BRENT SCHOOL vs. ZAMORA (G.R. No. L-48494 - February 5, 1990) FACTS: Doroteo Doroteo R. Alegre Alegre was engaged as athletic athletic director director by Brent School, School, Inc. The contract contract was fixed for five (5) years, i.e., i.e., from July 18, 1971, the date of execution of the agreement, to July 17, 1976. Three months before the expiration of the stipulated period, or more precisely on April 20,1976, Alegre was given a copy copy of the the repo report rt file filed d by Bren Brentt Scho School ol advi advisi sing ng of the the termination of his services effective on July 16, 1976. The stated grou ground nd for for the the term termin inat atio ion n was was "com "compl plet etio ion n of cont contra ract ct,, expiration of the definite period of employment." Alegre Alegre protes protested ted and argued argued that that althou although gh his contra contract ct did stipul stipulate ate that the same would would termin terminate ate on July July 17, 1976, 1976, since his services were necessary necessary and desirable desirable in the usual business of his employer, and his employment had lasted for five years, he had acquired the status of a regular employee and could not be removed except for valid cause. 6 The Regional Director Director considered considered Brent School's School's report report as anapplicati anapplication on for for clea cleara ranc nce e to term termin inat ate e empl employ oyme ment nt (not (not a repo report rt of termination), and accepting the recommendation of the Labor Conciliator, refused to give such clearance and instead required the reinstatement of Alegre, as a "permanent employee," to his former position without loss of seniority rights and with full back wages. Brent School filed a motion for reconsideration but was denied. The The Scho School ol is now now befo before re this this Cour Courtt in a last last atte attemp mptt at vindication. That it will get here.
ISSUE: WON the provisio provisions ns of the Labor Code, as amende amended, d, have have anathematized "fixed period employment" or employment for a term. RULING: On one hand, there is the gradual and progressive elimination of references references to term or fixed-perio fixed-period d employment employment in the Labor Code, and the specific statement of the rule that: Regular Regular and Casual Casual Employment.— Employment.— The provisions provisions of written written agreement agreement to the contrary contrary notwithst notwithstandin anding g and regardless regardless of
the oral agreem agreement ent of the parties, parties, an employ employmen mentt shall shall be deemed to be regular where the employee has been engaged to perform activities which are usually necessary or desirable in the usual business or trade of the employer except where the employment has been fixed for a specific project or undertaking the completion or termination of which has been determined at the time of the engagement of the employee or where the work or serv servic ice e to be empl employ oyed ed is seas season onal al in natu nature re and and the the employment is for the duration of the season. An employment shall be deemed to be casual if it is not covered by the preceding paragraph:provided, that, any employee who has rendered at least one year of service, whether such service is continuous or broken, shall be considered a regular employee with respect to the activity in which he is employed and his employment shall continue while such actually exists. On the other hand, the Civil Code, which has always recognized, and contin continues ues to recogn recognize ize,, the validi validity ty and propri propriety ety of contracts and obligations with a fixed or definite period, and imposes no restraints on the freedom of the parties to fix the duration of a contract, whatever its object, be it specie, goods or services, services, except the general general admonitio admonition n against against stipulati stipulations ons contrary to law, morals, good customs, public order or public policy. 26Under Under the the Civil Civil Code, Code, theref therefore ore,, and as a genera generall proposition, fixed-term employment contracts are not limited, as they they are under the presen presentt Labor Labor Code, Code, to those those by nature nature seasonal or for specific projects with pre-determined dates of completion; they also include those to which the parties by free choice have assigned a specific date of termination. Articl Article e 280 of the Labor Code, under a narrow narrow and litera literall inte interp rpre reta tati tion on,, not not only only fail fails s to exha exhaus ustt the the gamu gamutt of employment contracts to which the lack of a fixed period would be an anomal anomaly, y, but would also also appear appear to restr restrict ict,, withou withoutt reason reasonabl able e disti distinct nction ions, s, the right right of an employ employee ee to freely freely stipulate with his employer the duration of his engagement, it logically logically follows that such a literal literal interpretati interpretation on should should be eschew eschewed ed or avoide avoided. d. The law must must be given given a reason reasonabl able e interpretation, interpretation, to preclude absurdity in its application. Outlawing the whole concept of term employment and subverting to boot the principl principle e of freedo freedom m of contra contract ct to remedy remedy the evil evil of employer's using it as a means to prevent their employees from obtaining security of tenure is like cutting off the nose to spite
the face or, more relevantly, curing a headache by lopping off the head.
shop, wages, working conditions, hours of labor and similar subjects.
Accordingly, the clause in said article indiscriminately and completely ruling out all written or oral agreements conflicting with the concept of regular employment as defined therein should be construed to refer to the substantive evil that the Code itself has singled out: agreements entered into precisely to circumvent security of tenure. It should have no application to instances where a fixed period of employment was agreed upon knowingly and voluntarily by the parties, without any force, duress or improper pressure being brought to bear upon the employee and absent any other circumstances vitiating his consent, or where it satisfactorily appears that the employer and employee dealt with each other on more or less equal terms with no moral dominance whatever being exercised by the former over the latter. Alegre's employment was terminated upon the expiration of his last contract with Brent School on July 16, 1976 without the necessity of any notice. The advance written advice given the Department of Labor with copy to said petitioner was a mere reminder of the impending expiration of his contract, not a letter of termination, nor an application for clearance to terminate which needed the approval of the Department of Labor to make the termination of his services effective.
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SEPARATE OPINION SARMIENTO, J., concurring and dissenting: I am agreed that the Labor Code has not foresaken "term employments", held valid in Biboso V. Victorias Milling Company, Inc. (No. L-44360, March 31, 1977, 76 SCRA 250). That notwithstanding, I can not liken employment contracts to ordinary civil contracts in which the relationship is established by stipulations agreed upon. Under the very Civil Code: Art. 1700. The relations between capital and labor are not merely contractual. They are so impressed with public interest that labor contracts are subject to the special laws on labor unions, collective bargaining, strikes and lockouts, closed
Art. 1702. In case of doubt, all labor legislation and all labor contracts shall be construed in favor of the safety and decent living for the laborer. The courts (or labor officials) should nevertheless be vigilant as to whether or not the termination of the employment contract is done by reason of expiration of the period or to cheat the employee out of office. The latter amounts to circumvention of the law.
