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Sumário COMPUTADOR DE VOO FACES DO COMPUTADOR DE VOO FACE DE CÁLCULO (A) FACE DO VENTO (B) CONVERSÕES MASSA CAPACIDADE VOLUMÉTRICA VOL UMÉTRICA UNIDADES DE MEDID A MEDID A DE VELOCIDADE VELOCIDADE UNIDADES DE MEDI DA DA DE DISTÂNCIA TEMPERATURA LONGITUDE CÁLCULOS ENV ENVOLV OLVEND ENDO O REGRA DE T RÊS RÊS SIMPLES VELOCID ADE, VELOCID ADE, TEMPO TEMPO E DISTÂNCIA CONSUMO E GASTO DE COMBUSTÍVEL COM BUSTÍVEL RAZÃO RAZ ÃO , QUANTIDADE Q UANTIDADE E TEM TEMPO PO DE SUBIDA OU DESCIDA CÁLCULOS DE VELOCIDADE VELOCIDADE VELOCID ADE VELOCID ADE AERODIN AERODINÂMICA ÂMICA NÚMERO MACH MACH CÁLCULOS CÁLC ULOS DE ALTITUDE ALTITUDE ALTITUDE AL TITUDE DENSIDADE DENSI DADE ALTITUDE AL TITUDE VERDADEIRA VERDADEIRA CÁLCULOS DE VENTO CÁLCULO DA PROA VERDADEIRA (PV) E VELOCIDADE NO SOLO (VS) CÁLCULO CÁLC ULO DO RUMO VERDADEIRO VERDADEIRO (R ( RV) E VELOCIDADE VELOCIDADE NO N O SOLO SO LO (VS) CÁLCULO DA DIREÇÃO E VELOCIDADE DO VENTO
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Capítulo 2
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COMPUTADOR DE VOO O computador de voo mecânico foi desenvolvido para simplificar os cálculos de navegação. Este equipamento, geralmente construído em metal ou em papelão plastificado, consiste em duas partes circulares que se movem sobre uma régua graduada. O computador de voo é dividido em duas faces ou lados, e cada face possui uma função específica, como veremos a seguir. Basicamente um computador de voo mecânico é capaz de realizar cálculos de consumo de combustível, distância, tempo, velocidade, altitude, efeitos do vento, conversões, enfim, uma vasta quantidade de cálculos úteis à navegação. O uso do computador de voo de um modo geral é muito simples, sendo necessário apenas que você você saiba saib a inserir inse rir os dados de forma correta. A parte relacionada aos cálculos com vento vento requer um pouco mais de atenção por ser mais trabalhosa. A melhor forma de você se acostumar com o uso do computador de voo é praticando, por este motivo motivo sugerimos que durante as suas s uas aulas e os estudos em casa, você você pratique sempre.
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FACES DO COMPUTADOR DE VOO O computador de voo é dividido em duas faces, chamadas de face A (de cálculo) e face B (de vento). - face de cálculo (A): usada para cálculos de velocidade, distância, tempo, consumo de combustível, conversões, conversões, dentre outros. - face do vento (B): usada para calcular os efeitos do vento na navegação.
FACE DE CÁLCULO (A) Excluindo-se os cálculos relacionados ao vento, todos os demais serão calculados na face A do computador de voo, seja ele circular ou de régua. A face A consiste basicamente em dois discos circulares graduados, sendo um móvel e outro fixo. A escala externa do computador é fixa e a escala interna é móvel, ambas são utilizadas para representar distância, velocidade, combustível e outras unidades de medida. As escalas são numeradas apenas de 10 a 99, porém podem ser utilizadas para o cálculo de qualquer número ou valor. Por exemplo, o número 22 do computador pode ser utilizado para representar 0.22, 2.2, 22, 220 ou 2200, cabe a você interpretar o número de acordo com o cálculo que está sendo realizado. Em diversos casos o valor a ser lido é intuitivo, vamos supor que você esteja realizando um cálculo envolvendo velocidade em relação ao solo (GS), e encontrou um valor de 11,8. Você sabe que logicamente este valor não corresponde a 1180kt 1180kt nem a 11,8kt, mas sim a 118kt Você irá notar que, em ambas as escalas, os números não estão a uma mesma distância uns dos outros. A medida que você caminha no sentido horário a distância entre os números vai reduzindo. Isso ocorre porque esta é uma escala logarítmica, porém, isso não traz nenhuma complicação na realização dos cálculos, só requer que você fique atento às graduações graduações utilizadas.
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FACE DO VENTO (B) Os cálculos relativos aos efeitos do vento serão realizados na face B do computador de voo mecânico. Esta face auxilia o piloto a resolver os problemas relativos ao “triângulo de vento”, como veremos veremos mais a frente. frente .
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CONVERSÕES Daremos início agora à utilização prática do computador de voo mecânico. Nesta parte analisaremos algumas conversões que podem ser realizadas neste equipamento, e são úteis para determinados cálculos de nav n avegação egação aérea.
MASSA Na conversão das unidades de medida de massa, será necessário converter o valor de quilograma em libras ou vice-versa. O cálculo é bem simples, basta ajustar a seta de libras (LBS), na escala exterior, sobre a seta de quilogramas (KG), na escala inferior. Em seguida, e só fazer a conversão do valor proposto. Veja o exemplo abaixo.
Ex. Ex. 2.200 Lbs Lb s equiv e quivalem alem a quantos Kgs? 1 - ajustar a seta set a de LBS LBS sobre sob re a seta set a de KG. KG. 2 - na escala externa ler o valor em LBS e na escala interna ler o valor correspondente em KG. KG. Resposta: 2.200 lbs = 1.000kg
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Ex. Ex. 90 litros li tros equivalem equivalem a quantos US GAL e a quantos I MP GAL? GAL? 1 - ajustar ajust ar a seta se ta de LITER LI TERS, S, na escala externa, sobre o valor valor 90. 2 - sob a seta de US GAL (seta na escala externa), ler na escala interna o valor correspondente em US GAL. 3 - sob a seta de IMP GAL (seta na escala externa), ler na escala interna o valor correspondente em IMP GAL. Resposta: 90 l = 23,80 US Gal e a 19,80 IMP Gal O cálculo realizado para a conversão da capacidade volumétrica também pode ser realizado de outra forma, veja:
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de nós (kt) em milha por hora (mph) ou quilômetro por hora (km/h), ou vice-versa.
Ex. 100kt equivalem a quantos km/h e a quantas mph? 1 - ajustar a seta de nós n ós (NAUT), na escala externa, sobre o valor valor 10, na escala interna. 2 - sob a seta de mph (STAT), na escala externa, ler o valor correspondente em mph (escala interna). 3 - sob a seta de km/h (KM), na escala externa, ler o valor correspondente em km/h (escala interna). Resposta: 100kt = 115 mph = 185 km/h O processo para a conversão de unidades de medida de velocidade também pode ser realizado de outra forma, veja:
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Para a conversão conversão de metros met ros (m) em pés (ft), deve-se deve-se realizar o seguinte processo.
Ex. 10.000 pés equivalem a quantos metros? 1 - ajustar a seta de pés (FT), na escala externa, sobre a seta de metros (METERS), na escala interna. 2 - sob o valor 10, na escala externa, ler o valor correspondente em metros (escala interna). Resposta: 10.000 pés = 3.050 m
TEMPERATURA Para realizar a conversão das unidades de medida de temperatura, Celsius e Fahrenheit, basta bas ta consultar a escala localizada na parte parte inferior infe rior da face A.
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Ex. 100º de longitude equivalem a quanto tempo? 1 - ajustar a seta horária h orária (escala interna) sob s ob o valor valor 15 (escala externa). 2 - sob o valor 100 (escala externa), ler o valor correspondente em minutos (escala interna). Resposta: 100º de long = 400 min ou 6h e 40m
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CÁLCULOS ENVOLVENDO REGRA DE TRÊS SIMPLES Grande parte dos cálculos de navegação são facilmente resolvidos através da regra de três simples. Para ganhar tempo e tornar os cálculos de navegação, que envolvem regra de três, mais rápidos e fáceis, utiliza-se o computador de voo. Os cálculos que analisaremos, analis aremos, que envolv envolvem em regra de três t rês simples, s imples, são: - velocidade, tempo e distância - consumo e gasto de combustív comb ustível el - razão de de subida, s ubida, quantidade quantidade de subida sub ida e tempo te mpo de subida sub ida De um modo geral, na escala interna (móvel) serão inserido os dados relativos ao tempo e hora, e na escala externa (fixa) serão inseridos os dados relativos a distância, velocidade, elocidade, consumo, razão de subida e descida, etc. Para os cálculos de regra de três é preciso entender a lógica utilizada pelo computador, para que você saiba inserir os dados de maneira adequada, a fim de obter a resposta correta do seu problema.
Para cálculos envolvendo horas (ex.: velocidade, tempo, distância e cálculos de
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Exemplo 1: com uma velocidade de 120kt, em 30 minutos uma aeronave percorrerá quantas milhas náuticas? 1 - ajustar a seta horária h orária (escala interna) sob s ob o valor valor 12 (escala externa). 2 - sobre o valor 30 (escala interna), ler o valor correspondente à distância percorrida (escala externa) externa) Resposta: 60nm
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tempo? 1 - ajustar a seta horária h orária (escala interna) sob s ob o valor valor 95 (escala externa). 2 - sob o valor 17 (escala externa), ler o valor correspondente ao tempo do percurso (escala interna). Resposta: 107minutos ou 1h47min
CONSUMO E GASTO DE COMBUSTÍVEL Os cálculos relativos ao combustível são semelhantes aos cálculos realizados para se obter velocidade, tempo e distância. Veja os exemplos:
Exemplo 1: uma aeronave cujo consumo horário de combustível é de 100l/h, consumirá quanto em 45 minutos de vôo?
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Resposta: 150 minutos ou 2h30min
Exemplo 3: uma aeronave gasta 32 US Gal em 1h10min de vôo. Qual o consumo horário desta aeronave? 1 - ajustar o valor 70 (equivalente a 70 minutos = 1h10min) na escala interna, sob o valor 32 (equivalente a 32US Gal) na escala externa.
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Exemplo Exemplo 2: uma aeronave aeronave desej a subir 6.000ft com uma razão de 800ft/min. Qual será o tempo gasto durante esta subida? 1 - ajustar o índice ín dice 10 (escala interna) int erna) sob o valor valor 80 (escala externa). 2 - sob o valor 60 (escala externa), ler o valor correspondente ao tempo de subida (escala interna)
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CÁLCULOS DE VELOCIDADE Analisaremos agora a maneira pela qual é possível se obter obte r, através através do computador computador de voo, a velocidade aerodinâmica ae rodinâmica (VA (VA ou TAS) TAS) e o número mach da aeronave.
VELOCIDADE AERODINÂMICA É sabido que a velocidade aerodinâmica (VA ou TAS) da aeronave aumenta aproximadamente aproximadamente 2% em e m relação à velocidade velocidade indicada (VI (VI ou IAS) IA S) a cada 1.000ft. 1.000ft. Porém, a forma mais precisa de se calcular a VA é através do computador de voo, onde será analisada a temperatura t emperatura na altitude altit ude do voo. voo. O processo para a obtenção da VA é muito simples, veja: - na janela indicada, ajuste a altitude altit ude pressão com a temperatura deste nível. nível. - na escala interna localizar o valor correspondente a VI da aeronave.
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1 - na janela indicada, ajustar o valor do nível de voo (FL120) e a temperatura neste nível (-10ºC) 2- na escala interna, localizar o valor da VI (120kt). Na escala externa ler o valor da VA correspondente (no caso 144kt). Resposta: VA é igual a 144kt
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temperatura é de -15ºC. Qual o número Mach desta aeronave? 1 - na janela indicada, ajustar o valor da temperatura (-15ºC) no nível de voo. 2- na escala externa, localizar o valor da VA (360kt). Na escala interna ler o valor do número Mach Mach correspondente (no caso 0.57). Resposta: número Mach é 0.57 Em algumas questões poderá ser dado o número Mach da aeronave para que seja calculado a VA, veja: Exemplo 2: uma aeronave voa no FL100 com Mach 0.25. Sabendo que a temperatura neste nível é de 10ºC, calcule a VA desta aeronave.
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CÁLCULOS DE AL ALTIT TITUDE UDE Através do computador de voo também é possível calcular a altitude densidade e a altitude verdadeira da aeronave, conforme analisaremos a seguir.
ALTITUDE AL TITUDE DENSIDADE DE NSIDADE A performance da aeronave e do motor está diretamente relacionada a densidade do ar.
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- na janela indicada, inserir a altitude pressão e a temperatura neste nest e nível. nível. - na escala interna localizar a altitude indicada, corrigida para o QNH local. - na escala externa ler o valor da altitude verdadeira correspondente. Exemplo 1: uma aeronave voa no FL150, neste nível a temperatura é de -20ºC. A altitude indicada, corrigida com o QNH local é de 14.000ft. Com base nestes dados calcule a altitude verdadeira.
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CÁLCULOS DE VENTO Os cálculos de vento serão realizados na face B do computador de voo. Basicamente serão solicitados três tipos de cálculos. - No primeiro caso será necessário encontrar a proa verdadeira (PV) e a velocidade no solo (VS). - No segundo caso calcularemos o rumo verdadeiro (RV) e a velocidade no solo (VS ou
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Grommet. 3 - inserir o RV abaixo do True Index. 4 - mover a régua para que o ponto marcado fique sobre a linha correspondente a VA da aeronave. 5 - ler a VS na linha de velocidade abaixo do Grommet. 6 - ler a correção de deriva (CD) através do ângulo entre a linha central e a marca da elocidade do v
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