Conlangs Monthly - November Edition

OAGLG_ H Cjifsl Igta ]l Ehsoightigc Sarjm p.8 Ae Oagstruotlm Jhgcuhcls1 -Fhtt Oargltt]l Igtlrprltlr - p.0 -Dabg OajhpigtaLgcjisb, jahgwarm obhfpiag ae tbl warjm! -@ritt ^ltlrsag-

p.83

Baw Fhgy Jhgcuhcls Is It ^assi`jl ^assi`jl ta Jlhrg1 J lhrg1 p.89 -@y Pyhg ‚BL JIGC\I_ @JACCLP ‖‖Oagolptuhj flthpbars ig ‚Mhrk hrl tbl vlijs ae mlhtb ml htb‖‖ `y Ohgmjlfhss p.08 -Hgmriy KhrhfhzavKhrhfhzavI Shgmlrlm Shgmlrlm Jagljy hs h s h Ojaum p.0< -rhgsjhtiags-

]l Igffulgol ae _phgisb ag Lgcjisb p.09 -Duijlt LgcjhgmLmitarihj lhf

Baw I jlhrglm h jhgcuhcl ig 00 baurs -Dasbuh Ealr-

p.?0

Lmitar ig Obile4

Daghtbhg Ejlury  Jhyaut Mlsicg & Crhpbios

Ch`l Sitfagclr

@i`jiacrhpby hgm Hokgawjlmclflgts

Eaugmlrs

Ch`l Sitfagclr Daghtbhg Ejlury 

H Cjifsl Igta ]l Ehsoightigc Sarjm Ae Oagstruotlm Jhgcuhcls

Hjtbaucb fhgy a yau wijj `l hfijihr witb Lsplrhgta ” plrbhps tbl fast wimljy spaklg oagstruotlm jhgcuhcl ” h jhrcl guf`lr a atblrs bhvl hjsa `llg orlhtlm. Agl a tbl ﬈rst oagstruotlm jhgcuhcls is @hjhi`hjhg. Mlvljaplm ig litblr tbl 8=tb ar 8
]l _hpir-Sbar bypatblsis is h prigoipjl wbiob bajms tbht tbl jhgcuhcl wl splhk mltlrfigls ar h﬎lots `atb tbl why tbht wl oagolptuhjisl tbl warjm hgm aur oacgitivl praolssls. Mr. @rawg tbaucbt tbht plapjl waujm ghturhjjy tbigk ig h why tbht whs farl jaciohj i tbly wlrl thucbt h jhgcuhcl wbasl crhffhr whs lgtirljy `hslm ag prlmiohtl jacio (Jacjhg). Sblrlhs Mr. @rawg’s pjhgs ar tbl jhgcuhcl fhy gat bhvl lxhotjy phgglm aut, Jaciohj Jhgcuhcl lgtbusihsts lgtbusihsts prlmiot tbht Jacjhg, hgm atblr oagstruotlm jhgcuhcls jikl it, fhy pjhy hg ifparthgt rajl ig oafputlr trhgsjhtiag hgm igtlrprlthtiag a tbl ghturhj jhgcuhcls tbht wl hjj splhk lvlry mhy.

Mr. Dhfls Oaakl @rawg

]l mhy wblg oafputlrs hrl h`jl ta trhgsjhtl hgm igtlrprlt ghturhj jhgcuhcl dust hs wljj hs bufhgs ma fhy gat lvlr hrrivl ” witb w itb ar witbaut tbl bljp a jaciohj jhgcuhcls jikl Jacjhg. Juokijy, tblrl’s h vlry jagc jist a vlry lhsy ta jlhrg, prapaslm igtlrghtiaghj huxijihry jhgcuhcls ta obaasl raf. Obhrjls @jiss’ @jissyf`ajs ficbt `l hg igtlrlstigc aptiag; Igtlrjigcuh, Uajhpúk, hgm aki ^agh hrl h lw atblrs, atblrs , hgm, a oaursl, tblrl’ t blrl’s hjwhys Lsplrhgta. Lsplr hgta. _igol ga agl ohg quitl mloiml ag wbiob agl a tblsl jhgcuhcls waujm `lst slrvl tbis purpasl, jlt hjagl thkl tbl tifl ta tlhob lvlryagl ig tbl warjm ta splhk it, tbl `lst hgm agjy pravlg sajutiag ta tbl pra`jlf a jhgcuhcl `hrrilrs is stijj hg lxoljjlgt igtlrprltlr ar trhgsjhtar. 8

]l Igtlrprltlr Bhs H Plfatl Hfhzagihg ri`l \plgmlm Aur \gmlrsthgmigc Ae Jhgcuhcl1

Agl fargigc jhst Dujy, ig tbl rhig arlst a gartbwlstlrg @rhzij, Mhg Lvlrltt, hg Hflriohg jigcuistios pralssar, hgm I stlpplm raf tbl pagtaag a h Olssgh ffahtpjhgl agta tbl `lhob `armlrigc tbl Fhioi Pivlr, h ghrraw, sbhrpjy flhgmlrigc tri`uthry a tbl Hfhzag. Ag tbl `hgk h`avl us wlrl safl tbirty plapjl”sbart, mhrk-skigglm flg, waflg, hgm obijmrlg”safl ojutobigc `aws hgm hrraws, atblrs witb ighgts ag tblir bips. ]l plapjl, flf`lrs a h bugtlr-chtblrlr tri`l ohjjlm tbl ^irhbï, rlspagmlm ta tbl sicbt a Lvlrltt”h sajimjy `uijt fhg a ﬈y-﬈vl witb h rlm `lhrm hgm tbl `aafigc vaiol a h arflr lvhgcljiohj figistlr”witb h crlltigc tbht saugmlm jikl h prausiag a lxatio sagc`irms, h fljamio obhttlrigc sohroljy misolrgi`jl, ta tbl ugigitihtlm, hs bufhg spllob. \grljhtlm ta hgy atblr lxthgt tagcul, hgm `hslm ag dust licbt oagsaghgts hgm tbrll vawljs, ^irhbï bhs agl a tbl sifpjlst saugm systlfs kgawg. Ylt it passlssls suob h oafpjlx hrrhy a tagls, strlssls, hgm syjjh`jl jlgctbs tbht its splhklrs ohg misplgsl witb tblir vawljs hgm oagsaghgts hjtacltblr hgm sigc, buf, ar wbistjl oagvlrshtiags. It is h jhgcuhcl sa oagaugmigc ta gag-ghtivls tbht

ugtij Lvlrltt hgm bis wil, Klrlg, hrrivlm hfagc tbl ^irhbï, hs Obristihg fissiaghrils, ig tbl gigltllgslvlgtils, ga autsimlr bhm suoollmlm ig fhstlrigc it. Lvlrltt lvlgtuhjjy h`hgmaglm Obristihgity, `ut bl hgm Klrlg bhvl splgt tbl phst tbirty ylhrs, ag hgm a﬎, jivigc witb tbl tri`l, hgm ig tbht tifl tbly bhvl jlhrglm ^irhbï hs ga atblr Slstlrglrs bhvl. ‚Rhÿi bi cèæshi xicæhibih`ishahxèi ti xh`iæbhi bihtæibi xicæa baæbi,‖ Lvlrltt shim ig tbl tagcul’s obappy sthoohta, igtramuoigc fl hs saflagl wba waujm `l ‚sthyigc ar h sbart tifl‖ ig tbl vijjhcl. ]l flg hgm waflg hgswlrlm ig hg lobaigc obarus, ‚Rhÿi bi caÿ khisicæhibæ xhphcèisa.‖ Lvlrltt turglm ta fl. ‚]ly whgt ta kgaw wbht yau’rl ohjjlm ig ‒oraaklm blhm.’ ‖ ‚Oraaklm blhm‖ blh m‖ is tbl tri`l’s tri`l’s tlrf ar hgy jhgcuhcl tbht is gat ^irhbï, hgm it is h ojlhr pldarhtivl. ]l ^irhbï oagsimlr hjj arfs a bufhg misoaursl atblr tbhg tblir awg ta `l jhucbh`jy iglriar, hgm tbly hrl ugiqul hfagc Hfhzagihg plapjls ig rlfhigigc fagajigcuhj. ]ly pjhyujjy tasslm fy ghfl `hok hgm artb hfagc tblfsljvls, hjtlrigc it sjicbtjy witb lhob rlitlrhtiag, ugtij it `lohfl hg ugrloacgizh`jl syjjh`jl. ]ly glvlr uttlrlm it hchig, `ut igstlhm chvl fl h jijtigc ^irhbï ghfl4 0

Khhxèai, tbht a h ^irhbï fhg, raf h vijjhcl mawgrivlr, wbaf tbly tbaucbt I rlslf`jlm. ‚]ht’s oafpjltljy oagsistlgt witb fy fhig tblsis h`aut tbl tri`l,‖ Lvlrltt tajm fl jhtlr. ‚]ly rldlot lvlrytbigc raf autsiml tblir warjm. ]ly dust mag’t whgt it, hgm it’s `llg tbht why sigol tbl mhy tbl @rhzijihgs ﬈rst augm tblf ig tbis dugcjl ig tbl slvlgtllg-bugmrlms.‖ Lvlrltt, wba tbis phst hjj `lohfl tbl obhirfhg a tbl Mlphrtflgt a Jhgcuhcls, Jitlrhturl, hgm Oujturls ht Ijjigais _thtl \givlrsity, bhs `llg pu`jisbigc hohmlfio `aaks hgm phplrs ag tbl ^irhbï (pragaugolm pll-mh-BHG) ar farl tbhg twlgty-﬈vl ylhrs. @ut bis wark rlfhiglm rljhtivljy rljhtivljy a`sourl ugtij lhrjy ig 0>><, wblg bl pastlm ag bis Sl` sitl hg hrtiojl titjlm ‚Oujturhj Oagstrhigts ag Crhffhr hgm Oacgitiag ig ^irhbï,‖ wbiob whs pu`jisblm tbht hjj ig tbl daurghj Oujturhj Hgtbrapajacy. ]l hrtiojl mlsori`lm tbl lxtrlfl sifpjioity a tbl tri`l’s jivigc oagmitiags hgm oujturl. ]l ^irhbï, Lvlrltt wratl, bhvl ga guf`lrs, ga ﬈xlm oajar tlrfs, ga plrlot tlgsl, ga mllp flfary, ga trhmitiag a hrt ar mrhwigc, hgm ga warms ar ‚hjj,‖ ‚lhob,‖ ‚lvlry,‖ ‚fast,‖ ar ‚lw‖”tlrfs a quhgti﬈ohtiag `ljilvlm `y safl jigcuists ta `l hfagc tbl oaffag `uijmigc `jaoks a bufhg oacgitiag. Lvlrltt’s fast lxpjasivl ojhif, bawlvlr, whs tbht ^irhbï mispjhys ga lvimlgol a rloursiag, h jigcuistio aplrhtiag tbht oagsists a igslrtigc agl pbrhsl igsiml hgatblr a tbl shfl typl, hs wblg h splhklr oaf`igls misorltl tbaucbts (‚tbl fhg is whjkigc mawg tbl strllt,‖ strllt,‖ ‚tbl fhg is wlhrigc wl hrigc h tap bht‖) igta h sigcjl slgtlgol (‚]l fhg wba is wlhrigc h tap bht is whjkigc mawg tbl strllt‖). Gahf Obafsky, tbl igffulgtihj jigcuistio tblarist, bhs rlolgtjy rlvislm bis tblary a ugivlrshj crhffhr, hrcuigc tbht rloursiag is tbl oarglrstagl a hjj jhgcuhcls, hgm is passi`jl `lohusl a h ugiquljy bufhg oacgitivl h`ijity. _tlvlg ^igklr, ^igklr, tbl Bhrvhrm oacgitivl soilgtist, ohjjs Lvlrltt’s Lvlrltt’s phplr ‚h `af` `a f` tbrawg tb rawg igta tbl phrty. p hrty.‖ Ear fagtbs, it whs tbl su`dlot a phssiaghtl ml`htl ag saoihj-soilgol `jacs hgm Jistslrvs. Lvlrltt, agol h mlvatll a Obafskyhg jigcuistios, igsists gat agjy tbht ^irhbï is h ‚slvlrl oaugtlrlxhfpjl‖ ta tbl tblary a ugivlrshj crhffhr `ut hjsa tbht it is gat hg isajhtlm ohsl. ‚I tbigk agl a tbl rlhsags tbht wl bhvlg’t augm atblr craups jikl tbis,‖ Lvlrltt shim, ‚is `lohusl wl’vl `llg tajm, `hsiohjjy, tbht it’s gat passi`jl.‖ _afl sobajhrs wlrl thklg h`hok `y Lvlrltt’s mlpiotiag a tbl ^irhbï hs h plapjl a sllfigcjy ugphrhjjljlm jigcuistio hgm oujturhj prifitivisf. ‚I bhvl ta wagmlr wbltblr bl’s safl @arclsihg hgthsist, hgthsist, ar safl s afl Fhrchrlt Flhm `ligc stitoblm up `y tbl jaohjs,‖ agl rlhmlr wratl ig hg l-fhij ta tbl lmitars a h papujhr jigcuistios `jac.

I bhm fy awg mau`ts h`aut Lvlrltt’s partrhyhj a tbl ^irhbï sbartjy hlr I hrrivlm ig tbl vijjhcl. Sl wlrl stijj ugphokigc wblg h ^irhbï `ay, wba hpplhrlm ta `l h`aut ljlvlg ylhrs ajm, rhg aut raf tbl trlls `lsiml tbl rivlr. Criggigc, bl sbawlm a﬎ h surprisigcjy hoourhtl rlpjioh a tbl ffahtpjhgl wl bhm dust jhgmlm ig. Ohrvlm raf `hjsh waam, tbl famlj whs aur llt jagc hgm bhm h thplrigc usljhcl, wigcs, hgm pagtaags, hs wljj hs prapljjlrs, wbiob wlrl h﬏xlm witb sfhjj pilols a wirl sa tbht tbl `ay ` ay oaujm spig tbl `jhmls witb bis ﬈gclr. I hsklm Lvlrltt wbltblr tbl famlj oagtrhmiotlm bis ojhif tbht tbl ^irhbï ma gat fhkl hrt. Lvlrltt `hrljy cjhgolm up. ‚]ly fhkl tblf lvlry tifl h pjhgl hrrivls,‖ bl shim. ‚]ly mag’t kllp tblf hraugm wblg tblrl hrlg’t hgy pjhgls. It’s h obhig rlhotiag, hgm saflagl ljsl wijj ma it, `ut tblg lvlgtuhjjy it wijj pltlr aut.‖ _url lgaucb, I jhtlr shw tbl famlj jyigc `raklg hgm mirty ig tbl wllms `lsiml tbl rivlr. Ga agl fhml hgatblr agl murigc tbl six mhys I splgt ig tbl vijjhcl. Ig tbl whkl a tbl oagtravlrsy tbht crlltlm bis phplr, phplr, Lvlrltt lgoaurhclm sobajhrs ta oafl ta tbl Hfhzag hgm a`slrvl tbl ^irhbï ar tblfsljvls. ]l ﬈rst plrsag ta thkl bif up ag tbl a﬎lr whs h arty-tbrll-ylhr-ajm Hflriohg lvajutiaghry `iajacist ghflm loufslb Eitob, wba ig 0>>0 oa-hutbarlm hg ifparthgt phplr witb Obafsky hgm Fhro Bhuslr, hg lvajutiaghry psyobajacist hgm `iajacist ht Bhrvhrm, ag rloursiag. Eitob hgm bis oausig @ijj, h saffljilr `hslm ig ^hris, wlrl mul ta hrrivl `y ffahtpjhgl ig tbl ^irhbï vijjhcl h oaupjl a baurs hlr Lvlrltt hgm I mim. Hs tbl pjhgl jhgmlm ag tbl whtlr, whtlr, tbl ^irhbï, wba w ba bhm chtblrlm ht tbl rivlr, `lchg ta obllr. ]l twa flg stlpplm raf tbl oaokpit, Eitob tatigc h jhptap oafputlr igta wbiob bl bhm pracrhfflm h wllk’s wartb a jigcuistio lxplriflgts tbht bl igtlgmlm ta plrarf plr arf ag tbl ^irhbï. ]ly wlrl quiokjy surraugmlm `y ouriaus tri`l flf`lrs. ]l Eitob oausigs, bhvigc trhvljjlm wimljy tacltblr ta rlfatl phrts a tbl ?

warjm, `ljilvlm tbht tbly kglw baw ta lsth`jisb hg igsthgt rhppart witb igmiclgaus plapjls. ]ly `raucbt tblir oupplm bhgms ta tblir fautbs hgm `jlw jaag ohjjs `hok hgm artb. ]l ^irhbï jaaklm ag stagl-holm. ]lg @ijj `lchg ta fhkl h jaum pappigc saugm `y sghppigc h ﬈gclr a agl bhgm hchigst tbl appasitl phjf. ]l ^irhbï rlfhiglm ifphssivl. ]l oausigs sbrucclm sbllpisbjy hgm h`hgmaglm tblir l﬎arts. ‚\suhjjy yau ohg baak plapjl rlhjjy lhsijy `y maigc tblsl uggy jittjl tbigcs,‖ Eitob shim jhtlr. ‚@ut tbl ^irhbï kims wlrlg’t `uyigc it, hgm glitblr wlrl tblir tbli r phrlgts.‖ phrlgts.‖ Lvlrltt sgartlm. sgar tlm. ‚It’s ‚It’s gat phrt a tblir oujturl,‖ bl shim. ‚_a tbly’rl gat igtlrlstlm.‖ H lw wllks lhrjilr, lhrjilr, I bhm ohjjlm Eitob ig _oatjhgm, _ oatjhgm, wblrl bl is h pralssar ht tbl \givlrsity a _t. Hgmrlws. ‚I’f slligc tbis hs hg lxpjarhtary hot﬈gmigc trip,‖ bl tajm fl. ‚I whgt ta sll witb fy awg lyls baw fuob a tbis stu﬎ tbht Mhg is shyigc sllfs ta oblok aut.‖

bhm obhgclm oafpjltljy, tbht I bhm stlpplm raf mhrkglss igta jicbt”hjj tbl lxprlssiags yau blhr.‖ Bl stapplm usigc mrucs, hgm wblg bl hgm Klrlg wlrl licbtllg tbly fhrrilm. H ylhr jhtlr, tbl ﬈rst a tblir tbrll obijmrlg whs `arg, hgm tbly `lchg prlphrigc ta `loafl fissiaghrils. f issiaghrils. Ig 8935, hlr crhmuhtigc witb h mlcrll ig Earlicg Fissiags raf tbl Faamy @i`jl Igstitutl a Obiohca, Lvlrltt lgrajjlm witb Klrlg ig tbl _ufflr Igstitutl a Jigcuistios, kgawg hs _.I.J., hg igtlrghtiaghj lvhgcljiohj archgizhtiag tbht sllks ta sprlhm Cam’s Sarm `y trhgsjhtigc tbl @i`jl igta tbl jhgcuhcls a prljitlrhtl saoiltils. ]ly wlrl slgt ta Obihphs, Flxioa, wblrl Klrlg sthylm ig h but ig tbl dugcjl witb tbl oaupjl’s obijmrlg”`y tbis tifl, tblrl wlrl tbrll”wbijl Lvlrltt ugmlrwlgt cruljjigc ﬈ljm trhigigc. Bl lgmurlm ﬈y-fijl bikls hgm survivlm ar slvlrhj mhys mllp ig tbl t bl dugcjl witb agjy fhtobls, whtlr whtlr,, h rapl, h fhobltl, hgm h ffhsbjicbt.

Lvlrltt is kgawg hfagc jigcuistios lxplrts ar arglriglss hgm hg ifphtilgol witb hohmlfio mloaruf. Bl whs `arg ` arg igta h warkigc-ojhss hfijy ig Bajtvijjl, h tawg ag tbl Ohjiargih-Flxioa `armlr, wblrl bis bhrm-mrigkigc htblr, Jlaghrm, warklm vhriausjy hs h `hrtlgmlr, h oaw`ay, hgm h flobhgio. ‚I mag’t tbigk wl bhm h `aak ig tbl bausl,‖ Lvlrltt shim. ‚a fy mhm, plapjl wba thucbt ht oajjlcls hgm plapjl wba warl tils wlrl ‒sissils’”hjj a tblf. I suppasl safl a tbht is stijj ig fl.‖ Lvlrltt’s obil lxpasurl ta igtljjlotuhj jil whs tbraucb bis fatblr, h whitrlss, wba milm a h `rhig hglurysf wblg Lvlrltt whs ljlvlg. _bl `raucbt bafl Plhmlr’s Miclst oagmlgslm `aaks hgm h slt a flmiohj lgoyojaplmihs, wbiob Lvlrltt httlfptlm httlfptlm ta flfarisl. Ig bicb sobaaj, bl shw tbl favil ‚Fy Ehir Ehir Jhmy‖ hgm tbaucbt h`aut `loafigc h jigcuist, `lohusl, bl jhtlr wratl, Blgry Biccigs’s wark ‚httrhotlm fl igtljjlotuhjjy, hgm `lohusl it jaaklm jikl pbagltioihgs oaujm clt riob.‖

]l oaupjl wlrl civlg jlssags ig trhgsjhtiag tlobgiquls, ar wbiob Lvlrltt pravlm ta bhvl h ci. Bis rilgm ^ltlr Carmag, h jigcuist ht Oajuf`ih \givlrsity wba bhs pu`jisblm h phplr ag tbl h`slgol a guf`lrs ig ^irhbï, shys tbht Lvlrltt rlcujhrjy ifprlssls hohmlfio humilgols witb h mlfagstrhtiag ig wbiob bl pioks raf hfagc tbl orawm h splhklr a h jhgcuhcl tbht bl bhs glvlr blhrm. ‚Sitbig h`aut twlgty figutls, bl ohg tljj yau tbl `hsio struoturl a tbl jhgcuhcl hgm baw its crhffhr warks,‖ Carmag shim. ‚Bl bhs igorlmi`jl `rlhmtb a kgawjlmcl, is rlhjjy, rlhjjy, rlhjjy sfhrt, kgaws stu﬎ igsiml aut.‖ Lvlrltt’s thjlgts wlrl a`viaus ta tbl houjty ht _.I.J., wba ar twlgty ylhrs bhm `llg tryigc ta fhkl pracrlss ig ^irhbï, witb jittjl suoolss. Ig Aota`lr, 8933, ht _.I.J.’s igvithtiag, Lvlrltt, Klrlg, hgm tblir tbrll sfhjj obijmrlg favlm ta @rhzij, ﬈rst ta h oity ohjjlm @ljéf, ta jlhrg ^artuculsl, hgm tblg, h ylhr jhtlr, ta h ^irhbï  vijjhcl ht tbl fautb a tbl Fhioi Pivlr. Pivlr. ‚Ht tbht tifl, wl mimg’t kgaw tbht ^irhbï whs jigcuistiohjjy sa bhrm,‖ Klrlg tajm fl.

Hs h tllg-hclr, Lvlrltt pjhylm tbl cuithr ig raok `hgms (bis kly`ahrmist jhtlr `lohfl hg lhrjy flf`lr a Irag @uttlrffy) hgm sfaklm pat hgm mrapplm hoim, ugtij tbl sufflr a 8952, wblg bl flt Klrlg Crhbhf, hgatblr stumlgt ht Lj Ohpithg Bicb _obaaj, ig Jhklsiml. J hklsiml. ]l mhucbtlr a Obristihg fissiaghrils, Klrlg whs `raucbt up hfagc tbl _htlrl plapjl ig gartblhstlrg @rhzij. _bl igvitlm Lvlrltt ta oburob hgm `raucbt bif bafl ta fllt blr hfijy. ‚]ly wlrl javigc hgm ohrigc hgm bhm hjj tblsl craavy lxplrilgols ig tbl Hfhzag,‖ Lvlrltt Lvlrltt shim. ‚]ly suppartlm fl hgm tajm fl baw crlht I whs. ]is whs dust gat wbht I whs uslm ta.‖ Ag Aota`lr =, 8952, ht tbl hcl a slvlgtllg, bl `lohfl h `arg-hchig ` arg-hchig Obristihg. ‚I ljt tbht fy jil

]lrl hrl h`aut tbrll bugmrlm hgm ﬈y ^irhbï sprlhm aut ig sfhjj vijjhcls hjagc tbl Fhioi hgm Fhrfljas Pivlrs. ]l vijjhcl tbht I visitlm witb Lvlrltt whs typiohj4 slvlg buts fhml `y prappigc phjf-ragm raas ag tap a aur stioks. ]l buts bhm mirt ffaars hgm ga whjjs ar urgiturl, lxolpt ar h rhislm pjhtarf a tbig `rhgobls ta sjllp ag. ]lsl rhcijl mwljjigcs, ig wbiob h hfijy a tbrll ar aur ficbt jivl, jiglm h phtb tbht waugm tbraucb jaw `rusb hgm crhss glhr tbl rivlr`hgk. ]l plapjl kllp lw passlssiags ig tblir buts”pats hgm phgs, h fhobltl, h kgil”hgm fhkl ga taajs atblr tbhg sorhpigc ifpjlflgts (uslm ar fhkigc hrrawblhms), jaasljy wavlg phjf-jlh `hcs, hgm waam `aws hgm hrraws. ]lir agjy arghflgts hrl =

sifpjl glokjhols fhml raf sllms, tlltb, lhtblrs, `lhms, hgm samh-ohg pujj-th`s, wbiob tbly alg clt raf trhmlrs wba `hrtlr witb tbl ^irhbï ar @rhzij guts, waam, hgm sarvh (h ru``lry ru``lr y shp uslm ta fhkl oblwigc cuf), hgm wbiob tbl tri`l flf`lrs wlhr ta whrm a﬎ lvij spirits. \gjikl atblr bugtlr-chtblrlr bugtlr-chtblrlr tri`ls a tbl Hfhzag, tbl ^irhbï bhvl rlsistlm l﬎arts `y fissiaghrils hgm cavlrgflgt hclgoils ta tlhob tblf hrfigc. ]ly fhigthig tigy, wllm-iglstlm phtobls a craugm h lw stlps igta tbl arlst, wblrl tbly oujtivhtl sorhccjy fhgiao pjhgts. ‚]l stu﬎ tbht’s crawigc ig tbis vijjhcl whs litblr pjhgtlm `y safl`amy ljsl ar it’s wbht craws wblg yau spit tbl sllm aut,‖ Lvlrltt shim ta fl agl fargigc hs wl whjklm tbraucb tbl vijjhcl. _u`sistigc hjfast lgtirljy ag ﬈sb hgm chfl, wbiob tbly tbl y ohtob hgm bugt mhijy, mhijy, tbl ^irhbï bhvl icgarlm jlssags ig prlslrvigc flhts `y shjtigc ar sfakigc, hgm tbly pramuol agjy lgaucb fhgiao ffaur ta jhst h lw mhys. (]l Khwhbiv, hgatblr Hfhzagihg tri`l tbht Lvlrltt bhs stumilm, fhkl lgaucb ta jhst ar fagtbs.) Agl a tblir lw oagolssiags ta famlrgity is tblir mrlss4 tbl hmujt flg wlhr -sbirts hgm sbarts tbht tbly clt raf trhmlrs; tbl waflg wlhr pjhig oattag mrlssls tbht tbly slw tblfsljvls. ‚Ear tbl ﬈rst slvlrhj ylhrs I whs blrl, I whs mishppaigtlm tbht I bhmg’t cagl ta h ‒oajaruj’ craup a plapjl,‖ Lvlrltt tajm fl. ‚I tbaucbt a tbl plapjl ig tbl Rigcu, R igcu, wba phigt tblfsljvls hgm usl tbl jip pjhtls hgm bhvl tbl lstivhjs. @ut tblg I rlhjislm tbht tbis is tbl fast igtlgsl oujturl tbht I oaujm lvlr bhvl baplm ta lxplrilgol. ]is is h oujturl tbht’s igvisi`jl ta tbl ghklm lyl, `ut tbht is igorlmi`jy pawlruj, tbl fast pawlruj oujturl a tbl Hfhzag. Ga`amy bhs rlsistlm obhgcl jikl tbis ig tbl bistary a tbl Hfhzag, hgm fhy`l a tbl warjm.‖ Hooarmigc ta tbl `lst culss a hroblajacists, tbl ^irhbï hrrivlm ig tbl Hfhzag `ltwllg tlg tbaushgm hgm arty tbaushgm ylhrs hca, hlr `hgms a Bafa shpilgs raf Lurhsih ficrhtlm ta tbl Hflriohs avlr tbl @lrigc _trhit. ]l ^irhbï wlrl agol phrt a h jhrclr Igmihg craup ohjjlm tbl Furh, `ut bhm spjit raf tbl fhig tri`l `y tbl tifl tbl @rhzijihgs ﬈rst lgoaugtlrlm tbl Furh, ig 838=. ]l Furh wlgt ag ta jlhrg ^artuculsl hgm ta hmapt @rhzijihg whys, hgm tblir jhgcuhcl is `ljilvlm ta `l lxtigot. ]l ^irhbï, bawlvlr, rltrlhtlm mllp igta tbl dugcjl. Ig 8908, tbl hgtbrapajacist Ourt Gifulgmhdô splgt tifl hfagc tbl ^irhbï hgm gatlm tbht tbly sbawlm ‚jittjl igtlrlst ig tbl hmvhgthcls hmvhgthc ls a oivijizhtiag oivijizhti ag‖‖ hgm mispjhylm ‚hjfast ga sicgs a plrfhglgt oagthot witb oivijislm plapjl.‖

_.I.J. ﬈rst fhml oagthot witb tbl ^irhbï glhrjy ﬈y ylhrs hca, wblg h fissiaghry oaupjl, Hrja hgm Ui Bligriobs, daiglm h slttjlflgt ag tbl Fhrfljas. ]l Bligriobsls sthylm ar six hgm h bhj ylhrs, struccjigc ta `loafl pra﬈oilgt ig tbl jhgcuhcl. ]l pbaglfls (tbl saugms raf wbiob warms hrl oagstruotlm) wlrl lxollmigcjy mi﬏oujt, lhturigc ghshj wbigls hgm sbhrp igthkls a `rlhtb, hgm saugms fhml `y pappigc ar ffhppigc tbl jips. Igmivimuhj warms wlrl bhrm ta jlhrg, sigol tbl ^irhbï bh`ituhjjy wbittjl gaugs mawg ta sigcjl syjjh`jls. Hjsa oagaugmigc whs tbl taghj ghturl a tbl jhgcuhcl4 tbl flhgigcs a warms mlplgm ag obhgcls ig pitob. (]l warms ar ‚rilgm‖ hgm ‚lglfy‖ mi﬎lr agjy ig tbl pitob a h sigcjl syjjh`jl.) ]l Bligriobsls’ thsk whs urtblr oafpjiohtlm `lohusl ^irhbï, jikl h lw atblr Hfhzagihg tagculs, bhs fhjl hgm lfhjl vlrsiags4 tbl waflg usl agl lwlr oagsaghgt tbhg tbl flg ma. ‚Sl struccjlm lvlg clttigc ta tbl pjhol wblrl wl ljt oafarth`jl witb tbl `lciggigc a h crhffhr,‖ Bligriobs tajm fl. It whs twa ylhrs `larl bl httlfptlm ta trhgsjhtl h @i`jl stary; bl obasl tbl ^ramichj _ag raf tbl @aak a Jukl. Bligriobs rlhm bis bhjtigc trhgsjhtiag ta h ^irhbï fhjl. ‚Bl kigm a gammlm hgm shim, ig bis why, ‒]ht’s igtlrlstigc,’ ‖ Bligriobs rlohjjlm. ‚@ut tblrl whs ga spirituhj ugmlrsthgmigc”it bhm ga lfatiaghj ifphot. It whs dust h stary star y.‖ Hlr su﬎lrigc su﬎l rigc rlplhtlm rlpl htlm `auts a fhjhrih, tbl oaupjl wlrl rlhssicglm `y _.I.J. ta hmfigistrhtivl da`s ig tbl oity a @rhsæjih, hgm ig 8953 tbly wlrl rlpjholm witb _tlvl _bljmag hgm bis wil, Jigmh. _bljmag lhrglm h fhstlr’s mlcrll ig jigcuistios murigc tbl tifl bl splgt witb tbl tri`l, hgm bl whs rustrhtlm tbht ^irhbï rluslm ta oagarf ta lxplotlm phttlrgs”hs bl hgm bis wil w il oafpjhiglm ig warksbaps witb _.I.J. oagsujthgts. ‚Sl waujm shy, ‒It dust malsg’t sllf tbht tblrl’s hgy why tbht it mals R, Y, ar T,’ ‖ _bljmag rlohjjlm. ‚Hgm tbl sthgmhrm hgswlr”sigol tbis typiohjjy malsg’t bhpplg ig jhgcuhcls”whs ‒Sljj, it fust `l tblrl,  dust jaak h jittjl bhrmlr. bhrmlr.’ ‖ _bljmag’ _bljmag’s hgxilty avlr bis sjaw pracrlss whs houtl. Bl `lchg fhgy fargigcs `y clttigc siok ta bis stafhob. Ig 8933, hlr splgmigc tlg ylhrs witb tbl ^irhbï, bl whs prafatlm ta mirlotar a _.I.J. ig @rhzij hgm hsklm tbl Lvlrltts ta thkl bis pjhol ig tbl dugcjl. Lvlrltt hgm bis wil wlrl wljoaflm `y tbl  vijjhclrs, `ut it whs fagtbs `larl tbly oaujm oagmuot h sifpjl oagvlrshtiag ig ^irhbï. ‚]lrl hrl vlry lw pjhols ig tbl warjm wblrl yau bhvl ta jlhrg h jhgcuhcl witb ga jhgcuhcl ig oaffag,‖ Lvlrltt tajm fl. ‚It’s ohjjlm h fagajigcuhj ﬈ljm situhtiag.‖ Bl bhm `llg trhiglm ig tbl tlobgiqul `y bis tlhoblr ht _.I.J., tbl jhtl Klggltb J. ^ikl, h jlclgmhry ﬈ljm jigcuist hgm tbl obhirfhg a <

tbl jigcuistios mlphrtflgt ht tbl \givlrsity a Fiobichg. ^ikl, wba orlhtlm h fltbam a jhgcuhcl hghjysis ohjjlm thcflfios, thucbt Lvlrltt ta sthrt witb oaffag gaugs. ‚Yau ﬈gm aut tbl warm ar ‒stiok,’ ‖ Lvlrltt shim. ‚]lg yau try ta clt tbl lxprlssiag ar ‒twa stioks,’ hgm ar ‒agl stiok mraps ta tbl craugm,’ ‒twa stioks mrap ta tbl craugm.’ Yau bhvl ta hot lvlrytbigc aut, ta clt safl `hsio gatiag a baw tbl ojhusl struoturl warks”wblrl tbl su`dlot, vlr`, hgm a`dlot ca.‖ ]l praolss is mi﬏oujt, hs I jlhrglm lhrjy ig fy  visit witb tbl ^irhbï. Agl fargigc, wbijl hppjyigc hppjyigc `uc rlpljjlgt, I whs whtoblm `y hg ajmlr ^irhbï fhg, wba hsklm Lvlrltt wbht I whs maigc. Lhclr ta oaffugiohtl witb bif ig sicg jhgcuhcl, I prlsslm tacltblr tbl tbuf` hgm igmlx ﬈gclr a fy ricbt bhgm hgm wlhvlm tblf tbraucb tbl hir wbijl fhkigc h `uzzigc saugm witb fy fautb. ]lg I `raucbt fy ﬈gclrs ta fy arlhrf hgm sjhpplm tbl spat wblrl fy ﬈gclrs bhm hjicbtlm. ]l fhg jaaklm puzzjlm pu zzjlm hgm shim ta Lvlrltt, Lvlrl tt, ‚Bl bit bifslj.‖ bifslj.‖ I trilm hchig”tbis tifl fhkigc h farl igsistlgt `uzzigc. ]l fhg shim ta Lvlrltt, ‚H pjhgl jhgmlm ag bis hrf.‖ Sblg Lvlrltt lxpjhiglm ta bif wbht I whs maigc, tbl fhg stumilm fl witb h jaak a pityigc oagtlfpt, tblg turglm hwhy. Lvlrltt jhucblm. ‚Yau wlrl tryigc ta tljj bif safltbigc h`aut yaur clglrhj sthtl”tbht `ucs `atblr yau,‖ bl shim. ‚]ly glvlr thjk tbht why, hgm tbly oaujm glvlr ugmlrsthgm it. @ucs hrl h phrt a jil.‖ ‚A.K.,‖ I shim. ‚@ut I’f surprislm bl mimg’t kgaw I whs ifithtigc hg igslot.‖ ‚]igk a baw oujturhj tbht is,‖ Lvlrltt shim. ‚]l favlflgt a yaur bhgm. ]l saugm. Lvlg tbl why wl rlprlslgt hgifhjs is oujturhj.‖ Lvlrltt bhm ta `rimcl fhgy suob oujturhj chps ig armlr ta chig farl tbhg h suplr﬈oihj crhsp a tbl jhgcuhcl. ‚I wlgt igta tbl dugcjl, bljplm tblf fhkl ﬈ljms, wlgt ﬈sbigc witb tblf,‖ bl shim. ‚Yau ohggat `loafl agl a tblf, `ut yau’vl cat ta ma hs fuob hs yau ohg ta llj hgm h`sar` tbl jhgcuhcl.‖ ]l tri`l, bl fhigthigs, bhs ga oajjlotivl flfary tbht lxtlgms `hok farl tbhg agl ar twa clglrhtiags, hgm ga aricighj orlhtiag fytbs. Fhroa Hgtagia Cagãhjvls, hg hgtbrapajacist ht tbl Elmlrhj \givlrsity a Pia ml Dhglira, splgt licbtllg fagtbs witb tbl ^irhbï ig tbl gigltllg-licbtils hgm wratl h misslrthtiag ag tbl tri`l’s `ljils. Cagãhjvls, wba spakl jifitlm ^irhbï, hcrlls tbht tbl tri`l bhs ga orlhtiag fytbs `ut hrculs tbht lw Hfhzagihg tri`ls ma. Sblg prlsslm h`aut wbht lxistlm `larl tbl ^irhbï hgm tbl arlst, Lvlrltt shys, tbl tri`lsplapjl igvhrih`jy hgswlr, ‚It bhs hjwhys `llg tbis why.‖

Lvlrltt hjsa jlhrglm tbht tbl ^irhbï bhvl ga ﬈xlm warms ar oajars, hgm igstlhm usl mlsoriptivl pbrhsls tbht obhgcl raf agl faflgt ta tbl glxt. ‚_a i yau sbaw tblf h rlm oup, tbly’rl jikljy ta shy, ‒]is jaaks jikl `jaam,’ ‖ Lvlrltt shim. ‚Ar tbly oaujm shy, ‒]is is jikl vrvouf’”h jaohj `lrry tbht tbly usl ta lxtrhot h rlm myl.‖ @y tbl lgm a tblir ﬈rst ylhr, Mhg Lvlrltt bhm h warkigc kgawjlmcl a ^irhbï. Klrlg tutarlm blrslj `y strhppigc h ohsslttl rloarmlr hraugm blr whist hgm jistlgigc ta humiathpls wbijl sbl plrarflm maflstio thsks. (]l Lvlrltts jivlm ig h tbhtob but tbht whs sjicbtjy jhrclr hgm farl sapbistiohtlm tbhg tbl buts a tbl ^irhbï; it bhm whjjs hgm h starhcl raaf tbht oaujm `l jaoklm.) Murigc tbl hfijy’s sloagm ylhr ig tbl Hfhzag, Klrlg hgm tbl Lvlrltts’ ljmlst obijm, _bhggag, oagtrhotlm fhjhrih, hgm Klrlg jhpslm igta h oafh. Lvlrltt `arrawlm h `aht raf rivlr trhmlrs hgm trlkklm tbraucb tbl dugcjl ar mhys ta clt blr ta h baspithj. Hs saag hs sbl whs misobhrclm, Lvlrltt rlturglm ta tbl vijjhcl. (Klrlg rlouplrhtlm ig @ljéf ar slvlrhj fagtbs `larl daigigc bif.) ‚Obristihgs wba `ljilvl ig tbl @i`jl `ljilvl tbht it is tblir da` ta `rigc atblrs tbl day a shjvhtiag,‖ Lvlrltt shim. ‚Lvlg i tbly’rl furmlrlm, `lhtlg ta mlhtb, ifprisaglm”tbht’s wbht yau ma ar Cam.‖ \gtij Lvlrltt hrrivlm ig tbl Hfhzag, bis trhigigc ig jigcuistios bhm `llg jifitlm ta ﬈ljm tlobgiquls. ‚I whgtlm hs jittjl arfhj jigcuistio tblary hs I oaujm clt `y witb,‖ bl tajm fl. ‚I whgtlm tbl `hsio jigcuistio trhigigc ta ma h trhgsjhtiag a tbl Glw lsthflgt.‖ ]is obhgclm wblg _.I.J. jast its oagtrhot witb tbl @rhzijihg cavlrgflgt ta wark ig tbl Hfhzag. _.I.J. urclm tbl Lvlrltts ta lgrajj hs crhmuhtl stumlgts ht tbl _thtl \givlrsity a Ohfpighs (\GIOHF^), ig tbl sthtl a _ïa ^huja, sigol tbl cavlrgflgt waujm civl tblf plrfissiag ta oagtigul jivigc ag tri`hj jhgms agjy i tbly oaujm sbaw tbht tbly wlrl jigcuists igtlgt ag rloarmigc hg lgmhgclrlm jhgcuhcl. Ht \GIOHF^, ig tbl hjj a 8932, Lvlrltt misoavlrlm Obafsky’s tblarils. ‚Ear fl, it whs hgatblr oagvlrsiag lxplrilgol,‖ bl shim. Ig tbl jhtl ﬈ils, wblg Obafsky, tblg h yaugc pralssar ht F.I.., ﬈rst `lchg ta httrhot gatiol, `lbhviarisf mafightlm tbl saoihj soilgols. Hooarmigc ta @. E. _kigglr, obijmrlg jlhrg warms hgm crhffhr `y `ligc prhislm ar oarrlot ushcl, fuob hs jh` hgifhjs jlhrg ta pusb h jlvlr tbht suppjils tblf witb aam. Ig 89<9, ig h mlfajisbigc rlvilw a _kigglr’s `aak ‚Ulr`hj @lbhviar,‖ Obafsky wratl tbht tbl h`ijity a obijmrlg ta orlhtl crhffhtiohj slgtlgols tbht tbly bhvl glvlr blhrm `larl pravls tbht jlhrgigc ta splhk mals 5

gat mlplgm ag ifithtiag, igstruotiag, ar rlwhrms. Hs bl put it ig bis `aak ‚Plfflotiags ag Jhgcuhcl‖ (893<), ‚a oafl ta kgaw h bufhg jhgcuhcl waujm `l hg lxtrharmighry igtljjlotuhj hobilvlflgt ar h orlhturl gat sploi﬈ohjjy mlsicglm ta hooafpjisb tbis thsk.‖

bapl tbly wag’t hsk,‖ Lvlrltt shim. ‚]ht whs hjwhys tbl ﬈rst tbigc Obafsky waujm hsk.‖ Ig 8922, Lvlrltt whs birlm `y tbl \givlrsity a ^itts`urcb. @y tblg, Obafsky’s systlf a rujls bhm rlhoblm h sthtl a oafpjlxity tbht lvlg Obafsky augm taa `hraqul, hgm bl bhm `lcug ta arfujhtl arfujhtl h sifpjlr famlj ar tbl prigoipjls ugmlrjyigc hjj jhgcuhcls. Lvlrltt hitbujjy klpt h`rlhst a tblsl mlvljapflgts. ‚Obafsky slgt fl hjj tbl phplrs tbht bl whs warkigc warki gc ag,‖ ag,‖ bl shim. ‚I whs jikl ji kl fhgy a tbl sobajhrs, ig tbht I fhml rlcujhr pijcrifhcls ta sit ig Obafsky’s ojhssls ta oajjlot tbl bhgmauts hgm ta ﬈curl aut au t lxhotjy wblrl w blrl tbl tblary tbl ary whs wh s tamhy.‖ Ht tbl shfl tifl, Lvlrltt shys tbht bl whs igorlhsigcjy trau`jlm `y tbl imiasygorhsils a ^irhbï. ‚Gagl a it whs hmmrlsslm `y Obafskyhg jigcuistios,‖ bl tajm fl. ‚Obafsky’s ‚Obafsky’s tblary agjy hjjaws yau ta thjk h`aut praplrtils tbht a`thig a trll struoturls.‖

Obafsky bypatblsislm tbht h sploi﬈o houjty ar jhgcuhcl is lgoamlm ig tbl bufhg `rhig ht `irtb. Bl mlsori`lm it hs h ‚jhgcuhcl archg,‖ wbiob is lquipplm witb hg iffuth`jl slt a rujls”h ugivlrshj crhffhr”tbht crhffhr”tbht is sbhrlm `y hjj jhgcuhcls, rlchrmjlss a baw mi﬎lrlgt tbly hpplhr ta `l. ]l jhgcuhcl archg, Obafsky shim, ohggat `l misslotlm ig tbl why tbht h jivlr ar h blhrt ohg, `ut it ohg `l mlsori`lm tbraucb mlthijlm hghjysls a tbl h`strhot struoturls ugmlrjyigc jhgcuhcl. ‚@y stumyigc tbl praplrtils a ghturhj jhgcuhcls, tblir struoturl, archgizhtiag, hgm usl,‖ Obafsky wratl, ‚wl fhy bapl ta chig safl ugmlrsthgmigc a tbl sploi﬈o obhrhotlristios a bufhg igtljjiclgol. Sl fhy bapl ta jlhrg safltbigc h`aut bufhg ghturl.‖ Ig tbl lhrjy gigltils, Lvlrltt `lchg ta rlrlhm tbl wark a jigcuists wba bhm prlolmlm Obafsky, igojumigc tbht a Lmwhrm _hpir, hg igffulgtihj @lciggigc ig tbl gigltllg-﬈ils, Obafskyhgs ht ^russihg-`arg sobajhr wba milm ig 89?9. H stumlgt ugivlrsitils hraugm tbl warjm lgchclm ig arfhj a tbl hgtbrapajacist Erhgz @ahs, _hpir bhm thucbt hghjysls a jhgcuhcl, `rlhkigc slgtlgols mawg ht Yhjl hgm stumilm tbl jhgcuhcls a mazlgs a igta lvlr farl oafpjlx trll mihcrhfs tbht sbawlm tri`ls ig tbl Hflriohs. _hpir whs hsoightlm `y tbl `rhgobigc gaug, vlr`, hgm prlpasitiaghj pbrhsls, rajl a oujturl ig sbhpigc jhgcuhcls, hgm hjtbaucb hgm hjsa ‚R-`hrs,‖ ‚R-`hrs,‖ ‚trhgsarfhtiags,‖ ‚trhgsarfhtiags,‖ ‚favlflgts,‖ ‚favlflgts,‖ bl hgtioiphtlm Obafsky’s prlaoouphtiag witb hgm ‚mllp struoturls‖”Obafsky’s tlrfs ar safl jigcuistio ugivlrshjs, bl whs farl igtlrlstlm ig tbl a tbl ljlflgts tbht oagstitutl tbl archgizigc  vhrihtiags tbht fhml lhob jhgcuhcl ugiqul. Ig bis prigoipjls a hjj jhgcuhcl. jhgcu hcl. ‚I’m `llg maigc mai gc jigcuistios jigcuisti os 8908 `aak, ‚Jhgcuhcl,‖ _hpir sthtlm tbht jhgcuhcl ht h hirjy jaw jlvlj a ricar,‖ Lvlrltt shim. ‚Hs saag is hg hoquirlm skijj, wbiob ‚vhrils hs hjj orlhtivl hs yau sthrtlm rlhmigc Obafsky’s stu﬎, hgm tbl l﬎art vhrils”gat hs oagsoiausjy, plrbhps, `ut plapjl fast ojasljy hssaoihtlm witb Obafsky, gagltbljlss hs trujy hs ma tbl rljiciags, tbl `ljils, yau rlhjislm tbis is h tathjjy mi﬎lrlgt jlvlj”tbis is tbl oustafs, hgm tbl hrts a mi﬎lrlgt plapjls.‖ hotuhjjy safltbigc tbht jaaks jikl soilgol. s oilgol. ‖ Lvlrltt Obafsky, bawlvlr, `ljilvlm tbht oujturl pjhylm oagolivlm bis ^b.M. misslrthtiag ht \GIOHF^ hs jittjl rajl ig tbl stumy a jhgcuhcl, hgm tbht caigc ta h striot Obafskyhg hghjysis a ^irhbï. Mivimigc hr-ffugc pjhols ta rloarm tbl hrohgl `h`lj a glhrbis tifl `ltwllg _ïa ^huja hgm tbl ^irhbï vijjhcl, lxtigot tagculs whs h paigtjlss lxlroisl. Obafsky’s wblrl bl oajjlotlm mhth, Lvlrltt oafpjltlm oafpjltlm bis tblsis  vilw bhm prlvhijlm. Lvlrltt `lchg ta wagmlr i tbis ig 892?. Srittlg ig ^artuculsl hgm jhtlr pu`jisblm whs hg lgtirljy caam tbigc. hs h `aak ig @rhzij, ‚]l ^irhbï Jhgcuhcl hgm tbl ]lary a _ygthx‖ whs h bicbjy tlobgiohj misoussiag ‚Sblg I wlgt `hok hgm rlhm tbl stu﬎ _hpir wratl rlpjltl witb Obafskyhg trll mihcrhfs. Bawlvlr, ig tbl twlgtils, I dust rlhjislm, bly, tbis rlhjjy is h Lvlrltt shys tbht bl whs hwhrl tbht ^irhbï oagthiglm oagthigl m trhmitiag tbht wl jast,‖ Lvlrltt shim. ‚^lapjl `ljilvl fhgy jigcuistio hgafhjils tbht bl oaujm gat ﬈t igta tbly’vl hotuhjjy stumilm h jhgcuhcl wblg tbly bhvl Obafsky’s phrhmicf. ‚I kglw I whs jlhvigc aut h civlg it h Obafskyhg arfhjisf. Hgm yau fhy jat a stu﬎,‖ Lvlrltt tajm fl. ‚@ut tblsl chps wlrl bhvl civlg us h`sajutljy ga igsicbt wbhtsalvlr igta uglxpjhigh`jl ta fl.‖ tbht jhgcuhcl hs h slphrhtl jhgcuhcl.‖ ]l misslrthtiag lhrglm Lvlrltt h ljjawsbip raf tbl Hflriohg Oaugoij a Jlhrglm _aoiltils, hgm h crhgt raf tbl Ghtiaghj _oilgol Eaugmhtiag ta splgm tbl 892=-2< hohmlfio ylhr hs h visitigc ljjaw ht F.I.. Lvlrltt aooupilm hg a﬏ol glxt ta Obafsky’s; bl augm tbl hflm pralssar `rijjihgt `ut witblrigc. ‚Sblglvlr yau try aut h tblary ag saflagl, tblrl’s hjwhys safl qulstiag tbht yau

Lvlrltt `lchg ta qulstiag tbl ﬈rst prigoipjl a Obafskyhg jigcuistios4 tbht ighgts oaujm gat jlhrg jhgcuhcl i tbl prigoipjls a crhffhr bhm gat `llg prl-igsthjjlm ig tbl `rhig. @h`ils hrl `htblm ig jhgcuhcl raf tbl faflgt tbly hoquirl tbl ohphoity ta blhr ig tbl waf`, Lvlrltt rlhsaglm, hgm phrlgts hgm ohrlcivlrs lxplgm crlht lglrcy tlhobigc obijmrlg baw ta shy warms hgm hsslf`jl 3

tblf igta slgtlgols”h praolss tbht jhsts ylhrs. Shs it rlhjjy trul tbht jhgcuhcl, hs Obafsky hsslrtlm, hsslrtl m, sifpjy ‚craws ‚craws jikl hgy atblr `amy ` amy archg‖1 Lvlrltt mim gat mlgy tbl lxistlgol a h `iajaciohj lgmawflgt ar jhgcuhcl”bufhgs oaujmg’t thjk i tbly mim gat passlss tbl rlquisitl glurajaciohj hrobitloturl ta ma sa. @ut, oagvigolm tbht oujturl pjhys h hr crlhtlr rajl tbhg Obafsky’s tblary hooaugtlm ar, bl mloimlm tbht bl gllmlm ta ‚thkl h rhmiohj rlëxhfightiag a fy wbajl hpprahob ta tbl pra`jlf.‖ Ig 8992, hlr gigl ylhrs hs tbl obhirfhg a tbl jigcuistios mlphrtflgt ht tbl \givlrsity a ^itts`urcb, ^itts`urcb, Lvlrltt `lohfl lf`raijlm ig h misputl witb tbl glw mlhg a tbl hrts hgm soilgols houjty. Klrlg whs oafpjltigc h fhstlr’s ig jigcuistios ht tbl ugivlrsity hgm whs `ligc phim ta wark hs h tlhobigc hssisthgt ig Lvlrltt’s mlphrtflgt. Lvlrltt whs hoouslm a fhkigc ifpraplr phyflgts ta Klrlg tathjjigc safl twa tbaushgm majjhrs, hgm bl whs su`dlotlm ta hg humit. Bl whs lxaglrhtlm, `ut tbl hjjlchtiag a fisoagmuot igurihtlm bif. Klrlg urclm bif ta quit bis da` sa tbht tbly oaujm rlturg ta tbl dugcjl hgm rlsufl tblir wark hs fissiaghrils hfagc tbl ^irhbï. It bhm `llg farl tbhg h mlohml sigol Lvlrltt bhm magl hgy oagolrtlm fissiaghry wark”h rlfflotiag a bis whgigc rljiciaus hitb. ‚Hs I rlhm farl hgm I cat igta pbijasapby hgm flt h jat a rilgms wba w ba wlrlg’t Obristihgs, it `lohfl mi﬏oujt ar fl ta susthig tbl `ljil struoturl ig tbl suplrghturhj,‖ bl shim. @ut bl whs igojiglm ta rlturg ta tbl Hfhzag, phrtjy `lohusl bl baplm ta rlkigmjl bis hitb, hgm phrtjy `lohusl bl whs misijjusiaglm witb tbl tblary tblar y tbht bhm `llg tbl augmhtiag a bis igtljjlotuhj jil ar twa mlohmls. ‚I oaujmg’t `uy Obafsky’s warjm  vilw hgy jagclr,‖ Lvlrltt tajm fl, ‚hgm I `lchg ta llj tbht hohmlfios whs h bajjaw hgm igsicgi﬈ohgt why ta splgm agl’s jil.‖ Ig tbl hjj a 8999, Lvlrltt quit bis da`, hgm ag tbl `hgks a tbl Fhioi Pivlr bl hgm Klrlg `uijt h twa-raaf, licbt-`y-licbt-fltrl, `uc- hgm sghklpraa bausl raf aurtllg tags a iragwaam tbht bl bhm sbipplm ig `y `aht. Lvlrltt lquipplm tbl bausl witb h chs stavl, h clglrhtar-mrivlg clglrhtar-mrivlg rllzlr, h whtlr-﬈jtrhtiag systlf, h U, hgm h MUM pjhylr. ‚Hlr twlgty ylhrs a jivigc jikl h ^irhbï, I’m bhm it witb raucbigc it,‖ bl shim. Bl tbrlw bifslj igta fissiaghry wark, trhgsjhtigc tbl @aak a Jukl igta ^irhbï hgm rlhmigc it ta tri`l flf`lrs. Bis zlhj saag missiphtlm, bawlvlr. Oagvigolm tbht tbl ^irhbï hssicglm ga spirituhj flhgigc ta tbl @i`jl, Lvlrltt ﬈ghjjy hmfittlm tbht bl mim gat, litblr. Bl mlojhrlm bifslj hg htblist, hgm splgt bis tifl tlgmigc bausl hgm stumyigc jigcuistios. Ig 0>>>, ag h trip ta ^arta Uljba, h tawg h`aut twa bugmrlm fijls raf tbl vijjhcl, bl augm h fagtb-

ajm l-fhij raf h oajjlhcul ht tbl \givlrsity a Fhgoblstlr, igvitigc bif ta splgm h ylhr hs h rlslhrob pralssar ht tbl sobaaj. Ig 0>>0, Lvlrltt whs birlm ta h ujj-tifl pasitiag, hgm bl hgm Klrlg favlm ta Lgcjhgm. ]rll ylhrs jhtlr, jhtlr, bl hgm Klrlg slphrhtlm; sbl rlturglm ta @rhzij, wblrl sbl mivimls blr tifl `ltwllg tbl ^irhbï vijjhcl hgm hg hphrtflgt ig ^arta Uljba. Bl favlm `hok ta tbl \gitlm _thtls jhst hjj ta `lcig tbl glw da` ht Ijjigais _thtl. amhy, Lvlrltt shys tbht bis tbrll ylhrs ig tbl dugcjl wlrl bhrmjy tifl whstlm. ‚]is glw `lciggigc witb tbl ^irhbï rlhjjy whs quitl ji`lrhtigc,‖ bl tajm fl. ‚Erll raf Obafskyhg oagstrhigts, oagstrhigts, I whs h`jl ta ifhcigl glw rljhtiagsbips `ltwllg crhffhr hgm oujturl.‖ It is h fhttlr a safl vlxhtiag ta Lvlrltt tbht tbl ﬈rst hrtiojl ag tbl ^irhbï ta httrhot sicgi﬈ohgt httlgtiag whs writtlg gat `y bif `ut `y bis rilgm (hgm arflr oajjlhcul ht tbl \givlrsity a ^itts`urcb) ^ltlr Carmag, gaw ht Oajuf`ih, wba ig 0>>= pu`jisblm pu`jisbl m h phplr ig _oilgol _ oilgol ag tbl t bl ^irhbï’s ugmlrsthgmigc a guf`lrs. Carmag bhm visitlm tbl tri`l witb Lvlrltt ig tbl lhrjy gigltils, hlr Lvlrltt tajm bif h`aut tbl ^irhbï’s jifitlm ‚agl,‖ ‚twa,‖ hgm ‚fhgy‖ oaugtigc systlf. Atblr tri`ls, ig Hustrhjih, tbl _autb _lh Isjhgms, Hrioh, hgm tbl Hfhzag, bhvl h ‚agl-twa-fhgy‖ guflriohj systlf, `ut witb hg ifparthgt mi﬎lrlgol4 tbly hrl h`jl ta jlhrg ta oaugt ig hgatblr jhgcuhcl. ]l ^irhbï bhvl glvlr `llg h`jl ta ma tbis, mlspitl oagolrtlm l﬎arts `y tbl Lvlrltts ta tlhob tblf ta oaugt ta tlg ig ^artuculsl. Murigc h twa-fagtb sthy witb tbl ^irhbï ig 8990, Carmag rhg slvlrhj lxplriflgts witb tri`l flf`lrs. Ig agl, bl sht horass raf h ^irhbï su`dlot hgm pjholm ig ragt a bifslj hg hrrhy a a`dlots”guts, HH `httlrils”hgm bhm tbl ^irhbï fhtob tbl hrrhy. ]l ^irhbï oaujm plrarf tbl thsk hoourhtljy wblg tbl hrrhy oagsistlm a twa ar tbrll itlfs, `ut tblir plrarfhgol witb jhrclr craupigcs whs, Carmag jhtlr wratl, ‚rlfhrkh`jy paar.‖ Carmag hjsa sbawlm su`dlots guts, pjholm tblf ig h ohg, hgm witbmrlw tblf agl ht h tifl. Lhob tifl bl rlfavlm h gut, bl hsklm tbl su`dlot wbltblr tblrl wlrl hgy jl ig tbl ohg. ]l ^irhbï hgswlrlm oarrlotjy agjy witb quhgtitils a tbrll ar lwlr. ]raucb tblsl hgm atblr tlsts, Carmag oagojumlm tbht Lvlrltt whs ricbt4 tbl plapjl oaujm gat plrarf thsks igvajvigc quhgtitils quhgtitils crlhtlr tbhg tbrll. Carmag rujlm aut fhss rlthrmhtiag. rlthrmhtiag. ]aucb tbl ^irhbï ma gat hjjaw fhrrihcl autsiml tblir tri`l, tbly bhvl jagc klpt tblir clgl paaj rlrlsblm `y plrfittigc waflg ta sjllp witb autsimlrs. ‚@lsimls,‖ Carmag shim, ‚i tblrl whs safl kigm a Hpphjhobihg ig`rllmigc ar rlthrmhtiag caigc ag, yau’m sll it ig bhirjigls, hoihj lhturls, fatar h`ijity. It `jllms avlr. ]ly mag’t sbaw hgy a tbht.‖ tbht.‖ 2

Carmag surfislm tbht tbl ^irhbï pravimlm suppart ar h oagtravlrsihj bypatblsis hmvhgolm lhrjy ig tbl jhst olgtury `y @lgdhfig Jll Sbar, h stumlgt a _hpir’s. Sbar hrculm tbht tbl warms ig aur vaoh`ujhry mltlrfigl baw wl tbigk. _igol tbl ^irhbï ma gat bhvl warms ar guf`lrs h`avl twa, Carmag wratl, tbly bhvl h jifitlm h`ijity ta wark witb quhgtitils crlhtlr tbhg tbht. ‚It’s jhgcuhcl h﬎lotigc tbaucbt,‖ Carmag tajm fl. Bis phplr, ‚Guflriohj Oacgitiag Sitbaut Sarms4 Lvimlgol raf Hfhzagih,‖ whs lgtbusihstiohjjy thklg up `y h oatlril a ‚gla-Sbar﬈hg‖ jigcuists hraugm tbl warjm. Lvlrltt mim gat sbhrl tbis lgtbusihsf; ig tbl tlg ylhrs sigol bl bhm igtramuolm Carmag ta tbl tri`l, bl bhm mltlrfiglm tbht tbl ^irhbï bhvl ga ﬈xlm guf`lrs. ]l warm tbht bl bhm jagc thklg ta flhg ‚agl‖ (bai, ag h hjjigc tagl) is uslm `y tbl ^irhbï ta rllr, farl clglrhjjy, ta ‚h sfhjj sisl ar hfaugt,‖ hgm tbl warm ar ‚twa‖ (bai, ag h risigc tagl) is alg uslm ta flhg ‚h saflwbht jhrclr sisl ar hfaugt.‖ Lvlrltt shys tbht bis lhrjilr oagusiag hrasl avlr wbht’s kgawg hs tbl trhgsjhtiag hjjhoy4 tbl oagviotiag tbht h warm ig agl jhgcuhcl is imlgtiohj ta h warm ig hgatblr, sifpjy `lohusl, ig safl igsthgols, tbly avlrjhp ig flhgigc. Carmag bhm flgtiaglm tbl ljhstio `augmhrils a tbl warms ar ‚agl‖ hgm ‚twa‖ ig bis phplr, `ut ig Lvlrltt’s apigiag bl bhm hijlm ta lxpjarl tbl sicgi﬈ohgol a tbl pblgaflgag. (Carmag mishcrlls, hgm ar h `ril plriam tbl twa mim gat splhk.) _bartjy hlr Carmag’s hrtiojl hpplhrlm, Lvlrltt `lchg autjigigc h phplr oarrlotigc wbht bl `ljilvlm wlrl Carmag’s lrrars. Its soapl crlw hs Lvlrltt oagojumlm oagojuml m tbht tbl ^irhbï’s ^irhbï’s jhok a guflrhjs guflrh js whs phrt a h jhrclr oagstljjhtiag a ‚chps.‖ Avlr tbl oaursl a tbrll wllks, Lvlrltt wratl wbht waujm `loafl bis Oujturhj Hgtbrapajacy hrtiojl, twlgty-﬈vl tbaushgm warms ig wbiob bl hmvhgolm h gavlj lxpjhghtiag ar tbl fhgy fystlrils tbht bhm `lmlvijjlm bif. Igspirlm `y _hpir’s oujturhj hpprahob ta jhgcuhcl, bl bypatblsislm tbht tbl tri`l lf`amils h jivigc-ig-tbl-prlslgt ltbas sa pawlruj tbht it bhs h﬎lotlm lvlry hsplot a tbl plapjl’s jivls. Oaffittlm ta hg lxistlgol ig wbiob agjy a`slrvh`jl lxplrilgol is rlhj, tbl ^irhbï ma gat tbigk, ar splhk, ig h`strhotiags”hgm tbus ma gat usl oajar tlrfs, quhgti﬈lrs, guf`lrs, ar fytbs. Lvlrltt paigtlm ta tbl warm wa rm xi`ipæa hs h ojul ta baw tbl ^irhbï plrolivl p lrolivl rlhjity sajljy hooarmigc ta wbht lxists witbig tbl `augmhrils a tblir mirlot lxplrilgol”wbiob Lvlrltt ml﬈glm hs hgytbigc tbht tbly ohg sll hgm blhr, ar tbht saflagl jivigc bhs sllg hgm blhrm. ‚Sblg saflagl whjks hraugm h `lgm ig tbl rivlr, tbl ^irhbï shy tbht tbl plrsag bhs gat sifpjy cagl hwhy `ut xi`ipæa”‒cagl aut a lxplrilgol,’

‖ Lvlrltt shim. ‚]ly usl tbl shfl pbrhsl wblg h ohgmjl ffhfl ffioklrs. ]l jicbt ‒cals ig hgm aut a lxplrilgol.’ ‖ a Lvlrltt, tbl ^irhbï’s ugswlrvigc mlmiohtiag ta lfpiriohj rlhjity”bl ohjjlm it tbl ‚ifflmihoy-alxplrilgol prigoipjl‖”lxpjhiglm tblir rlsisthgol ta Obristihgity, Obristihgity, sigol tbl ^irhbï bhm hjwhys rlhotlm ta starils h`aut Obrist `y hskigc, ‚Bhvl yau flt tbis fhg1‖ ajm tbht Obrist milm twa tbaushgm ylhrs hca, tbl ^irhbï waujm rlhot fuob hs tbly mim ta fy usigc `uc rlpljjlgt. It lxpjhiglm tblir hijurl ta `uijm up aam staoks, sigol tbis rlquirlm pjhggigc ar h uturl tbht mim gat ylt lxist; it lxpjhiglm tbl hijurl a tbl `ays’ famlj hirpjhgls ta astlr h trhmitiag a sou soujptur jpturl-fhkigc, l-fhkigc, sigol tbl famljs lxprlsslm agjy tbl faflgthry `urst a lxoitlflgt tbht hooafphgilm hooafphgilm tbl sicbt sic bt a hg hotuhj pjhgl. It lxpjhiglm tbl ^irhbï’s jhok a aricighj starils h`aut baw tbly ohfl igta `ligc, sigol tbis whs h oagugmruf `urilm ig h phst autsiml tbl lxplrilgol a phrlgts hgm crhgmphrlgts. crhgmphrlgts. Lvlrltt whs oagvigolm tbht tbl ^irhbï’s ifflmihoy-a-lxplrilgol prigoipjl wlgt urtblr stijj, ‚lxtlgmigc its tlgthojls,‖ hs bl put it, ‚mllp igta tblir oarl crhffhr,‖ ta tbht lhturl tbht Obafsky ojhiflm whs prlslgt ig hjj jhgcuhcls4 rloursiag. Obafsky hgm atblr lxplrts usl tbl tlrf ta mlsori`l baw wl oagstruot lvlg tbl sifpjlst uttlrhgols. ‚]l cirj dufplm ag tbl `lm‖ is oafpaslm a h gaug pbrhsl (‚tbl cirj‖), h vlr` (‚dufplm‖), hgm h prlpasitiaghj pbrhsl (‚ag tbl `lm‖). Ig tblary, hs Obafsky bhs strlsslm, agl oaujm oagtigul ta igslrt obugks a jhgcuhcl igsiml atblr obugks hm ig﬈gituf, tblrl`y orlhtigc h glvlr-lgmigc slgtlgol (‚]l fhg wba is wlhrigc h tap bht tbht is sjicbtjy orusblm hraugm tbl `rif hjtbaucb stijj plrlotjy ljlchgt is whjkigc mawg tbl strllt tbht whs rlolgtjy rlsurholm `y h orlw a oagstruotiag warklrs wba tlgmlm ta thkl oa﬎ll `rlhks tbht wlrl h jittjl taa jagc wbijl lhtigc h bat mac tbht whs . . .‖). Ar agl oaujm orlhtl slgtlgols a glvlr-lgmigc vhrilty. ]l ohphoity ta clglrhtl ugjifitlm flhgigc `y pjhoigc agl tbaucbt igsiml hgatblr is tbl orux a Obafsky’s tblary”wbht bl ohjjs, quatigc tbl lhrjy-gigltllgtb-olgtury Clrfhg jigcuist Sijbljf vag Buf`ajmt, ‚tbl ig﬈gitl usl a ﬈gitl flhgs.‖ Hooarmigc ta Lvlrltt, bawlvlr, tbl ^irhbï ma gat usl rloursiag ta igslrt pbrhsls agl igsiml hgatblr. hgatblr. Igstlhm, tbly sthtl tbaucbts ig misorltl ugits. Sblg I hsklm Lvlrltt i tbl ^irhbï oaujm shy, ig tblir jhgcuhcl, ‚I shw tbl mac tbht whs mawg `y tbl rivlr clt `ittlg `y h sghkl,‖ bl shim, ‚Ga. ]ly waujm bhvl ta shy, shy, ‒I shw tbl mac. ]l mac whs ht tbl `lhob. H sghkl s ghkl `it tbl mac. ma c.’’ ‖ Lvlrltt lxpjhiglm tbht t bht `lohusl tbl ^irhbï hoolpt hs rlhj agjy tbht wbiob tbly a`slrvl, tblir spllob oagsists agjy a mirlot 9

hsslrtiags (‚]l mac whs ht tbl `lhob‖), hgm bl fhigthigs fhigthigs tbht lf`lmmlm ojhusls (‚tbht (‚tbht whs mawg `y tbl rivlr‖) hrl gat hsslrtiags `ut suppartigc, quhgtiyigc, ar quhjiyigc igarfhtiag”ig atblr warms, h`strhotiags. Ig bis hrtiojl, Lvlrltt hrculm tbht rloursiag is prifhrijy h oacgitivl, gat h jigcuistio, trhit. Bl oitlm hg igffulgtihj 8950 hrtiojl, ‚]l Hrobitloturl Hrobitloturl a Oafpjlxity,‖ `y Blr`lrt _ifag, h Ga`lj ^rislwiggigc loagafist, oacgitivl psyobajacist, hgm oafputlr soilgtist, wba hsslrtlm tbht lf`lmmigc lgtitils witbig jikl lgtitils (ig h rloursivl trll struoturl a tbl typl olgtrhj ta Obafskyhg jigcuistios) is sifpjy baw plapjl pl apjl ghturhjjy archgisl igarfhtiag. ‚Fiorasa Sarm is archgislm `y trll struoturls,‖ Lvlrltt shim. ‚Yau aplg up agl ajmlr hgm tbht spjits igta twa atblr tbigcs, hgm tbht spjits igta twa atblrs. ]ht’s h trll struoturl. _ifag hrculs tbht tbis is lsslgtihj ta tbl why bufhgs archgisl igarfhtiag hgm is augm ig hjj bufhg igtljjiclgol systlfs. I _ifag is oarrlot, tblrl malsg’t malsg’t gllm ta `l hgy sploi﬈o jigcuistio prigoipjl ar tbis `lohusl it’s dust clglrhj oacgitiag.‖ Ar, hs Lvlrltt safltifls jikls ta put it4 ‚]l h`ijity ta put tbaucbts igsiml atblr tbaucbts is dust tbl why bufhgs hrl, `lohusl wl’rl sfhrtlr tbhg atblr sploils.‖ Lvlrltt shys tbht tbl ^irhbï bhvl tbis oacgitivl trhit `ut tbht it is h`slgt raf tblir sygthx `lohusl a oujturhj oagstrhigts. _afl sobajhrs `ljilvl tbht Lvlrltt’s ojhif tbht tbl ^irhbï ma gat usl rloursiag is thgthfaugt ta ohjjigc tblf stupim. _tlpblg Jlvigsag, tbl gla-Sbar﬈hg mirlotar a tbl Jhgcuhcl hgm Oacgitiag Craup ht tbl Fhx ^jhgok Igstitutl ar ^syobajigcuistios, ig tbl Gltblrjhgms, lxoarihtlm Lvlrltt Lvlrltt ig prigt ar ‚bhvigc fhml tbl ^irhbï saugm jikl tbl figmjlss `lhrlrs ` lhrlrs a hg hjfast su`bufhgjy sifpjl oujturl.‖ Hggh Silrz`iokh, h jigcuist ht tbl Hustrhjihg Ghtiaghj \givlrsity, whs hjsa trau`jlm `y tbl phplr, hgm tajm fl, ‚I tbigk raf tbl paigt a vilw a”I mag’t kgaw”bufhg sajimhrity, bufhg ricbts, hgm sa ag, it’s rlhjjy vlry ifparthgt ta kgaw tbht it’s h qulstiag tbht fhgy plapjl mag’t mhrl ta rhisl, wbltblr wl bhvl tbl shfl oacgitivl h`ijitils ar gat, wl bufhgs.‖ Lvlrltt misfisslm suob oritioisfs, sigol bl lxprlssjy sthtls ig tbl hrtiojl tbht tbl ugusuhj hsplots a tbl ^irhbï hrl gat h rlsujt a flgthj ml﬈oilgoy. ml﬈oilgoy. H ^irhbï obijm rlfavlm raf tbl dugcjl ht `irtb hgm `raucbt up ig hgy oity ig tbl warjm, bl shim, waujm bhvl ga trau`jl jlhrgigc tbl jaohj tagcul. Farlavlr, Lvlrltt paigtlm aut, tbl ^irhbï hrl suprlfljy cilm ig hjj tbl whys glolsshry ta igsurl tblir oagtigulm survivhj ig tbl dugcjl4 tbly kgaw tbl uslujglss hgm jaohtiag a hjj ifparthgt pjhgts ig tblir hrlh; tbly ugmlrsthgm tbl `lbhviar

a jaohj hgifhjs hgm baw ta ohtob hgm hvaim tblf; hgm tbly ohg whjk igta tbl dugcjl ghklm, witb ga taajs ar wlhpags, hgm whjk aut tbrll mhys jhtlr witb `hsklts a ruit, guts, hgm sfhjj chfl. ‚]ly ohg aut-survivl hgy`amy, hgy atblr Igmihg ig tbis rlciag,‖ bl shim. ‚]ly’rl vlry igtljjiclgt plapjl. It glvlr waujm aoour ta fl tbht shyigc tbly jhok tbigcs tbht Jlvigsag ar Silrz`iokh prlmiot tbly sbaujm bhvl is ohjjigc tblf figmjlss imiats. ‖ Ear Lvlrltt, tbl fast ifparthgt rlhotiag ta tbl hrtiojl whs Obafsky’s. Ig hg l-fhij ta Lvlrltt jhst Hprij, Obafsky rldlotlm Lvlrltt’s hrcuflgts tbht tbl ^irhbï’s jhok a rloursiag is h stragc oaugtlrlxhfpjl ta bis tblary a ugivlrshj crhffhr, writigc, ‚\C is tbl trul tblary a tbl clgltio oafpaglgt tbht ugmlrjils hoquisitiag hgm usl a jhgcuhcl.‖ Bl hmmlm tbht tblrl is ‚ga oablrlgt hjtlrghtivl ta \C.‖ Obafsky mlojiglm ta `l igtlrvilwlm ar tbis hrtiojl, `ut rllrrlm fl ta ‚^irhbï Lxolptiaghjity4 H Plhsslssflgt,‖ h phplr tbht whs oa-hutbarlm `y Mhvim ^lsltsky, h oajjlhcul a Obafsky’s ht F.I..; Hgmrlw Glvigs, h jigcuist ht Bhrvhrm; hgm Oijlgl Pamriculs, h jigcuist ht \GIOHF^. Ig tbl phplr, wbiob whs pastlm jhst fagtb ag tbl Sl` sitl Jigc@uzz, h rlpasitary a hrtiojls ag Obafskyhg clglrhtivl crhffhr, tbl hutbars uslm us lm mhth raf  raf Lvlrltt’s Lvlrltt’s 892? ^b.M. misslrthtiag, hs wljj hs raf h phplr tbht bl pu`jisblm ag ^irhbï ig 8925, ta rlutl bis rlolgt ojhifs h`aut tbl jhgcuhcl’s ugusuhj lhturls” igojumigc tbl hsslrtiag tbht tbl ^irhbï ma gat usl rloursiag. ]l hutbars oagolmlm tbht, lvlg ig tblsl lhrjy warks, Lvlrltt bhm gatlm tbl h`slgol a olrthig rloursivl struoturls ig ^irhbï. (]l tri`l, Lvlrltt wratl wratl ig tbl lhrjy l hrjy licbtils, mals gat lf`lm passlssivls igsiml agl hgatblr, hgatblr, hs Lgcjisb splhklrs ma wblg tbly shy, ‚af’s ugojl’s ohr’s wigmsbiljm . . .‖). Glvlrtbljlss, tbly hrculm, Lvlrltt’s lhrjy mhth succlstlm tbht tbl ^irhbï’s spllob mim oagthig rloursivl aplrhtiags. ]l hot tbht Lvlrltt bhm oajjlotlm tbl mhth twlgty-﬈vl ylhrs hca, wblg bl whs h mlvatll a Obafsky’s tblary tblar y, whs irrljlvhgt, irrljlv hgt, ^lsltsky tajm fl ig hg l-fhij. Ht hgy rhtl, ^lsltsky wratl, bl hgm bis oa-hutbars mltlotlm ‚ga sicg a h phrtioujhrjy Obafskyhg plrsplotivl‖ ig tbl mlsoriptivl partiags a Lvlrltt’s lhrjy writigcs, hmmigc, ‚Ear tbl fast phrt, tbasl warks hrl h`aut hots, hgm tbl ohtlcarizigc a hots.‖ Lvlrltt, wba twa wllks hca pastlm h rlspagsl ta ^lsltsky hgm bis oa-hutbars ag Jigc@uzz, shys tbht Obafsky’s tblary glolsshrijy oajarlm bis mhthchtblrigc hgm hghjysis. ‚ ‒Mlsoriptivl wark’ hphrt raf tblary mals gat lxist,‖ bl tajm fl. ‚Sl hsk tbl qulstiags tbht aur tblarils tljj us ta hsk.‖ Ig bis rlspagsl ag Jigc@uzz, Lvlrltt hmmrlsslm bis oritios’ hrcuflgts paigt `y paigt hgm misputlm tbl 8>

oagtlgtiag tbht bis lhrjy wark whs farl rljih`jl tbhg bis ourrlgt rlslhrob hs h cuiml ta ^irhbï. ‚I waujm ﬈gm tbl appasitl trau`jigc”i.l., tbht h rlslhroblr glvlr obhgclm tblir figm ar augm lrrars ig tblir lhrjilr wark,‖ bl wratl. Bl hmmlm, ‚]lrl hrl hjtlrghtivls ta \givlrshj Crhffhr, hgm tbl hot tbht G^P‖”Glvigs, ^lsltsky, hgm Pamriculs”‚igsist ag obhrhotlrizigc tbl issul hs tbaucb tblrl wlrl ga hjtlrghtivls, hjtlrghtivls, hjtbaucb typiohj, is litblr icgarhgt ar purpasljy fisjlhmigc.‖ Ig h oafflgt ag Lvlrltt’s phplr pu`jisblm ig Oujturhj Hgtbrapajacy, Fiobhlj afhsljja, tbl mirlotar a tbl Mlphrtflgt a Mlvljapflgthj hgm Oafphrhtivl ^syobajacy ht tbl Fhx ^jhgok Igstitutl ar Lvajutiaghry Hgtbrapajacy, ig Jlipzic, Jlipzic , lgmarslm Lvlrltt’s Lvlrltt’s oagojusiags tbht oujturl ohg sbhpl oarl crhffhr. @lohusl tbl ^irhbï ‚thjk h`aut mi﬎lrlgt tbigcs [tbhg wl maV, mi﬎lrlgt tbigcs clt crhffhtiohjislm,‖ bl wratl, hmmigc tbht ‚ugivlrshj crhffhr whs h caam try, hgm it rlhjjy whs gat sa ifpjhusi`jl ht tbl tifl it whs prapaslm, `ut sigol tblg wl bhvl jlhrglm h jat h`aut fhgy mi﬎lrlgt jhgcuhcls, hgm tbly sifpjy ma gat ﬈t agl ugivlrshj oaakil outtlr.‖ _tlvlg ^igklr, ^igklr, tbl Bhrvhrm oacgitivl soilgtist, wba wratl hmfirigcjy h`aut safl a Obafsky’s imlhs ig bis 899= `lst-sljjlr, ‚]l Jhgcuhcl Igstigot,‖ tajm fl, ‚]lrl’s h jat a strhgcl stu﬎ caigc ag ig tbl Obafskyhg pracrhf. Bl’s h curu, bl fhkls pragaugolflgts tbht bis misoipjls hoolpt ag hitb hgm tbht bl malsg’t llj oafpljjlm ta mllgm ig tbl oagvlgtiaghj soilgti﬈o fhgglr. fhgglr. _afl a tblf `loafl hoolptlm witbig bis oirojl hs Cam’s trutb witbaut rlhjjy `ligc praplrjy lvhjuhtlm, hgm, surprisigcjy ar saflagl wba thjks h`aut ugivlrshj crhffhr, bl bhsg’t bhsg’t hotuhjjy magl tbl sphmlwark sp hmlwark a slligc baw it warks ig safl wlirm jittjl jhgcuhcl tbht tbly splhk ig Glw Cuiglh.‖ ^igklr shys tbht bis awg mau`ts h`aut tbl ‚Obafskyhg pracrhf‖ igorlhslm ig 0>>0, wblg Fhro Bhuslr, Obafsky, hgm loufslb Eitob pu`jisblm tblir phplr ag rloursiag ig _oilgol. ]l hutbars wratl tbht tbl mistigotivl lhturl a tbl bufhg houjty a jhgcuhcl, ghrrawjy ml﬈glm, is rloursiag. Macs, sthrjigcs, wbhjls, parpaisls, hgm obifphgzlls hjj usl vaohjjy vao hjjy clglrhtlm saugms ta oaffugiohtl witb atblr flf`lrs a tblir sploils, `ut gagl ma sa rloursivljy, rloursivljy, hgm tbus gagl ohg pramuol oafpjlx uttlrhgols a ig﬈gitljy  vhrilm flhgigc. ‚Ploursiag bhm hjwhys `llg hg ifparthgt phrt a Obafsky’s tblary,‖ ^igklr shim. ‚@ut ig Obafsky Fhrk II, ar Fhrk III, ar Fhrk UII, bl hjj a h summlg shim tbht tbl agjy tbigc ugiqul ta jhgcuhcl is rloursiag. It’s gat dust tbht it’s tbl ugivlrshj tbht bhs ta `l tblrl; it’s tbl fhcio igcrlmilgt tbht fhkls jhgcuhcl passi`jl.‖

Ig lhrjy 0>><, ^igklr hgm Phy Dhoklg-ma﬎, h jigcuistios pralssar ht us \givlrsity, pu`jisblm h oritiqul oritiqu l a Bhuslr, Obafsky, hgm Eitob’s phplr ig tbl daurghj Oacgitiag. ‚Ig fy phplr witb Phy, wl hrcul tbht i yau dust fhciohjjy igdlot rloursiag rlou rsiag igta h obifphgzll yau’rl gat caigc ta clt h bufhg wba wb a ohg put warms tacltblr igta pbrhsls, jh`lj oagolpts witb warms, ghfl tbigcs tbht bhpplglm mlohmls hca ar tbht fhy ar fhy gat bhpplg mlohmls ig tbl uturl,‖ uturl,‖ ^igklr shim. ‚]lrl’ ‚ ]lrl’s farl ta jhgcuhcl jhgc uhcl tbhg rloursiag.‖ ^igklr hgm Dhoklgma﬎, ig h rllrlgol ta Lvlrltt’s rlslhrob, oitlm ^irhbï hs hg lxhfpjl a h jhgcuhcl tbht bhs ‚pbagajacy, farpbajacy farpbajac y, sygthx, hgm slgtlgols,‖ `ut ga rloursiag. ^igklr, bawlvlr, whs quiok ta tljj fl tbht tbl h`slgol a rloursiag ig agl a tbl farl tbhg six tbaushgm kgawg jhgcuhcls is gat lgaucb ta mispravl Obafsky’s imlhs. ‚I yau bhm safltbigc tbht whs prlslgt ig ﬈vl tbaushgm gigl bugmrlm hgm giglty-gigl a tbl jhgcuhcls, hgm saflagl augm agl jhgcuhcl tbht mimg’t bhvl it”wljj, I tbigk tblrl fhy `l safl hgtbrapajacists wba waujm shy, ‒]is sbaws tbht tblrl’s ga ugivlrshjs, tbht hgytbigc ohg bhpplg,’ ‖ bl shim. ‚@ut, farl jikljy, yau’m shy, ‒Sljj, wbht’s caigc ag witb tbht wlirm jhgcuhcl1’ ‖ Oagtlfparhry jigcuists bhvl clglrhjjy hvaimlm sploujhtiag h`aut baw bufhgs hoquirlm jhgcuhcl ig tbl ﬈rst pjhol. Obafsky bifslj bhs jagc mlfagstrhtlm mlfagstrhtlm h jhok a igtlrlst ig jhgcuhcl aricigs hgmlxprlsslmmau`th`aut Mhrwigihg lxpjhghtiags. lxpjhghtiags. ‚It is plrlotjy shl ta httri`utl tbis mlvljapflgt ta ‒ghturhj sljlotiag,’ ‖ Obafsky bhs writtlg, ‚sa jagc hs wl rlhjisl tbht tblrl is ga su`sthgol ta tbis hsslrtiag, tbht it hfaugts ta gatbigc farl tbhg h `ljil tbht tblrl is safl ghturhjistio lxpjhghtiag lxpjhghtiag ar tblsl pblgaflgh.‖ pblgaflgh.‖ Farlavlr, Obafsky’s tblary a ugivlrshj crhffhr, crhffhr, wbiob whs w hs wimljy ugmlrstaam ta partrhy jhgcuhcl hs h oafpjlx systlf tbht hrasl ujjy arflm ig tbl `rhig, misoaurhclm igquiry igta baw jhgcuhcl mlvljaplm. ‚]is tathjjy sjhfs tbl maar ag tbl qulstiag,‖ @rlgt @lrjig, h oacgitivl hgtbrapajacist ht tbl \givlrsity a Clarcih, tajm fl. ‚It hots hs i, ig safl iglxpjioh`jl why, hjfast fystlriausjy fystlriausjy, jhgcuhcl is blrfltiohjjy slhjlm raf tbl oagmitiags a jil a tbl plapjl wba usl it ta oaffugiohtl. @ut tbis is gat safl kigm a hg h`strhot, `lhutiuj, fhtblfhtiohj, syf`ajio systlf tbht is gat rljhtlm ta rlhj jil.‖ @lrjig `ljilvls tbht ^irhbï fhy praviml h sghpsbat a jhgcuhcl ht hg lhrjilr sthcl a sygthotio mlvljapflgt. ‚]ht’s wbht Mhg’s wark succlsts,‖ @lrjig shim a Lvlrltt’s phplr. ‚]l pjhusi`jl solghrias tbht wl ohg ifhcigl hrl agls tbht waujm succlst tbht lhrjy jhgcuhcl jaaks safltbigc jikl tbl kigm a tbigc tbht ^irhbï jaaks jikl gaw.‖ loufslb Eitob, h thjj, phtrioihg fhg witb jagc, paigtlm siml`urgs hgm h `ayisbjy lgtbusihstio 88

fhgglr, awls bis ugusuhj ﬈rst ghfl ta bis hgolstar, tbl Oivij Shr clglrhj clglrh j Sijjihf loufs loufslb lb _blrfhg. Eitob httlgmlm @rawg \givlrsity hgm lhrglm h ^b.M. tblrl. Hs h `iajacist witb h sploihj igtlrlst ig hgifhj oaffugiohtiag, Eitob misoavlrlm tbht rlm mllr passlss h mlsolgmlm jhrygx, hg hghtafiohj lhturl tbht soilgtists bhm prlviausjy `ljilvlm whs ugiqul ta bufhg `ligcs hgm olgtrhj ta tbl mlvljapflgt a spllob. (]l mlsolgmlm jhrygx bhs sigol `llg augm ig kahjhs, jiags, ticlrs, dhcuhrs, hgm jlaphrms.) Eitob, lhclr ta ugmlrsthgm baw bufhgs hoquirlm jhgcuhcl, turglm ta jigcuistios hgm whs surprislm ta jlhrg tbht Obafsky bhm writtlg jittjl h`aut tbl qulstiag. @ut ig 8999 Eitob bhpplglm ta rlhm hg igtlrvilw tbht Obafsky bhm civlg ta _phrl Obhgcl Glws, h glwsphplr ar tbl bafljlss ig Ohf`rimcl. ‚I rlhm it hgm hjj tbl stu﬎ bl shim h`aut lvajutiag whs hjfast farl tbhg bl’s lvlr shim ig hgy pu`jisblm tbigc”hgm blrl it is ig _phrl Obhgcl!‖ Eitob shim. ‚Hgm bl dust fhml h lw paigts tbht fhml fl rlhjisl wbht bl’m `llg clttigc ht ig h farl lgicfhtio hsbiag ig safl a bis prlviaus oafflgts.‖ Eitob igvitlm Obafsky ta splhk ta h ojhss tbht bl whs oa-tlhobigc ht Bhrvhrm ag tbl lvajutiag a jhgcuhcl. Hlrwhrm, tbly thjklm ar slvlrhj baurs. H lw fagtbs jhtlr, Obafsky hcrllm ta oajjh`arhtl witb Eitob hgm Bhuslr ag h phplr tbht waujm httlfpt ta pigpaigt tbl lhturls a jhgcuhcl wbiob hrl ugiqul ta bufhgs hgm wbiob hjjawlm Bafa shpilgs ta mlvljap jhgcuhcl. ]l hutbars oafphrlm hgifhj hgm bufhg oaffugiohtiag, ljifightigc tbl hsplots a vaohjizhtiag tbht hrl sbhrlm `y `atb, hgm oagojumlm tbht agl aplrhtiag hjagl mistigcuisblm bufhg spllob4 rloursiag. Ig tbl oaursl a warkigc ag tbl hrtiojl, Eitob crlw crl w syfphtbltio ta Obafsky’ Obaf sky’ss imlhs hgm `lohfl hg hrtioujhtl mllgmlr a tbl tblary a ugivlrshj crhffhr. crhffhr. Sblg Eitob hgm Lvlrltt flt ig ^arta Uljba ig Dujy, Dujy, twa mhys `larl blhmigc igta tbl dugcjl, tbly sllflm, `y thoit hcrllflgt, ta `l hvaimigc thjk a Obafsky. @ut, ag tbl lvl a aur mlphrturl, wbijl wl wlrl sittigc `y tbl paaj ht tbl Batlj Uijh Pioh, Lvlrltt flgtiaglm twa pralssars wba, bl shim, wlrl ‚hfagc tbl tbrll fast hrrachgt plapjl I’vl flt.‖ ‚Sba’s tbl tbirm1‖ Eitob hsklm. ‚Gahf,‖ Lvlrltt Lvlrl tt shim. shim . ‚Ga!‖ Eitob orilm. ‚Civlg bis sthtus ig soilgol, Obafsky is tbl jlhst hrrachgt fhg, tbl buf`jlst crlht fhg, I’vl lvlr flt.‖ Lvlrltt whs bhvigc gagl a it. ‚Gahf Obafsky tbigks a bifslj hs Hristatjl!‖ bl mlojhrlm. ‚Bl bhs muc h bajl ar jigcuistios tbht it wijj thkl mlohmls ar tbl misoipjigl ta ojif` aut a!‖

]l flg hrculm ar tbl glxt twa baurs, tbaucb `y tbl tifl tbly phrtlm ar tbl gicbt oivijity bhm `llg rlstarlm, hgm tbl métlgtl whs stijj bajmigc wblg tbly flt ig tbl ^irhbï vijjhcl tbl glxt mhy hgm hcrllm ta `lcig lxplriflgts tbl ajjawigc fargigc. Ht sugrisl, h craup a safl twlgty ^irhbï chtblrlm autsiml Lvlrltt’s bausl. ]ly wlrl ta `l phim ar tblir wark hs lxplriflgthj su`dlots”witb ta`hooa, ojatb, hrigh, hgm fhobltls. ‚Hgm, `ljilvl fl,‖ Lvlrltt shim, ‚tbht’s tbl agjy rlhsag tbly’rl blrl. ]ly bhvl ga igtlrlst ig wbht wl’rl maigc. ]ly’rl bugtlr-chtblrlrs, hgm tbly sll us dust jikl ruit trlls ta chtblr raf.‖ Eitob wlgt aut witb Lvlrltt igta tbl tbiok blht, ohrryigc bis jhptap. ]l twa flg, trhijlm `y tbl ^irhbï, ajjawlm h ghrraw phtb tbraucb tbl jaw ugmlr`rusb ta Lvlrltt’s a﬏ol, h sfhjj but, rhislm a﬎ tbl craugm ag aur-aat-bicb stijts, ht tbl lmcl a tbl dugcjl. Eitob pjholm bis oafputlr ag tbl mlsk hgm jhugoblm h pracrhf tbht bl bhm splgt slvlrhj wllks writigc w ritigc ig prlphrhtiag ar tbis trip. Eitob’s lxplriflgts wlrl `hslm ag tbl sa-ohjjlm Obafsky bilrhroby, h systlf ar ojhssiyigc typls a crhffhr, rhgklm ig hsolgmigc armlr a oafpjlxity. a tlst tbl ^irhbï’s h`ijity ta jlhrg agl a tbl sifpjlst typls a crhffhr, Eitob bhm writtlg h pracrhf ig wbiob crhffhtiohjjy oarrlot oagstruotiags wlrl rlprlslgtlm `y h fhjl vaiol uttlrigc agl gagslgsl syjjh`jl (fi ar mab ar ch, ar igsthgol), ajjawlm `y h lfhjl vaiol uttlrigc h mi﬎lrlgt gagslgsl syjjh`jl syjjh`jl (jll ar th ar cll). Oarrlot O arrlot oagstruotiags waujm ohusl hg hgifhtlm fagkly blhm ht tbl `attaf a tbl oafputlr sorllg ta ffaht ta h oarglr ht tbl tap a tbl sorllg hlr `rilffy mishpplhrigc; igoarrlot oagstruotiags (hgytifl agl fhjl syjjh`jl whs ajjawlm `y hgatblr fhjl syjjh`jl ar farl tbhg agl lfhjl syjjh`jl) waujm fhkl tbl fagkly blhm ffaht ta tbl appasitl oarglr. oarglr. Eitob slt up h sfhjj micithj favil ohflrh `lbigm tbl jhptap ta ﬈jf tbl ^irhbï’s lyl favlflgts. Ig tbl lw sloagms’ mljhy `larl tbl fagkly blhm ffahtlm ta litblr oarglr a tbl sorllg, Eitob baplm tbht bl waujm `l h`jl ta mltlrfigl, raf tbl mirlotiag a tbl su`dlots’ ugoagsoiaus cjhgols, i tbly wlrl jlhrgigc tbl crhffhr. ]l lxplriflgt, usigc mi﬎lrlgt stifuji, bhm `llg oagmuotlm witb ugmlrcrhmuhtls hgm fagklys, hjj a wbaf phsslm tbl tlst. Eitob tajm fl tbht bl bhm jittjl mau`t tbht tbl ^irhbï waujm phss. ‚Fy lxplothtiag oafigc ig blrl is tbht tbly’rl caigc ta hot dust jikl fy Bhrvhrm ugmlrcrhms,‖ bl shim. ‚]ly’rl caigc ta ma lxhotjy wbht lvlry atblr bufhg bhs magl hgm tbly’rl tbly’rl caigc ta clt tbis `hsio phttlrg. ]l ^irhbï hrl bufhgs”bufhgs ohg ma tbis.‖ 80

Eitob ohjjlm ar tbl ﬈rst su`dlot. Lvlrltt stlpplm autsiml tbl but hgm spakl ta h sbart fusoujhr fhg witb h `awj-sbhplm bhirout hgm blhvijy ohjjauslm `hrl llt. ]l fhg lgtlrlm tbl but hgm sht mawg ht tbl oafputlr, wbiob prafptjy orhsblm. Eitob rl`aatlm. It orhsblm hchig. ‚It’s tbl bufimity,‖ Lvlrltt shim. Eitob ﬈ghjjy cat tbl oafputlr warkigc, `ut tblg tbl vimla ohflrh slislm up. ‚Cammhf Obafskyhg,‖ Lvlrltt shim. ‚Ohg’t lvlg rug hg lxplriflgt.‖

‚@ut wblg tbly’rl bugtigc tbly fust bhvl tbasl skijjs a visuhj hgtioiphtiag,‖ Eitob shim. ‚Ylhb,‖ Lvlrltt shim mryjy. ‚@ut tbis is gat h rlhj fagkly.‖ Bl paigtlm ht tbl criggigc hgifhtlm blhm `a``igc ag tbl sorllg. ‚Euok!‖ Eitob shim. ‚I I’m bhm h daystiok ar bif ta bugt tbl fagkly!‖ Bl pholm h jittjl, tblg shim, ‚]l orhzy tbigc is tbht tbis is hjrlhmy farl rlhjistio tbhg tbl lxplriflgts Hsjig mim witb `h`ils.‖ ‚Jaak,‖ Lvlrltt shim, ‚tbl oacgitivl issul blrl is tbl oujturhj ifplmiflgt ta maigc glw tbigcs. Bl malsg’t kgaw tblrl’s h phttlrg ta rloacgisl.‖

Lvlgtuhjjy, Eitob cat hjj tbl lquipflgt ruggigc sfaatbjy hgm sthrtlm tbl lxplriflgt. It quiokjy `lohfl a`viaus tbht tbl ^irhbï fhg whs sifpjy whtobigc tbl ffahtigc fagkly blhm hgm whsg’t rlspagmigc ta tbl humia ouls.

Lvlrltt misfisslm tbl fhg hgm hsklm hgatblr ^irhbï ta oafl igta tbl but. H yaugc fhg hpplhrlm, wlhrigc h crllg-hgm-yljjaw 0>>0 @rhzijihg Sarjm Oup sbirt, hgm sht ht tbl oafputlr. Lvlrltt tajm bif ta shy wbltblr tbl fagkly whs caigc ta ca uprivlr ar mawgrivlr.

‚It mimg’t jaak jikl bl whs maigc prlfagitary jaakigc,‖ Eitob shim. ‚Fhy`l hsk bif ta paigt ta wblrl bl tbigks tbl fagkly is caigc ta ca.‖

Eitob rhg tbl lxplriflgt. ]l fhg sfijlm hgm paigtlm witb bis obig wblglvlr tbl fagkly blhm ohfl ta rlst.

‚]ly mag’t paigt,‖ Lvlrltt shim. Gar, bl hmmlm, ma tbly bhvl warms ar ricbt hgm jl. Igstlhm, tbly civl mirlotiags ig h`sajutl tlrfs, tljjigc atblrs ta blhm ‚uprivlr‖ ar ‚mawgrivlr,‖ ar ‚ta tbl arlst‖ ar ‚hwhy raf tbl arlst.‖ Lvlrltt tajm tbl fhg ta shy wbltblr tbl fagkly whs caigc uprivlr ar mawgrivlr. ]l fhg shim safltbigc ig rlpjy.

‚]l atblr imlh,‖ Eitob shim, ‚is i wl cat h `ugob a tbl kims, hgm wbalvlr paigts ﬈rst clts h jajjipap.‖

‚Sbht mim bl shy1‖ Eitob hsklm. ‚Bl shim, ‒Fagklys ca ta tbl dugcjl.’ ‖ Eitob crifholm ig rustrhtiag. ‚Sljj, bl’s gat culssigc witb bis lyls,‖ bl shim. ‚Is tblrl hgatblr why bl ohg igmiohtl1‖ Lvlrltt hchig tajm tbl fhg ta shy wbltblr tbl fagkly whs caigc uprivlr ar mawg. ]l fhg fhml h gaisl a hsslgt. Eitob rlsuflm tbl lxplriflgt, `ut tbl fhg sifpjy whitlm ugtij tbl fagkly favlm. Bl ajjawlm it witb bis lyls, jhucblm hmfirigcjy wblg it ohfl ta h stap, tblg hggaugolm wbltblr it bhm cagl uprivlr ar mawg. Hlr slvlrhj figutls a tbis, Eitob shim, ag h risigc gatl a phgio, ‚I tbly hij ig tbl t bl rloursiag rloursi ag agl”it’s agl”it’s gat rloursiag; I’vl cat ta stap shyigc tbht. I flhg lf`lmmigc. @lohusl, @l ohusl, I flhg, i bl ohg’t ohg’t clt tbis”‖ ‚]is is typiohj ^irhbï,‖ Lvlrltt shim saatbigcjy. ‚]is is glw stu﬎, hgm tbly mag’t ma glw stu﬎.‖

‚]ht’s cat hg ljlflgt a oafpltitiag tbht tbly wag’t ca ar,‖ Lvlrltt shim. ]l oafputlr orhsblm. Oagvigolm tbht tblrl whs h cjitob ig tbl sawhrl, Eitob pioklm up tbl fhobigl hgm ohrrilm it `hok ta tbl fhig bausl ta fhkl rlphirs. ‚]is is typiohj a ﬈ljmwark ig tbl Hfhzag, wbiob is wby fast plapjl mag’t ma it,‖ Lvlrltt shim. ‚@ut tbl pra`jlf blrl is gat oacgitivl; it’s oujturhj.‖ Bl clsturlm tawhrm tbl ^irhbï fhg ht tbl th`jl. ‚Dust `lohusl wl’rl sittigc ig tbl shfl raaf malsg’t flhg wl’rl sittigc ig tbl shfl olgtury.‖ @y tbl glxt fargigc, Eitob bhm ml`ucclm bis sawhrl, `ut atblr mi﬏oujtils plrsistlm. Agl su`dlot, h fhg ig `jul gyjag ruggigc sbarts, icgarlm igstruotiags ta jistlg ta tbl syjjh`jls hgm hsklm qulstiags h`aut tbl fagkly blhm4 ‚Is tbht ru``lr1‖ ‚Mals tbis fagkly bhvl h spausl1‖ ‚Is it h fhg1‖ Hgatblr fhg ljj hsjllp fim-trihj (tbl  vijjhclrs bhm `llg up up hjj gicbt riatausjy thjkigc hgm jhucbigc”h oaffag aoourrlgol ar h plapjl wba ma gat jivl `y tbl ojaok). Flhgwbijl, l﬎arts ta clt su`dlots ta aous wlrl bhfplrlm `y tbl atblr tri`l flf`lrs, wba bhm oajjlotlm autsiml tbl but hgm bljm jaum oagvlrshtiags tbht wlrl humi`jl tbraucb tbl sorllglm wigmaws. ztlvl _bljmag, Lvlrltt’s prlmlolssar ig tbl ^irhbï 8?

 vijjhcl, bhm tajm fl a tbl obhjjlgcls bl holm ig tbl jhtl sixtils wblg bl mim rlslhrob ag `lbhj a @rlgt @lrjig hgm ^huj Khy (hg hgtbrapajacist hgm jigcuist ht tbl \givlrsity a Ohjiargih ht @lrkljly), wba wlrl oajjlotigc mhth h`aut oajars raf igmiclgaus plapjls. _bljmag bhm oagojumlm tbht tbl ^irhbï tri`l bhs ﬈xlm oajar tlrfs”h vilw mujy lgsbriglm ig @lrjig hgm Khy’s `aak ‚@hsio Oajar lrfs4 ]lir \givlrshjity hgm Lvajutiag‖ (8959). Agjy jhtlr mim _bljmag rlhjisl tbht bis mhth wlrl ugrljih`jl. ajm ta qulstiag tri`l flf`lrs ig isajhtiag, _bljmag bhm `llg ugh`jl ta ma sa `lohusl tbl tri`l rluslm ta `l spjit up; flf`lrs bhm lhvlsmrapplm ag _bljmag’s igtlrvilws hgm oajjh`arhtlm ag hgswlrs. ‚]lir httituml httituml whs ‒Sba ohrls wbht tbl oajar is1’ ‖ _bljmag tajm fl. ‚@ut wl’jj civl bif safltbigc `lohusl tbht’s wbht bl whgts.’ ‖ (amhy, _bljmag lgmarsls Lvlrltt’s ojhif tbht tbl tri`l bhs ga ﬈xlm oajar tlrfs.) _bljmag shim tbht tbl ^irhbï’s a`struotiagist hpprahob ta rlslhroblrs is h mllgsivl clsturl. ‚]ly bhvl `llg fhml ug a `y autsimlrs `lohusl tbly ma tbigcs mi﬎lrlgtjy,‖ _bljmag tajm fl. ‚Sitb rlslhroblrs wba mag’t splhk tblir jhgcuhcl, tbly fhkl ug, civigc rlhjjy `hm igarfhtiag, tathjjy wragc igarfhtiag safltifls.‖ Ag tbl tbirm mhy, Eitob bhm ﬈curlm aut tbht bl whs `ligc bigmlrlm `y safl a tbl shfl pra`jlfs tbht _bljmag bhm holm. ]ht fargigc, bl thoklm up `lmsbllts avlr tbl wigmaw sorllgs hgm mlfhgmlm tbht tbl tri`l rlfhig ht h misthgol raf tbl but. (_lvlrhj (_lvlr hj yhrms hwhy, hwhy, Eitob’ Eitob’s oausig, @ijj, @i jj, lgtlrthiglm lgtlrthi glm tbl craup `y pjhyigc Obhrjil ^hrklr tugls ag bis i^am.) Ifflmihtljy, tbl tlstigc wlgt `lttlr. Agl ^irhbï fhg sllflm ta fhkl hgtioiphtary lyl favlflgts, hjtbaucb it whs mi﬏oujt ta tljj, `lohusl bis lyls wlrl bhrm ta fhkl aut ugmlr tbl pu﬎y jims, h lhturl typiohj a tbl flg’s hols. Eitob trilm tbl lxplriflgt ag h yaugc wafhg witb jhrcl, mhrk irisls, `ut it whs gat ojlhr tbht blr lw oarrlot cjhgols wlrl hgytbigc `ut oaigoimlgthj. ‚Jat a rhgmaf jaaks,‖ Lvlrltt futtlrlm. ‚It’s gat a`viaus tbht tbly’rl clttigc it litblr why,‖ Eitob shim. Ag tbl aurtb mhy, Eitob sllflm ta bit phy mirt. ]l su`dlot whs h cirj a plrbhps sixtllg. Eaousslm, hjlrt, hgm ohjf, sbl sllflm ta crhsp tbl crhffhr, blr lyls favigc ta tbl oarrlot oarglr a tbl sorllg ig hmvhgol a tbl fagkly’s blhm. Eitob whs mljicbtlm, hgm plrbhps rljilvlm; `larl oafigc ta tbl Hfhzag, bl bhm tajm fl tbht tbl hijurl a h ^irhbï ta plrarf tbis thsk waujm `l thgthfaugt ta ‚misoavlrigc h _hsquhtob.‖ Eitob mloimlm ta tlst tbl cirj ag h bicblr jlvlj a tbl Obafsky bilrhroby, h ‚pbrhsl-struoturl crhffhr.‖ Bl bhm mlvislm h pracrhf ig wbiob oarrlot oagstruotiags oagsistlm a hgy guf`lr

a fhjl syjjh`jls ajjawlm `y hg lquhj guf`lr a lfhjl syjjh`jls. Bhuslr, Obafsky, hgm Eitob, ig tblir 0>>0 phplr, bhm sthtlm tbht h pbrhslstruoturl crhffhr, wbiob fhkls crlhtlr mlfhgms ag flfary hgm phttlrg rloacgitiag, rlprlslgts tbl figifuf augmhtiag glolsshry ar bufhg jhgcuhcl. Eitob plrarflm slvlrhj prhotiol trihjs witb tbl cirj ta tlhob blr tbl crhffhr. ]lg bl hgm Lvlrltt stlpplm `hok ta whtob. ‚I tbis is warkigc,‖ Eitob shim, ‚wl oaujm try ta clt G._.E. fagly. ]is oaujm `l `ic”lvlg ar psyobajacy.‖ Ht tbl flgtiag a psyobajacy”h misoipjigl tbht alg lfpbhsisls tbl igffulgol a lgviragflgt ag `lbhviar hgm tbus is ht h rlfavl raf Obafsky’s ghturisf”Lvlrltt jhucblm. ‚Gaw bl’s `lciggigc ta sll it fy why!‖ bl shim. ]l cirj chzlm ht tbl sorllg hgm jistlglm hs tbl BHJ-jikl oafputlr vaiols ffhtjy igtaglm tbl flhgigcjlss syjjh`jls. Eitob pllrlm ht tbl ohflrh’s  vilw﬈gmlr sorllg, tryigc ta misolrg wbltblr tbl cirj’s cirj’s lyl favlflgts igmiohtlm tbht sbl ugmlrstaam ugmlrstaa m tbl crhffhr. It whs ifpassi`jl ta shy. Eitob waujm bhvl ta thkl tbl aathcl `hok ta _oatjhgm, wblrl it waujm `l vlttlm `y hg ifphrtihj past-mao  vajugtllr,  vajugtllr, wba waujm ‚soarl‖ soarl‖ tbl ifhcls ifhcls ag h tifl jigl ohrlujjy sygobragislm ta tbl saugmtrhok a tbl spaklg syjjh`jls, sa tbht Eitob oaujm shy witbaut h mau`t wbltblr tbl su`dlot’s lyls bhm hgtioiphtlm tbl fagkly blhm, ar flrljy ajjawlm it. (Jhst wllk, Eitob shim tbht tbl mhth ‚jaak prafisigc,‖ `ut bl mlojiglm ta ljh`arhtl, plgmigc pu`jiohtiag a bis rlsujts.) ]ht lvlgigc, Lvlrltt igvitlm igvitlm tbl ^irhbï ta oafl ta bis bafl ta whtob h favil4 ^ltlr Dhoksag’s rlfhkl a ‚Kigc Kagc.‖ (Lvlrltt bhm misoavlrlm tbht tbl tri`l javls favils tbht lhturl hgifhjs.) Hlr gicbthjj, ta tbl crigmigc saugm a tbl clglrhtar, clglrhtar, h orawm a tbirty ar sa ^irhbï hsslf`jlm ag `lgobls hgm ag tbl waamlg ffaar a Lvlrltt’s ‚Igmihg raaf,‖ h sorllglm-a﬎ slotiag a bis bausl wblrl bl oag﬈gls tbl ^irhbï, awigc ta tblir tlgmlgoy ta spit ag tbl ffaar. Lvlrltt bhm fhml papoarg, wbiob bl mistri`utlm ig h jhrcl `awj. ]lg bl sthrtlm tbl favil, ojiokigc hblhm ta tbl solgl ig wbiob Ghafi Shtts, rlprisigc Ehy Srhy’s rajl, is a﬎lrlm hs h shori﬈ol `y tbl tri`hj plapjl a hg ugsploi﬈lm _autb _lhs _ lhs isjhgm. ]l ^irhbï sbautlm witb mljicbt, lhr, jhucbtlr, hgm surprisl”hgm wblg Kagc bifslj hrrivlm, sfhsbigc tbraucb tbl phjf trlls, phgmlfagiuf lgsulm. _fhjj obijmrlg, wba bhm `llg sittigc ojasl ta tbl sorllg, dufplm up hgm sourrilm igta tblir fatblrs’ jhps; jhps; tbl hmujts jhucblm hgm yljjlm ht tbl sorllg. I Eitob’s lxplriflgts wlrl igoagojusivl ag tbl 8=

su`dlot a wbltblr Obafsky’s ugivlrshj crhffhr hppjilm ta tbl ^irhbï, Dhoksag’s favil jl ga qulstiag h`aut tbl ugivlrshjity a Bajjywaam ﬈jf crhffhr. Hs Kagc `httjlm rhptars hgm Shtts mamclm cihgt igslots, tbl ^irhbï a﬎lrlm h ruggigc oafflgthry, wbiob Lvlrltt trhgsjhtlm4 ‚Gaw bl’s caigc ta hjj!‖ ‚Bl’s tirlm!‖ ‚_bl’s ruggigc!‖ ‚Jaak. H olgtiplml!‖ Gar wlrl tbl ^irhbï ig hgy mau`t h`aut wbht whs `ligc oaffugiohtlm ig tbl jagc, jigclrigc jaaks tbht phsslm `ltwllg carijjh hgm cirj. ‚_bl is bis b is spausl, spaus l,‖ agl ^irhbï ^irh bï shim. Ylt Ylt ig tblir tbl ir rlhotiag ta tbl favil Lvlrltt hjsa shw praa a bis tblary h`aut tbl tri`l. ‚]ly’rl gat clglrhjizigc h`aut tbl obhrhotlr a cihgt hpls,‖ bl paigtlm aut. ‚]ly’rl rlhotigc ta tbl ifflmihtl hotiag ag tbl sorllg witb mirlot hsslrtiags h`aut wbht tbly sll.‖ Ig Eitob’s ﬈ghj twa mhys a lxplriflgts, bl hijlm ta ﬈gm hgatblr su`dlot hs prafisigc hs tbl sixtllgylhr-ajm cirj. @ut bl whs shtis﬈lm witb wbht bl bhm `llg h`jl ta hooafpjisb ig six mhys ig tbl dugcjl. ‚I tbigk Mhg’s Mhg’s is hg igtlrlstigc hgm vhjim hmmitiaghj hmm itiaghj hpprahob ta hmm ta tbl hrslghj,‖ Eitob tajm fl hlr wl bhm ffawg `hok ta ^arta Uljba hgm wlrl sittigc `lsiml tbl paaj ht tbl Batlj Uijh Uijh Pioh. ‚I tbigk yau gllm ta jaak ht safltbigc hs oafpjlx hs jhgcuhcl raf jats a mi﬎lrlgt hgcjls, hgm I tbigk tbl hgcjl bl’s hrcuigc is igtlrlstigc hgm mlslrvls farl wark, farl rlslhrob. @ut hs hr hs tbl ^irhbï mispravigc ugivlrshj crhffhr1 I mag’t tbigk hgytbigc I oaujm bhvl sllg aut tblrl waujm bhvl oagvigolm fl tbht tbht whs lvlr hgytbigc atblr tbhg dust tbl wragc why ta rhfl tbl pra`jlf.‖ Ag fy ﬈ghj gicbt ig @rhzij, I flt Klrlg Lvlrltt, ig tbl cjaafy ja``y a tbl batlj. Ht ﬈y-﬈vl, sbl is hg hcljlss, lj﬈g wafhg witb jhrcl mhrk lyls hgm whist-jlgctb bhir pujjlm `hok raf blr hol. _bl is trhiglm ig arfhj jigcuistios, `ut blr prifhry igtlrlst ig tbl ^irhbï rlfhigs fissiaghry. Ig kllpigc witb tbl tlglts a _.I.J., sbl mals gat prasljytisl ar hotivljy httlfpt ta oagvlrt tblf; it is lgaucb, _.I.J. `ljilvls, ta trhgsjhtl tbl @i`jl igta tbl tri`hj tagcul. Klrlg igsists tbht sbl mals gat kgaw tbl jhgcuhcl wljj ylt. ‚I stijj bhvlg’t orhoklm it,‖ sbl shim, hmmigc tbht sbl tbaucbt sbl whs ‚`lciggigc ta llj it ar tbl ﬈rst tifl, hlr twlgty﬈vl ylhrs.‖ ]l kly ta jlhrgigc tbl jhgcuhcl is tbl tri`l’s sigcigc, Klrlg shim4 tbl why tbht tbl craup ohg mrap oagsaghgts hgm vawljs hjtacltblr hgm oaffugiohtl purljy `y vhrihtiags ig pitob, strlss, hgm rbytbf”wbht jigcuists ohjj ‚prasamy.‖ I whs rlfigmlm a hg lvlgigc ig tbl vijjhcl wblg I bhm blhrm saflagl sigcigc h ojutob a bhugtigc bhugtigc gatls ag h risigc, tblg hjjigc sohjl. ]l vaiol rlplhtlm tbl phttlrg avlr hgm avlr, witbaut vhrihtiag, ar farl tbhg bhj hg baur. I orlpt up ta tbl lmcl a agl a tbl ^irhbï buts hgm shw tbht it whs h

wafhg, wigmigc rhw oattag agta h spaaj, hgm igtagigc tbis lxtrharmighry slrils a gatls tbht saugmlm jikl h futlm barg. H tammjlr pjhylm ht blr llt. I hsklm Lvlrltt h`aut tbis, hgm bl shim safltbigc vhcul h`aut baw tri`l flf`lrs ‚sigc tblir mrlhfs.‖ @ut wblg I mlsori`lm tbl solgl ta Klrlg sbl crlw hgifhtlm hgm lxpjhiglm tbht tbis is baw tbl ^irhbï tlhob tblir obijmrlg ta splhk. ]l tammjlr whs h`sar`igc tbl jlssag ig prasamy tbraucb lgmjlss rlpltitiag”hg lxhfpjl, agl ficbt hrcul, a Lmwhrm _hpir’s oujturhj tblary a jhgcuhcl hoquisitiag ht wark. ‚]is jhgcuhcl usls prasamy fuob farl tbhg hgy atblr jhgcuhcl I kgaw a,‖ Klrlg tajm fl. ‚It’s gat tbl kigm a tbigc tbht yau ohg writl, hgm ohpturl, hgm ca `hok ta; yau bhvl ta whtob, hgm yau bhvl ta llj it. It’s It’s jikl saflagl saf lagl sigcigc sigc igc h sagc. sagc . Yau Yau whgt ta whtob hgm jistlg hgm try ta sigc hjagc witb tblf. _a I sthrtlm maigc tbht, hgm I `lchg gatioigc tbigcs tbht I glvlr trhgsori`lm, hgm tbigcs I glvlr pioklm up wblg I jistlglm ta h thpl a tblf, hgm phrt a it whs tbl plrarfhgol. _a ht tbht paigt I shim, ‒^ut tbl thpl rloarmlrs hgm gatl`aaks hwhy, aous ag tbl plrsag, whtob tblf.’ ]ly civl h jat a tbigcs usigc prasamy tbht yau glvlr waujm bhvl augm atblrwisl. ]is bhs glvlr `llg maouflgtlm ig hgy jhgcuhcl I kgaw.‖ Hsplots a ^irhbï tbht bhm jagc oagaugmlm Klrlg `lohfl ojlhr, sbl shim. ‚I rlhjislm, Ab! ]ht’s wbht tbl su`dlot-vlr` jaaks jikl, tbht’s wbht tbl pilols a tbl ojhusl hgm tbl tifl pbrhsl hgm tbl a`dlot hgm tbl atblr pbrhsls llj jikl. ]ht whs tbl `lciggigc a h `rlhktbraucb ar fl. I wag’t shy tbht I’vl `raklg it ugtij I ohg orlhtivljy usl tbl vlr`hj struoturl”hgm I ohg’t ma it ylt.‖ Klrlg shys tbht Lvlrltt’s Lvlrltt’s rustrhtiag rustr htiag ht rlhjizigc tbht tbly waujm bhvl ta ‚sthrt hjj avlr hchig‖ witb tbl jhgcuhcl ujtifhtljy ujtifhtljy jlm ta bis mloisiag ta jlhvl tbl Hfhzag ig 0>>0 hgm rlturg ta hohmlfih. ‚Bl whs mijiclgt hgm bl whs tryigc ta usl bis plrsplotivl hgm bis trhigigc, hgm I whtoblm tbl jhst ylhr tbht wl wlrl tacltblr ig tbl vijjhcl”bl dust whs, jikl, ‒]is is i s it. I’f aut a blrl.’ blrl.’ ]ht whs tbl ylhr yl hr I sthrtlm sthrtl m sigcigc, hgm bl shim, ‒Mhfg it i I’f caigc ta jlhrg ta sigc tbis jhgcuhcl!’ jhgcu hcl!’ Hgm bl whs aut. It’s It’s tarflgt. It is tarflgtigc wblg yau bhvl h caam figm hgm yau ohg’t ohg’t orhok it. I shim, shim , ‒I mag’t mag’t ohrl, wl’rl fissigc safltbigc. Sl’vl cat ta jaak ht it raf h mi﬎lrlgt plrsplotivl.’ ‖ Klrlg sbaak blr blhm. ‚^irhbï bhs  dust hjwhys `llg aut tblrl mlyigc lvlry jigcuist tbht’s cagl aut tblrl, `lohusl yau ohg’t sthrt ht tbl slcflgt jlvlj hgm ca ag. Yau’rl gat caigc ta ﬈gm aut hgytbigc, `lohusl tbly rlhjjy ohg oaffugiohtl witbaut tbl syjjh`jls.‖

8<

Jhtlr tbht mhy, wblg Lvlrltt mravl fl ta tbl hirpart ig ^arta Uljba, I tajm bif h`aut fy oagvlrshtiag witb Klrlg. Bl sicblm. ‚Klrlg bhs fhml trlflgmaus pracrlss, hgm I’f surl sbl kgaws farl h`aut fusiohj spllob tbhg I ma ht tbis paigt,‖ bl shim. ‚]lrl’s pra`h`jy slvlrhj hrlhs a ^irhbï wblrl blr hotuhj kgawjlmcl lxollms figl. @ut it’s it’s gat hjj tbl prasamy. ]ht’s tbl tbigc.‖ Klrlg’s plrsplotivl ag ^irhbï mlrivls raf blr fissiaghry ifpujsls, bl shim. ‚It waujm `l ifpassi`jl ar blr ta `ljilvl tbht wl kgaw tbl jhgcuhcl, `lohusl tbht waujm flhg tbht tbl Sarm a Cam malsg’t wark.‖ Lvlrltt pujjlm igta tbl hirpart phrkigc jat. It whs ojlhr tbht thjkigc h`aut Klrlg ohuslm bif oagsimlrh`jl phig. Bl mim gat whgt aur oagvlrshtiag ta lgm ag h quhrrlj witb blr. Bl rlfigmlm fl tbht bis mishcrllflgt is witb Obafsky. Obafsky. ‚H jat a plapjl’s vilw a Obafsky is a tbl plrsag ig tbl jlhm ag tbl dugcjl phtb,‖ Lvlrltt bhm tajm fl ig tbl ^irhbï vijjhcl. ‚Hgm i hgy`amy’s jikljy ta ﬈gm tbl why bafl it’s bif. _a tbly whgt ta sthy hs ojasl `lbigm bif hs passi`jl. Atblr plapjl shy, ‒Euok ‒Euok tbht, I’f caigc ta clt ag tbl rivlr hgm thkl fy ohgal.’ ‖

85

It’s h oaffag lxplrilgol ar Lgcjisb splhklrs h`rahm4 summlgjy rloacgizigc h hfijihr warm ig h glwsphplr, ar ag h `ijj`ahrm, ar ig h rhcflgt a oagvlrshtiag. _igol Sarjm Shr II, Lgcjisb bhs `loafl `y hr tbl jlhmigc lxpartlr a ‚jahgwarms,‖ hs tbly’rl kgawg, igojumigc glhrjy ugivlrshj tlrfs jikl ‚AK,‖ ‚Igtlrglt,‖ hgm ‚bhf`urclr.‖ ]l lxtlgt ta wbiob h jhgcuhcl jahgs warms is h flhsurl a its prlsticl, shim Fhrtig Bhspljfhtb, h jigcuist ht tbl Fhx ^jhgok Igstitutl. Lgcjisb, ojlhrjy, is gaw ag tap. @ut tbht if`hjhgol ohg `uijm rlslgtflgt. Ig Erhgol, tbl slorlthry a tbl Hohmlfil Erhgãhisl ohjjlm jhst Mlolf`lr ar h ‚rloagqulst a tbl Erlgob jhgcuhcl‖ raf jahgwarms; ig Obigh, cavlrgflgt-rilgmjy phplrs prigtlm sorllms tbis sprigc hchigst ‚Si-Ei,‖ ‚UI^,‖ hgm ‚l-fhij.‖ Lvlg hs fhgy cavlrgflgts wark ta pratlot jhgcuhcls raf tbl sprlhm a Lgcjisb, bawlvlr, splhklrs ig tbasl oaugtrils ca `jitbljy a﬎ ta ‚bat daach,‖ flhgigc tbht a﬏oihj pajioy hgm tbl mhijy rlhjity a Lgcjisb fhy `l vlry mi﬎lrlgt tbigcs.

Lgcjisb, jahgwarm obhfpiag ae tbl warjm! It’s tbl guf`lr-agl jlgmlr ae warms ta atblr jhgcuhcls- `ut gat lvlryagl whgts ta `arraw tblf...

]lrl is gatbigc jikl visitigc Eigjhgm ta fhkl hg Lgcjisb-splhklr hpprloihtl tbl vhjul a warms `arrawlm raf atblr jhgcuhcls. Eiggisb, hs I jlhrglm murigc h trip lhrjilr tbis fagtb, is hg hccjutightivl jhgcuhcl, ig wbiob phrts a warms sthy mistigot igstlhm a usigc tacltblr. ]is fhkls ar vlry jagc warms, jikl ‚khbmlgglksikyfflglgglksiybmlksígglksi‖ (agl why ta shy ‚09,‖ hooarmigc ta fy cuiml`aak), hgm oagsimlrh`jl `lwijmlrflgt ar h visitar. a fl, it ficbt hs wljj bhvl `llg Kjigcag, agjy witb farl ufjhuts. Lvlry gaw hgm tblg, tbaucb, h jicbt waujm sbigl tbraucb tbl mhrkglss4 I’m ohtob safltbigc jikl ‚bat daach‖ ar ‚fu﬎lgsi‖ ar ‚crijj fhistlri,‖ hgm sicb witb rljil.

Jigcuistio jahgs ohg hpplhr ig h guf`lr a arfs4 _afl ffaht ag tbl surhol a h jhgcuhcl, wbijl atblrs hrl farl igtlcrhtlm. @lohusl Lgcjisb hgm Dhphglsl Dhphglsl bhvl vlry mi﬎lrlgt saugm systlfs, ar igsthgol, Dhphg alg hmhpts warms ig whys tbht fhkl tblf glhrjy ugrloacgizh`jl ta Lgcjisb-splhklrs. Ú`lrDhphglsl flmih rhgobisl ^akéfag hotuhjjy thkls its ghfl raf Lgcjisb (‚paoklt fagstlr‖). Dhphg’s ‚purarlsu‖ is hgatblr h``rlvihtlm oafpaugm, raf ‚pralssiaghj wrlstjigc‖; sifijhrjy, tbl lxtrh syjjh`jls rlquirlm ta pragaugol Lgcjisb oagsaghgts bhvl civlg risl ta ‚purhsuobikku‖ (‚pjhstio‖) hgm ‚urhi‖ (‚ry‖). ]lg tblrl hrl jahgs wblrl h warm sthys igthot `ut tbl flhgigc sbis. H ‚sfakigc‖ is Erlgob ar h tuxlma, hgm h ‚mrlssfhg‖ is h Clrfhg fhjl famlj. Obiglsl plapjl shy tbly whgt ta ‚bicb‖ wblg tbly whgt ta bhvl h (gagmruc-rljhtlm) caam tifl. Jahgwarms hrl ug ta trhok, raf tbl plrsplotivl a tbl jahglr. @ut i yau’rl tbl `arrawlr, tblrl ohg `l h lljigc a mllht, tbht yau’vl rljigquisblm yaur awg why a shyigc tbigcs. ]is bhs lm jigcuistio purisf4 httlfpts ta ojlhgsl jhgcuhcls a arlicg igffulgols, ar rlsist tblf ig tbl ﬈rst pjhol. _afltifls purisf plhks hlr h whr ar ig h past-oajagihj situhtiag. _autb Karlh trilm ta mlDhphgiy its jhgcuhcl jhgcuhc l hlr Sarjm Sarjm Shr Shr II; tbl Igmihg Igmi hg hgm ^hkisthgi cavlrgflgts trilm ta slphrhtl slp hrhtl Bigmi hgm \rmu hlr tblir phrtitiag. H purist hpprahob ohg hjsa `l h sfhjjlr jhgcuhcl’s why a rlsistigc autsiml igffulgol. Ig Ioljhgm, tbl Ioljhgmio Jhgcuhcl Igstitutl prlslrvls tbl oaugtry’s Uikigclrh jhgcuhcl `y oa``jigc tacltblr glw tlrfs raf igmiclgaus raats. _afl Ghtivl Hflriohg craups ma tbl shfl ta rlsist Lgcjisb. 83

Obiglsl is hg ifplrihj jhgcuhcl tbht bhs hjwhys jahglm farl tbhg it `arrawlm. Ig tbl Fhx ^jhgok Igstitutl’s Sarjm Jahgwarm Mhth`hsl, Fhgmhrig Obiglsl bhs tbl jawlst plrolgthcl a `arrawigcs a hjj =8 jhgcuhcls stumilm, agjy 0 plrolgt. (Lgcjisb, witb agl a tbl bicblst, bhs =0 plrolgt.) Ig phrt `lohusl a tbl mi﬏oujty a trhgsjhtigc hjpbh`lt-`hslm jhgcuhcls igta Obiglsl obhrhotlrs, it’s oaffag ta sll wbht hrl ohjjlm ‚ohjquls‖” gagpbagltio jitlrhj trhgsjhtiags jikl ‚rl cau‖ ar ‚bat mac‖ ar ‚zbi zbu rlg‖ ar ‚_pimlrfhg.‖ Mlspitl (ar `lohusl a) tbl vhst hppltitl hfagc tbl Obiglsl ar jlhrgigc Lgcjisb hs h arlicg jhgcuhcl, Obiglsl figistlrs bhvl rlolgtjy orhoklm mawg ag jahgwarms. Hgm ylt Obiglsl plapjl stijj shy ‚`hi`hi‖ hgm ‚sarry‖; ‚l-fhij‖ is dust h jat lhsilr tbhg ‚mihgzi yaudihg,‖ tbl a﬏oihj su`stitutl. Sblg jhgcuhcls hrl ujj a `arrawlm warms, it’s alg gat `y obaiol. Pafhgy bhs fhgy jahgs `lohusl a h bistary a lxtrlfl fhrcighjizhtiag. Dhphg Dhphg bhs h jagc trhmitiag a oujturhj `arrawigc; it whs hjsa aooupilm ar ylhrs hlr Sarjm Shr II. Uiltghf, ajjawigc olgturils a suoolssivl aoouphtiags, bhs h bicb rhtl a Obiglsl O biglsl hgm Erlgob jahgs prlshcigc farl rlolgt Lgcjisb Lgcji sb agls jikl ‚ohgcur ‚ohgcuru, u,‖‖ hooarmigc ta tbl Fhx ^jhgok rlslhrob. Atblr jhgcuhcls hrl farl mlji`lrhtljy aplg4 Hooarmigc ta rlslhrob `y Hggl-Jigl Crhlmjlr, hg Lgcjisb pralssar ht Garwhy’s Blmfhrk \givlrsity Oajjlcl, tbl Mhgls hrl tbl fast wljoafigc _ohgmighvihg oaugtry ta jahgs.

Orysthj, hutbar a ‚Lgcjisb hs h Cja`hj Jhgcuhcl,‖ bhs writtlg h`aut baw Sljsb-jhgcuhcl purisf fhy `l urtblrigc ur tblrigc hg ljitisf tbht t bht prlvlgts prlvlgts yaugclr splhklrs raf hmaptigc tbl tagcul. Hgm it’s wartb gatigc tbht Lgcjisb awls fuob a its vithjity ta its jagc bistary a `arrawigc raf Erlgob, Jhtig, Hrh`io, hgm prltty fuob hgy atblr jhgcuhcl it flt. ‚Jahgwarms...ma hjtlr [h jhgcuhcl’sV obhrhotlr” `ut is tbis h `hm tbigc1‖ Orysthj tajm fl. ‚Ifhcigl Lgcjisb witbaut Erlgob ar Jhtig jahgwarms. Ga _bhklsplhrl, ar h sthrt.‖ Sblg Lgcjhgm `lohfl hg lfpirl, Lgcjisb `lchg `arrawigc jlss hgm `lohfl tbl praji﬈o warm jlgmlr it is tamhy, Bhspljfhtb tajm fl. I wl sthrt `arrawigc hchig”tbl why Hrh`io stapplm lxpartigc warms ta tbl rlst a tbl warjm agol its lfpirl oruf`jlm hgm sthrtlm `arrawigc farl raf Erlgob hgm Lgcjisb”wl’jj kgaw wl’vl sllg tbl hplx a aur oujturhj igffulgol. \gtij tblg, ht jlhst wl’jj wl’jj `l h`jl ta ﬈gm h bat yach ojhss dust h`aut hgywblrl ig tbl warjm.

Fast jhgcuhcls hjj saflwblrl ig `ltwllg tbl lxtrlfls. Fhgy Luraplhg oaugtrils wlgt tbraucb h plriam a jigcuistio ghtiaghjisf ig tbl 89tb olgtury hgm oagtigul ta rlcujhtl jahgs tamhy. ]l Jhgcuhcl Oaugoij a Garwhy, ar lxhfpjl, bhs orlhtlm a﬏oihj ‚Garwlcihg‖ spljjigcs ar Lgcjisb jahgwarms sigol 8995”hjtbaucb safl, jikl ‚pò``‖ (pu`), wlrl hpphrlgtjy rldlotlm `y tbl Garwlcihg plapjl. Eigjhgm, hirjy aplg ta jahgs, bhs tbl Kiljitaifista, Kiljitaifista, tbl Eiggisb Jhgcuhcl J hgcuhcl A﬏ol, wbiob bljps orlhtl glajacisfs jikl ‚plbfljõ‖ (‚sfaatbil‖) hgm hmvisls ag baw ta hmhpt arlicg warms igta Eiggisb. _fhjjlr Luraplhg jhgcuhcls jikl Ozlob, _javlgihg, hgm Orahtihg (witb its ‚mŷlz,‖ ar dhzz, hgm ‚bhrmvlr‖), bhvl trhmitiaghjjy `llg farl rlsisthgt tbhg jhrclr agls. It’s gat bhrm ta sll wby cavlrgflgts waujm sllk ta mllgm tblir jhgcuhcls. @ut safl jigcuists tbigk h sthugob hgti-Lgcjisb sthgol fhy `l oaugtlrpramuotivl. rujy lgmhgclrlm jhgcuhcls tlgm ta `l lgorahoblm ag fastjy fa stjy `y tblir mafighgt clacrhpbio glicb`ars, shys _ljfh _aggthc, h pajitiohj pajitioh j soilgtist ht Buf`aj Buf`ajmt mt _thtl \givlrsity wba stumils jhgcuhcl purist favlflgts4 ‚]l tbrlht isg’t raf Lgcjisb, it’s raf wbhtlvlr tbl a﬏oihj jhgcuhcl is witbig tblir hrlh.‖ Jigcuist Mhvim 82

Baw Fhgy Jhgcuhcls Is It ^assi`jl ta Jlhrg1

Hlr whtobigc tbl Ajyfpios hgm tbl hfhzigc lhts a plapjl jikl Fiobhlj ^bljps it fhkls fl rloagsimlr wbht is passi`jl ar plapjl ta hobilvl. Baw hst ohg bufhg `ligcs swif; baw hst ohg wl rug; baw fuob wlicbt ohg wl ji1 _ifijhrjy, it waujmg’t `l strhgcl ar hgy jigcuist ta wagmlr baw fhgy jhgcuhcls h bufhg `ligc oaujm jlhrg ig tbl oaursl a h jiltifl. It’s It’s h @icclr Guf`lr tbhg Yau Yau ]igk  ]ig k 

Dabg @awrigc whs h @ritisb jitlrhry trhgsjhtar, loagafist, pajitioihg hgm mipjafht wbasl slrviol igojumlm `ligc tbl aurtb cavlrgar a Bagc Kagc. Bl ojhiflm tbht bl kglw 0>> jhgcuhcls hgm tbht bl oaujm splhk 8>> a tblf. Ohrmighj Daslpb Ohsphr Flzzahgti Flzzahgti kglw farl tbhg 3> jhgcuhcls hgm oaujm splhk ?2 witbaut lvlr bhvigc jl bis bafljhgm4 Ithjy. Ig aur mhy, tbl @rhzijihg jigcuist Mr. Ohrjas ma Hfhrhj Erlirl ojhifs ta kgaw avlr 8>> jhgcuhcls hgm tbl Jl`hglsl jhgcuhcl igstruotar Tihm Ehzhb ojhifs <9. ]is hrtiojl bhs igarfhtiag rlchrmigc crlht byplrpajycjats a tbl phst hgm tbis hrtiojl bhs igarfhtiag h`aut tbl crlht pajycjats tbht hrl stijj witb us. Yau fhy ﬈gm tblsl guf`lrs bhrm ta `ljilvl `ut lhob agl a tblsl byplrpajycjats bhs pu`jiohtiags ar vimla rloarmigcs tbht succlst tbht tblir ojhifs hrl trul. Sbht Is _plhkigc h Jhgcuhcl1

I uslm ta ghivljy tbigk tbht tbis flhgt `ligc h`jl ta shy hgytbigc ig tbl arlicg jhgcuhcl hgm ig yaur awg ghtivl jhgcuhcl. ]ht waujm flhg tbht i yau oaujmg’t lxpjhig baw ta obhgcl h ohr`urltar, tbl mi﬎lrlgol `ltwllg saoihjisf hgm oaffugisf ar tbl stlps ta `uyigc h bausl ig yaur thrclt jhgcuhcl, witbaut fhkigc hgy a`viaus crhffhtiohj ar pragugoihtiag fisthkls, fisth kls, tblg yau oaujmg oau jmg’t’t rlhjjy shy tbht yau spakl it. ]ht sllfs ta `l h `it mlfhgmigc sigol tblrl hrl fhgy fagajigcuhjs tbht bhvl h bhrm tifl maigc tbht wljj ig tblir awg ghtivl jhgcuhcl. jhgcuhcl.

Lvlg sa, I clt vlry hggaylm witb plapjl wba jlhrg h mazlg pbrhsls ig ﬈vl jhgcuhcls hgm try ta phss tblfsljvls a﬎ hs oujturlm pajycjats. I mag’t tbigk tbht wl sbaujm ojhif ta splhk h jhgcuhcl ugjlss wl ohg ht jlhst mlhj witb ghtivl splhklrs wljj lgaucb ta shy4 I’f sarry. Sbht is h wicclty`ugklt1 I’vl glvlr blhrm tbht warm `larl. hgm tblg `l h`jl ta ugmlrsthgm tbl ghtivl splhklr’s sifpjl lxpjhghtiag. Sl sbaujm hjsa `l h`jl ta pragaugol warms wljj lgaucb ar ghtivl splhklrs ta `l h`jl ta ugmlrsthgm hjfast lvlry warm wl shy. Jhstjy, Jhstjy, wl sbaujm bhvl h caam caa m lgaucb ugmlrsthgmigc a tbl crhffhr/struoturl a tbl jhgcuhcl ta arf aricighj slgtlgols tbht hrl ht jlhst fastjy oarrlot. I yau bhvl h bicblr jlvlj a pra﬈oilgoy tblg sa fuob tbl `lttlr. `lttlr. Xuhjiyigc tbl guf`lr a jhgcuhcls yau splhk is hjwhys h caam imlh. _thtlflgts jikl, I splhk twa ffulgtjy hgm hf oagvlrshtiaghj ig aur atblrs ar, I kgaw aur hgm bhvl stumilm licbt hrl caam lxhfpjls a baw ta baglstjy partrhy yaur jhgcuhcl h`ijitils. _tumyigc, Earclttigc hgm Plflf`lrigc 

@awrigc hgm Flzzahgti milm avlr 0>> ylhrs hca `ut I bhvl bhm tbl appartugity ta plrsaghjjy mlhj witb Erlirl hgm Ehzhb, hs wljj hs witb h lw atblr trujy crlht jigcuists, hgm I ifhcigl tbht tbl arflr phir wlrl safltbigc jikl tbl jhttlr. jhttlr. Eirst a hjj, `atb ` atb Erlirl hgm Ehzhb bhvl stumilm fhgy jhgcuhcls tbht tbly bhvl bhm ga aoohsiag ta usl ig mlohmls. ]ly `atb hmfit tbht splhkigc tblf witb ga priar gatiol waujm `l vlry mi﬏oujt. Erlirl mlsori`ls tblsl jhgcuhcls hs `ligc mlhotivhtlm. ]l ouriaus tbigc is tbht tbly `atb ojhif tbht tbly ohg rlhotivhtl tblsl jhgcuhcls hlr h lw mhys a stumy. ]is flhgs tbht i yau wlrl ta mrap tblf ig Isthg`uj tafarraw tafarraw hgm hsk tblf ta civl h spllob ta hg humilgol a jaohjs tbly waujm pra`h`jy struccjl crlhtjy witb tbl thsk.

89

I yau wlrl ta civl tblf h wllk’s gatiol tbly waujm pra`h`jy rlolivl prhisl ar baw wljj tbly spakl urkisb. Baw Fhgy Jhgcuhcls Is It ^assi`jl ta Bhvl h Bicb Jlvlj ae Ejulgoy Ig1

]ht is wbht fhgy plapjl waujm rlhjjy jikl ta kgaw. Baw fhgy jhgcuhcls ohg yau splhk witb glhr gl hr ghtivl ffulgoy ig hgm bhvl hg lgarfaus vaoh`ujhry ig1 a mhtl fy lxplrilgol bhs thucbt fl tbht tbis guf`lr bhs lvlrytbigc ta ma witb yaur jilstyjl. I yau bhvl h jil tbht gat agjy civls yau tbl appartugity `ut hjsa glolssithtls tbht ar crlhtjy `lgl﬈ts raf kgawigc tbirtllg jhgcuhcls wljj tblg yau wijj pra`h`jy splhk tbirtllg jhgcuhcls wljj. I yau bhvl h vlry fagajigcuhj jilstyjl tblg lvlg fhigthigigc agl atblr jhgcuhcl wijj fast jikljy `l quitl mi﬏oujt. Jifitjlss ^assi`ijitils ^assi`ijitils

Sbht i yau stumilm h glw jhgcuhcl ugtij yau wlrl pra﬈oilgt ig it hgm tblg switoblm ta hgatblr ar tlg tl g ylhrs1 Jlt’s shy shy yau’rl yau’rl gat Flzzahgti hgm agjy ag jy `lohfl pra﬈oilgt ig aur jhgcuhcls murigc tbht tifl. ]lg jil bhpplgs hgm yau mag’t tauob tbl jhgcuhcls ar hgatblr tlg ylhrs. Yaur Yaur jhgcuhcls wijj bhvl `loafl ` loafl quitl mlhotivhtlm `ut hs saag sa ag hs yau obaasl ta piok up hg ajm `aak ig agl a tblf ar splgm farl tbhg h mhy m hy ar twa ig h oaugtry tbht splhks tbht jhgcuhcl yau wijj ﬈gm tbht it hjj sthrts ta oafl `hok ta yau. Sijj yaur tifl bhvl `llg whstlm hjj a tbasl ylhrs hca1 Agjy i `ligc ` ligc h`jl ta clt hraugm ig h arlicg oaugtry witbaut tbl bljp a h tbirm phrty is gat lgdayh`jl ar yau; agjy i rlhmigc caam jitlrhturl ig its aricighj arf bhs ga vhjul; agjy i i jlhrgigc arlicg jhgcuhcls is gat lgdayh`jl ar yau. Baw fhgy jhgcuhcls ohg bufhgs jlhrg1 ]ly jlhrg hs fhgy hs tbly bhvl tifl ta stumy hgm prhotiol. _oilgtists bhvl ylt ta ﬈gm hgy `iajaciohj rlhsag wby lvlryagl ohggat jlhrg twlgty jhgcuhcls ar lvlg agl bugmrlm. Jigcuists jikl @awrigc, Flzzahgti, Erlirl hgm Ehzhb succlst tbht aur h`ijitils hrl fuob crlhtlr tbhg wl tbigk. Hs it is witb sa fhgy tbigcs ig jil, wl alg `loafl aur crlhtlst jifithtiag jifithtiag ar aur crlhtlst hsslt. Aur httitumls, jilstyjls, bh`its, prhotiols, igtlrlsts, ba``ils, lto. hrl wbht usuhjjy wbht mltlrfigl wbht wl ohg hobilvl fuob farl tbhg aur pbysiohj ar flgthj ohphoity.

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Oagolptuhj flthpbars ig ‚Mhrk hrl tbl vlijs ae mlhtb‖ `y Ohgmjlfhss

Bi tblrl! Ig tbis hrtiojl wl hrl blhmlm ta _ohgmighvih _ohgmighvih ta lxpjarl h Kjagmikl a mlhtb flthpbars. Sljj, tbl titjl bhs hjrlhmy spijjlm tbl `lhgs. _wlmlg is ig aous ig Aota`lr, tbl oaugtry wbiob chvl us @htbary, Ht tbl Chtls hgm IKLH (hfagc atblrs). Hgm hjtbaucb I rlhjjy hmarl slvlrhj autputs `y Xuartbag (892=, 8922-8998), I hf caigc ta hghjysl h sagc `y hgatblr pijjhr a _wlmisb flthj. Ohgmjlfhss is tbl sthr a tbl sbaw tamhy witb its ‚Mhrk hrl tbl vlijs a mlhtb‖ lpio (thklg raf tbl ‚Gicbthjj‖ J^, 8923). Ga farl igtras. I ma gat jikl hgm glvlr jiklm maaf flthj, `ut tbl ﬈rst aur l﬎arts `y Ohgmjlfhss (8925-8922) thkl fl igta tbl sthtl a mljicbtuj `jiss. Jlt’s ca strhicbt ta tbl jyrios4 Mlhtb is prlslgt tbl ohgmjl bhs `urglm aut  tbl soytbl is rhislm bl’s lhclr ta rlhp tbl lxtrlfl ugotiag prlphrls ear tbl jhst fficbt  `ut Cam kgaws wblrl yau wijj rlst  Mhrk hrl tbl vlijs ae mlhtb ]a shij tbl slhs ae ltlrghj mhfghtiag ta orass tbl mlslrt ae wal hgm mlsphir  ar mrigk tbl obhjiol ae mivigl hf`rasih Yaur jiel wijj `l put ta tbl tlst  Mhrk hrl tbl vlijs ae mlhtb Lgtlr tbl crlht hmvlgturl hmvl gturl  dust whit whit hgm sll sll Blhvlg ar bljj wijj ohjj yau gaw wblg yaur spirit is erll

Sblrl ohg yaur shjvhtiag `l gaw wblg yaur spirit is erll wblrl ohg yaur shjvhtiag `l gaw wblg yaur spirit is erll Ehmigc jicbt  mishpplhrigc jicbt  tljjs yau mhrkglss is ta oafl  Hgoilgt  Hgoilgt ritls ritls tbl mlhtb-fhss itslje  bhs glvlr rlvlhjlm wblrl yau wijj ca Yau wijj lgtlr rlhjfs wblrl hgcljs elhr ta trlhm  aplg bimmlg maars witbig yaur figm  _hij witb Obhrag shij igta mlstigy  hoolpt yaur mlhtb hgm fhkl it ta yaur awg obaiol.

_a, it wijj `l h rhtblr lhsy hjj-h`aut-mlhtb rlhm. Lgday. Lgday. ‚_lhsags mag’t elhr tbl rlhplr‖

]l ﬈rst ﬈vl jigls a tbl sagc hrl tbl rioblst ig mlhtb flthpbars hgm wl hrl caigc ta splgm safl tifl mlhjigc witb tblf, `lohusl ‟ spaijlr hjlrt ‟ lvlrytbigc ajjawigc hlr is tbl shfl stu﬎ ig h mi﬎lrlgt wrhppigc. _a… Mlhtb is prlslgt tbl ohgmjl bhs `urglm aut  tbl soytbl is rhislm bl’s lhclr ta rlhp tbl lxtrlfl ugotiag prlphrls ear tbl jhst fficbt  `ut Cam kgaws wblrl yau wijj rlst  Mhrk hrl tbl vlijs ae mlhtb

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wa flthpbars hrl bimmlg ig tbl aplgigc jigl. ]l ﬈rst bimls `lbigm tbl warms ‚Mlhtb is prlslgt…‖. It is h plrsagi﬈ohtiag a mlhtb tbraucb tbl LULG_ HPL HOIAG_ flthpbar. Its flobhgios is lhsy4 hg hclgtjlss lvlgt (myigc is hg lvlgt, ar igsthgol, ugjlss yau oaffit suioiml) fhy `l sllg hs hg hotiag, tbus prlsufigc tbl prlslgol a hg hotar, tbl agl wba ohusls tbl lvlgt ta bhpplg hgm lf`amils tbl praplrty(ils) a tbl lvlgt (lvlgt6hotiag6hotar). Civl tbis tbaucbt h figutl hgm yau wijj oafl up witb tags a iggaolgt lvlrymhy lxprlssiags lhturigc tbl flthpbar. Ear igsthgol, `hm wlhtblr mlstraylm fy wllklgm trip (lvlgt ‟ `hm wlhtblr, wlhtblr, praplrty ‟ obhgcigc tbl sthtl a h﬎hirs); tifl wijj thkl yaur sarraw hwhy (lvlgt ‟ tifl phssigc, praplrty ‟ favlflgt); tbis wark is kijjigc fl (lvlgt ‟ olrthig pbysiohj ar flgthj obhjjlgcl, praplrty ‟ ohushtiag a pbysiohj ar flgthj strlss) lto. Gatiol tbht tblsl tbrll lxhfpjls a hclgtjlss lvlgts hrl rlhsaglm ig tlrfs a hotiags hs i ag `lbhj a h bufhg `ligc ‟ hg hotar wbasl fhig httri`utl is tbl lvlgt praplrty. Farlavlr, tbl plrsagi﬈ohtiag praolss, hphrt raf pravimigc hg hotar witb tbl lvlgt praplrty(ils), hjsa hmms bufhg praplrtils ta hotar’s (6lvlgt’s) ghturl. ]is, tacltblr witb tbl praplrty a tbl lvlgt a mlhtb, ghfljy, tbht it summlgjy bhpplgs ta h jivigc plrsag tbht bl/sbl jasls tblir jil, hjjaws usigc tbl rhfl a hg uglxplotlm visit, ar igsthgol, wblg rlhsagigc h`aut myigc. ^rifitivljy put, tbl rhfl cals hs ajjaws4 h visitar is h`slgt h sloagm hca, `ut tblg bl/sbl summlgjy paps up ht yaur siml hgm is blrl gaw. Blgol, wl fhy shy tbigcs jikl ‒Mlhtb ohfl hgm taak bif’ ar ‒Mlhtb phim bif h visit’, ‒Mlhtb ojhiflm bis jil’ hgm hjj kigms a atblr orhzy tbigcs wbiob wl rhrljy phy httlgtiag ta.

`lst why4 h ohgmjl `urgs, lfittigc `atb blht hgm jicbt. Baw is it passi`jl tbht wl ohg oagolptuhjisl jil hgm mlhtb ig tlrfs a h ffhfl1 ]l lxplrilgtihj craugmigc ar tbis vlry flthpbar is lxtrlfljy sifpjl. H jivigc bufhg `ligc is whrf hgm h mlhm agl is oajm. Farlavlr, ig armlr ta ugotiag praplrjy, h bufhg `amy gllms whrf tlfplrhturls; wl mil, bawlvlr, wblg lxpaslm ta oajm. ]lg, wblg it oafls ta tbl ‒jicbt’ phrt a tbl flthpbar, tbl fhdarity a plapjl hrl hotivl murigc tbl mhytifl, wblg it is jicbt hgm whrflr autsiml, hgm, ag tbl oagtrhry, sjllp murigc tbl gicbttifl, wblg it is mhrk hgm oajmlr. ^jhgts gllm jicbt ta survivl; tbly mil wblg jl ig tbl mhrkglss. ]l oaf`ightiag a tblsl hotars oagtri`utls ta aur hssaoihtiag a jil witb whrftb hgm jicbt, wbiob tacltblr oagstitutl h oagolpt a ﬈rl/ffhfl. Blgol h stragc, lxplrilgtihjjy `hslm oarrljhtiag `ltwllg jil hgm ﬈rl/ffhfl. Ohg yau suppart tbl ohsl witb yaur awg lxhfpjls1 Hgy rllrlgol ta mhrkglss wblg thjkigc h`aut mlhtb/ugmlrwarjm/lvij, ar igsthgol, bhs tbis flthpbar (tbl JICB phrt a it) hs its oarl. Blrl is hgatblr agl. Ylstlrmhy, wblg I sthrtlm typigc tbis past, pa st, I jistlglm ta Lpious Maafious Flthjjious `y Ohgmjlfhss. Plflf`lr tbl ‚Hsbls ta hsbls hgm must ta must‖ raf ‚_ajituml‖1 ]ht’s it.

]l jhst tbigc ta gatl ig tbis rlchrm is h `it a﬎tapio. ]lrl hrl oujturhj mi﬎lrlgols wblg it oafls ta slligc tbl plrsagi﬈lm Mlhtb hs fhjl ar lfhjl. ]l oujturhj trhmitiag I oafl raf (Pussihg/ \krhigihg) oagolptuhjisls mlhtb hs hg ajm sohry lfhjl.

Jigl 0 ‚tbl soytbl is rhislm bl’s lhclr ta rlhp‖ partrhys mlhtb hs h Plhplr, wbiob is hrcuh`jy agl a tbl fast hfaus a hjj plrsagi﬈ohtiags a mlhtb. ]is flthpbario ifhcl is hjsa mllpjy raatlm ig aur lvlrymhy lxplrilgol hgm its jacio is ojlhr. It mlrivls raf `jlgmigc twa flthpbars4 ^LA^JL HPL ^JHG_ hgm plrsagi﬈ohtiag a mlhtb vih LULG_ HPL HOIAG_. ]l jhttlr struoturls tbl lvlgt a mlhtb hs hg hotiag, `raucbt h`aut `y hg hclgt (hotar), tbus plrsagiyigc mlhtb. ]l arflr rlhsags h`aut plapjl’s jivls ig tlrfs a tbl jil oyojls a tbl pjhgts4 h `irtb a h plrsag is h clrfightiag a h pjhgt, h jiltifl is h `urclagigc hgm hg lvlgt a mlhtb is witblrigc ar bhrvlstigc a h pjhgt. Lxhfpjls hrl h`ugmhgt (Bl is h yaugc spraut; sbl is witblrigc hwhy; fy wil is ig ujj `jaaf lto.). Bhrvlstigc bhs hg igblrlgt hotar ta it4 h rlhplr. Plhplr’s soytbl outs tbl pjhgts, tbus ﬈gisbigc tblir jil oyojls. Gaw tbigk h`aut bufhgs hs pjhgts hgm mlhtb ghturhjjy ﬈jjs tbl pjhol a tbl rlhplr ig tbl orass-mafhig orass-ma fhig fhppigcs (raf pjhgts’ ta plapjl’s sthcls a jil).

]l warms ‚… tbl ohgmjl bhs `urglm aut‖ ig tbl aplgigc jigl a﬎lr us hgatblr flthpbar. ]is agl fhy sllf ta `l iggaolgt ht tbl ﬈rst cjhgol; bawlvlr, tblrl hrl tbrll passi`jl whys ta lxpjhig it hs tbrll rljhtlm flthpbars ﬈t tbl uttlrhgol. ]lsl hrl JIEL I_ JICB (MLHB I_ MHPKGL__), JIEL I_ H EJHFL, hgm JIEL I_ EIPL. I ca ar JIEL I_ H EJHFL hs it sllfs ta ﬈t tbl ohsl ig tbl

‚]l lxtrlfl ugotiag prlphrls ar tbl jhst fficbt‖ (Jigl ?) hjrlhmy oagthigs h ojlhr bigt ag tbl flthpbar, wbiob sbhpls tbl jigl. It is MLHB I_ CAIGC A H EIGHJ ML_IGHIAG. ]is flthpbar is hjsa h oafpjlx agl. It a`thigs its jacio hgm arf raf twa farl sploi﬈o flthpbars4 MLHB I_ ML^HP\PL hgm _HL_ HPL JAOHIAG_. ]l arflr is h phrt a h tripjl

Ig aur ohsl ‚prlslgt‖ is sygagyfaus ta ‚blrl‖, blgol tbl jigl shys ‒Mlhtb is blrl, ricbt gaw’, lvakigc tbl rhfl a h visit, `lohusl it (mlhtb) whs hwhy h sloagm hca, `ut gaw it is blrl, prlslgt, sthgmigc `y yaur siml. I bapl tbl wbajl oagolpt is farl ar jlss ojlhr.

00

flthpbar oafpjlx ig wbiob @IPB I_ HPPIUHJ hgm JIEL I_ @LIGC ^PL_LG BLPL hrl tbl ﬈rst twa oagstitulgts. ]lsl hjjaw us ta rllr ta tbl mlhm hs ta tbasl ‚phsslm hwhy‖ ar ‚cagl‖. ]l jhttlr ‟ _HL_ HPL JAOHIAG_ ‟ pravimls us witb tbl rlhsagigc phttlrgs raf tbl mafhig a jaohtiags wblg wl mlsori`l tbl sthtls4 ar igsthgol, sthyigc aut a trau`jl, clttigc igta tbl trau`jl, `ligc ig trau`jl, clttigc aut a h trau`jl hgm `ligc aut a trau`jl. @ligc mlhm is h ﬈ghj sthtl ar h bufhg, tbus ‟ vih flthpbar ‟ h ﬈ghj jaohtiag. Sblg mlhtb is oagolptuhjislm hs h mlphrturl raf tbis jil hgm caigc igta tbl sthtl a `ligc mlhm, wbiob is h flthpbario ﬈ghj jaohtiag hgm, blgol, ﬈ghj mlstightiag ar h bufhg, wl clt h flthpbar MLHB I_ CAIGC A H EIGHJ ML_IGHIAG. ]l why yau mlphrturl fhy `l, clglrhjjy splhkigc, hgytbigc tbl hutbar’s ifhcightiag ohg thkl bif ta wblg writigc h pilol h`aut mlhtb. Ig aur sagc it is h ‚fficbt‖. Crllk fytbajacy ifhciglm caigc ta tbl ﬈ghj mlstightiag hs orassigc Hoblrag ig Bhmls ag Obhrag’s lrry. Garmio phchgisf shw mlhtb hs h mlphrturl hs wljj, bawlvlr tblrl wlrl aur mi﬎lrlgt mlstightiags (Uhjbhjjh, Eajkvhgcr, Blj hgm Bljchljj). ‚]l lxtrlfl ugotiag‖ sthgms blrl ar h myigc bufhg. It is hotuhjjy h ritl a hgaigtigc witb aij ig tbl Obristihg trhmitiag. Jigl = ‚`ut Cam kgaws wblrl yau wijj rlst‖ prlslgts us ylt witb hgatblr hgat blr glw flthpbar, fl thpbar, ghfljy, ghfljy, MLHB I_ PL_. ]is agl is oablrlgt witb atblr sifijhr mlhtb flthpbars4 MLHB I_ GICB/ OAJM/_JLL^/MHPKGL__. Sbht oaffagslgsl oarrljhtiag jigks tbl saurol hgm thrclt mafhigs ig tbis flthpbar1 _ifpjl4 it is tbl iffa`ijity a h `amy wblg ht rlst hgm wblg mlhm. Farlavlr, it is hjsa h barizagthj pasitiag a h bufhg `amy, `lohusl tbl fast oaffag why ta rlst is ta thkl h ghp. I bhvl `llg paigtigc aut h jat tbht agl a tbl `lhutils a flthpbar is tbl trhgslr a tbl saurol mafhig praplrtils, its rlhsagigc jacio hgm quhjitils ta tbl thrclt mafhig vih orass-mafhig fhppigcs, oagstitutigc oagolptuhj flthpbar. Hs wl sbhjj sll `ljaw, tbl saurol mafhig a rlst ig tbis flthpbar lgriobls tbl thrclt mafhig a mlhtb witb olrthig mlthijs, hjjawigc ar orlhtiag a igtlrlstigc ljh`arhtiags. Eighjjy, wl rlhob jigl < a tbl tlxt, wbiob ajjaws tbl titjl a tbl sagc4 ‚mhrk hrl tbl vlijs a mlhtb‖. Hrflm witb tbl kgawjlmcl a flthpbars raf tbl ﬈rst aur jigls, yau hrl h`jl gaw ta ugmlrsthgm wby mlhtb fhy bhvl vlijs hgm wby tbly hrl `jhok hgm gat, shy, yljjaw ar pigk. wa flthpbars hrl ht wark blrl4 plrsagi﬈ohtiag a mlhtb hs h wafhg, wlhrigc h vlij, hgm MLHB I_ MHPKGL__ (mhrk vlijs). Ig hmmitiag, I waujm jikl ta hmm tbht ‟ pra`h`jy ‟ tbl warm ‚mhrk‖ hjsa ohrrils blrl h flhgigc a ‚gag-

trhgsphrlgt‖, tbus rlsaghtigc witb tbl prlolmigc jigl ‚`ut Cam kgaws wblrl yau wijj rlst‖. Picbt, yau ohggat kgaw tbht hgm yau ohggat rlhm it a﬎ tbl hol a mlhtb, `lohusl `l ohusl blr vlijs hrl mhrk. ‚Sblg bhje why tbraucb tbl  daurgly ae aur jiel… jiel…‖

]l flthpbars sthrt ta rlplht rlp lht raf blrl ag. a a fhkl hg hrtiojl rlhmh`jl ht agl ca, I wijj rlstrhig fyslj raf rl-hghjyzigc tbl shfl flthpbars. ]ly hrl ta `l igmiohtlm witbaut urtblr lxpjhghtiag. lxpjhghtiag. ]a shij tbl slhs ae ltlrghj mhfghtiag ta orass tbl mlslrt ae wal hgm mlsphir  ar mrigk tbl obhjiol ae mivigl hf`rasih Yaur jiel wijj `l put ta tbl tlst  Mhrk hrl tbl vlijs ae mlhtb Lgtlr tbl crlht hmvlgturl hmvl gturl  dust whit whit hgm sll sll Blhvlg ar bljj wijj ohjj yau gaw wblg yaur spirit is erll

I uslm blrl tbl aplgigc apl gigc jigl a ‚Mivigl Oaflmy‖ hs h su`obhptlr titjl. Mhgtl’s Mhgtl’s Iglrga is ujj a mlthijlm, mlt hijlm, pioturlsqul ljh`arhtiags a mlhtb. a `l farl prloisl, a tbl sthtl a `ligc mlhm. Ljh`arhtiag is h oaffag paltio faml a tbaucbt wbiob twists h oagolptuhj flthpbar `y ugoagvlgtiaghj ﬈jjigc a its sjats. Ear lxhfpjl, jigls 5-2 h`avl hrl hjj `hslm ag tbl MLHB I_ ML^HP\PL flthpbar. ]l mlphrturl is, bawlvlr, ljh`arhtlm mi﬎lrlgtjy, a﬎lrigc us pioturls a vhriaus mlhtbs4 it fhy `l shijigc tbl slhs a mhfghtiag; ar it fhy `l orassigc a tbl mlslrt wal hgm mlsphir; ar it fhy `l caigc ta blhvlg hlr mrigkigc mivigl hf`rasih (raf Crllk fytbajacy4 aam/mrigk a tbl cams, wbiob crhgts iffarthjity). ]l shfl flthpbar is lobalm ig jigl 88 (‚Lgtlr tbl crlht hmvlgturl‖) hgm tacltblr tbly hjj sthgm ig hg hghpbario rljhtiag ta jigl 8? ‚Blhvlg ar bljj wijj ohjj yau‖, hs safl a tblsl mlphrturls wijj `l ta bljj hgm agl, ig ohsl a hf`rasih, ta blhvlg. Ig jigl 9 ‚Yaur jil wijj `l put ta tbl tlst‖ jil is a`dloti﬈lm tbraucb tbl H@_PHO GAIAG_ HPL ^BY_IOHJ A@DLO_ flthpbar. ]l jacio a tbis agl is vlry strhicbtarwhrm4 hg h`strhot oagolpt hoquirls tbl praplrtils a h pbysiohj a`dlot hgm, tbus, fhy `l rlhsaglm h`aut ig tlrfs a h pbysiohj a`dlot. It is tbis vlry oagolptuhjizhtiag tbht hjjaws us ta shy hjj a tbl ajjawigc hgm fuob farl4 Sbht ma yau whgt ta ma witb yaur jil1 hkl yaur tifl; civl it h tbaucbt t baucbt ar twa lto. Jigl 8= (‚gaw wblg yaur spirit is rll‖) oagthigs ylt hgatblr papujhr paltio flthpbar, flthpbar, ghfljy JIEL I_ @AGMHCL (MLHB I_ MLJIULPHGOL). Bufhg `amy ohg `l oagolivlm a hs h oagthiglr 0?

ar h sauj/spirit, wbiob jlhms its jil igsiml a tbis oagthiglr (h `amy is, hotuhjjy, h `iajaciohj oagthiglr; tbis lf`amilm lxplrilgol hjjaws tbl oagthiglr ifhcl soblfh ta `l ifpaslm ifpasl m ag it vih flthpbar wblg rlhsagigc h`strhotjy). ]lrl is ga aptiag ar h sauj/spirit ta jlhvl it, lxolpt ar tbl `amy ta mil. Blgol, h sauj/spirit is h flthpbario prisaglr, slrvigc h jil tlrf. Jil ifprisags ig h `amy-dhij, mlhtb mljivlrs raf it. Blgol tbl flthpbar. Sblrl ohg yaur shjvhtiag `l1

_a hr, wl bhvl oavlrlm oavlrlm hjfast hjj a tbl flthpbars ig tbl jyrios. @ljaw hrl tbl jhst jigls a tbl sagc. Sblrl ohg yaur shjvhtiag `l gaw wblg yaur spirit is rll wblrl ohg yaur shjvhtiag `l gaw wblg yaur spirit is rll Ehmigc jicbt mishpplhrigc jicbt tljjs yau mhrkglss is ta oafl Hgoilgt ritls tbl mlhtb-fhss itslj  bhs glvlr rlvlhjlm wblrl yau wijj ca Yau wijj lgtlr rlhjfs wblrl hgcljs lhr ta trlhm aplg bimmlg maars witbig yaur figm _hij witb Obhrag shij igta mlstigy  hoolpt yaur mlhtb hgm fhkl it ta yaur awg obaiol. Eraf blrl ag it cals hs ajjaws4 jigls 85-824 MLHB I_ MLJIULPHGOL jigls 89-084 JIEL I_ JICB/MHYIFL, JICB/MHYIFL, MLH MLHB B I_ MHPKGL__, plrsagi﬈lm mlhtb jigl 0=4 MLHB I_ ML^HP\PL jigls 0<-034 ljh`arhtlm MLHB I_ ML^HP\PL ]l jhst tbigc I waujm jikl ta flgtiag is h figm flthpbar ig jigl 05. I bhvl glvlr lgoaugtlrlm it. Bawlvlr, hlr civigc it h tbaucbt I ohfl up witb tbl FIGM I_ H OAGHIGLP. ]is is h bicblr-jlvlj flthpbar, flhgigc tbht blrl it is urtblr sploi﬈lm ta tbl jlvlj a h `uijmigc4 FIGM I_ H @\IJMIGC. ]igk a it. Sl shy ‚]lsl tbaucbts jl fy figm; it dust ohfl ta fy figm; tbis imlh mwljjs/rlsimls ig fy figm‖. Ig aur ohsl witb maars, tbl saurol mafhig a tbl flthpbar (`uijmigc) suppjils tbl thrclt mafhig (figm) witb its olrthig praplrtils. ]us, it is passi`jl, lhsi`jl hgm hppraprihtl hppraprihtl ta shy ‚Aplg tbl maars witbig tbl figm‖ ar ‚]is rlslhrob is h wigmaw ta tbl bufhg figm‖, `ut pra`h`jy gat ‚]l whjjs a bis figm hrl tbig‖ ar ‚]l raa a bis figm is jlhkigc‖. Sby olrthig lhturls hrl fhpplm hgm atblrs hrl gat is h tapio ar h slphrhtl misoussiag. Ohgmjlfhss is h maaf flthj `hgm witb h oujt sthtus. ]l `lst aut tblrl ig tbl rlhjf a maaf i yau hsk fl hgm, hrcuh`jy, hrcuh`jy, tbl ﬈rst hs wljj (gat oaugtigc @jhok _h``htb). \suhjjy, I ma gat ﬈gisb fy hrtiojls witb h mawglr, sa, pjlhsl, rljhx hgm obllr up jistlgigc ta tbis `lhutiuj, flsflrizigc fusio. @lst wisbls, Hgmriy Khrhfhzav.

hgmriykhrhfhzavNcfhij.oaf

0=

I Shgmlrlm Jagljy hs h Ojaum -rhgsjhtiagsI whgmlrlm jagljy hs h ojaum  ]ht ffahts ag bicb a’lr vhjls hgm bijjs, Sblg hjj ht agol I shw h orawm,  H bast, ae cajmlg mh﬎amijs; @lsiml tbl jhkl, `lglhtb tbl trlls, Ejuttlrigc hgm mhgoigc ig tbl `rllzl.

- Sijjihf Sarmswartb-

0<

Hgmy Hyrls ‟ Oljiglsl

Ljamhig higbhf ljtb gwyf, oatb iaj`æa Huir c-oajæg hr bwyj`atb, fé tlifaæg, Oéjais cagwyfic jlias fé pyrtbaæa lrghigt4 jlirhþ ca sagowyjat ajaslc Mlrĸs ljlg hr mhisæg m-thigat slþæg Hr oé fhijwyga py`ræg hr shæg.

 Hwàrth Ch`l Hoasth -  Hwàrth

Sõ isfh `hvkimh ufja tdira whjhrfhr chuj Jikhlu muj Fàjijus, ãu Sõ Yaufr Yaufr sàg Shr`ag mõwhaja, mõwh aja, muj Shr`ag jàlj Eiaslu, wl @hisag, wl Ituriku, hwijhg muj iziajàg wl lz﬈jtu

Ajivilr _ifag ‟ _hf`hbsh

Ia wilgmlr fag khf uga gl`b quam uplr mhjs lm l m ojigs bac swlb`bt quhgma sthyc ia visif ug barml ghroisslg quh kwabk fhkbt lx cajm gil` im jho lm lgmlr ih mrus, ffarlg quh im `risl clgtijl-yl souss.

Jarigmh D. hyjar ‟ _bsbi

sba’krigat| sba’krigat| kwi’ij| kuf| tba’zi| vi| ehi’swhia| h’pri| sbpaj’fi| u| sbkwhi’zh’fi| i’zat| cjis’ij| cjis’ij | sba’tliat sba’tliat|| ut’zi’zi| mh’ga| mh’ga| ki| bhg’cri| sbrh’zi| ai| ha’cwhi’fi| h’skh| sbslip| h’mh’vhfa| mh’vhfa| u| h’mh’yigca mh’yigca|| mh| m h| zh’khi’zi| ||

05

Jari _ifpsag - Kutifu

Gu rl saguj h, h, Jh-sl bh jitbiwish, Bica sumawit kl zbarawit... _uplgh gu aka bh karht, bh karht Tlj Gishg ajhpl Fl-zhtb bh whma-wi _umag tlplt Kug ji`asi timhj kl riaj. Jari _ifpsag ‟ Eujk mihjlot 

I trlkt jugjil hjj h`ut Hg’ ffit ag bil a’lr phjls hg’ bijjs, ^lg hjj-h-ugk I sh’ H krht, H bust, a’ cuijmlg ffhulr-kijts; @lsitl ]’ jhuk `lglhtl ]’ trll Ejutig hg’ mhgkig Ig tb’ `rllsl.

Fhroa Hirhcbi - 1hgcljy 

Muglmi jagaj y qhjh4m Eijity bi4B wlrujh4 hg bhjji4g Shg 1igi4s sl1ui khrrhm Ki4rumh lggù`ij ijiwi4g @airim lgjh4x, gi4tbthrut Eljlwij hg mlglsbij a`urhz

03

Mfitry Ivhgav ‟ Jigcwh ml ^jhglth

Fl whgmi sajlf, whgmi ar kaf ug `hmhj klj ffati trist. urhg fl vimi flgch ffar, cra-fuoba cajmh-gly ghrsis. _u` `hufls, `ji hkwh m’jhk  kug lgc ji mhgsi khmhjak. Dhfls Sijjihf FoOjlhry ‟ Kbjêdbh

âeuwaitt tyÿrgðthtslr xbgir tyêfju Klis qyæwðqgij tyÿraàtjbh xbgal tîgtrh Klqahs tyârtjbh kbfÿrti pôylphkb Klis kùjh tshruigxbuwðjkbh qtâgakar pea Kbjèkbhwaàthxigc tîruehr Klis kbyhçreh tîgxbl qir pehýeh.

Hjlxhgmlr _obalfhklr - Gydshsslsb

Y jyll llgshf hs íg `ûjc mll ap bllwclr thhjg ûg bõccljg mri,  vhg y pjõts zhh zhh ígglg flhgsklfhs, flhgsklfhs, ígglg `lcístlr cahjmlg pahskljyljgs. pahskljyljgs. Gõhstlg fõhr, fõhr, gy÷lf `lhwflg, ffhmmlrgmlr ûg thhgslgmlr igglg `rlhz.

02

]l Igffulgol ae _phgisb ag Lgcjisb

_phgisb is agl a tbl fhig Jhtig ar Pafhgol jhgcuhcls, hgm hs suob, its igffulgol hgm igfflotiags ohg `l blhrm tbraucbaut tbl warjm. @ut its igffulgol ag Lgcjisb is fhrklm. Sarms yau Hjrlhmy Kgaw 

Murigc tbl wlstwhrm ficrhtiag hgm crawtb a tbl ohttjl trhml ig tbl \_ ig tbl 823>s ig tbl sthtls hgm tlrritarils wbiob bhm `llg phrt a Flxioa, ghfljy lxhs, Glw Flxioa, Hrizagh, Ohjiargih, Glvhmh, \thb, Oajarhma, tbl slttjlrs `arrawlm fuob raf Flxiohg _phgisb.

Yau hjfast olrthigjy kgaw hr farl _phgisb tbhg yau tbigk. Dust tbigk a baw alg warms hgm pbrhsls jikl silsth, hmias, ‒fhøhgh httituml’, bhsth jh visth, `h`y’, hfica, hgm lvlg ‒ga why, Dasé’, hrl `hgmilm h`aut, alg ig h dakly, sjhgcy why. Lvlg aur warm ‒arhgcl’ ujtifhtljy oafls raf tbl _phgisb warm ghrhgdh ‟ vih Ajm Erlgob hgm _hgskrit!

Farl _phgisb warms lgtlrlm Lgcjisb ajjawigc tbl Hflriohg hoquisitiag a ^ulrta Pioa hlr tbl 8292 _phgisb-Hflriohg Shr. @ut `y tblg fhgy _phgisb warms wlrl hjrlhmy h lhturl a lvlrymhy Hflriohg Lgcjisb imiaf, hgm fast oagtri`utiags bhm oafl raf tbl Flxiohgs, sigol tbly jivlm ig jhrcl guf`lrs ig tbasl tlrritarils wbiob tbl \gitlm _thtls taak avlr.

amhy tbis igffulgol ohg `l fast a`viausjy sllg ig tbl guf`lr a warms a _phgisb aricig wbiob Hflriohg Lgcjisb, ig phrtioujhr, bhs `arrawlm Lgcjisb, phrtioujhrjy Hflriohg Lgcjisb, bhs fuob raf _phgisb. _a fhgy pjhol ghfls ig tbl hmaptlm. ]is is lsploihjjy trul a tlrfs raf ‒Sijm _thtls hrl warms witb _phgisb aricigs ‟ Jas Hgcljls, Slst’ ﬈jfs ‟ suob hs `uokhraa, oarrhj, crigca hgm _hg Milca, Oajarhma hgm _hg Erhgoisoa. sa ag. Igffulgol ag Hflriohg Lgcjisb

Bistary 

Fhkigc _phgisb-saugmigc Sarms

]l _phgisb igffulgol ag tbl Lgcjisb jhgcuhcl whs lsploihjjy ifparthgt ig tbl sixtllgtb olgtury, olgtury, wblg _phig whs h cja`hj fijithry hgm pajitiohj pawlr, hgm ig oagffiot witb @rithig ht tbl shfl tifl. ]is chtblrlm ig faflgtuf hlr tbl _phgisb ﬈rst hrrivlm ig tbl Hflriohs.

@ut, farl tbhg dust warms, _phgisb bhs hjsa fhml its fhrk ag Lgcjisb mlrivhtiaghj farpbajacy ‟ ar tbl why tbl flhgigc a warms is obhgclm `y hppjyigc mlrivhtiags. (]is is gat safltbigc wbiob ohg `l shim a fast atblr jivigc jhgcuhcls.)

09

Ear lxhfpjl, tbl hmmitiag a ‒-tlræh’ ta fhkl warms Ga agl jhgcuhcl lgdays a﬏oihj rloacgitiag hs suob jikl ohltlrih `ltrhys tbl _phgisb aricigs a tbasl ig tbl _thtls, `ut ig pjhols jikl Ohjiargih `ijigcuhj warms. gatiols hgm maouflgts, hgm _phgisb is olrthigjy tbl fast wimljy thucbt gag-Lgcjisb jhgcuhcl ig Lvlg tbl hmmitiag a ‒-hraa’, wbiob hpplhrlm ig sloagmhry sobaajs. 89?>s Hflriohg Lgcjisb ta fhkl glw, glw, dakly warms jikl ‒stigkhraa’ ohfl raf tbl warm ‒`uokhraa’ Sblg bl whs prlsimlgt, @ijj Ojigtag lsth`jisblm wbiob aricighjjy ohfl raf tbl _phgisb warm ar h prlolmlgt a trhgsjhtigc tbl _thtl a tbl \giag oaw`ay, ‒vhqulra’. hmmrlss hgm atblr prlsimlgtihj spllobls igta _phgisb, hgm a﬏oihj _phgisb trhgsjhtiags hrl ]is sjhgcy obhrhotlr ohg hjsa `l sllg ig tbl hvhijh`jl hvhijh`jl agjigl. atblr whys ig wbiob Hflriohg Lgcjisb usls `its a _phgisb ta fhkl glw warms. Hg lxhfpjl is tbl Oagtravlrsy  usl a ‒lsth’ ta mlgatl lxtrh hghrl ig warms suob hs ‒Bhjjawlsth’ (igstlhm a Bhjjawllg.) ]l oagtravlrsihj issuls a jhgcuhcl hs phrt a oujturhj ricbts hgm `ijigcuhj sthtl cavlrgflgt ]lg tblrl is i s tbl usl a ‒lj’ ‒lj’ hgm ‒a ‒a’ (h oaffag arf a rlprlslgthtiag bhs ohuslm saoia-oujturhj riotiag _phgisb sigcujhr fhsoujigl gaug) ta fhkl hfusigc `ltwllg gag-Bisphgio Hgcjapbagls hgm Bisphgio  vlrsiags a wbhtlvlr warm is `ligc obhgclm ‟ suob oitizlgs. hs ‒lj ‒lj oblhpa’ ta flhg h oblhp pramuot a safl kigm. k igm. Lquhjjy, Lquhjjy, Lgcjisb-agjy favlflgt sllks ta lsth`jisb _tijj farl rlolgt is tbl usl a ‒isth’, h _phgisb su﬏x, Lgcjisb hs tbl sajl a﬏oihj jhgcuhcl a tbl \_. ig tbl Lgcjisb jhgcuhcl. Ear lxhfpjl ‒hsbiagisth’, Clglrhjjy, tbly lxlrt pajitiohj pu`jio prlssurl ar ‒Cuhrmihgisth’ ta mlsori`l h olrthig typl a ag Bisphgapbagl ifficrhgts ta jlhrg Lgcjisb Cuhrmihg-rlhmigc, pajitiohjjy oarrlot jl-wigc hgm splhk it pu`jiojy. Hs ugivlrsitils, `usiglss, ji`lrhj. hgm tbl pralssiags usl Lgcjisb, tblrl is fuob saoihj prlssurl ta jlhrg Lgcjisb ar upwhrm saoiaSbiob hjj cals ta sbaw, javl it ar jahtbl it, tbl loagafio fa`ijity. igffulgol a _phgisb ag tbl Lgcjisb jhgcuhcl is pragaugolm, hgm gat ta `l ugmlrlstifhtlm. Jlt’s gat arclt tbht _phgisb whs ﬈rst `raucbt ta tbl \_ ig 8<8?. _afl <> ylhrs jhtlr, tbl _phgihrms ]is thkls us ta tbl paigt, wlrl hlr Lgcjisb, _phgisb augmlm _t Hucustigl ig Ejarimh, tbl ajmlst is Hflrioh’s fast wimljy spaklg jhgcuhcl, fhkigc oagtiguausjy aooupilm Luraplhg slttjlflgt ig tbl tbl \_ tbl warjm’s sloagm-jhrclst _phgisb splhkigc famlrg \gitlm \gitlm _thtls. oaffugity. It is farl wimljy spaklg tblrl tbhg Erlgob, Bhwhiihg hgm tbl igmiclgaus jhgcuhcls Bistariohjjy, tbl _phgisb-splhkigc papujhtiag oaf`iglm, hgm whs tbl ﬈rst Luraplhg jhgcuhcl ta igorlhslm `lohusl a tlrritarihj hgglxhtiag hgglxhtiag a jhgms hrrivl ig Gartb Hflrioh. oagqulrlm lhrjilr `y tbl _phgisb lfpirl, hgm `y whrs witb Flxioa hgm `y jhgm purobhsls, wbijl ig ]l \_ is bafl ta farl tbhg =< fijjiag Bisphgios, farl famlrg tifls tbis papujhtiag oagtiguls ta ar 8?.=% a tbl 0>>0 papujhtiag. H survly ohrrilm craw. aut ig 0>>3 sbawlm tbht _phgisb is tbl prifhry jhgcuhcl ht bafl ar safl ?= fijjiag plapjl hclm lxhs whs phrt a tbl rlpu`jio a Flxioa ig tbl ﬈vl ar ajmlr. gigltllgtb olgtury, wblg Ou`h hgm ^ulrta Pioa `lohfl \_ tlrritarils. Ig 89>0, Ou`h `lohfl igmlplgmlgt, wbijl ^ulrta Pioa `lohfl phrt a tbl Sblrl Yau’jj Blhr it Fast \_ oaffagwlhjtb ‟ its _phgisb-splhkigc plapjl \gmlrsthgmh`jy, _phgisb is lsploihjjy prlvhjlgt ig bhvl \_ oitizlgsbip. tbl sthtls `armlrigc Flxioa ‟ Ohjiargih, Hrizagh, Glw Flxioa hgm lxhs. Avlr bhj a tbl oaugtry’s Ifficrhtiag _phgisb splhklrs bhvl fhml tblir bafls ig Ohjiargih, lxhs hgm Ejarimh. Ifficrhtiag ta tbl \gitlm _thtls a _phgisbsplhkigc Ou`hgs `lchg `lohusl a Ou`h’s pajitiohj igsth`ijity hlr igmlplgmlgol. ]lrl hrl gaw Srittlg _phgisb ig tbl \_ hraugm h fijjiag Ou`hgs ig tbl oaugtry. Horass tbl \_, <>> glwsphplrs hgm avlr 8<> fhchzigls hrl pramuolm ig _phgisb, wbijl oarparhtl Ht tbl shfl tifl, fhgy ^ulrta Piohgs bhvl ficrhtlm Hflrioh is igorlhsigcjy sljjigc itslj tbraucb ta Glw Yark, igorlhsigc tbl oity’s _phgisb-splhkigc _phgisb-jhgcuhcl _phgisb-jhgcuhcl hmvlrtisigc. papujhtiag. ?>

Hs h oagslqulgol a arflr _phgisb hgm, jhtlr, Flxiohg savlrlicgty avlr jhgms tbht hrl gaw `ljagc ta Hflrioh, fhgy pjhols ig tbl oaugtry, lsploihjjy ig tbl sautb wlst, bhvl _phgisb ghfls ‟ raf Glvhmh ta Oajarhma, raf Jas Hgcljls ta _hg Milca. _phgisb Sarms ig Hflriohg Lgcjisb

Jiklwisl, tbl igffulgol a _phgisb ohg `l sllg ig fhgy warms hfijihr ta tbl Sijm Slst ‟ warms jikl `uokhraa, rhgob, oarrhj hgm mlsplrhma. ]l igffulgol a Lgcjisb ag Hflriohg _phgisb is vlry ifparthgt. Ig fhgy Jhtiga su`-oujturls, it is hsbiagh`jl hsbiagh`jl ta vhriausjy fix _phgisb hgm Lgcjisb, tblrl`y pramuoigc _phgcjisb, tbl ghfl ar tbl hmfixturl a Lgcjisb warms hgm pbrhsls ta _phgisb ar l﬎lotivl oaffugiohtiag. ]l glw clglrhtiag a Hflriohg Bisphgios, wbijl bhvigc h caam oaffhgm a Lgcjisb, hjsa whgt ta prlslrvl kgawigc hgm usigc _phgisb hs h jhgcuhcl ag lquhj tlrfs ta Lgcjisb. @ic ig tbl \_

_phgisb bhs h jagc bistary bistar y ig tbl \gitlm _thtls hgm rlolgt ifficrhtiag raf Jhtig Hflrioh bhs rlvithjislm tbis, sa tbl jhgcuhcl wijj rlfhig bucljy ifparthgt ig Gartb Hflrioh. Sitb tbl `irtb rhtl bicb ig fuob a tbl _phgisb-splhkigc warjm, it sllfs rlhsagh`jl ta lxplot tbis trlgm ig tbl t bl risl a _phgisb ta oagtigul. @y tbl ylhr 0><>, hjfast bhj a tbl \_ papujhtiag oaujm `l _phgisb splhkigc, ar lxhfpjl, hgm Bisphgios rlprlslgt tbl hstlst crawigc ltbgio craup ig tbht oaugtry. ]is risigc ifparthgol hgm sthtus a _phgisb ig tbl \_ is bhvigc h sicgi﬈ohgt l﬎lot ag its sprlhm warjm-wiml, hgm, ig phrtioujhr, witbig tbl Lgcjisb-splhkigc warjm. Sbht wijj `l tbl lvajutiag a tblsl twa jhgcuhcls1 - agjy tifl ohg tljj.

?8

Baw I jlhrglm h jhgcuhcl ig 00 baurs

‚Sbht ma yau kgaw h`aut wblrl I oafl raf1‖ ]ht whs agl a tbl ﬈rst qulstiags I lvlr hsklm @asoa Fagcaussa, hg F`lgmdljl pycfy wba jivls ig tbl sphrsljy papujhtlm Gmaki arlst ht tbl hr gartblrg tip a tbl Plpu`jio a Oagca. Sl wlrl sittigc ag jacs hraugm h ﬈rl agl lvlgigc aur ylhrs hca, lhtigc h migglr a sfaklm rivlr ﬈sb hgm kaka, h vithfigriob wijm crllg bhrvlstlm raf tbl arlst. I’m oafl ta tbis bhrm-ta-rlhob oarglr a tbl Oagca `hsig ‟ h spat ht jlhst <>kf raf tbl glhrlst vijjhcl ‟ ta rlpart h stary ar Ghtiaghj Clacrhpbio fhchzigl h`aut h papujhtiag a obifphgzlls wba mispjhy tbl fast sapbistiohtlm taaj-usl lvlr a`slrvlm hfagc gag-bufhgs. Fagcaussa, Fagcaussa, wba fhkls bis jivigc, ar tbl fast phrt, `y bugtigc wijmjil hgm chtblrigc arlst pramuol suob hs guts, ruits, fusbraafs hgm jlhvls, bhm tlltb tbht bhm `llg obisljjlm ta sbhrp paigts hs h obijm. Bl staam h`aut 8.=f (= 3ig) thjj hgm bhm h wiml, wagmlruj crig tbht bl lxlroislm praji﬈ohjjy. Bl oagsimlrlm fy qulstiag ohrlujjy.

‚Bhvl yau lvlr blhrm a tbl \gitlm _thtls a Hflrioh1‖ I hsklm Fagcaussa. Fagcaussa. Bl sbaak bis blhm. ‚Ga.‖ I mimg’t kgaw wblrl ta `lcig. ‚Sljj, tbl \gitlm _thtls is jikl h rlhjjy `ic vijjhcl ag tbl atblr siml a tbl aolhg,‖ I tajm bif. ]l trhgsjhtar oagvlylm fy lxpjhghtiag, hgm tblg bhm h `hok-hgm-artb lxobhgcl witb Fagcaussa. ‚Sbht mim bl shy1‖ I hsklm. ‚Bl whgtlm ta kgaw, ‒Sbht’s tbl aolhg1’‖ ]lrl whs h `ril faflgt tbis sufflr, h jittjl avlr h ylhr hlr tbl pu`jiohtiag a fy ﬈rst `aak, Faagwhjkigc Sitb Ligstlig4 ]l Hrt Hgm _oilgol A Plflf`lrigc Lvlrytbigc, wblg I tbaucbt I bhm ﬈ghjjy put tbl su`dlot a fy flfary igta fy flfary. Ga pbagl igtlrvilw witb hg a`sourl fimwlstlrg thjk rhmia sthtiag ar jugobtifl jloturl ig h oarparhtl oarp arhtl humitariuf humitariuf whs caigc ta prlvlgt fl raf ﬈ghjjy favigc ag ta hgatblr tapio hgm sthrtigc wark ag fy glxt jagc-tlrf pradlot ‟ igspirlm `y fy lgoaugtlr witb Fagcaussa ‟ h`aut tbl warjm’s jhst rlfhigigc bugtlr-chtblrlr saoiltils hgm wbht tbly ohg tlhob us.

‚I mag’t kgaw. It’s It’s hr hwhy hw hy,,‖ bl tajm ta jm fl ﬈ghjjy, ﬈ghj jy, tbraucb tbrauc b h trhgsjhtar. Hooarmigc ta \OJ hgtbrapajacist Dlrafl Jlwis, tbl F`lgmdljl `ljilvl tbht tbl spirit warjm is igbh`itlm `y plapjl witb wbitl skig. Ear tblf, tbl hlrjil hgm Lurapl ca `y tbl shfl warm, putu. ‚Hfu muh putu‖ is h oaffag lupblfisf ar mlhtb ‟ jitlrhjjy, ‚Bl’s cagl ta Lurapl.‖ Ear fl Hs phrt a fy rlslhrob, I bhm `lcug pjhggigc h ta bhvl oafl hjj tbl why ta tbl Gmaki arlst whs h slrils a jacistiohjjy oafpjiohtlm trips tbht waujm  daurgly a patlgtihjjy flthpbysiohj flthpbysiohj miflgsiags. miflgsiags. thkl fl `hok ta tbl shfl rlfatl rlciag wblrl I bhm flt Fagcaussa. Fy cahj whs ta splgm tbl

?0

sufflr jivigc ig tbl arlst witb bif hgm bis ljjaw F`lgmdljl pycfils. It’s virtuhjjy ifpassi`jl ta ﬈gm pycfils ig gartblrg Oagca wba splhk Erlgob, fuob jlss Lgcjisb, hgm sa ig armlr ta lf`lm ta tbl mlcrll I whs bapigc, I gllmlm ta jlhrg Jigchjh, tbl trhml jhgcuhcl tbht lflrclm ig tbl 89tb olgtury hs tbl jigcuh rhgoh a tbl Oagca `hsig. ]aucb it is gat tbl ﬈rst jhgcuhcl a tbl pycfils, Jigchjh is ugivlrshjjy spaklg horass gartblrg Oagca ‟ gat agjy `y tbl pycfils, `ut `y tblir @hgtu glicb`ars hs wljj. amhy, tbl jhgcuhcl bhs h`aut twa fijjiag ghtivl splhklrs ig `atb tbl Oagcas hgm ig phrts a Hgcajh, hgm hgatblr slvlg fijjiag, igojumigc tbl F`lgmdljl pycfils, wba usl it hs h sloagm tagcul.

stap jlhrgigc tbigcs `lohusl a h `ugob a glchtivl llm`hok, suob hs warrils h`aut wbltblr tbly’jj hotuhjjy clt hgywblrl, igslouritils h`aut tblir awg igtljjiclgol, hgm h slgsl a it `ligc l﬎artuj. Sitb Flfrisl, wl’rl tryigc ta igvlrt tbht hgm orlhtl h arf a jlhrgigc lxplrilgol tbht is sa ug, sa slourl, sa wljj mirlotlm hgm sa fisobilvausjy l﬎artjlss tbht it’s farl jikl h chfl ‟ safltbigc yau’m whgt ta ma igstlhm a whtobigc U.‖ I bhvl glvlr `llg phrtioujhrjy caam witb jhgcuhcls. Mlspitl h mazlg ylhrs a Bl`rlw sobaaj hgm h jiltifl a prhyigc ig tbl jhgcuhcl, I’f hsbhflm ta hmfit tbht I stijj ohg’t rlhm hg Isrhlji glwsphplr. @lsimls Lgcjisb, tbl agjy jhgcuhcl I splhk witb hgy mlcrll a ffulgoy is _phgisb, hgm tbht ohfl agjy hlr ﬈vl ylhrs a igtlgsl ojhssraaf stumy hgm farl tbhg bhj h mazlg trips ta Jhtig Hflrioh. _tijj, I whs mltlrfiglm ta fhstlr Jigchjh `larl jlhvigc ar tbl Oagca. Hgm I bhm dust ugmlr twa hgm h bhj fagtbs ta ma it. Sblg I hsklm Lm i bl tbaucbt it waujm `l passi`jl ta jlhrg hg lgtirl jhgcuhcl ig suob h figusoujl hfaugt a tifl usigc Flfrisl, bis rlspagsl whs fhttlr-a-hot4 ‚It’jj `l h oigob.‖

Yau ficbt tbigk tbht jlhrgigc h jhgcuhcl witb sa fhgy splhklrs waujm `l hg lhsy thsk ig aur cja`hj, igtlroagglotlm hcl. Hgm ylt wblg I wlgt agjigl ig slhrob a Jigchjh rlsaurols, tbl agjy tlxt`aak I oaujm ﬈gm whs h \_ Earlicg _lrviol Igstitutl bhgm`aak prigtlm ig 895? ‟ wblg olgtrhj Hrioh whs stijj h ragt a tbl oajm whr ‟ hgm h sohgglm oapy a h 8,8>9-warm Jigchjh-Lgcjisb miotiaghry. Sbiob is baw I lgmlm up clttigc mrhwg `hok igta tbl warjm a bhrm-oarl flfarisigc tbht I bhm writtlg h`aut ig Faagwhjkigc. Flfrisl thkls hmvhgthcl a h oaupjl a `hsio, wljjlsth`jisblm prigoipjls. ]l ﬈rst is wbht’s kgawg Plhmlrs a tbht `aak (ar tbl lxtrhot tbht rhg jhst hs ljh`arhtivl lgoamigc. ]l farl oagtlxt hgm ylhr ig tbis fhchzigl) wijj rlflf`lr tbl `rijjihgt, flhgigc yau ohg htthob ta h pilol a igarfhtiag, i sjicbtjy loolgtrio, @ritisb flfary obhfpiag tbl jikljilr it is tbht yau’jj `l h`jl ta ﬈sb it aut a ghflm Lm Oaakl wba taak fl ugmlr bis wigc hgm yaur flfary ht safl paigt ig tbl uturl. Hgm tbl thucbt fl h slt a hgoilgt fglfagio tlobgiquls, farl l﬎art yau put igta orlhtigc tbl flfary, tbl mlvljaplm ig Crllol hraugm tbl ﬈b olgtury farl murh`jl it wijj `l. Agl a tbl `lst whys ta @O, tbht ohg `l uslm ta orhf jahms a rhgmaf ljh`arhtl h flfary is ta try visuhjjy ta ifhcigl it igarfhtiag igta h skujj ig h rljhtivljy sbart hfaugt ig yaur figm’s lyl. I yau ohg jigk tbl saugm a h a tifl. Lm sbawlm fl baw ta usl tbasl hgoilgt warm ta h pioturl rlprlslgtigc its flhgigc, it’jj `l trioks ta plrarf sllfigcjy ifpassi`jl lhts, suob hr farl flfarh`jl tbhg sifpjy jlhrgigc tbl warm hs flfarisigc lgtirl palfs, strigcs a bugmrlms a `y ratl. rhgmaf guf`lrs, hgm lvlg tbl armlr a h sbu﬍lm phok a pjhyigc ohrms ig jlss tbhg twa figutls. Flfrisl lgoaurhcls yau ta orlhtl h fglfagio, wbiob it ohjjs h ‚flf‖, ar lvlry warm yau whgt _igol fy `aak whs pu`jisblm, Lm bhm favlm ag ta jlhrg. H flf oaujm `l h rbyfl, hg ifhcl, h ta atblr tbigcs hgm oa-augmlm hg agjigl jlhrgigc  vimla ar dust h gatl h`aut tbl warm’s ltyfajacy, oafphgy oafphgyohjjlm Flfrislwitb h^rigoltag\givlrsity ar safltbigc strikigc h`aut its pragugoihtiag. Ig glurasoilgol ^bM ghflm Crlc Mltrl. ]lir cahj4 tbl ohsl a jhgcuhcls suob hs Erlgob hgm Obiglsl, ta thkl hjj a oacgitivl soilgol’s kgawbaw h`aut wblrl tblrl hrl tbaushgms a plapjl jlhrgigc it ht wbht fhkls igarfhtiag flfarh`jl, hgm oaf`igl hgy agl tifl, yau ohg `rawsl tbraucb h ohthjacul it witb hjj tbl kgawbaw raf saoihj chfigc h`aut a flfs orlhtlm `y atblr flf`lrs a tbl Flfrisl wbht fhkls hg hotivity ug hgm hmmiotivl, hgm oaffugity. oaffugity. ]is is lsploihjjy lsploi hjjy ug ar Obiglsl, wblrl w blrl mlvljap h wl` hpp tbht ohg bljp hgyagl flfarisl uslrs bhvl upjahmlm vimlas a vhriaus jacacrhpbio hgytbigc hgytbigc ‟ raf  raf tbl ghfls a a`sourl obllsls, ta tbl obhrhotlrs farpbigc igta ohrtaags a tbl warms flf`lrs a tbl @ritisb oh`iglt, ta tbl vaoh`ujhry a tbly rlprlslgt. rlprlslgt. hg Hriohg jhgcuhcl ‟ hs l﬏oilgtjy hgm l﬎lotivljy hs passi`jl. _igol jhugobigc, tbl sitl bhs hobilvlm Hs I whs tbl agjy uslr tryigc ta jlhrg Jigchjh h oujt ajjawigc hfagc jhgcuhcl lgtbusihsts hgm ht tbl tifl, it whs up ta fl ta oafl up witb fy pioklm up farl tbhg h quhrtlr a h fijjiag uslrs. awg flfs ar lhob warm ig tbl miotiaghry. ]is rlquirlm h caam mlhj a wark, `ut it whs ug hgm ‚]l imlh a Flfrisl is ta fhkl jlhrgigc praplrjy lgchcigc wark. Ear lxhfpjl, lgcigl is fatljl ig ug,‖ Lm tajm fl avlr oa﬎ll ag h rlolgt visit ta Jigchjh. Sblg I jlhrglm tbht warm, I taak h sloagm Glw Yark ta fllt witb igvlstars. ‚Garfhjjy plapjl ta visuhjisl h rusty lgcigl rlvvigc ig h fatlj raaf. ??

It’s h sploi﬈o fatlj raaf I sthylm ig agol upag ag h tifl ag h orass-oaugtry rahm trip ‟ tbl oblhplst raaf I lvlr phim ta aooupy. wlgty majjhrs h gicbt, hs I rlohjj, saflwblrl ig olgtrhj Glvhmh. I fhml hg l﬎art ta sll, blhr hgm lvlg sfljj tbht aijy fhobigl rlvvigc hgm rhttjigc ag tbl sthiglm ohrplt ffaar. Hjj a tbasl lxtrh mlthijs hrl hssaoihtiaghj baaks tbht wijj jlhm fy figm `hok ta fatljl tbl glxt tifl I gllm ta ﬈gm tbl Jigchjh warm ar lgcigl. Jiklwisl, ar fatlfh, wbiob flhgs blhrt, I  visuhjislm h `lhtigc archg mrippigc `jaam ag h `jigkigc hgm purrigc oafputlr famlf. a rlflf`lr tbht `agmaki flhgs cug, I shw Dhfls @agm paigtigc h cug ht Mr Ga, hgm shyigc, ‚Aklymakly.‖ I tbis hjj saugms h jittjl sijjy, it is. @ut tbht’s hjsa tbl paigt. _tumils bhvl oag﬈rflm wbht w bht Oiolra hgm tbl atblr hgoilgt writlrs ag flfary kglw wljj4 tbl strhgclr tbl ifhclry, tbl farl fhrklmjy flfarh`jl. Flfrisl is `uijt ta misoaurhcl orhffigc. It’s lhsy ta splgm ﬈vl figutls jlhrgigc vaoh`ujhry witb tbl hpp, `ut bhrm ta splgm <>. ]ht is `y mlsicg. Agl a tbl `lst-mlfagstrhtlm prigoipjls a flfary ‟ pravlg `atb ig tbl oagtrajjlm slttigc a tbl jh`arhtary hgm ig stumils oagmuotlm ig tbl wijms a tbl ojhssraaf ‟ is tbl vhjul a wbht’s kgawg hs ‚spholm rlpltitiag‖. Oacgitivl soilgtists bhvl kgawg ar farl tbhg h olgtury tbht tbl `lst why ta slourl flfarils ar tbl jagc tlrf is ta ifphrt tblf ig rlplhtlm slssiags, mistri`utlm horass tifl, witb atblr fhtlrihj igtlrjlhvlm ig `ltwllg. I yau whgt ta fhkl igarfhtiag stiok, it’s `lst ta jlhrg it, ca hwhy raf it ar h wbijl, oafl `hok ta it jhtlr, jlhvl it `lbigm hchig, hgm agol hchig rlturg ta it ‟ ta lgchcl witb it mllpjy horass tifl. Aur flfarils ghturhjjy mlcrhml, `ut lhob tifl yau rlturg ta h flfary, flfary, yau rlhotivhtl its glurhj gltwark hgm bljp ta jaok it ig. ]l l﬎lot ag rltlgtiag a jlhrgigc ig tbis fhgglr is sthcclrigc. Agl stumy augm tbht stumlgts stumyigc arlicg jhgcuhcl vaoh`ujhry ohg clt dust hs caam jagc-tlrf rltlgtiag raf bhvigc jlhrgigc slssiags spholm aut lvlry twa fagtbs hs raf bhvigc twiol hs fhgy jlhrgigc slssiags spholm lvlry twa wllks. a put tbht hgatblr why4 yau ohg jlhrg tbl shfl fhtlrihj ig bhj tbl tathj tifl i yau mag’t try ta orhf. Agl a tbl crlht obhjjlgcls a aur hcl, ig wbiob w biob tbl taajs a aur pramuotivity hrl hjsa tbl taajs a aur jlisurl, is ta ﬈curl aut baw ta fhkl farl usluj tbasl faflgts a praorhstightiag praorhstig htiag wblg wl’rl wl’rl imjigc ig ragt a aur oafputlr oafputlr sorllgs. Sbht i igstlhm a th``igc avlr ta tbl wl` `rawslr ig slhrob a safl gucclt a cassip ar glws, ar aplgigc up h figmjlss chfl suob hs Hgcry @irms, wl oaujm igstlhm sorhtob tbl itob `y lgchcigc ig h flhgigcuj hotivity, suob hs jlhrgigc h arlicg jhgcuhcl1

I ﬈vl fijjiag plapjl ohg `l oagvigolm ta jac igta Tygch’s Ehol`aak chfl Ehrfvijjl lhob mhy ta whtlr h virtuhj chrmlg hgm jitlrhjjy whtob tbl crhss craw ag tblir oafputlr sorllgs, surljy, surljy, Lm `ljilvls, tblrl fust `l h why ta oa-apt tbasl shfl glurhj oirouits tbht rlwhrm figmjlss chfigc ta fhkl jlhrgigc farl hmmiotivl hgm lgdayh`jl. ]ht’s tbl crlht hf`itiag a Flfrisl, hgm it paigts tawhrms h uturl wblrl wl’rl oagsthgtjy jlhrgigc ig tigy obugks a aur mawgtifl. ]l slorlt a Tygch’s suoolss bhs `llg lgmjlss itlrhtiag a its pramuot tbraucb H/@ tlstigc. _baw twa craups a uslrs twa sjicbtjy mi﬎lrlgt vlrsiags vlrsiags a tbl shfl chfl, hgm sll wbiob craup stioks hraugm jagclr. ]lg obhgcl hgatblr vhrih`jl hgm rl-rug tbl lxplriflgt. Flfrisl is `lciggigc ta usl tbl shfl hccrlssivl lfpiriohj tlstigc ta ﬈curl aut gat  dust baw ta fhkl jlhrgigc hpplhjigc, `ut hjsa baw ta fhkl it farl l﬎lotivl. I it turgs aut tbht uslrs rlflf`lr >.<% `lttlr wblg warms hrl sbawg ig agl agt vlrsus hgatblr, ar tbht tblir flfarils hrl 0% farl murh`jl wblg prammlm ht 3hf vlrsus 88hf, tbasl obhgcls wijj `l jacclm ig Flfrisl’s slrvlrs hgm h﬎lot tbl glxt mhy’s upmhtls ta tbl hpp. hpp. ]l sawhrl is `lciggigc ` lciggigc ta hot hs h fhssivljy mistri`utlm psyobajacy lxplriflgt, misoavlrigc ag h mhijy `hsis baw ta aptifisl bufhg flfary flfar y. Ig h gam ta Ehrfvijjl, Flfrisl rllrs ta tbl warms yau’rl yau’rl tryigc tr yigc ta jlhrg jl hrg hs ‚sllms‖. ‚sllms‖. Lhob tifl t ifl yau rlvisl rl visl h civlg warm, yau ‚whtlr‖ it ig yaur ‚crllgbausl‖ ugtij it bhs ujjy sprautlm hgm `llg oagsajimhtlm ig yaur jagc-tlrf flfary ‚chrmlg‖. Sblg yau’vl `llg hwhy raf Flfrisl ar taa jagc, yau rlolivl hg lfhij jlttigc yau kgaw tbht tbl warms yau’vl flfarislm bhvl `lcug ta wijt hgm gllm ta `l whtlrlm. @lohusl Flfrisl kgaws wbht warms yau hjrlhmy kgaw ‟ pjus lxhotjy baw wljj yau kgaw tblf ‟ hgm wbht warms yau bhvlg’t ylt cat h bhgmjl ag, its hjcaritbf tlsts yau agjy ag tbl igarfhtiag dust ht tbl lmcl a yaur kgawjlmcl hgm malsg’t whstl tifl aroigc yau ta avlrjlhrg flfarils tbht yau’vl yau’vl hjrlhmy `hgklm ig yaur jagc-tlrf chrmlg. Fy awg phttlrg a usigc tbl hpp warklm jikl tbis4 lhob fargigc tblrl waujm `l h flsshcl whitigc ig fy ig`ax, prammigc fl ta whtlr h lw a fy flfarils tbht wlrl ig mhgclr a wijtigc, hgm sa I waujm mutiujjy jac ig hgm splgm h lw figutls rlvisigc warms I bhm jlhrglm mhys ar safltifls wllks lhrjilr. lhrjilr. _afltifl fim-fargigc, wblg I whs rlhmy ar fy ﬈rst `rlhk raf wark, I’m jac `hok ig hgm clt h glw `ugmjl a sllms ta sthrt whtlrigc. wa ar tbrll tifls hlr jugob, dust hlr oblokigc lfhij hgm Ehol`aak, I’m I’m ca `hok ` hok hgm ma safl s afl farl whtlrigc a wbioblvlr pjhgts Flfrisl tajm fl gllmlm tbl fast httlgtiag. Hjj tbl wbijl, I klpt ?=

h ojasl lyl ag hjj tbl paigts I whs hooufujhtigc, ig rlturg ar jittjl farl tbhg oichrlttls ar hjoabaj. hgm taak flhgigcjlss shtishotiag ig whtobigc fy ]l pycfils ig turg put ag h oafpjltljy mi﬎lrlgt rhgkigc hfagc Flfrisl uslrs igob up mhy `y mhy. hol hfagc tbl vijjhcl @hgtu ‟ ta wbaf tbly rllr hs carijjhs `lbigm tblir `hoks ‟ tbhg tbly ma wblg Hlr twa hgm h bhj fagtbs, I’m gat agjy pjhgtlm tbly’rl hjagl aut ig tbl arlst. Lvlg tbl prlslgol fy why tbraucb tbl lgtirl Jigchjh miotiaghry, `ut a hg h﬎h`jl, ur`hg, lmuohtlm autsimlr suob hs hjsa whtlrlm hjj a fy flfs ta tbl t bl paigt wblrl tbly fy trhgsjhtar ifflmihtljy ohuslm tbl pycfils ta wlrl slourl ig fy jagc-tlrf flfary chrmlg. Yau ticbtlg up. oaujm piok hgy warm ig tbl miotiaghry hgm I oaujm trhgsjhtl trhgsjhtl it igta Jigchjh. _tijj, lvlg hlr flfarisigc I ajjawlm Fhkati aut a tbl vijjhcl hgm ag ta hg hg lgtirl miotiaghry, miotiaghry, I whs agjy tbl 0,?> wllks. ]l jagclst sigcjl ugigtlrruptlm ]is whs fy ﬈rst oagvlrshtiag ig Jigchjh witbaut `urst tbht I splgt jlhrgigc whs 0> figutls, hgm fy h trhgsjhtar ht fy siml. Lvlg tbaucb I bhm ta kllp hvlrhcl slssiag jhstlm dust aur figutls. Ig atblr tljjigc bif, ‚Fhjlf`l, fhjlf`l‖ ‟ ‚_jaw mawg, warms, it taak h jittjl jlss tbhg agl ujj mhy, sprlhm sjaw mawg‖ ‟ I rlhjislm I whs ugmlrsthgmigc quitl aut avlr twa hgm h bhj fagtbs, mlvatigc `itl-sislm h `it a wbht bl whs tljjigc fl hgm tbht fy mrijjigc obugks a tifl, ta flfarisl tbl lgtirl l gtirl miotiaghry. miotiaghry. witb Flfrisl bhm civlg fl h hr `lttlr craugmigc tbhg I bhm tbaucbt passi`jl. @ut mim it wark1 It cals witbaut shyigc tbht flfarisigc tbl 8,>>> It taak fl hjfast h wllk `y pjhgl, truok hgm lrry fast oaffag warms ig Jigchjh, Erlgob ar Obiglsl ta clt `hok ta tbl Gmaki arlst hgm Fagcaussa’s is gat caigc ta fhkl hgyagl h ffulgt splhklr. ]ht  vijjhcl a Fhkha, tbl jhst sfhjj autpast ag tbl waujm bhvl `llg hg ugrlhjistio cahj. @ut it turgs Fath`h rivlr `larl yau rlhob tbl ugigbh`itlm aut ta `l dust lgaucb vaoh`ujhry ta jlt yau bit tbl wijmlrglss a Gauh`hjé-Gmaki Ghtiaghj ^hrk. Ear craugm ruggigc agol yau’rl yau’rl hutblgtiohjjy ifflrslm slvlrhj mhys, I whs stuok 80>kf wlst a Fhkha ig ig h jhgcuhcl. Hgm, farl ifparthgtjy, tbht `hsio h vijjhcl ohjjlm @afhssh, wbijl I whitlm ar h truok.  vaoh`ujhry civls yau h soh﬎ajmigc ta wbiob yau ohg ohg It whs h rustrhtigc lxplrilgol, `ut it chvl fl hg htthob atblr warms hs yau blhr tblf. It hjsa jhys mawg appartugity ta `lcig ta tlst fy Jigchjh witb tbl tbl rhw mhth raf wbiob yau ohg `lcig ta mltlot jaohjs. Ag fy tbirm mhy ig tawg, h pycfy ghflm tbl phttlrgs tbht ml﬈gl h jhgcuhcl’s crhffhr. Hs I Fhkati ohfl ta visit fl lhrjy ig tbl fargigc. I flfarislm warms ig Jigchjh, I sthrtlm ta gatiol tbht oaujmg’t tljj witbig h mlohml ig litblr mirlotiag tblrl wlrl rljhtiagsbips rljhtiagsbips `ltwllg tblf. t blf. ]l vlr` ta baw ajm bl whs, `ut bl bhm h jagc, igtifimhtigc wark is kashjh. ]l gaug ar wark is fashjh. H taaj sohr mawg bis jl obllk hgm hg igtlgsl mlflhgar. is lshjlji. H warksbap is hg lshjlja. Ht ﬈rst, tbis whs ‚Ya gh gchi, tathf`ajh gh zhf`h‖ ‟ ‚Yau hgm fl, hjj wbitl gaisl ta fl. @ut hs I phoklm fy flfary jlt’s whjk ig tbl arlst,‖ bl shim. Bl paigtlm ht fl witb farl hgm farl warms, tblsl oagglotiags hgm paigtlm ht bifslj, hgm tblg bljm bis igmlx hgm sthrtlm ta fhkl slgsl hgm I `lchg ta gatiol tbl fimmjl ﬈gclr tacltblr ta succlst it sbaujm `l dust shfl crhffhtiohj arfujhs ljslwblrl ‟ hgm oaujm tbl twa a us. lvlg piok tblf up ig oagvlrshtiag. ]is sart a phttlrg rloacgitiag bhpplgs archgiohjjy avlr tifl I bhm `raucbt witb fl h trhgsjhtar trhgsjhtar raf @rhzzhvijjl, wblg h obijm jlhrgs h jhgcuhcl, `ut civigc fyslj hjj wba spakl gat agjy Lgcjisb, Erlgob hgm Jigchjh, tbl mhth paigts ta wark witb ht agol olrthigjy fhml `ut hjsa h jittjl `it a F`lgmdljl ‟ hgm aur atblr tbl da` lhsilr, hgm hstlr. tri`hj jhgcuhcls ta `aat. ]aucb bl whs bljpuj ig clttigc fl slttjlm, wl quiokjy rhg igta h pra`jlf. Fhkati, wba bhm warklm witb Luraplhg arlstlrs, ]l pycfils bhvl h oafpjiohtlm rljhtiagsbip Hflriohg prifhtajacists hgm lvlg ar h `ril spljj witb tblir @hgtu glicb`aurs, agl tbht ig safl witb tbl \OJ hgtbrapajacist Jlwis, sllflm ta whys rlslf`jls flmilvhj slrmaf. ^ycfils hrl ugmlrsthgm wbht I whs hlr, hgm wby I bhm oafl rljlgtjlssjy rljlgtjlssjy misorifightlm hchigst `y tbl @hgtu, wba suob h jagc why ta splgm tifl witb bis hfijy hgm rllr ta tblf hs su`bufhg hgm alg rlusl lvlg rilgms. Hs bl stu``lm aut tbl jhst hsbls a bis ta tauob tblf. Lhob pycfy bhs hg igblritlm @hgtu oichrlttl, bl succlstlm, ig Jigchjh slgtlgols tbht ‚prapriltar‖ ar wbaf bl mals flgihj jh`aur, alg bhm ta `l rlplhtlm tbrll ar aur tifls `larl I ujjy ?<

crhsplm tblf, tbht I h`hgmag fy @hgtu trhgsjhtar hgm fhkl bif fy hssisthgt igstlhm. It whs h trlflgmaus, i plrbhps ugwhrrhgtlm, sthtlflgt a oag﬈mlgol ig fy Jigchjh. ‚Ghkaklgml gh yh gh Fhkha‖ ‟ ‚I’jj oafl witb yau ta Fhkha.‖ It whs agjy h aur-baur truok riml hwhy, `ut tbl hrtblst bl’m `llg raf bafl ig bis lgtirl jil. I tajm bif, ‚Afagh, ghyakh ghyakh Jigchjh fhjhfu figci tl. Ghslgclji kazhjh gh fashjisi kaja`h Hgcjhis‖ ‟ ‚Jaak, I mag’t mag’t ugmlrsthgm Jigchjh vlry wljj. I gllm ta bhvl h bljplr wba splhks Lgcjisb.‖ Bl sbaak bis blhm. ‚l, tl, ayakh fhjhfu‖ ‟ ‚Ga, ga, yau ugmlrsthgm wljj.‖ ]lg h tbaucbt aoourrlm ta bif, wbiob I whs surprislm it bhm thklg bif sa jagc ta lxprlss. ‚Shpi aylkajhkh Jigchjh1‖ ‟ ‚Sblrl mim yau jlhrg Jigchjh1‖ I tbaucbt h`aut tryigc ta tljj bif h`aut tbl igtlrglt, h`aut fy oafputlr, h`aut tbis wl` hpp mlvljaplm avlr ig putu‟ `ut agol hchig I mimg’t kgaw wblrl ta `lcig. Igstlhm, I bljm aut fy bhgm ta sbhkl bis hgm tajm bif bl sbaujm jlt bis wil kgaw tbht bl’m `l trhvljjigc witb fl ta Fhkha. Hs ar lxpjhigigc Flfrisl, tbht oagvlrshtiag waujm bhvl ta whit ar h jittjl farl ffulgoy 

 Dasbuh  Dasbuh Ealr ig tbl tbl Plpu`jio ae ae Oagca

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@y Hgmriy Khrhfhzav -vih4 bttps4//flthjflthpbar.warmprlss. oaf/0>8/89/oagolptuhj-flthpbars-mhrk-hrltbl-vlijs-a-mlhtb-ohgmjlfhss/ Jhka﬎, Clarcl; Dabgsag, Fhrk. 892>. Flthpbars wl jivl `y. Obiohca4 \givlrsity a Obiohca ^rlss.

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Jhka﬎, Clarcl; Dabgsag, Fhrk. 8999. ^bijasapby ig tbl Ejlsb4 ]l Lf`amil Lf`amilm m Figm hgm Its Obhjjlgcl ta Slstlrg ]aucbt. Glw Yark4 @hsio @aaks.

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Lgcjisb, jahgwarm obhfpiag ae tbl warjm!

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Baw Fhgy Jhgcuhcls Is It ^assi`jl ta Jlhrg1 J lhrg1

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