FÖCH CHW@ZL[ LB N\^@QH GN W[LKLMH. Fhch enchs v`sth, nb dunvh ndthrdh ncprnslr`lb nx`in jbnx`k`b`glg n `ddhvlf`öd pnrcldndtn nd bls hrild`zlf`hdns plrl lucndtlr su fhcpnt`t`v`glg, y nsth el fhdbbnvlgh dunvls dnfns`glgns y pr`hr`glgns nd thgh t`ph gn ncprnsls, tldth nd bls cìs irldgns, fhch nd cng`ldls y pnqunüls ncprnsls. ^dl gn nstls dunvls dnfns`glgns ns qun bhs ncpbnlghs tndild ud d`vnb gn cht`vlf`öd cuy lbth, phrqun s`d cht`vlf`öd dh pungn elknr flb`glg, `ddhvlf`öd, `d`f`lt`vl h lprndg`zlmn fhdt`duh. N d nb snfthr snrv`f`hs, bl cht`vlf`öd fucpbn lgncìs ud jlfthr cìs `cphrtldtn s` flkn, yl qun nstì ãdt`clcndtn b`ilgl fhd bl flb` glg gnb trlth lb fb`ndtn y bl nxpnr`ndf`l qun àstn t`ndn gnb snrv`f`h. ¸\u`àd dh sn el gnsnspnrlgh lbiudl vnz fhd udl pnrshdl qun dhs lt`ndgn s` d ildls8 Gn `iulb cldnrl, thghs enchs nxpnr`cndtlgh lbiudl vnz nb iusth gn snr ltndg`gh phr lbiu`nd qun sn dhtl qun lcl bh qun elfn, lbiu`nd qun g`sjrutl hjrnf`àdghtn ud snrv`f`h gn flb`glg y qun sn nsjunrzl nd qun qungns slt`sjnfeh. Fhch fb`ndtns, thghs fhcprndgnchs pnrjnftlcndtn nstl g`jnrndf`l. Fhch fhblkhrlghrns y fhch cldlinrs, prhklkbncndtn tlck`àd. ¸Wn iustlrãl tndnr sukhrg`dlghs l bhs qun elyl qun supnrv`slr pnrcldndtncndtn y l bhs qun elyl fls` qun fhdvndfnr gn flgl dhvnglg qun sn `dtrhguzfl phrqun hjrnfnd rns`stndf`l l fulbqu`nr flck`h8 ¸Wn plrnfnrãl nst`cubldtn inst`hdlr l indtn nstrnslgl, qun dh bn iustl bh qun elfn d` sn `gndt`j`fl fhd nbbh phrqun dh el phg`gh gnf`g`r lkshbutlcndtn dlgl8 ¸Wndnr fhblkhrlghrns qun elfnd bls fhsls söbh phrqun t`ndnd qun elfnrbls8 H, phr nb fhdtrlr`h, ¸tn iustlrãl fhblkhrlr fhd ncpbnlghs cht`vlghs, fhd `d`f`lt`vl prhp`l, ndjhflghs lb snrv`f`h y l bl ltndf`öd lb fb`ndtn8 ¸\unrrãls fhdtlr fhd fhblkhrlghrns qun prhphdild flck`hs, qun sn `dvhbufrnd nd bl ncprnsl y lphrtnd su pudth gn v`stl plrl cnmhrlr elstl nb cìs cãd`ch gntlbbn8 Ludqun plrnzfl `dfrnãkbn, bl c`scl pnrshdl pungn snr ud sukhrg`dlgh gnscht`vlgh h ud ncpbnlgh fhd `d`f`lt`vl y ndtus`lsch, gnpndg`ndgh gn g`vnrshs jlfthrns qun ljnftld l bl cht`vlf`öd. Qhr gnsirlf`l, dhs ndfhdtrlchs nd udl s`tulf`öd nd qun cufels ncprnsls dh pungnd `djbu`r shkrn f`nrths jlfthrns qun ljnftld g`rnftlcndtn l bl cht`vlf`öd, fhch phr nmncpbh nb slblr`h, bl nstlk`b`glg blkhrlb h bls nxpnftlt`vls. V`d ncklrih, lplrtn gn nshs jlfthrns f`rfudstldf`lbns, sã qun ely udl snr`n gn jlfthrns ghdgn bhs cldlinrs pungnd `djbu`r plrl inst`hdlr bl cht`vlf`öd gn cldnrl cìs njnft`vl. Nstl ud`glg trltl prnf`slcndtn shkrn nshs jlfthrns qun ud cldlinr pungn inst`hdlr plrl qun su nqu`ph nstà cht`vlgh y tndil ud cnmhr gnsncpnüh. L bh blrih gn bl ud`glg vlchs l vnr bls g`jnrndf`ls ndtrn udl inst`öd trlg`f`hdlb y udl inst`öd hr`ndtlgl l bl cht`vlf`öd, lsã fhch udl snr`n gn enrrlc`ndtls y tàfd`fls qun ud cldlinr pungn ut`b`zlr plrl cnmhrlr bl cht`vlf`öd blkhrlb gn bhs b hs ncpbnlghs.
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INVW@ÖD GN BL CHW@ZLF@ÖD BLKH[LB= INVW@ÖD W[LG@F@HDLB ZV. INVW@ÖD CHW@ZLF@HDLB. Inst`öd trlg`f`hdlb.
Inst`öd cht`vlf`hdlb.
Mnrlrqu`zlgl, gn lrr`kl lklmh y klslgl nd `dstruff`hdns, nstrufturls, rut`dls y càthghs gn fhdtrhb nxtnrdh.
Hr`ndtlgl l pnrshdls y dh söbh l tlrnls, klslgl nd udl fubturl plrt`f`plt`vl y ndjhflgl l jhcndtlr bl cht`vlf`öd `dtrãdsnfl gn bhs ncpbnlghs.
Ndthrdhs y rnblt`vlcndtn prngnf`kbns, ghdgn dh sn fhds`gnrld dnfnslr`ls bl `ddhvlf`öd pnrcldndtn d` bl jbnx`k`b`glg nd thghs bhs prhfnshs y d`vnbns gn bl ncprnsl ncprnsl
Ndthrdhs ncprnslr`lbns qun rnqu`nrnd jbnx`k`b`glg, `ddhvlf`öd pnrcldndtn y clyhr luthdhcãl phr plrtn gn bhs nqu`phs plrl phgnr lglptlrsn lb flck`h.
Ncpbnlghs qun shbh s`iund `dstruff`hdns nstlkbnf`gls, nsflsl flplf`glg gn gnf`s`öd, y fuyh rndg`c`ndth sn prnc`l h flst`il fhd rnfhcpndsls phs`t`vls h dnilt`vls.
Ncpbnlghs qun eld gn nstlr cuy cht`vlghs plrl rnlb`zlr ud lbth gnsncpnüh, plrl lphrtlr vlbhr `ddhvldgh y plrl thclr gnf`s`hdns gn cldnrl lutödhcl, ghtldgh lsã l bl ncprnsl gn cìs jbnx`k`b`glg.
Bl cht`vlf`öd dh sn fhds`gnrl udh gn bhs pr`df`plbns jlfthrns qun rnpnrfutn nd bl prhguft`v`glg y fhcpnt`t`v`glg gn bl ncprnsl.
Nb rhb gnb cldlinr el flck`lgh, phr tldth, fhd nb t`ncph. Nd udl ncprnsl trlg`f`hdlb y nd ud ndthrdh nstlkbn, bhs cldlinrs nrld lbih lsã fhch gnjndshrns y ilrldtns gnb nstltus quh. Vu pr`df`plb judf`öd fhds`stãl nd elfnr qun bl clqu`dlr`l s`iu`nsn judf`hdldgh fhch bh elkãl vnd`gh elf`ndgh elstl nb chcndth. Qlrl nbbh, sn ndflrilkld gn supnrv`slr qun sus ncpbnlghs s`iu`nsnd udl snr`n gn rut`dls y prhfng`c`ndths qun elkãld s`gh nstlkbnf`ghs prnv`lcndtn cng`ldtn gàflgls gn pnrjnff`hdlc`ndth gn bhs c`schs y fuyhs rnsubtlghs g`jãf`bcndtn phgãld snr supnrlghs phr bl `d`f`lt`vl `dg`v`gulb gn bhs trlklmlghrns. Fuldgh nb ndthrdh ncprnslr`lb gnmö gn snr nstlkbn y cìs h cndhs prngnf`kbn y plsö l snr turkubndth y l flrlftnr`zlrsn phr bhs flck`hs rìp`ghs, fhdt`duhs, nb rhb gnb cldlinr y bl dlturlbnzl c`scl gnb trlklmh flck`lrhd fhcpbntlcndtn. Bhs cldlinrs qun inst`hdld pnrshdls nd bls ncprnsls nx`thsls sn eld fhdvnrt`gh nd ndnc`ihs gnb nstltus quh y udl gn sus pr`df`plbns judf`hdns fhds`stn nd fhdtr`ku`r l frnlr ud lck`ndtn gn trlklmh nst`cubldtn, jbnx`kbn y lk`nrth l bl `ddhvlf`öd y cht`vlr l sus ncpbnlghs plrl qun `ddhvnd, `dtrhguzfld cnmhrls fhdt`dulcndtn, funst`hdnd bhs prhfng`c`ndths y rut`dls qun sn ut`b`zld, nxpnr`cndtnd dunvls shbuf`hdns y kusqund dunvls phs`k`b`glgns phs`k`b`glgns y lbtnrdlt`vls fhdt`dulcndtn.
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GNFÌBHIH GN BL GNVCHW@ZLF@ÖD= G@N] CLDN[LV GN GNVCHW@ZL[ L ^DL QN[VHDL. Nb nxpnrth nd fhlfe`di, b`gnrlzih y prhirlclf`öd dnurhb`diòãst`fl Mhsnpe H·Fhddhr sn el hfuplgh gn elfnr udl snbnff`öd gn bls jhrcls cìs njnft`vls gn gnscht`vlr l bls pnrshdls nd nb trlklmh. Ns udl jhrcl klstldtn fblrl gn gnf`rdhs quà dh t`ndn qun elfnr ud cldlinr fuldgh `dtnrlff`hdn fhd sus ncpbnlghs=
Qlsl Qlsl lksh lkshbu butl tlcn cndt dtnn gnb gnb gnsn gnsncp cpnü nüh h gn tus tus ncpb ncpbnl nlgh ghs. s. \un \un dh tn `cph `cphrt rtnn bh qun qun elil elil d` su rnsu rnsubt btlg lgh. h. Dh bns prniudtns d` bns p`gls su hp`d`öd plrl dlgl, y nd nb flsh gn elfnrbh `idörlbl fhcpbntlcndtn, elk`àdghbns prhcnt`gh prnv`lcndtn qun bl tndg tndgrãl rãlss nd fund fundtl. tl.
G`nz cldnrls gn gnscht`vlr l udl pnrshdl.
Whcl nb cnmhr rnsubtlgh hktnd`gh fhch bl dhrcl y fr`t`fl gurlcndtn fulb fulbqu qu`n `nrr rnsu rnsubt btlg lgh h qun qun dh nstà nstà l su lbtu lbturl rl.. Wnd Wnd nd fund fundtl tl lspn lspnft fths hs fhcp fhcpbn bntl tlcn cndt dtnn `rrn `rrnbn bnvl vldt dtns ns gnb gnb trlk trlklm lmh h qun qun elfn elfnd dy frnl frnl thgh thgh t`ph t`ph gn pnqu pnqunü nüls ls rnib rnibls ls cuy r`iu r`iurh rhsl slss plrl plrl qun qun bhs bhs fucp fucpbl bld. d. V` tus tus ncpb ncpbnl nlg ghs t`nd t`ndnd nd gugl guglss lfn lfnrfl rfl gn föc föch elfn elfnrr udl tlr tlrnl, nl, g`bn g`bnss qun sn phdild l elfnrbl y pudth. Dh gnmns qun tn chbnstnd fhd sus prhkbncls. Và phfh phfh fhds fhds`g `gnr nrlg lgh h y slrf slrfìs ìst` t`fh fh.. Cnmh Cnmhrr s` ns nd prns prnsnd ndf` f`ll gn htrh htrhs. s. Frnl Frnl thgh thgh t`ph t`ph gn s`tul s`tulf`h f`hdn dnss ghdg ghdgnn tus ncpb ncpbnlg nlghs hs sn s`nd s`ndtld tld `dsni `dsniur urhs hs.. Nspn Nspnrl rl qun qun hktnd hktndil ild d rnsu rnsubtl btlgh ghss nxfnb nxfnbnd ndtns tns s`d s`d glrbn glrbnss d`di d`diýd ýd t`ph t`ph gn lphy lphyh. h. Dh gncunstrns d`diýd `dtnràs phr sus àx`ths y elz qun sn s`ndtld fubplkbns phr sus jrlflshs. Dh thbnrns d`diýd t`ph gn nrrhr y ndjìgltn v`s`kbncndtn nd flsh gn qun lbiýd ncpbnlgh dh elyl fhdsniu`gh khrrlr lbiudls gn bls p`stls qun gncu gncuns nstrn trnd d qun qun sn el nqu`v nqu`vhf hflgh lgh.
Nspnrh qun bl b`stl ldtnr`hr s`rvl gn iuãl plrl slknr quà ns bh qun DH tndnchs qun elfnr. Nd bl pröx`cl snff`öd vlchs l vnr quà njnfths t`ndn bl gnscht`vlf`öd nd nb trlklmh qun rnlb`zld tus ncpbnlghs y föch bn ljnftl lb fhdmudth gn bl ncprnsl.
\uà ns bl cht`vlf`öd y fuìdth bn funstl l tu ncprnsl dh inst`hdlrbl lgnfulglcndtn. Nx`stnd cufels tnhrãls y gnj`d`f`hdns shkrn bl cht`vlf`öd, yl qun el s`gh ud fhdfnpth lcpb`lcndtn nstug`lgh gurldtn bls ýbt`cls gàflgls, pr`df`plbcndtn gnsgn nb ìck`th gn bl ps`fhbhiãl gn bl ncprnsl y bhs nstug`hs hrild`zlf`hdlbns. Flgl lüh sn pukb`fld c`bns gn `dvnst`ilf`hdns nd thgh nb cudgh lfnrfl gn bhs jlfthrns qun `djbuynd shkrn bl cht`vlf`öd blkhrlb b lkhrlb y bl jhrcl nd qun pungnd snr cld`publghs plrl lucndtlr nstrltài`flcndtn bl cht`vlf`öd y nb gnsncpnüh gn bhs ncpbnlghs.
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Qlrl nv`tlr ndtrlr nd jlrrlihsls nxpb`flf`hdns tnör`fls y nd `dtnrc`dlkbns b`stls gn jlfthrns qun ljnftld l bl cht`vlf`öd, vhy l ncpnzlr phr gnj`d`r lquã bl cht`vlf`öd nxfbus`vlcndtn gnsgn ud pudth gn v`stl prìft`fh, nb gn sus njnfths. Ludqun ns g`jãf`b fuldt`j`flr bhs ilsths gn bl gnscht`vlf`öd blkhrlb nd udl ncprnsl, plrl fhcprndgnr l quà dhs nstlchs rnj`r`ndgh fuldgh elkblchs gn cht`vlf`öd h gnscht`vlf`öd, vlchs l vnr bhs njnfths qun t`ndn nd lft`tugns y fhdguftls fhdfrntls gn bhs ncpbnlghs, qun ljnftld g`rnftlcndtn l bhs rnsubtlghs hktnd`ghs, n `dg`rnftlcndtn l bl fhcpnt`t`v`glg gn bl ncprnsl l cng`h y blrih pblzh.
NCQBNLGH GNVCHW@ZL GNVCHW@ZLGH= GH= • • • • • • •
• • • • • •
Elfn nb cndhr trlklmh phs`kbn, sn b`c`tl l elfnr söbh lqunbbh qun t`ndn qun elfnr phr hkb`ilf`öd. Dh sn prnhfupl phr bhs gntlbbns, phr phr bl slt`sjlff`öd gnb fb`ndtn h phr lyuglr lyuglr l sus fhcplünrhs. W`ndn udl lft`tug dnilt`vl elf`l nb cldlinr y nb trlklmh. Nmnrfn rns`stndf`l pls`vl h lft`vl lb flck`h, dh qu`nrn lprndgnr. Dh sn fhcphrtl gn cldnrl rnsphdslkbn rnsphdslkbn y nv`tl lb cìx`ch lfnptlr dunvls rnsphdslk`b`glgns. Gnsfhdjãl gnb cldlinr y bn funst`hdl g`rnftl h `dg`rnftlcndtn. Inst`hdlrbhs suphdn udl bufel fhdt`dul plrl nb cldlinr, `dfbuyndgh supnrv`s`öd fhdt`dul plrl rnlb`zlr su trlklmh. Vu lft`tug nvhbuf`hdl elf`l nb f`d`sch, nb nsfnpt`f`sch y nb pns`c`sch. Fhcntn nrrhrns rnpnt`glcndtn phr gnsfu`gh. Dh sn `gndt`j`fl fhd bl ncprnsl d` fhd sus sus hkmnt`vhs. Wrlklml gnsplf`h y s`d ndtus`lsch. Vn qunml l cndugh, pnrh dh gn cldnrl fhdstruft`vl. Vu lft`tug dnilt`vl sn fhdtli`l l htrhs ncpbnlghs.
NCQBNLGH CHW@ZLGH=
• • • • • • • • • • • • •
Vn fhcphrtl gn cldnrl ndtus`lstl, fhrg`lb y phs`t`vl. Nstì g`spunsth l lyuglr l sus fhblkhrlghrns f hblkhrlghrns gn cldnrl vhbudtlr`l y nsphdtìdnl. Lk`nrth lb flck`h, l lprndgnr y l gnslrrhbblrsn. Dh sn fhdjhrcl fhd rnsubtlghs rnsubtlghs kundhs. Qrhphdn cnmhrls hr`ndtlgls lb fb`ndtn. Vn `dvhbufrl nd bhs flck`hs gn bl ncprnsl. Lsucn dunvls rnsphdslk`b`glgns vhbudtlr`lcndtn. Funst`hdl prhfng`c`ndths gn cldnrl fhdstruft`vl y hr`ndtlgl l rnsubtlghs. Bn `cphrtld bhs fb`ndtns y sn nsjunrzl phr su slt`sjlff`öd. Vn `gndt`j`fl fhd bl v`s`öd gn bl ncprnsl y s`ndtn qun fhdtr`kuyn l nbbl. Inst`hdlrbhs suphdn ud pblfnr plrl nb cldlinr. Vn s`ndtn plrtn gnb nqu`ph, fhdtr`kuyn lft`vlcndtn l ud lck`ndtn fhrg`lb. Indnrl kundhs rnsubtlghs s`d dnfns`glg gn fhdtrhb y supnrv`s`öd fhdt`dul.
Bl gnscht`vlf`öd t`ndn, phr tldth, ud prnf`h ghkbn plrl tu ncprnsl? phr ud blgh, bn funstl bhs njnfths dnilt`vhs gn bl gnscht`vlf`öd y, phr htrh, bn pr`vl gn bhs njnfths phs`t`vhs gn bl c`scl, pnrg`ndgh fhcpnt`t`v`glg jrndtn lb vlbhr qun lphrtld bhs ncpbnlghs cht`vlghs gn ncprnsls qun fhcp`tnd f hd bl tuyl. ^d ncpbnlgh gnscht`vlgh dh söbh hkt`ndn rnsubtlghs cng`hfrns, s`dh qun tlck`àd fhdtr`kuyn l qun bl ncprnsl sn nstldqun y p`nrgl udl vndtlml fhcpnt`t`vl jrndtn l htrls ncprnsls qun inst`hdld cnmhr bl cht`vlf`öd gn sus ncpbnlghs, hktnd`ndgh rnsubtlghs dh shbh kundhs, s`dh nxfnbndtns.
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Bl cht`vlf`öd `dtrãdsnfl y bl cht`vlf`öd nxtrãdsnfl. Kìs`flcndtn, nx`stnd ghs t`phs gn cht`vlf`öd= nxtrãdsnfl n `dtrãdsnfl. Bl cht`vlf`öd nxtrãdsnfl ns bl qun prhfngn gnb nxtnr`hr, ns gnf`r, fuldgh nb cht`vh phr phr nb qun qun ud `dg`v`guh `dg`v`guh elfn lbih prhfngn gnb nxtnr`hr. Qhr nb fhdtrlr`h, bl cht`vlf`öd `dtrãdsnfl ns lqunbbl qun t`ndn su hr`ind nd nb `dtnr`hr gnb `dg`v`guh.
Lbiudhs nmncpbhs gn cht`vlghrns nxtrãdsnfhs nd nb trlklmh=
@dfndt`vhs slblr`lbns.
Qhs`k`b`glg prhchf`öd.
Nv`tlr rnfhcpndsls dnilt`vls.
Lblkldzls h frãt`fls.
Lbiudhs nmncpbhs gn cht`vlghrns `dtrãdsnfhs=
Vndt`r qun sn elfn ud trlklmh `cphrtldtn.
Vndslf`öd gn fhdtrhb.
Qhs`k`b`glg gn uslr rnfurshs prhp`hs.
Qhs`k`b`glg gn gnf`s`öd nd nb trlklmh.
Vndt`gh gn pnrtndndf`l l ud iruph.
Qhs`k`b`glg gn lprndgnr.
Bl cht`vlf`öd nxtnrdl ns phgnrhsl n `dcng`ltl, pnrh sunbn tndnr njnfth söbh l fhrth pblzh. Qhgnchs vnr nsth nd nb flsh gn bh qun Jrngnr`fo Enrzknri, p`hdnrh gn bhs nstug`hs shkrn cht`vlf`öd nd nb builr gn trlklmh, gndhc`dö ‒jlfthrns e`i`àd`fhs gn bl cht`vlf`öd–. Vhd lqunbbhs jlfthrns qun, s` jlbtld, prhgufnd `dslt`sjlff`öd, pnrh su cnrl prnsndf`l t`ndn cuy phfh njnfth nd bl cht`vlf`öd l blrih pblzh. Nb nmncpbh elk`tulb gn ‒jlfthr gn e`i`ndn– ns nb slblr`h. Whgls bls `dvnst`ilf`hdns ps`fhböi`fls rnblt`vls l bl rnblf`öd ndtrn slblr`h y cht`vlf`öd eld chstrlgh rnpnt`gls vnfns qun= l) ^d slb lblr lr`h `h `d `dssuj uj`f `f`n `nd dtn qu qunn prh rhv vhqu qunn `d `dsl slt` t`ssjl jlff ff`ö `öd, d, pr prh hgu gufn fn gn gnsc scht ht`v `vlf lf`ö `öd. d. Ns gnf` gn f`r, r, ph phrr gn gnkl klmh mh gn ud d`v `vnb nb gn gntn tnrc rc`d `dlg lgh h (g (g`j `jnnrn rnd dtn pl plrl rl fl flgl gl pn pnrs rsh hdl) l),, ud slb lblr lr`h `h klmh prhgufn gnscht`vlf`öd pnrcldndtn. ^dl vnz supnrlgh nsn pudth, nb slblr`h gnml gn sn snrr ud jl jlfth fthrr gn gn gnsc scht ht`v `vlf lf`öd `öd.. ....
k)… pnrh tlcphfh prhgufn cht`vlf`öd l blrih pblzh ludqun sn lucndtn. Qhr ndf`cl gnb pudth snülblgh ldtnr`hrcndtn, ud lucndth gnb slblr`h prhgufn udl ndhrcn cht` t`v vlf lf`ö `öd d l fh fhrt rth h pbl blzzh, pn pnrh rh lb fl flkh kh gn ud udh hs cns nsns ns nb d` d`v vnb gn cht ht`v `vlf lf`ö `öd d vunb nbv vn lb d`vn d` vnbb `d` `d`f`l f`lb, b, ld ldtnr tnr`hr `hr lb lu lucn cndth dth..
Whghs bhs gnrnfehs rnsnrvlghs ©Nsfunbl gn Ehstnbnrãl Hdb`dn Clront`di Ilstrhdöc`fh
Bl cht`vlf`öd `dtrãdsnfl, s`d ncklrih, dh t`ndn ud njnfth tld irldgn y nxpbhs`vh nd nb fhrth pblzh, pnrh t`ndn ud njnfth cufeh cìs prhjudgh y shstnd`kbn l blrih pblzh. Ns phr nsh qun cufels ncprnsls `dv`nrtnd cufeh g`dnrh nd lucndtlr bl cht`vlf`öd `dtrãdsnfl gn sus ncpbnlghs. Dh hkstldtn, hkstldtn, ely qun snülblr snülblr qun g`jnrndtns pnrshdls t`ndnd g`jnrndtns g`jnrndtns dnfns`glgns dnfns`glgns y nxpnftlt`vls. Nb g`dnrh pungn snr ud jlfthr cht`vlghr cuy `cphrtldtn plrl lbiudls pnrshdls, c`ndtrls qun plrl htrls pungn snr cìs `cphrtldtn bl rnblf`öd fhd bhs fhcplünrhs gn trlklmh h bls phs`k`b`glgns gn gnslrrhbblr su flrrnrl prhjns`hdlb. Qhr tldth, sn pungn gnf`r qun nb g`dnrh ns ud jlfthr cht`vlghr cuy `cphrtldtn plrl lqunbbls pnrshdls qun lprnf`ld nb g`dnrh, pnrh dh plrl nb rnsth. Qlrl nsls pnrshdls, ud s`stncl gn `dfndt`vhs nfhdöc`fhs tndgrãl njnfths cuy phs`t`vhs nd bl cht`vlf`öd, pnrh dh nd nb flsh gn pnrshdls fhd htrhs `dtnrnsns y vlbhrns. Gnk`gh l su irld njnfth l fhrth pblzh y l qun bhs jlfthrns nxtnrdhs shd cìs h cndhs jìf`bns gn cld`publr, gurldtn bls gàflgls plslgls sn g`h cufel `cphrtldf`l ` cphrtldf`l bhs jlfthrns nxtnrdhs gn bl cht`vlf`öd. V`d ncklrih, ehy sn slkn qun bhs clyhrns d`vnbns gn gnsncpnüh blkhrlb shd rnlb`zlghs phr `dg`v`guhs qun prnsndtld lbths d`vnbns gn cht`vlf`öd `dtrãdsnfl. Qhr nbbh, ludqun dh eld gnsfu`glgh bhs jlfthrns qun prhgufnd cht`vlf`öd nxtrãdsnfl, bls ncprnsls cìs nx`thsls sn eld fhdfndtrlgh nd irld cng`gl nd lucndtlr bl cht`vlf`öd `dtrãdsnfl gn sus ncpbnlghs, plrl fhdsniu`r qun tn dild ud lbth gnsncpnüh. Bl `dvnst`ilf`öd rnf`ndtn el chstrlgh qun ns bl cht`vlf`öd `dtrãdsnfl bl qun elfn qun bls pnrshdls nstàd cht`vlgls plrl elfnr ud trlklmh gn flb`glg, qun sn prnhfupnd rnlbcndtn phr bhs rnsubtlghs, sn `dvhbufrnd nd bl ncprnsl, sn nsjunrfnd phr slt`sjlfnr lb fb`ndtn, nstàd hr`ndtlghs l shbuf`hdns y tndild g`sphs`f`öd l `dtrhguf`r cnmhrls. Inst`hdlr l pnrshdls cht`vlgls nxfbus`vlcndtn phr jlfthrns nxtrãdsnfhs ns udl tlrnl lrgul y flds`dl, phrqun `cpb`fl nmnrfnr prns`öd prns`öd nxtnrdl gn cldnrl fhdt`dul plrl qun bls pnrshdls elild su trlklmh. Fuldgh bls pnrshdls söbh t`ndnd cht`vlf`hdns nxtnrdls dh rnlb`zld nb cnmhr trlklmh gnb qun shd flplfns, s`dh qun sn b`c`tld l fucpb`r fhd bh kìs`fh, fhd nb n b j`d gn hktndnr udl rnfhcpndsl h nv`tlr ud flst`ih. Nd nb chcndth nd qun bl supnrv`s`öd h bhs jlfthrns nxtnrdhs qun cht`vld bl lff`öd gnslplrnfnd, gnsplrnfn tlck`àd bl cht`vlf`öd plrl rnlb`zlr bl lff`öd. Bl cht`vlf`öd nxtrãdsnfl pugh judf`hdlr gurldtn cufeh t`ncph plrl bl rnlb`zlf`öd gn tlrnls s`cpbns, rnpnt`t`vls y cnfìd`fls, pnrh nd nb chcndth nd qun bl prhguft`v`glg y bl fhcpnt`t`v`glg rnqu`nrnd gn clyhr rnsphdslk`b`glg, cìs jbnx`k`b`glg, hrild`zlf`hdns cìs ehr`zhdtlbns, clyhr flplf`glg gn gnf`s`öd, `d`f`lt`vl, lft`tug gn snrv`f`h, hr`ndtlf`öd lb fb`ndtn n `ddhvlf`öd l thghs bhs d`vnbns y nd thghs bhs prhfnshs gn bl hrild`zlf`öd, bl cht`vlf`öd cht`vlf`öd nxtrãdsnfl sn thrdö fhcpbntlcndtn fhcpbntlcndtn `dsuj`f`ndtn plrl fukr`r bls dnfns`glgns gn bl rnlb`glg ncprnslr`lb lftulb. V`d ncklrih, inst`hdlr l pnrshdls `dtrãdsnflcndtn cht`vlgls dh rnqu`nrn gn bl prnsndf`l fhdstldtn gn supnrv`s`öd, lgvnrtndf`ls h rnfhcpndsls. Dh ns dnfnslr`h nmnrfnr prns`öd plrl qun bls pnrshdls rnlb`fnd su trlklmh, phrqun bl cht`vlf`öd yl nstì prnsndtn, y nb cldlinr shbh t`ndn qun inst`hdlrbl lgnfulglcndtn (lb`cndtlrbl, fldlb`zlrbl, fhhrg`dlrbl, hr`ndtlrbl, ntf.). Bls pnrshdls cht`vlgls `dtrãdsnflcndtn elfnd su trlklmh phrqun bns rnsubtl lpls`hdldtn, phrqun sn s`ndtnd plrtn s`id`j`flt`vl gn ud nqu`ph y gn udl ncprnsl, phrqun eld phg`gh `dvhbufrlrsn gn lbiýd chgh nd bl bl thcl gn gnf`s`hdns lfnrfl gn su prhp`h trlklmh y phrqun sn s`ndtnd plrtãf`pns y fhcplrtnd udl v`s`öd gn ncprnsl qun ghtl gn sndt`gh l bh qun elfnd. Qhr bh tldth, bl prniudtl qun cìs el `dtnrnslgh tldth l insthrns fhch `dvnst`ilghrns nd bl ýbt`cl gàflgl ns föch lucndtlr bl cht`vlf`öd `dtrãdsnfl gn bhs ncpbnlghs. P bl `dvnst`ilf`öd el gnchstrlgh qun, s`d snr ýd`fh, udh gn bhs jlfthrns qun cìs `djbuynd nd bl cht`vlf`öd `dtrãdsnfl gn bhs ncpbnlghs t`ndn qun vnr
Whghs bhs gnrnfehs rnsnrvlghs ©Nsfunbl gn Ehstnbnrãl Hdb`dn Clront`di Ilstrhdöc`fh
prnf`slcndtn fhd bl jhrcl nd qun nb cldlinr cldlinr sn fhcud`fl n `dtnrlff`hdl fhd sus ncpbnlghs, fhch vlchs l vnr cìs lgnbldtn.
¸Föch elfnr ud g`lidöst`fh cht`vlf`hdlb l c` nqu`ph8 ¸\u`nrns slknr fuìb ns bl s`tulf`öd lftulb gn bl cht`vlf`öd gn tus ncpbnlghs8 Zlchs l ut`b`zlr bl s`iu`ndtn tlkbl, `dsp`rlgl nd nb trlklmh gnb nxpnrth nd cldlincndt Lbnx E`lc, plrl fhdhfnr nb t`ph gn cht`vlf`öd qun ghc`dl nd tu ncprnsl h nqu`ph lftulbcndtn= Wus ncpbnlghs…
Nspnrld l qun su mnjn bns g`il bh qun tndild qun elfnr.
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Vn hjrnfnd fhch vhbudtlr`hs plrl trlklmh nxtrl l cndugh Wrlklmld cìs gurh fuldgh nb supnrv`shr bns nstì c`rldgh Qrhphdnd cufels cldnrls gn cnmhrlr su trlklmh Vn qunmld jrnfundtncndtn Lftýld fhch s` euk`nrl ud ‒dhshtrhs fhdtrl nbbhs– Vn s`ndtnd clb s` fhcntnd ud nrrhr
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Qrhphdnd flck`hs Wrlklmld cìs fuldgh sn bns hjrnfnd rnfhcpndsls nspnf`lbns Elfn jlbtl nstlr ndf`cl gn nbbhs plrl qun rnlb`fnd su trlklmh
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Dýcnrh thtlb gn rnspunstls nd flgl flgl fhbucdl=
W`ph gn cht`vlf`öd=
Cht`vlf`öd nxtrãdsnfl
Cht`vlf`öd `dtrãdsnfl
¸Ely cìs rnspunstls nd bl fhbucdl gn bl `zqu`nrgl (cht`vlf`öd nxtrãdsnfl) h nd bl gn bl gnrnfel (cht`vlf`öd `dtrãdsnfl)8 ¸Fuìb ns bl cht`vlf`öd qun ghc`dl nd tu nqu`ph lftulbcndtn8
¡V` ely cìs rnspunstls nd bl fhbucdl gn bl cht`vlf`öd `dtrãdsnfl, ndehrlkundl! Ndthdfns tus ncpbnlghs nstìd luth cht`vlghs, bh qun s`id`j`fl qun ut`b`zlrìd thghs sus rnfurshs plrl hktndnr cnmhrns rnsubtlghs, shbuf`hdlr prhkbncls y slt`sjlfnr bls dnfns`glgns gn bhs fb`ndtns. V` tus ncpbnlghs dh t`ndnd nb suj`f`ndtn d`vnb gn cht`vlf`öd `dtrãdsnfl plrl rnlb`zlr ud lbth gnsncpnüh, ndthdfns ns urindtn qun fhch cldlinr thcns bls cng`gls cng`gls qun nstìd nd tu cldh. Qlrl nbbh, dhs vlchs l hfuplr gn föch sn pungn lucndtlr bl cht`vlf`öd `dtrãdsnfl gn tus ncpbnlghs cng`ldtn bl ut`b`zlf`öd gn lbiudls enrrlc`ndtls cht`vlf`hdlbns. Nd bls pröx`cls pìi`dls vlchs l lprndgnr= Föch `dtnrlff`hdlr fhd tus ncpbnlghs gn ud chgh cìs cht`vlf`hdlb Föch fhdvnrt`r udl tlrnl fht`g`ldl nd udl hphrtud`glg cht`vlf`hdlb
Whghs gnrnfehs rnsnrvlghs gn Ehstnbnrãl Hdb`dn Clront`di Ilstrhdöc`fh Föchbhsglr rnjunrzh phs`t`vh©Nsfunbl y jnngklfo fhdstruft`vh
Föch `dtnrlff`hdlr fhd tus ncpbnlghs gn ud chgh cht`vlf`hdlb. Bl inst`öd cht`vlf`hdlb sn klsl nd irld cng`gl nd nb chgh nd qun ud cldlinr inst`hdl su `dtnrlff`öd fhd sus ncpbnlghs. Nd cufels hfls`hdns, fuldgh c` nqu`ph trlklml fhd cldlinrs gn thgh t`ph gn ncprnsls, udl prhkbncìt`fl fhcýd ns ud clb lck`ndtn gn trlklmh y bl fhds`iu`ndtn gnscht`vlf`öd phr plrtn gn bhs ncpbnlghs. Nd nshs flshs, ns `dnv`tlkbn fhdhfnr bl b l hp`d`öd gn nstls pnrshdls, plrl phgnr slknr gn pr`cnrl cldh quà ns bh qun dh nstì judf`hdldgh fhch gnknrãl y quà sn phgrãl elfnr cnmhr plrl flck`lr nb fb`cl y hktndnr cnmhrns rnsubtlghs. Fuldgh dhs ndtrnv`stlchs fhd lbiudhs ncpbnlghs, ud phrfndtlmn cuy lbth gn bls vnfns hktndnchs bls s`iu`ndtns rnspunstls= "Nb mnjn dudfl t`ndn t`ncph plrl dhshtrhs y dh dhs nsfufel". "Nstlchs elrths gn gnf`r bh c`sch udl y htrl vnz, pnrh dh dhs elfnd flsh". "L dlg`n bn `cphrtl lquã föch dhs sndt`chs". "Ph yl cn en rndg`gh, sà qun dh vl l flck`lr dlgl". "Gl `iulb bh qun elilchs, dlg`n t`ndn d` `gnl gn qu`àd elfn bls fhsls k`nd y qu`àd dh elfn dlgl".
Nd lbiudhs flshs, nb prhkbncl ns udl cnzfbl gn thghs bhs nmncpbhs ldtnr`hrns. [nfunrgh nb flsh gn udl ncprnsl irldgn, udl fuyh mnjn gn snff`öd nstlkl cuy ljnftlgh phr nb lbth phrfndtlmn gn klmls càg`fls phr nstràs y lds`nglg ndtrn bhs ncpbnlghs l su flrih gurldtn nd ud pnrãhgh cuy pnqunüh gn t`ncph. Nb clb lck`ndtn gn trlklmh nrl ud snfrnth l vhfns, y thgh sn lfelflkl l bl ndhrcn shkrnflril gn tlrnls l bls qun nstlkl shcnt`gh nb nqu`ph. Wrls ndtrnv`stlr l vlr`hs ncpbnlghs, thghs nbbhs e`f`nrhd ud rnblth s`c`blr? nd pr`cnr builr, slb`nrhd l jbhtn cufels qunmls qun, gnspuàs, fhdvnd`ndtncndtn rnhr`ndtlgls y nblkhrlgls cng`ldtn prniudtls lk`nrtls, trldsjhrclchs nd cng`gls fhdfrntls qun prhpus`nrhd l su mnjn. Elf`ndgh ud rnsucnd gn bls qunmls, lplrtn gn bl shkrnflril gn trlklmh (qun dh phgãl snr shbuf`hdlgl gn jhrcl `dcng`ltl y nsflplkl l bls phs`k`b`glgns gn lff`öd tldth gnb mnjn fhch gnb nqu`ph), bhs ncpbnlghs cld`jnstlrhd qun nb mnjn nd funst`öd plslkl cufeh t`ncph junrl nd rnud`hdns gn trlklmh y fuldgh nstlkl nd bl hj`f`dl sn ndfnrrlkl nd su fulrth plrl trlklmlr fhd nb plpnbnh. Qrìft`flcndtn söbh sn rnudãl fhd nb nqu`ph jhrclbcndtn udl vnz lb cns plrl nvlbulr bhs rnsubtlghs hktnd`ghs, dudfl tndãl t`ncph plrl elkblr gn funst`hdns qun dh nstlkld rnblf`hdlgls fhd hkmnt`vhs hpnrlt`vhs gnb nqu`ph, gldgh phr enfeh qun bhs prhkbncls prhp`hs gn bls rnblf`hdns eucldls dh nx`stãld y qun c`ndtrls bl sldirn dh bbnilrl lb rãh, thgh nstlkl k`nd fhch nstlkl. Lb fhdtrlr`h gn nstl vnrs`öd b`iet, bl rnlb`glg gnb nqu`ph nrl qun nx`stãld udl snr`n gn fhdjb`fths bltndtns qun sn nstlkld lirlvldgh fhd nb plsh gnb t`ncph lb dh snr ljrhdtlghs gn cldnrl lk`nrtl plrl kusflr shbuf`hdns. Lgncìs, cufehs trlklmlghrns tndãld bl sndslf`öd gn qun su mnjn dh fhdhfãl nxlftlcndtn qu`àd elfãl quà y cufels pnrshdls sn `kld gnscht`vldgh prhirns`vlcndtn fuldgh gnspuàs gn nsjhrzlrsn cufeh, dlg`n rnfhdhfãl su blkhr.
Whghs bhs gnrnfehs rnsnrvlghs ©Nsfunbl gn Ehstnbnrãl Hdb`dn Clront`di Ilstrhdöc`fh
Bl b`stl gn prhpunstls qun rnsuc`chs l plrt`r gn bls ndtrnv`stls fhd vlr`hs ncpbnlghs nrl cìs h cndhs lsã= Nb mnjn gnkãl nstlr cìs prnsndtn nd bl ncprnsl, nd bl cng`gl gn bh phs`kbn. Vlb`r gn su gnsplfeh cìs l cndugh. Vnr lffns`kbn. Gng`flr ud t`ncph g`lr`lcndtn l shbuf`hdlr fhdsubtls gn sus ncpbnlghs. Elfnr udl rnud`öd cndsulb nxfbus`vlcndtn plrl tncls rnb lf`hdlghs fhd nb lck`ndtn gn trlklmh. Lprhvnfelr nsls rnud`hdns plrl lkhrglr bhs fhdjb`fths gn udl cldnrl fhdstruft`vl y hr`ndtlgl l shbuf`hdns. Fhdhfnr cnmhr nb trlklmh gn sus sukhrg`dlghs. [njhrzlr phs`t`vlcndtn y rnfhdhfnr nb trlklmh k`nd enfeh.
[nfunrgh qun fuldgh bnãchs bl b`stl nd udl rnud`öd hrild`zlgl plrl tlb prhpös`th fhd nb mnjn y thghs bhs c`nckrhs gnb nqu`ph, àsths rhcp`nrhd l lpblug`r fuldgh sn tnrc`dö gn bnnr bls prhpunstls. Nb mnjn sn fhcprhcnt`ö l elfnr thgh bh qun nstlkl nd su cldh, y bn lyuglchs l prnplrlr bls pr`cnrls rnud`hdns, föch nstrufturlrbls gn cldnrl prìft`fl, hr`ndtlgl l shbuf`hdns y föch cnmhrlr bl fhcud`flf`öd fhd nb nqu`ph. Qhstnr`hrcndtn, nd udl sns`öd gn sniu`c`ndth, dhs fhdjnsö qun tndãl bl sndslf`öd gn elknrsn b`krlgh gn udl bhsl cuy pnslgl y elkãl ncpnzlgh l g`sjrutlr gn su nqu`ph gn udl jhrcl qun gnsfhdhfãl elstl bl jnfel. Nb nmncpbh ldtnr`hr cunstrl qun ely cufels jhrcls j hrcls gn qun ud cldlinr `dtnrlff`hdn fhd sus ncpbnlghs, y qun nd cufels hfls`hdns bl inst`öd cht`vlf`hdlb nstì nd bhs pnqunühs gntlbbns.
Föch tndnr udl fhcud`flf`öd ndjhflgl l bl cht`vlf`öd. Nd nstn lplrtlgh vlchs l vnr föch pungns ut`b`zlr ud nst`bh gn fhcud`flf`öd cht`vlf`hdlb qun fhdtr`kuyl g`rnftlcndtn l cnmhrlr bl cht`vlf`öd gn tus ncpbnlghs y su gnsncpnüh. Vn trltl pr`df`plbcndtn gn lprndgnr l ut`b`zlr bl fhcud`flf`öd gn ud chgh qun elil qun tus ncpbnlghs s`ndtld qun shd vlbhrlghs, nsfufelghs y plrtn gn ud nqu`ph, nd vnz gn sndt`rsn cnrhs `dstrucndths lb snrv`f`h gn bhs j`dns gn bl ncprnsl.
Whghs bhs gnrnfehs rnsnrvlghs ©Nsfunbl gn Ehstnbnrãl Hdb`dn Clront`di Ilstrhdöc`fh
Zlchs l fhcndzlr g`st`diu`ndgh ghs jhrcls gn fhcud`flf`öd g`jnrndtns= Fhcud`flf`öd hr`ndtlgl l tlrnls y hkmnt`vhs. • Ns ud t`ph gn fhcud`flf`öd nxfbus`vlcndtn prìft`fh, hpnrlt`vh y judf`hdlb, hr`ndtlgh l ud hkmnt`vh fhdfrnth, y nd cufels hfls`hdns ud`g`rnff`hdlb. • Vn prhgufn, phr nmncpbh, fuldgh ud cldlinr bn g`fn l ud ncpbnlgh quà gnkn elfnr y föch.
Fhcud`flf`öd hr`ndtlgl l pnrshdls. • Nstì hr`ndtlgl l bl `dtnrlff`öd fhd htrls pnrshdls, y ns phr tldth k` y cubt`g`rnff`hdlb. • Nb fndtrh gn ltndf`öd ns föch p`ndsld, s`ndtnd h sn rnblf`hdld bls pnrshdls. • Vn prhgufn, phr nmncpbh, fuldgh ud cldlinr sn `dtnrnsl phr bls hp`d`hdns gn ud ncpbnlgh lfnrfl gn föch shbuf`hdlr ud prhkbncl.
Nd udl ncprnsl sn rnqu`nrnd lckhs t`phs gn fhcud`flf`öd phr plrtn gnb cldlinr. Nd cufehs flshs, bls f`rfudstldf`ls rnqu`nrnd nxfbus`vlcndtn fhcud`flf`öd hr`ndtlgl l hkmnt`vhs, pnrh nd htrhs gnkn pr`hr`zlrsn udl fhcud`flf`öd hr`ndtlgl l pnrshdls. V`d ncklrih, lbiudhs cldlinrs sn eld jhflb`zlgh nd irld cng`gl n d bl fhcud`flf`öd hr`ndtlgl l tlrnls y hkmnt`vhs, gnspnrg`f`ldgh lsã nb phtndf`lb qun t`ndn bl fhcud`flf`öd plrl cnmhrlr bl cht`vlf`öd y nb gnsncpnüh gn sus ncpbnlghs. Qnrh lgncìs ely qun snülblr qun bl fhcud`flf`öd klslgl nd hkmnt`vhs, l pnslr gn dh tndnr nd fundtl bl cht`vlf`öd, sã qun t`ndn ud `cplfth shkrn nbbl, tldth phs`t`vh fhch dnilt`vh. Nb njnfth pr`df`plb gn lkuslr gn bl fhcud`flf`öd hr`ndtlgl l hkmnt`vhs ns qun c`dl bl cht`vlf`öd gn bls pnrshdls. Jrndtn l nsh, bh qun hs prhphdih lquã shd udl snr`n gn tàfd`fls gn fhcud`flf`öd cht`vlf`hdlb plrl qun, `dfbush fuldgh bl fhcud`flf`öd i`rn nd thrdh l tlrnls y hkmnt`vhs, phgì`s `djbu`r phs`t`vlcndtn nd bl g`sphs`f`öd y bl cht`vlf`öd gn vunstrhs ncpbnlghs. Bls pr`df`plbns enrrlc`ndtls fhcud`flt`vls plrl `dfrncndtlr bl cht`vlf`öd gn tus ncpbnlghs shd bhs vnrkhs prniudtlr, fhdsubtlr, `dvhbufrlr, plrt`f`plr, nxpb`flr, gnf`g`r, ntf. Vn trltl gn `dtndtlr ut`b`zlr bl fhcud`flf`öd gn cldnrl plrt`f`plt`vl, `dfbush fuldgh elkbns nxfbus`vlcndtn gn udl tlrnl= ▭
Và fhdsf`ndtn gn qun bl jhrcl nd qun g`fns bls fhsls fhdg`f`hdl nb fhdtnd`gh gn bh qun g`fns. Qhd ltndf`öd l föch elkbls fhd tus ncpbnlghs (bndiulmn fhrphrlb, chcndth nsfhi`gh, fhdtnxth), n `dtndtl dh elkblr fhd nbbhs fuldgh nstàs lihk`lgh h `rr`tlgh? gn bh fhdtrlr`h, fhrrns nb r`nsih gn glülr su cht`vlf`öd `dvhbudtlr`lcndtn (y nsth, phr gnsirlf`l, ns cìs elk`tulb gn bh qun tn `cli`dls). Ns cnmhr qun nspnrns ud phfh, tn flbcns, y fuldgh tn g`r`mls l nbbhs tndils ud nstlgh gn ìd`ch cìs jlvhrlkbn.
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V`ncprn qun pungls, nd vnz gn gnf`rbn l tus ncpbnlghs bh qun gnknd elfnr, ldãclbhs l kusflr bls shbuf`hdns qun cnmhr fhds`gnrnd. Qrniýdtlbns.
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V` bls f`rfudstldf`ls dh pnrc`tnd qun lphrtnd sus prhp`ls shbuf`hdns, `dtndtl lphrtlr vlr`ls phs`k`b`glgns plrl qun nbbhs nb`mld bl b l qun fhds`gnrnd cìs lgnfulgl (dh hbv`gns qun dlg`n cnmhr qun nbbhs fhdhfnd bls vnrglgnrls fhdg`f`hdns nd qun sn gnsncpnül su trlklmh).
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V` dh ns phs`kbn nbni`r ndtrn vlr`ls hpf`hdns, nxpb`fl bl s`tulf`öd h nb prhkbncl l tus ncpbnlghs. Qnrf`k`rìd qun t`ndns ncpltãl fhd nbbhs, nsh lucndtlrì su fhdj`ldzl nd t`.
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V` t`ndns gugls shkrn lbiudl funst`öd, fhdsubtl l tus ncpbnlghs. Elfnrbh dh ns ud s`idh gn gnk`b`glg, lb fhdtrlr`h, ndr`qunfn bl gnf`s`öd qun thcns fhd htrl pnrspnft`vl. Gn plsh, elrìs qun bl indtn qun trlklml fhdt`ih s`ndtl qun su hp`d`öd fundtl.
Whghs bhs gnrnfehs rnsnrvlghs ©Nsfunbl gn Ehstnbnrãl Hdb`dn Clront`di Ilstrhdöc`fh
Dh s`rvn gn dlgl qun bns g`ils l cndugh qun su trlklmh ns `cphrtldtn, s` bunih bh gnsc`ndtnd tus lfths y tus lft`tugns. Qrniudtlrbns ns bl cnmhr cldnrl gn gnf`rbns y gnchstrlrbns qun shd `cphrtldtns y sus hp`d`hdns tlck`àd. Qungns ut`b`zlr bls prniudtls qun v`chs nd bl ud`glg ldtnr`hr. ▭
[nfunrgl qun thgl fhcud`flf`öd fhd tus ncpbnlghs t`ndn lb cndhs ud f`nrth `cplfth shkrn su cht`vlf`öd. @dtndtl dh b`c`tlrtn l fhcud`flrtn fhd tus ncpbnlghs plrl ls`idlrbns tlrnls. Nd tlb flsh, fhrrns nb r`nsih gn qun, nd hfls`hdns, s`d prntndgnrbh, elils qun sn s`ndtld jrustrlghs, phfh `cphrtldtns h cndhsprnf`lghs. Bl fhcud`flf`öd cht`vlf`hdlb t`ndn ud `cplfth phs`t`vh shkrn föch sn s`ndtnd bhs ncpbnlghs shkrn sã c`schs y shkrn su trlklmh, trltl gn ut`b`zlrbl `dfbush fuldgh nstàs elkbldgh nxfbus`vlcndtn gn udl tlrnl u hkmnt`vh.
[nfunrgl qun dunstrh hkmnt`vh ns qun tndild cìs cht`vlf`öd plrl qun sn `dvhbufrnd cìs nd su trlklmh y bh elild cnmhr? s` dh bns gnmlchs nsplf`h plrl qun sn `dvhbufrnd, ns `cphs`kbn qun bh elild.
:. FÖCH W[LDVJH[CL[ LFW@W^GNV DNILW@ZLV. Bls lft`tugns dnilt`vls shd rnlff`hdns ldtn gntnrc`dlgls s`tulf`hdns qun prhvhfld jrustrlf`öd, gnfnpf`öd, rlk`l, ndjlgh, `dfnrt`guckrn, `dg`idlf`öd, `rr`tlf`öd, ntf. L vnfns nsls nchf`hdns shd f`rfudstldf`lbns y gnslplrnfnd, pnrh s` sn prhgufnd l cndugh h s` bl s`tulf`öd qun bls prhvhfl pnrs`stn, lflkld indnrldgh lft`tugns pnrcldndtns gn dnilt`v`glg, qun glüld bl cht`vlf`öd dh söbh gn bhs ncpbnlghs qun bls sujrnd, s`dh gn thgh nb nqu`ph. Nb prhkbncl fhd bls lft`tugns dnilt`vls ns qun sn fhdtli`ld rìp`glcndtn y pungn bbnilr l snr fhcpb`flgh supnrlrbls fuldgh sn `dstlbld fhd junrzl nd ud iruph. Qlrl nv`tlr nsh, phr ud blgh, b lgh, ely qun rnlff`hdlr ldtn bls lft`tugns dnilt`vls rìp`glcndtn, y phr htrh ely qun fhdtr`ku`r lft`vlcndtn l g`judg`r y rnjhrzlr lft`tugns phs`t`vls. L fhdt`dulf`öd, vlchs l vnr lbiudls gn bls lft`tugns dnilt`vls cìs elk`tulbns nd nb builr gn trlklmh plrl phgnr `gndt`j`flrbls y inst`hdlrbls plrl qun dh sn g`judgld. Ldtns gn nsh, qu`nrh pudtulb`zlr qun nb cnmhr ldtãghth plrl ud builr gn trlklmh b`krn gn lft`tugns dnilt`vls ns udl fubturl gn ncprnsl lk`nrtl ghdgn sn ljrhdtnd bhs prhkbncls gn cldnrl fhdstruft`vl, lsã fhch ud b`gnrlzih fnrfldh, prnsndtn, lffns`kbn y ncpìt`fh. Bls `dvnst`ilf`hdns cunstrld qun udh gn bhs jlfthrns cìs gntnrc`dldtns gn bls lft`tugns gn bls pnrshdls elf`l su trlklmh y su ncprnsl, tldth s` shd dnilt`vls fhch s` shd phs`t`vls, ns bl rnblf`öd qun bls pnrshdls t`ndnd fhd nb cldlinr. Qhr nbbh, tn ld`ch l qun usns thgls bls tàfd`fls qun enchs v`sth nd nstl ud`glg y nd bl ldtnr`hr plrl qun, cìs lbbì gn bl inst`öd gn funst`hdns pudtulbns, fhdtr`kuyls lft`vlcndtn l ud builr gn trlklmh slbuglkbn y b`krn gn lft`tugns dnilt`vls qun g`sthrs`hdld nb gnsncpnüh gn t us ncpbnlghs, cng`ldtn ud b`gnrlzih snds`kbn l nsls funst`hdns. Ns gnf`r, qun nspnrh qun, nd bl cng`gl gn tus phs`k`b`glgns, tý c`sch prhcunvls fhd tu prhp`l lft`tug y tu jhrcl gn fhcud`flrtn y rnblf`hdlrtn fhd tus ncpbnlghs udl fubturl ncprnslr`lb qun prhcunvl bls nchf`hdns y lft`tugns phs`t`vls nd vnz gn bls dnilt`vls. dnilt`vls. •
[ns`idlf`öd, f`d`sch y nsfnpt`f`sch= Nstls lft`tugns shd kìs`flcndtn pns`c`stls y elfnd qun bls pnrshdls sn fndtrnd nxfbus`vlcndtn nxfbus`vlcndtn nd bls b`c`tlf`hdns, bhs lspnfths dnilt`vhs, dnilt`vhs, bh qun slbgrì clb, bh qun dh judf`hdl h bh qun `cp`gn qun lbih judf`hdn, ntf. Nd su lspnfth pls`vh, elfn qun bl indtn sn rns`idn y lflkn gìdghbn `iulb thgh, c`ndtrls qun su blgh lft`vh ns nb f`d`sch, g`dlc`tldgh fulbqu`nr `dtndth gn cnmhrl y t`bgldgh, l vnfns fhd f`nrtl lirns`v`glg, fulbqu`nr lft`tug phs`t`vl fhch `dindul.
Whghs bhs gnrnfehs rnsnrvlghs ©Nsfunbl gn Ehstnbnrãl Hdb`dn Clront`di Ilstrhdöc`fh
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Nd fulbqu`nr flsh, nstl lft`tug elfn qun sn lfnptnd bls b`c`tlf`hdns gnb gãl l gãl fhch `cphs`kbns gn supnrlr, fhd nb fhds`iu`ndtn glüh l bl cht`vlf`öd blkhrlb. Nstn iruph gn lft`tugns shd ndnc`ihs ndnc`ihs g`rnfths gnb flck`h, yl qun nb nsfnpt`f`sch ldtn sus phs`kbns nj nfths nfths phs`t`vhs indnrl cufel rns`stndf`l (‒dh vl l judf`hdlr–, ‒nsh yl bh enchs prhklgh–, ‒dh dhs qungl t`ncph plrl nsh–, ‒vl l `cpb`flr cufeh cìs trlklmh–, ‒vl l trlnr cufehs prhkbncls–, ‒l bhs fb`ndtns dh bns vl l iustlr–, ntf.).
Nb pr`cnr plsh plrl gnschdtlr nsls lft`tugns pungn snr, ldtns qun dlgl, ud rnfhdhf`c`ndth ncpìt`fh gn qun f`nrtls s`tulf`hdns prhgufnd jrustrlf`öd= ‒sà qun pungn snr jrustrldtn nb enfeh gn qun (bh qun fhrrnsphdgl nd flgl s`tulf`öd)–. P l fhdt`dulf`öd phgnchs ut`b`zlr bls enrrlc`ndtls gn fhlfe`di qun enchs v`sth n d bl ud`glg ldtnr`hr plrl nxpbhrlr lbtnrdlt`vls phs`t`vls. Bl j`dlb`glg ns fhdvnrt`r udl v`s`öd dnilt`vl fhch bl s`iu`ndtn, nd udl phs`t`vl=
"Dh ely cldnrl gn elfnr bl tlrnl nd nsn
cldnrl gn elfnr bl
t`ncph–
tlrnl nd nsn t`ncph–
‒Gnkn elknr udl
Qhr nmncpbh= ‒Blcndth qun dh elylchs phg`gh ndfhdtrlr ud sust`tuth plrl Muld ehy y fhcprndgh pnrjnftlcndtn qun hs prnhfupn nb enfeh gn tndnr qun snrv`r nb c`sch c`sch dýcnrh gn cnsls fhd cndhs pnrshdlb. ¸Vn hs hfurrn lbiudl cldnrl gn hrild`zlr nb trlklmh plrl qun hs rnsubtn cìs sndf`bbh8– Chstrldgh `dtnràs nd su s`tulf`öd y lyugìdghbns l kusflr hpf`hdns tld prhdth fhch `gndt`j`quns nsls lft`tugns, fhdtr`ku`rìs l dnutrlb`zlrbls y trldsjhrclrbls nd lft`t ugns phs`t`vls. •
Ndflmhdlc`ndth= Gndhc`dh ndflmhdlc`ndth l bl lft`tug hr`ndtlgl l prhkbncls qun dhs ndf`nrrl nd àsths, nb`c`dldgh thgl phs`kbn shbuf`öd gn bhs c`schs. Wn phdih fhch nmncpbhs fhcndtlr`hs qun phr gnsirlf`l en nsfufelgh cufels vnfns, prhdudf`lghs pr`df`plbcndtn phr cldlinrs=
‒Muld ns ud fhcpbnth `rrnsphdslkbn. H bbnil tlrgn, h gnml bls fhsls l cng`h elfnr h ely qun nstlr s`ncprn ndf`cl gn àb– V` Muld ns ‒ud fhcpbnth `rrnsphdslkbn–, `rrnsphdslkbn–, dunstrls hpf`hdns qungld fhcpbntlcndtn fhcpbntlcndtn b`c`tlgls. Dh phgnchs flck`lr l Muld, s`d ncklrih, sã phgnchs ndjhflrdhs y flck`lr gntnrc`dlgls fhdguftls.
Htrh nmncpbh= n df`cl gn àb supnrv`sldgh thgh nb rlth h k`nd bn gnmh ‒Nsthy cuy fldslgh gn Muld ? h k`nd tndih qun nstlr ndf`cl l su l`rn y lb j`dlb bn vlchs l tndnr qun glr udl lgvnrtndf`l cìs snr`l–
Ns udl lft`tug qun dhs ltrlpl nd ud prhkbncl y dhs b`c`tl bls hpf`hdns, fuldgh nd rnlb`glg, nd nb flsh ldtnr`hr d`diudl gn nbbls euk`nrl supunsth udl shbuf`öd rnlb lb prhkbncl. Nstl lft`tug dhs f`nrrl fhch s` dh nx`st`nrld cìs phs`kbns shbuf`hdns qun bls pbldtnlgls. Gn enfeh, cufehs gn bhs fhdjb`fths qun sn prhgufnd nd bhs builrns gn trlklmh sn klsld cufels vnfns nd nstl jlbsl b`c`tlf`öd gn hpf`hdns. Qhr gnsirlf`l, bl kýsqungl frnlt`vl gn lbtnrdlt`vls dh el jhrclgh plrtn gn bl fubt url trlg`f`hdlb gn cufels ncprnsls. Fuldgh `gndt`j`quns udl s`tulf`öd lsã, p`ndsl qun bl jhrcl nd qun gnj`dns nb prhkbncl nstì b`c`tldgh bls phs`kbns shbuf`hdns. ¸\uà htrls hpf`hdns ely8 Nd nb ýbt`ch lplrtlgh gn nstl ud`glg vlchs l vnr föch sn pungnd glr frãt`fls fuldgh ns dnfnslr`h y gn cldnrl fhdstruft`vl, gn jhrcl qun ljnftn phs`t`vlcndtn nd bl cht`vlf`öd y bls lft`tugns gn tus ncpbnlghs. Whghs bhs gnrnfehs rnsnrvlghs ©Nsfunbl gn Ehstnbnrãl Hdb`dn Clront`di Ilstrhdöc`fh
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Z`ft`c`zlf`öd= ¸Vn fhcphrtl lbiudh gn tus ncpbnlghs fhch s` junsnd vãft`cls pls`vls gn thgh bh qun hfurrn nd bl ncprnsl8 Whgls bls pnrshdls dnfns`tlchs tndnr ud f`nrth fhdtrhb shkrn bh qun elfnchs y lqunbbh nd bh qun nstlchs n stlchs `cpb`flghs, `dfbu`gh dunstrh trlklmh. Fuldgh sndt`chs qun thgh bh qun fhdf`nrdn dunstrh trlklmh gnpndgn gn gnf`s`hdns qun thcld htrls pnrshdls, lghptlr nb plpnb gn vãft`cls, vãft` cls, ns ndnc`ih rlg`flb gn bl fhdguftl prhlft`vl nd bl ncprnsl. V` qu`nrns tndnr ncpbnlghs cìs prhlft`vhs t`ndns qun frnlr nsplf`h plrl qun pungld gnsndvhbvnr su `d`f`lt`vl, y t`ndns qun ld`clrbhs l elfnrbh. Qnrcãtncn qun `ds`stl udl vnz cìs= gàmlbns qun gnf`gld shkrn su trlklmh nd bl cng`gl gn b h phs`kbn. Dh sn pungnd `dvhbufrlr fhd ndtus`lsch nd bh qun elfnd s` dh bns gnmls qun bh elild. Dh ns jìf`b elfnr qun bls pnrshdls sn `cpb`qund fuldgh dh nstìd lfhstuckrlgl l elfnrbh? nd tlb flsh, t`ndns qun thclr tý bl `d`f`lt`vl, prniudtìdghbns föch fhds`gnrld qun pungnd elfnr cnmhr su trlklmh, quà bns pungn lyuglr l elfnrbh cnmhr, quà flck`hs `dtrhguf`rãld plrl shbuf`hdlr ud prhkbncl, ntf.
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Fubpl h vnriòndzl= Nsths sndt`c`ndths lkudgld lbbã ghdgn sn pndlb`zl fhcntnr nrrhrns. Bl prniudtl ‒¸qu`àd bh e`zh8– h ‒¸gn qu`àd ns bl fubpl8– prhcunvn ncpbnlghs pls`vhs, tncnrhshs, rntrlãghs y suc`shs, lft`tugns qun dh sn fhrrnsphdgnd prnf`slcndtn fhd bl gn ncpbnlghs cht`vlghs. V` qu`nrns ncpbnlghs prhlft`vhs y, shkrn thgh, cht`vlghs, ndjöfltn nd bl cng`gl gn bh phs`kbn nd nb prhfnsh, dh nd bl pnrshdl.
Qhs`kbns prniudtls lbtnrdlt`vls l bls v`stls ldtnr`hrcnd tn shd ‒¸quà e`zh qun jlbblrl8–, h ‒¸föch phgnchs nv`tlr nv`tlr qun nsth hfurrl hfurrl nd nb juturh8–. juturh8–. Nsth elrì elrì qun bhs nrrhrns nrrhrns sn fhdv`nrtld fhdv`nrtld nd s`tulf`hdns s`tulf`hdns gn lprndg`zlmn, nd vnz gn nd mu`f`hs fhd fubplkbns.
Föch fhdvnrt`r udl tlrnl fht`g`ldl nd udl hphrtud`glg cht`vlf`hdlb. Qlrl prhguf`r cht`vlf`öd `dtrãdsnfl, udl tlrnl t`ndn qun fucpb`r phr bh cndhs bhs s`iu`ndtns s` iu`ndtns fr`tnr`hs= ➫
Wndnr ud hkmnt`vh fblrh y gnj`d`gh. Bl cht`vlf`öd `dtrãdsnfl gnslplrnfn fhcpbntlcndtn fuldgh nb hkmnt`vh qun pnrs`iun bl tlrnl nstì g`jush, h fuldgh dh nstì gnb thgh fblrh nb chgh nd qun bl tlrnl fhdtr`kuyn lb hkmnt`vh.
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Wndnr udl rnblf`öd nqu`b`krlgl ndtrn nb d`vnb gn g`j`fubtlg y bls fhcpntndf`ls y rnfurshs gn bhs fulbns sn g`sphdn. Bl cht`vlf`öd `dtrãdsnfl dh nstì prnsndtn fuldgh bl tlrnl ns gncls`lgh jìf`b h gncls`lgh g`jãf`b. W`ndn qun snr lbih qun rnprnsndtn ud f`nrth gnsljãh, pnrh l bl vnz qun snl rnlb`zlkbn fhd bls elk`b`glgns, fhdhf`c`ndth y rnfurshs qun sn g`sphdn.
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^d `dfndt`vh qun tndil vlbhr nchf`hdlb plrl bl pnrshdl qun rnlb`zl bl tlrnl. Ns gnf`r, qun l plrtn gnb gnb prhpös`th prhpös`th qun bl tlrnl tndil tndil nd nb fhdmudth gn bl ncprnsl, ncprnsl, bl tlrnl el gn tndnr tndnr ud prhpös`th qun snl s`id`j`flt`vh plrl bl pnrshdl qun bl rnlb`zl.
Gn bhs trns fr`tnr`hs cndf`hdlghs ldtnr`hrcndtn, nb cìs prhkbncìt`fh ns nb tnrfnrh y ýbt`ch. ýbt `ch.
¸Föch phgnchs `dfndt`vlr l bhs ncpbnlghs plrl rnlb`zlr rnl b`zlr tlrnls qun fhds`gnrld rnpnt`t`vls, lkurr`gls h flrndtns gn `dtnràs8
Whghs bhs gnrnfehs rnsnrvlghs ©Nsfunbl gn Ehstnbnrãl Hdb`dn Clront`di Ilstrhdöc`fh
Nstn ns prnf`slcndtn udh gn bhs clyhrns rnths gn ud cldlinr fhd rnspnfth l bl cht`vlf`öd= föch prnsndtlr y rng`snülr udl tlrnl fht`g`ldl plrl fhdvnrt`rbl nd udl hphrtud`glg cht`vlf`hdlb. Nstn pudth `cpb`fl dhrclbcndtn cufeh nsfnpt`f`sch phr plrtn gn bhs cldlinrs, puns phr su nxpnr`ndf`l, cufehs fhds`gnrld qun ns prìft`flcndtn `cphs`kbn cht`vlr l udl pnrshdl plrl elfnr f`nrtls tlrnls, nspnf`lbcndtn s` shd h k`nd cuy s`cpbns, rnpnt`t`vls y chdöthdls, h k`nd cuy nstrnsldtns y nx`ind cufeh nsjunrzh. Nb trufh nstì nd rng`snülr nsl tlrnl plrl qun rnsubtn cht`vldtn plrl bl pnrshdl qun bl rnlb`zl. Hkv`lcndtn, bhs ncpbnlghs fhdhfnd nb prhpös`th gn udl tlrnl, pnrh dh dnfnslr`lcndtn sn s`ndtnd plrtn gn àb. Qhr nmncpbh, cldtndnr b`cp`l udl fhf`dl ns udl tlrnl dnfnslr`l nd ud rnstlurldtn y dh rnsubtl g`jãf`b fhcprndgnr su prhpös`th, pnrh pungn snr udl tlrnl tng`hsl qun lgncìs plrnfn dh tndnr dudfl j`d. B`cp`lr udl fhf`dl dh ns prhklkbncndtn lbih s`id`j`flt`vh nd sã plrl cufehs ncpbnlghs, pnrh sã bh ns phr nmncpbh qun su trlklmh snl rnfhdhf`gh y vlbhrlgh, h jhrclr plrtn gn ud nqu`ph qun judf`hdn cuy k`nd, h sndt`r qun fhdtr`kuyn l bl hktndf`öd gn kundhs rnsubtlghs, h tndnr t ndnr bl hphrtud`glg gn gnslrrhbblr f`nrtls elk`b`glgns qun ldsãl, h cufels htrls fhsls, gnpndg`ndgh gn flgl pnrshdl. Vhd nshs hkmnt`vhs s`id`j`flt`vhs bhs qun lphrtld cht`vlf`öd `dtrãdsnfl l udl pnrshdl y ely qun fhdsniu`r fhdsniu` r rnblf`hdlr bl tlrnl fhd nbbhs. Qlrl nbbh, gnkns elfnrbh fhd ud nst`bh fhblkhrlt`vh, ns gnf`r, `dvhbufrldgh lb ncpbnlgh qun rnlb`zl bl tlrnl. Cufehs cldlinrs sn eld nspnf`lb`zlgh nd snülblr söbh bls fhsls dnilt`vls, phrqun gurldtn lühs eld frnãgh qun su trlklmh fhds`stãl nd fhrrni`r bhs nrrhrns gn bhs ncpbnlghs. Bls fhsls k`nd enfels bns plsld fhcpbntlcndtn gnslpnrf`k`gls y nd nb flsh gn bls tlrnls fht`g`ldls `dfbush bls gld phr enfeh y dh ndtrld gndtrh gn su flcph gn v`s`öd, qun söbh sn fndtrl cufels vnfns nd bhs rnsubtlghs.
Dh fhcntls nsn nrrhr, y trltl gn tndnr prnsndtn bl rnblf`öd qun thgl t hgl tlrnl t`ndn, t `ndn, phr tr`v`lb t r`v`lb qun snl, fhd nb fhdmudth indnrlb gn bl ncprnsl y su c`s`öd= ➫
Elzbn slknr l tus ncpbnlghs qun nb trlklmh qun elfnd dh tn plsl gnslpnrf`k`gh. Ns udl funst`öd ps`fhböi`fl? s` c` sndslf`öd ns qun dlg`n lprnf`l nb trlklmh qun elih, nb trlklmh c`sch p`nrgn p`nr gn vlbhr, y v`fnvnrsl. Zlbhrl nb trlklmh qun elfnd thgls bls pnrshdls , `dfbu`gh nb trlklmh cndhs rnbnvldtn pnrh `iulbcndtn dnfnslr`h. Dudfl gns dlgl phr enfeh? jnb`f`tl l tus ncpbnlghs fuldgh elild lbiudl tlrnl k`nd, `dfbu`gls bls tlrnls fht`g`ldls. Bls pnrshdls qun bls rnlb`zld sndt`rìd sndt`rìd qun su trlklmh ns vlbhrlgh.
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[nclrfl bl `cphrtldf`l qun t`ndn bl tlrnl plrl nb nqu`ph ndtnrh . Qungn qun bl b`cp`nzl gn bhs utnds`b`hs gn fhf`dl dh `df`gl g`rnftlcndtn nd bl cnmhrl gn bls vndtls, pnrh ns fhdg`f`öd dnfnslr`l gn àstl. Dh hbv`gns cndf`hdlrbl fuldgh tn rnýdls fhd tus ncpbnlghs pl rl elkblr gn bhs rnsubtlghs, phrqun bhs qun bl rnlb`zld sndt`rìd qun su trlklmh ns `cphrtldtn.
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Nd cufehs trlklmhs ely tlrnls `rrncng`lkbncndtn lkurr`gls. [nýdntn fhd nb ncpbnlgh y lvnr`iul quà fhsls shd `cphrtldtns plrl àb. Wlb vnz bn iustlrãl gnslrrhbblr f`nrtls elk`b`glgns h lsuc`r cìs rnsphdslk`b`glgns? `dtndtl dnihf`lr y fhcpndslr nd bl cng`gl gn bh phs`kbn nsls tlrnls fhd htrhs `dfndt`vhs qun rnsubtnd cht`vlghrns plrl àb. Gn nstl jhrcl, sndt`rì qun sus `dtnrnsns nstìd lb`dnlghs lb` dnlghs fhd bhs gn bl ncprnsl.
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Dnihf`l fhd tus ncpbnlghs föch elfnr nsls tlrnls cìs tng`hsls. Bns rnsubtlrìd cìs sndf`bbls s` nbbhs pungnd gnf`g`r föch h fuìdgh elfnrbls, y lgncìs tndgrìd udl clyhr sndslf`öd gn fhdtrhb shkrn su prhp`h trlklmh.
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[njhrcubl bls tlrnls. B`cp`lr bhs utnds`b`hs gn bl fhf`dl dh ns `cphrtldtn phr sã c`sch, bh ns phrqun pnrc`tn hjrnfnr cìs flb`glg l bhs fb`ndtns y fu`glr fu`glr gn bl sniur`glg gn àsths. Ns `cphrtldtãs`ch `cphrtldtãs`ch qun nsth dh sn p`nrgl gn v`stl.
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L fhdt`dulf`öd, vnrnchs udl b`stl fhd lbiudhs pr`df`p`hs kìs`fhs qun nstìd rnblf`hdlghs fhd bl cht`vlf`öd `dtrãdsnfl gn bls pnrshdls (lpunsth l qun tý tn `gndt`j`fls fhd bl clyhrãl). ^t`bãzlbhs plrl ghtlr gn s`id`j`flgh l bls tlrnls fht`g`ldls gn tu ncprnsl=
Qr`df`p`hs kìs`fhs rnblf`hdlghs fhd cht`vlf`öd `dtrãdsnfl. clyhrã rãll gn bl indtn ndtn bn iust iustll sndt sndt`r `rsn sn rnsp rnsphd hdsl slkb kbnn gn lbih lbih.. • L bl clyh ustl qun vlbhr lbhrnd nd bh qun qun elfn elfn y qun qun dh pls plsn gnsl gnslpn pnrf rf`k `k`g `gh. h. • Bn iustl iustll phgn phgnrr gnf`g gnf`g`r `r shkr shkrnn föch föch elfn elfnrbh rbh.. • Bn iust • Dnfns`tl sndt`r qun t`ndn ud f`nrth fhdtrhb shkrn su trlklmh. s`ndtn tn hriu hriubbh bbhsl sl usld usldgh gh sus sus elk` elk`b`g b`glg lgns ns y fhdh fhdhf`c f`c`n `ndth dths. s. • Vn s`nd iustll sndt sndt`rs `rsnn plrtã plrtãf`p f`pnn gn lbih lbih `cph `cphrt rtld ldtn. tn. • Bn iust V`ndtn tn nstãc nstãcub ubh h ldtn ldtn bhs bhs rnths rnths lsuc lsuc`k `kbns bns.. • V`nd ndfldt dtll sndt sndt`r `rsn sn plrt plrtnn gn ud irup iruph. h. • Bn ndfl iustll qun qun tndi tndild ld nd fund fundtl tl su hp`d hp`d`ö `öd. d. • Bn iust • Dnfns`tl sndt`rsn nsfufelgl y bn ndfldtld qun bn fhdsubtnd. • Dnfns`tl sndt`r qun bh qun elfn t`ndn sndt`gh. V` t`ndns nd fundtl bhs pudths ldtnr`hrns fuldgh p`ndsns nd tus ncpbnlghs, flgl vnz qun `dtnrlff`hdns fhd nbbhs y fuldgh pbld`j`quns su trlklmh, nstlrìs lucndtldgh su cht`vlf`öd `dtrãdsnfl lb lshf`lr fhdtnd`gh s`id`j`flt`vh plrl nbbhs l bls tlrnls qun t`ndnd qun rnlb`zlr.
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9. 7 JH[CLV GN GL[ JNNGKLFO QL[L CHW@ZL[ Jnngklfo ns bl `djhrclf`öd qun bn gls l tus ncpbnlghs lfnrfl gn su gnsncpnüh fhd nb hkmnt`vh gn qun hktndild cnmhrns rnsubtlghs h gn qun sus prhfnshs gn trlklmh snld cìs njnft`vhs. Qhr bh tldth, udl gn bls pr`df`plbns flrlftnrãst`fls gnb jnngklfo ns bl ut`b`glg qun `cpb`fl fhch `djhrclf`öd, ns gnf`r, qun `cpb`fl lprndg`zlmn phr plrtn gnb qun bh rnf`kn. V` ud cldlinr bn gl udl `djhrclf`öd l ud ncpbnlgh shkrn su gnsncpnüh, pnrh dh bn lyugl nd bl prìft`fl l qun cnmhrn su trlklmh, dh nstì s`ndgh rnlbcndtn jnngklfo. V` lgncìs gn nsh, gnk`gh lb chgh nd qun sn bh g`fn prhvhfl qun nb ncpbnlgh sn s`ndtl fubplkbn, jrustrlgh, `rr`tlgh h, nd gnj`d`t`vl, cìs gnscht`vlgh, nd rnlb`glg cìs qun jnngklfo, sn trltlrãl prnf`slcndtn gn thgh bh fhdtrlr`h. Nb jnngklfo ns, phr tldth, udl enrrlc`ndtl qun k`nd uslgl pungn cnmhrlr cufeh bl cht`vlf`öd y nb rndg`c`ndth gn tus ncpbnlghs, pnrh uslgl clb, pungn snr udh gn bhs clyhrns jlfthrns gn gnscht`vlf`öd plrl nbbhs. L plrtn gn nstn lspnfth prìft`fh y pngliöi`fh gnb jnngklfo, ely qun `dg`flr qun dh thgh nb jnngklfo ns `iulb gn njnft`vh. Vn pungn glr `djhrclf`öd qun lyugn lb n cpbnlgh l cnmhrlr su trlklmh gn cufels cldnrls, lbiudls cìs njnft`vls qun htrls. Bl kundl `dtndf`öd dh ns suj`f`ndtn plrl glr jnngklfo njnft`vh, l fhdt`dulf`öd, nxphdih lbiudhs trufhs plrl phgnr glr kund jnngklfo= ➫
Và fblrh. ^d jnngklfo cuy vlih y indnrlb dh rnsubtl ýt`b. ‒Nstlchs cuy fhdtndths fhd tu trlklmh– h ‒lbiudhs fb`ndtns eld g`feh qun nstìd cuy fhdtndths fhdt`ih– ns udl `djhrclf`öd elblilghrl, elblilghrl, pnrh dh prhgufn d`diýd d`diýd lprndg`zlmn d` ns ýt`b s` dh sn nspnf`j`fl fhdfrntlcndtn fhdfrntlcndtn quà fb`ndtns nxlftlcndtn h l quà tlrnls fhdfrntls dhs nstlchs rnj`r`ndgh. Bl fblr`glg fhds`stn nd rnblf`hdlr lff`hdns fhdfrntls fhd rnsubtlghs nspnfãj`fhs. Fuldth cìs prnf`sh snl, cìs njnft`vh snrì nb jnngklfo. Bl prnf`s`öd sn rnj`nrn tlck`àd lb enfeh gn elkblr gn lff`hdns qun snld fhdtrhblkbns phr nb ncpbnlgh, k`nd snl plrl qun bls rnpb`qun s` fhdgufnd l kundhs rnsubtlghs, fhch l flck`lrbls plrl hktndnr cnmhrns rnsubtlghs.
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Dh `cprhv`sns. Qlrl phgnr snr fblrh, t`ndns qun `gndt`j`flr prnv`lcndtn quà hkmnt`vhs kusfls fuldgh vls l glr nb jnngklfo. Q`ndsl y prnplrl gn ldtncldh quà flck`hs fhdfrnths qu`nrns vnr fhch rnsubtlgh, lsã trldsc`t`rìs nxlftlcndtn nsh y dh htrls fhsls. Nb`mn k`nd nb chcndth y nb builr hphrtudhs. Nv`tl s`tulf`hdns nstrnsldtns, phrqun dh tndgrìs bl cnmhr g`sphs`f`öd nchf`hdlb plrl snr fhdstruft`vh, y lgncìs bls pnrshdls rnt`ndnd ud phrfndtlmn cuy pnqunüh gn bl `djhrclf`öd nd nsls s`tulf`hdns. Nv`tl lb cìx`ch bhs mu`f`hs sukmnt`vhs. [nj`àrntn l fhdguftls y rnsubtlghs fhdfrnths, `dtndtl snr bh cìs hkmnt`vh phs`kbn, phr nmncpbh, ut`b`zldgh glths hkmnt`vhs y dnutrlbns.
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Gl cìs jnngklfo phs`t`vh . Nb jnngklfo dh ns söbh `djhrclf`öd rnblt`vl l bh qun sn gnkn cnmhrlr, ns tlck`àd `djhrclf`öd lfnrfl gn bh qun sn nstì elf`ndgh k`nd. Lbiudhs cldlinrs, nd cufels hfls`hdns fhd kundl `dtndf`öd, gnf`gnd dh phdnr cufel ltndf`öd nd bh qun elfnd sus ncpbnlghs elstl qun surin ud prhkbncl. L vnfns nsth prhgufn qun, gnsgn bl pnrspnft`vl gnb ncpbnlgh, plrnzfl qun nb cldlinr söbh nstì pndg`ndtn gn p`bblrbn fhcnt`ndgh nrrhrns. Nb jnngklfo phs`t`vh (lprnf`lr y rnjhrzlr udl fhdguftl h lft`tug qun fhdtr`kuyn l bl hktndf`öd gn hkmnt`vhs) ns tld `cphrtldtn fhch nb jnngklfo dnilt`vh (snülblr udl fhdguftl h lft`tug qun hkstlfub`zl nb bhirh gn hkmnt`vhs). Nb jnngklfo phs`t`vh rnjunrzl bls fhdguftls njnft`vls, cnmhrl nb lck`ndtn gn trlklmh y lucndtl bl cht`vlf`öd gn bls pnrshdls qun bh rnf`knd.
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Và fhdstruft`vh y fàdtrltn nd bls shbuf`hdns y dh nd bhs prhkbncls . Nb hkmnt`vh gnb jnngklfo dh ns snülblr lspnfths dnilt`vhs, s`dh `dtrhguf`r flck`hs qun bhs cnmhrnd. Fàdtrltn nd nshs flck`hs, p`gn l tu t u ncpbnlgh qun prhphdil shbuf`hdns, nxpöd g`jnrndtns lbtnrdlt`vls lbtnr dlt`vls y nxpb`fl föch y phr quà fhdtr`kuynd l cnmhrlr bhs rnsubtlghs.
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Nmnrf`f`h= @cli`dl qun udh gn tus ncpbnlghs bbnvl ud t`ncph gldgh snülbns gn tndnr cuy phfl cht`vlf`öd plrl bbnvlr l flkh sus tlrnls. Els dhtlgh qun flgl vnz phdn cndhs nscnrh nd su trlklmh, el gnmlgh gn elfnr f`nrtls tlrnls snfudglr`ls y tn eld fhcndtlgh qun `dfbush el elkblgh `röd`flcndtn l lbiudhs fb`ndtns. Nstl lft`tug ncp`nzl l ljnftlr l lbiudhs gn sus fhcplünrhs, qun lgncìs nstìd fldslghs gn su lft`tug gn nsfnpt`f`sch fuldgh sn g`sfutn nd iruph shkrn föch elf nr cnmhr lbiudls tlrnls. • •
¸Föch rnlff`hdlrãls ldtn nstl s`tulf`öd plrl qun dh sn fhdtli`n lb rnsth gnb nqu`ph8 ¸Föch `dtndtlrãls lyuglr l tu ncpbnlgh l qun ndfundtrn sndt`gh nd su trlklmh, fhdv`rt`ndgh sus tlrnls fht`g`ldls nd hphrtud`glgns cht`vlf`hdlbns8
L plrt`r gn bls fhdg`f`hdns fhdfrntls gn tu ncprnsl, g`snül ud pbld plrl glrbn jnngklfo qun pnrc`tl shbuf`hdlr nb prhkbncl y qun ljnftn phs`t`vlcndtn l su cht`vlf`öd. • •
¸\uà f`rfudstldf`ls nsfhinrãls plrl glr nb jnngklfo8 ¸Föch tn nxprnslrãls8 Qhd nmncpbhs `dvndtlghs gn quà g`rãls y quà lspnfths tndgrãls nd f undtl lb gnf`rbh
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¡PL ELV WN[C@DLGH W^ F^[VH! C^FELV JNB@F@GLGNV.
Nspnrh qun elyls lprndg`gh dunvls nstrltni`ls gn inst`öd y fhdhf`gh enrrlc`ndtls qun tn lyugnd l cnmhrlr tu ncprnsl h tndnr udl v`s`öd cìs fblrl gn tu juturh prhynfth. prhynfth. Dh tndih gugls qun lpb`fldgh lpb`fldgh thgh bh lprndg`gh lprndg`gh nd nstn fursh tndgrìs ud s`stncl gn trlklmh qun phgrìs ut`b`zlr plrl cnmhrlr bl lgc`d`strlf`öd gn tu dnihf`h. Wn gnsnh cufeh àx`th nd thghs tus prhynfths.
^d lkrlzh cuy junrtn.
Nr`ol V`bvl Liu`bnrl
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