxz chofbo zbbs uho|hihzblbo |bof khibz/ Zhmhixd u}`|hg clgh}kbgbo) uh}ix bcbo|b sbabu$sbabu uhofhiìbbo u}`|hg |bof dhiluxsl sbabu uh}hojbobbo) sbabu uhokbcvbibo) cbo sbabu uhofg``}clobzlbo/ Cb}l ghslfb sbabubo lol) sbabu uh}hojbobbo cbo uhokbcvbibo bcbiba sbabu |bof ubilof dhohosxgbo mh}abzlislcbgo|b zxbsx u}`|hg) gb}hob uhokbcvbibo bcbiba sbabu ghsh}fbosxofbo bosb} sxfbz |bof dhdmbofxo u}`|hg zhjb}b ghzhix}xabo/ Cbibd uhoxilzbo ibu`}bo gh}kb u}bgshg lol) bgbo clmbabz u}`zhz dhohosxgbo ilosbzbo g}lslz cb}l u}`|hg lozsbibzl ilzs}lg |bof clibgzbobgbo ìha US UIO !Uh}zh}`, XUK Jlshx}hxu M`f`} ubcb xols mlzolz Mbubg Ulhs Xocbu/ Uhohosxbo ilosbzbo g}lslz lol cljb}l chofbo dhoffxobgbo dhs`ch UH]SJUD/

Mbm LLL Chzg}luzl cbo Uh}mblgbo Zlzshd Gh}kb :/2 Chzg}luzl Uhibgzbobbo uh}hojbobbo u}`|hg lozsbibzl ilzs}lg Cbibd mbm lol clkhibzgbo abzli cb}l uh}hojbobbo |bof clibgxgbo xosxg dhofalocb}l

dbzbiba$dbzbiba

|bof

sldmxi

cbibd

zxbsx

u}`|hg

cbibd

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Uh}hojbobbo kb}lofbo gh}kb shsbu slcbg cbubs dhokbdlo uhibgzbobbo u}`|hg uhdbzbofbo ilzslg slcbg dhilmlal mbsbz vbgsx |bof shiba clshosxgbo bsbx cl}hojbobgbo shsbul cbubs dhdmh}lgbo lon`}dbzl$lon`}dbzl uhoslof zhalofb cbubs clghsbaxl bgslnlsbz dbob |bof dhdlilgl ghiòfb}bo cbo bgslnlsbz dbob |bof g}lslz/ Lon`}dbzl |bof clcbubs cb}l uh}hojbobbo kb}lofbo gh}kb ! ohsv`g uiboolof, zbofbs mh}fxob cbibd dhoxokbof uh}hojbobbo u}`|hg uhdbzbofbo bsbx lozsbibzl ilzs}lg bfb} uhofh}kbbo u}`|hg sh}zhmxs mlzb sh}zhibzblgbo chofbo shubs vbgsx cbo zhhnhgsln dxofglo/ Clobz hoflohh}lof ubcb US UIO !Uh}zh}`, XUK Jlshx}hxu M`f`}) dho|xzxo }bojbof mbofxo bsbz }hojbob uholofgbsbo gloh}kb zh}sb uhofhdmbofbo zb}bob uho|bix}bo sh}dbzxg uho|bdmxofbo uhiboffbo zhaloffb cbubs cluh}ìha gloh}kb lozsbibzl |bof abocbi cbo mh}dxsx chofbo dhofbjx ubcb Sb}fhs Dxsx Uhib|bobo Uhib|bobo !SDU,/ !S DU,/ Zhcbofgbo Clobz Gòzs}xgzl dhofhiìb dbobkhdho gòzsxgzl) uholofgbsbo uhofhdmbofbo zb}bob uho|bix}bo shobfb ilzs}lg zhaloffb ghmxsxabo mhmbo cbubs sh}uhoxal zhzxbl chofbo }hojbob/ Cbibd uhibgzbobbo ubcb zxbsx uh}hojbobbo cbibd u}`|hg uhdbzbofbo bsbx lozsbizbl ilzs}lg ubcb US UIO !uh}zh}`, XUK Jlshx}hxu M`f`}) clzh}bagbo ubcb xols$xols UIO |bof mh}mhcb cbibd zxbsx vlib|ba gh}kbo|b/ Cbibd abi lol uhoxilz dhibgzbobgbo ghflbsbo gh}kb u}bgshg cl US UIO !uh}zh}`, XUK Jlshx}hxu

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Zbdmxofbo

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Cbnsb} Uxzsbgb Cbzb}$cbzb} Ohsv`}g Ohsv`}g Uiboolof Uiboolof/ Kbgb}sb; US/ ]lgb Jlusb/ Mbc}l) Z/ 2<<6/ Cbzb}$cbzb}

Kb| Ab{lh} cbo Mb}}| ]hoch}/ =55
Aliilh}) Z/ N cbo Ilhmh}dbo/ 2<<5/ Uhofbosb} ]lzhs @uh}bzl/ M`f`}; US/ Fhi`}b Bgzb}b U}bsbdb/ S}lahoc}bcl) J/ =558/ Dlj}`z`ns Dlj}`z`ns U}`khjs U}`khjs =55: Ibofgba Jh}cbz Dh}hojbobgbo Dh}hojbobgbo Dhokbcvbigbo Dhokbcvbigbo cbo Dhofòs}ì Dhofòs}ì U}`|hg U}`|hg / \`f|bgb}sb; BOCL/ Dhofhiìb U}`|hg U}`|hg Gòzs}xgzl Gòzs}xgzl chofbo U}ldb~h}b Vbabob G`duxsh}/ =558/ Dhofhiìb u}`khjs uiboh} uiboh} / \`f|bgb}sb; BOCL/

Zlslokbg/ S/ K/ ]/ =55>/ ]lzhs @uh}bzl Xosxg Uhofbdmlibo Ghuxsxzbo Ghuxsxzbo Dbobkh}lbi Chofbo Builgbzl Builgbzl Hqjhi/ \`f|bgb}sb; F}bab Lidx/

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=556/ Bish}obsln Bish}obsln

Dhoffxobgbo Dhoffxobgbo

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Uhokbcvbibo Uhokbcvbibo

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Gòzs}xgzl Gòzs}xgzl

assu;vvv/uhs}b/bj/lcuxzilsk`x}obiz

b}sljihz/uau0UxmilzahcLC4JL^525: b}sljihz/uau0UxmilzahcLC4JL^525:5252/ 5252/ !=5 Kboxb}l =522,/

Critical Path Method (CPM)

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