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Pepsi Brand Tracker (Project2 Part1 Brand Image Measurement)
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A report Submitted to Prof. Sreenivas Govindrajan In partial fulfilment of the requirements of the course Product and Brand management On 20-08-2009
BY Apoorva Jain Gunjan Dugar Hardik Mishra Manoj Mani Iyer PRAXIS BUSINESS SCHOOL
PEPSI BRAND TRACKER
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Executive Summary PepsiCo entered India in 1989 and has grown to become one of the country’s leading food and beverage companies. The objective of our project was to measure the brand image of Pepsi. For data collection BAV method (Quantitative Research) and laddering method (Qualitative Research) have been used. For BAV we framed a questionnaire which had 14 questions. The numbers of respondents were 30. For laddering, the method used was one to one in-depth interview and the number of respondents were 10. The Brands chosen against Pepsi for a comparative analysis were Thums Up, Sprite, Coca Cola and Fanta. From laddering we came to know that most of the respondents preferred aerated drinks because of the fizz factor which rejuvenated them and helped them in personal attainment. Thus this chain needs to be concentrated and cashed upon. From BAV we found out that Pepsi as a brand scores very high on the parameter brand knowledge but low on brand esteem. This lead to the inference that there may be a problem with the brand personality. Hence, a study of BAV may not be enough. Moreover, Pepsi scores very low on differentiation and relevance. The brand Pepsi falls in the Leadership/Declining quadrant and as per the result of the analysis the point suggests that the brand is declining, thus it needs to improve upon its differentiation & relevance which will impact the overall esteem. Also it needs to concentrate on other softer aspects like brand ambassador. So, there is a possibility to incorporate some changes related to differentiation and repositioning.
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Table of Contents Section 1 Pepsi Brand History 1.1 Company Perspective
1.2 Brief history in India
1.3 Key dates
1.5 Tagline timeline
1.4 Brand logo timeline
Section 2 Data Collection 2.1 Models of Data Collection 2.1.1 Quantitative Research (BAV Model by Young & Rubicam)
2.1.2 Qualitative Research (Reynolds and Gutman’s “Laddering Method” )
2.2 Research methodology
2.3 Questionnaire
Section 3 Findings and Conclusion 3.1 Findings 3.1.1 Laddering findings & suggestions
3.1.2 BAV Model findings & suggestions
3.2 Conclusion
Section 4 Bibliography PRAXIS BUSINESS SCHOOL
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Section 1 Pepsi Brand History 1.1 Company perspective
PepsiCo's overall mission is to increase the value of our shareholder's investment. It does this through sales growth, cost controls and wise investment of resources. It believes our commercial success depends upon offering quality and value to our consumers and customers; providing products that are safe, wholesome, economically efficient and environmentally sound; and providing a fair return to our investors while adhering to the highest standards of integrity. 1.2 Brief history of Pepsi in India
PepsiCo entered India in 1989 and has grown to become one of the country’s leading food and
beverage companies.
PepsiCo India and its partners have invested more than U.S.$1 billion since the company was established in the country. PepsiCo provides direct and indirect employment to 150,000 people including suppliers and distributors.
PepsiCo India’s expansive portfolio includes iconic refreshment beverages Pepsi, 7 UP, Mirinda
and Mountain Dew, in addition to low calorie options such as Diet Pepsi, hydrating and nutritional beverages such as Aquafina drinking water, isotonic sports drinks - Gatorade, Tropicana100% fruit juices, and juice based drinks – Tropicana Nectars, Tropicana Twister and Slice. Local brands – Lehar Evervess Soda, Dukes Lemonade and Mangola add to the diverse range of brands.
Late 1980s and Early 1990s: Focusing on International Growth and Diversification.
Principal Divisions: Frito-Lay Company; Pepsi-Cola Company; Tropicana Products, Inc.
Principal Competitors: Borden, Inc.; Cadbury Schweppes plc; Campbell Soup Company; Chiquita Brands International, Inc.; The Coca-Cola Company; ConAgra Foods, Inc.; Cott Corporation; Groupe.
1.3 Key Dates 1898: Pharmacist Caleb D. Bradham begins selling a cola beverage called Pepsi -Cola. 1905: Bradham begins establishing a network
of bottling franchises.
1923: Bradham's company goes bankrupt. 1928: Roy C. Megargel reorganizes the firm as the
National Pepsi-Cola Company.
1931: Company again goes bankrupt and is resurrected by the president of Loft
Inc., Charles G. Guth.
1933: The size of Pepsi bottles is doubled, increasing sales dramatically. 1936: Pepsi-Cola Company becomes a subsidiary of Loft. 1941: Loft and Pepsi-Cola merge, the new
firm using the name Pepsi-Cola Company.
1964: Diet Pepsi debuts; Mountain Dew is acquired from
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Tip Corporation.
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5|Page 1965: Pepsi-Cola merges with Frito-Lay to form PepsiCo, Inc., with the two
predecessors becoming
divisions. 1967: Frito-Lay introduces Doritos tortilla chips to the national U.S. market. 1977: PepsiCo acquires Taco Bell. 1978: PepsiCo acquires Pizza Hut. 1981: Frito-Lay introduces Tostitos tortilla chips. 1986: The Kentucky Fried Chicken
(KFC) chain is acquired.
1997: Taco Bell, Pizza Hut, and KFC are
spun off into a new company called Tricon Global Restaurant.
1998: PepsiCo acquires Tropicana Products for $3.3 billion. 1999: Pepsi Bottling Group is spun off to the public,
with PepsiCo retaining a 35 percent stake.
2000: PepsiCo reaches an agreement to acquire the
Quaker Oats Company for $13.4 billion.
1.5 Tagline timeline
1898 Brad's Drink
1903 Exhilarating, Invigorating, Aids Digestion
1906 Original Pure Food Drink
1908 Delicious and Healthful
1915 For All Thirsts - Pepsi:Cola
1919 Pepsi:Cola - It makes you Scintillate
1920 Drink Pepsi:Cola - It Will Satisfy You
1928 Peps You Up!
1933 It's the Best Cola Drink
1943 Bigger Drink, Better Taste
1958 Be Sociable, Have a Pepsi
1963 Come Alive! You're in the Pepsi Generation1981 Pepsi's Got Your Taste for Life
1979 Catch That Pepsi Spirit
1983 Pepsi Now! 1984 The Choice of a New Generation
1992 Gotta Have It TOP
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1996 Nothing Official about it
1998 Yahi hai right choice baby, Aha!
2008 : "Yeh hai Youngistaan Meri Jaan!" Hindi - meaning "This is the Young era my dear" (India and Pakistan)
1.4 Brand logo timeline
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SECTION 2 Data Collection 2.1 Models of Data collection
Quantitative Research
Qualitative Research
2.1.1 Quantitative Research Model - Brand Asset Evaluator (BAV) by Young & Rubicam
2.1.2 Qualitative Research Laddering method
Laddering refers to an in-depth, one-on-one interviewing technique used to develop an understanding of how consumers translate the attributes of products into meaningful associations with respect to self, following Means-End Theory (Gutman, 1982).
Laddering involves a tailored interviewing format using primarily a series of directed probes, typified by the “Why is that important to you?” question, with the express goal of determining sets
of linkages between the key perceptual elements across the range of attributes (A), consequences (C), and values (V).
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These association networks, or ladders, referred to as perceptual orientations, represent combinations of elements that serve as the basis for distinguishing between and among products in a given product class.
Laddering Model
Laddering Methods
One on One in depth interview.
Focus Group Study .
2.2 Research Methodology
Exploratory research: Exploratory research provides insights into and comprehension of an issue or situation. It should draw definitive conclusions only with extreme caution. Exploratory research is a type of research conducted because a problem has not been clearly defined. Exploratory research helps determine the best research design, data collection method and selection of subjects. Given its fundamental nature, exploratory research often concludes that a perceived problem does not actually exist. Data collection: In this study internal and external source for data collection had been used. In this process the following two types of data comes into picture.
Primary data.
Secondary data. TOP
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Primary data: All the primary data for the purpose of the study were obtained by interviewing the consumers with the help of a questionnaire. Questionnaire was framed on the basis of product & its competition. The questions were designed in such a way as to elicit maximum information and data. Secondary data: Secondary data has been collected by through books & websites. Respondents: The respondents are consumers of all age groups. Sample Size:
The sample size for BAV study was 30, who were college students and working people.
The sample size for Laddering was 10.
Sampling Scheme: The sampling technique adopted was “simple random sampling”. As the universe is the mass and surveying everyone is not possible. Research tool:
For quantitative research a questionnaire was used as a research tool.
For qualitative research focus group study & in depth interview was used.
Questionnaire: The questionnaire has been framed by using the following five steps:
Specifying data requirements
Determining the type of questions to be asked.
Deciding the number and sequence of questions.
Preparing the preliminary draft of questionnaire.
Revising and pre-testing the questionnaire.
2.3 QUESTIONNAIRE
1. How much do you care about your choice between different brands of coldrinks? a) Care b) Somewhat care c) Don’t care
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2. Name five brands that come to your mind when you think of coldrinks? (Knowledge) a) ____________________
d) ____________________
b) ____________________
e) ____________________
c) ____________________ 3. Identify the brands from the taglines mentioned below? (Brand Knowledge) Sl. No.
Taglines
Brands
1
Aap muskurayenge, bulbule gungunayenge
2
Yeh hai youngistaan meri jaan
3
Seedi Baat, No bakwaas, Clear hai
4
Taste the thunder
5
______ ka Signal loud, Bunking is allowed
4. Identify the brands from the respective product design. Refer to sample graphics above. (Knowledge)
(A)
(B) Sample
(C)
(D)
(E) Brand
A B C D E
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5. Which brands do the following celebrities endorse? (Knowledge) Sl.
Advertisements
Brands
No. A
Aamir Khan
B
Akshay Kumar
C
Ranbir Kapoor
D
Genellia D’ souza
E
Sania Mirza
6. From the samples tasted, indicate the brand that comes to your mind? (Differentiator) Samples
Brands
A B C D E
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7. Which brands would you like to be most associated with? Rank in order of your preference (1 being the most preferred) (Esteem) Brands
Rank
Pepsi Thumsup Sprite CocaCola Fanta
8. Which of the following is a brand that you trust most? (Esteem) a) Thumsup b) Pepsi c) Fanta d) Coca Cola e) Sprite
9. For each of the following brand, please tell me, if you feel there is another brand, quite similar in offerings (Differentiator) Brands
Yes/ No
Pepsi Thumsup CocaCola Fanta Sprite
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10. For the following reasons which brand of cold drinks would you purchase ? (Relevance, Differentiator)
Situations
p u s m u h T
a l o C a c o C
i s p e P
a t n a F
e t i r p S
Family get together With alcohol Thirst quencher The brand has many variants
11. Which brand delivers their brand promise the most? (Esteem) Coca Cola Thumsup Sprite Pepsi Fanta
12. In order of preference which brands would you like to stock? (1 being the most preferred)? (Relevance) Thumsup Coca Cola Pepsi sprite Fanta
13. Has the Youngistan Campaign motivated you to buy Pepsi? Yes No PRAXIS BUSINESS SCHOOL
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14. Which brand of cold drinks would you buy based on the below mentioned factors?? (Relevance)
Factors
p u s m u h T
a l o C a c o C
i s p e P
a t n a F
e t i r p S
Taste Brand Ambassador Advertisements Constant Innovation
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Section 3 Findings and Conclusion 3.1 Findings 3.1.1 Laddering Findings for the coldrink brand Pepsi
Self
Peer
Esteem
belonging
Personal Attainment
Confidence
Rejuvenating
Fizz
Strongest Benefit Chain
Physical well being
Weight Control
No Calorie
Strong Chain
Physical Appearance
Motivation
Tagline
Acidity relief
Soda
Weaker Chain
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Laddering findings & suggestions
Most number of respondents listed the fizz factor in the coldrink which rejuvenated them and as a result they had personal attainment
Some of the respondents found the low calorie variant of the brand as the one which helps them to keep their calories in check boosting physical appearance therby boosting self
Some
of
the respondents were motivated with the tagline as well as the brand ambassador and feeling good about themselves boosting their self esteem.
Some also felt the soda content in the drink helps them fight gas trouble making them relived and happy.
esteem.
Factors of Consumption: Drinking this fizzy drink, with catchy
tagline, having low calorie content which also helps fighting gas trouble creates a sense of rejuvenation , helping physical well being, boosting self esteem leading to a strong sense of physical attainment.
Strong Benefit Chain:- Most of the respondents prefer because of
the fizz factor thus this attribute in the chain needs to be concentrated and cashed upon. TOP
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3.1.2 BAV Model rationale, findings & suggestions
Rationale behind designing the questionnaire
Out of the total of 14 questions, we had asked 4 questions to test brand knowledge.
To test brand differentiator, we had asked 3 questions.
To test brand esteem, we had asked 3 questions.
To test brand relevance, we had asked 3 questions.
To test the Branding importance we asked 1 question.
Methodology for data analysis
We ranked the brands by tabulating scores achieved by the brands in the answers.
For multi choice questions we adopted weighted average method.
After ranking the brands we assigned the percentiles achieved by them.
To arrive at a percentile achieved by the brand on particular parameter, we took the average percentile achieved in that parameter and then ranked the brands again and gave percentiles.
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Scores of brands on the 4 parameters
Brand Knowledge Percentile 100 60
Pepsi
Fanta
80
80
Thumps up
Coke
40
Sprite
Brand Differentiation Percentile 100 80
80
60
Pepsi
60
Fanta
Sprite
Thumps up
Coke
Brand Esteem Percentile
80 40
Pepsi
100 60
20
Fanta
Sprite
Thumps up
Coke
Brand Relevance Percentile 100 60
Pepsi
40
Fanta
60
Sprite
Thumps up
80
Coke
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Brand Stature
Out of the 4 parameters, Knowledge and Esteem together create Brand Stature. it measures the current strength of the brand.
Brand Stature Percentile 100
40
Knowledge
Esteem
Brand Stature Score = Knowledge (100) + Esteem (40) / 2 = 70
Findings & Suggestions
It can be seen from the above table that Pepsi as a brand is very high on knowledge and low on esteem.
Thus we can infer that there may be a problem with the brand personality hence a study of BAV may not be enough.
We need to know the softer aspects of the brand or the brand personality.
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Brand Vitality
Differentiation and Relevance together create Brand Vitality and it measures the growth potential of a brand.
Brand Vitality Percentile 60
60
Differentiation
Relevance
Brand Vitality Score = Differentiation (60) + Relevance (60) / 2 = 60
Findings & Suggestions
It can be seen from the table that Pepsi as a brand has not a very high differentiation and relevance.
So there is a possibility to incorporate some changes to differentiate and reposition.
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Findings & Suggestions
3.2 Conclusion
The above diagram suggests that the brand Pepsi falls in the Leadership/Declining quadrant and as per the result of the analysis the point suggests that the brand is declining, thus it needs to improve upon its differentiation & relevance which will impact the overall esteem. Also it needs to concentrate on other softer aspects like brand ambassador.
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Section 4 Bibliography Books referred
Marketing Management by Kotler & Keller
Websites
http://www.pepsi.com http://www.findownersearch.com/bav-model/3751576/ http://www.heskesresearch.com/html/laddering1.html
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