ESCUELA INDUSTRIAL SUPERIOR “PEDRO DOMINGO MURILLO” CARRERA DE MECÁNICA MECÁN ICA AUTOMOTRIZ
CAM-270 “LABORATORIO DE BOMBAS INYECTORAS E INYECTORES” Nombre e! "#$or% Ser&'o Er'() C*o+#e*#",(" Co,or' Nombre e! "eor% T.S Pro/. M"r(e!o M"m",'
LA PAZ-BOLIIA 10032014
DEDICATORIA 1
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SERGIO ERIC; C
2
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SERGIO ERIC; C
2
INDICE GENERAL CARÁTUL CARÁTULA A >>>>>> >>>>>>>>> >>>>>> >>>>> >>>>> >>>>. >...> ..>>>. >>.... .....> ..>>1 >1 DEDICATORIA >>>>>>.>>>>>>>>>>>>..>...........>.2 ?NDICE GENERAL>>>>>>>>..>>>>>> GENERAL>>>>>>>>..>>>>>>>>>>..>.>>> >>>>..>.>>>@ @ PROLOGO>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> PROLOGO>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>>>.>>.>.>> >>.>>.>.>> CAPÍTULO I
1.
INTR INTROD ODUC UCCI CION ON>> >>>> >>>> >>>> >>.> .>>> >>>> >>>> >>.> .>>> >>>. >... .... ..3 3
1.2. 1.2.
OBETI OBETIO O GENER GENERAL> AL>>> >>>> >>>> >>>> >>>> >>>> >>>> >>>. >.>> >>.. ..7 7
1.@. 1.@.
OBETI OBETIO OS S ESPE ESPEC? C?9I 9ICO COS>> S>>>> >>>> >>>> >>>> >>>> >>.> .>.. ..>. >.>7 >7
1.4. 1.4.
UST USTI9 I9IC ICAC ACIO ION> N>>> >>>> >>>> >>>> >>.. .. >>>> >>>>>. >..> .>>> >>.> .>>. >.. .
CAPÍTULO 2
2.
MARCO TERICO...>>>>>>>>>>>>>> TERICO...>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>.>>>.. >>.>>>..
2.1
BOMBA DE INYECCION>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> INYECCION>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>..>. ..>.
2.1.1. DESCRIPCION>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>..>..>>>.. 2.2.
TIPOS DE BOMBA DE INYECCIN>>>>>>. INYECCIN>>>>>>..>>..>.>>. .>>..>.>>.10 10
2.@.
BOMBA EN L?NEA TIPO PE-A>>>>..>>>>>>>..>. PE-A>>> >..>>>>>>>..>...>11 ..>11
[email protected]. CARACTERISTICAS>>>> CARACTERISTICAS>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>>..>.......12 >..>.......12
[email protected]. COMPONENTES>>>>>> COMPONENTES>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>.....>>..1@ .....>>..1@ 2.@.@. PRECAUCIONES>>>>> PRECAUCIONES>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>>>.>.....14 >>.>.....14 2.4.
>>>>>>.....1 2.. DESARMADO DE LA BOMBA>>>>>>>> BOMBA>>>>>>>>>>>>.>>..>. >>>>.>>..>.17 17 2..1. PREPARACIN>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>.>>.>...>17 2.3. LIMPIEZA DE LA BOMBA>>>>>>>>>>>>>..>>..>>2 BOMBA>>>>>>>>>>>>>..>>..>>2 @. BOMBA DE ALIMENTACION ALIMENTACION DE COMBUSTIBLE>>>>>>.. COMBUSTIBLE>>>>>>...>..23 .>..23 @.2. DESMONTAE>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>..>>>27 3
@.@. LIMPIEZA DE LA BOMBA DEL CEBADO>>>>>>...>>.>2 4. INSPECCION DE LA BOMBA DE COMBUSTIBLE>>>>..>....@1 COMBUSTIBLE>>>>..>....@1 4.1. UEGO DE REPARO>>>>.>>>>.>>>>.>>>...>>@2 . INSPECCION DE LA BOMBA DE INYECCIN>.>>>.> INYECCIN>.>>>.>.>..>@@ .>..>@@ 3. ARMADO DE LA BOMBA.>>>>.>>>>.>>>>>>.>>..@ 7. CALIBRADO DE LA BOMB A.>>>>.>>>>.>>>>>.>>@ 7.1. BANCO DE PRUEBAS>>>.>>>>.>>>>>>>.......>..40 PRUEBAS>>>.>>>>.>>>>>>>.......>..40 7.2. PRUEBA DE GOTEO DEL ENCENDIDO.>>>>>>.....>>..40 ENCENDIDO.>>>>>>.....>>..40 7.@. PRUEBA DE RALENTI >>.>>>..>>>>>>>>>>.>..41 >>.>>>..>>>>>>>>>>.>..41 7.4. PRUEBA DE ELOCIDAD DE CORTE>.>>..>>>>.>.>..41 CORTE>.>>..>>>>.>.>..41 7.. PRUEBA DE CAUDAL DE COMBUSTIBLE>>>>>.>>>...42 7.3. AUSTE DEL GOBERNADOR>>>>>>>>>>>>.>..>42 GOBERNADOR>>>>>>>>>>>>.>..>42 7.3.1. PRUEBA DE TOPE DE PARADA>>>>>>>>>>......>4@ 7.7. CONTROL DE ESTAN=UEIDAD>>>>>>>>>>>.>>.4@ 7.. PUESTA A PUNTO DE LA BOMBA DE INYECCIN>>>>>44 . INYECTORES>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> INYECTORES>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>..>4 >>>>>>..>4 .1. REISION Y CONTROL DE LOS INYECTORES>>>>>..>4 .2. DESMONTAE Y MONTAE>>>>>>>>>>>>>.>>43 .@. COMPONENTES >>>>>>>..>>>>>>>>>>>>..>43 .4. LIMPIEZA>>>>>>> LIMPIEZA>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>.>.47 >>>>>.>.47 .. CONTROL DE 9ALLAS>>>>>>>>>>>> 9ALLAS>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>.>.4 >>>>.>.4 CAPÍTULO 3
. CONCLUSIONES >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>...0
10. ANEFOS>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> ANEFOS>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>.>>... >>>>>>.>>....1 .1 11. BIBLIOGRA9IA>>>>>>> BIBLIOGRA 9IA>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>.. >>>>>>>>>>...>.>..>2 .>.>..>2
PRÓLOGO
4
E! $r"b"6o “ LABORATORIO DE BOMBAS INYECTORAS E INYECTORES” " 'o #, "5or$e e, m' e,e",H" o,e 5#e "+#'r'r '8ero (o,o('m'e,$o e, e! $r",(#ro e m' 5"",$". Yo e!e& e$e $r"b"6o 5or+#e me ',$ere" "ber (Jmo $r"b"6", : "ber !" /"!!" me(K,'(" +#e $'e,e, e e$" bomb" &r"('" " !" 5rK($'(" 5#e re"!'H"r!o : me6ore mK m' "5re,'H"6e (o, mK "5or$e " e$e Kre" e $r"b"6o.
L" me(K,'(" "#$omo$r'H $'e,e #," 5"r$e e e$" r"m" (omo e e! !"bor"$or'o e bomb" e, e! (#"! e $r"b"6" (o, bomb" e, !,e" $'5o PE S-P De #, $"m"o ',$erme'o : !" e! $'5o PE S A +#e e mK 5e+#e" e$" bomb" 5oee, e6e e !e8" e$K, 'e"" : (o,$r#'" 5"r" "$'/"(er #, b#e, /#,('o,"m'e,$o *"('" !o mo$ore 'ee! +#e #$'!'H", e! '$em" e ',:e(('J, e (omb#$'b!e e, !,e".
AemK e e$" bomb" e'$e, o$r" +#e e '&#"! m",er" 5#e "5re,er : " (o,o(er # /#,('o,"m'e,$o :" +#e e'$e #, e+#'5o +#e e e,("r&" e 8er'/'("r e! /#,('o,"m'e,$o (orre($o e !" bomb" ',:e($or" (omo e e! b",(o e 5r#eb" e !" bomb" ',:e($or" $"mb', #$'!'(e *err"m'e,$" e5e('"!e 5"r" e! emo,$"6e e !" bomb" ',:e($or" : "5re, " ("!'br"r emo,$"r : "rm"r '/ere,$e $'5o e ',:e($ore. A! 5r',('5'o e me *'Ho (om5!'("o /orm"r 5"r$e e! "mb'e,$e ,#e8o e, e! +#e e$#8e $r"b"6",o : " (o,o(er !o '/ere,$e $'5o e *err"m'e,$" e5e('"!e : # #o "e(#"o.
CAPÍTULO I
5
1. INTRODUCCION L" bomb" e ',:e(('J, e, !,e" " 5r',('5'o e! '&!o FF *" 'o !" mK #$'!'H"" 5or ,o e('r !" Q,'(" +#e /#,('o,"b" obre $oo e, 8e*(#!o 5e"o ',(!#o e #J e, $#r'mo *"$" !" ("" e !o 30 5ero e 8'o #$'$#'" 5or !" bomb" ro$"$'8" mK 5e+#e" : mK "5$" 5"r" mo$ore rK5'o. E$e $'5o e bomb" e e (o,$'$#('J, m#: rob#$" : e #," /'"b'!'" me(K,'(" (o,$r"$"" # ',(o,8e,'e,$e e # $"m"o 5eo : +#e e$K, !'m'$"" " #, ,Qmero e re8o!#('o,e +#e !" *"(e, "5$" 5"r" 8e*(#!o 5e"o 5ero ,o 5"r" $#r'mo. L" bomb" e, !,e" e$K (o,$'$#'" 5or $",$o e!eme,$o e bombeo (o!o("o e, !,e" (omo ('!',ro $e,&" e! mo$or. E, # (o,6#,$o ',(!#:e "emK e !o e!eme,$o e bombeo #, re&#!"or e 8e!o('" +#e 5#ee er (e,$r'/#&o ,e#mK$'(o o *'rK#!'(o #, 8"r'"or e "8",(e "#$omK$'(o e ',:e(('J, "(o5!"o "! '$em" e "rr"$re e !" bomb". L" bomb" e ',:e(('J, $'e,e !" m''J, e ',:e($"r e! (omb#$'b!e " "!$" 5re'J, e, !" (Km"r" e (omb#$'J, e !o '$',$o ('!',ro e! mo$or. L" (",$'" +#e e ',:e($" e "(#ero (o, !" ("r&" e! mo$or eberK 5oere o'/'("r e"($"me,$e. T"mb', e! mome,$o e ',:e(('J, eberK 5oere ""5$"r " !" (o,'('o,e e er8'('o e! mo$or. L" 5re'J, e ',:e(('J, e! (omb#$'b!e &e,er"" 5or !" bomb" e ',:e(('J, 8"r'" e5e,'e,o e! $'5o e (Km"r" e (omb#$'J,. Ge,er"!me,$e !" 5re'J, e$" "!reeor e 200 " @00 )&(m 5"r" !" (Km"r" e ',:e(('J, 're($" : e 0 " 10 )&(m 5"r" e! $'5o e (Km"r" "#'!'"r.
1.2 OBJETIVO GENERAL
•
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•
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1.3 OBJETIVOS ESPECIFICOS •
A5re,er e! /#,('o,"m'e,$o e! '$em" e ',:e(('J, 'ee! " (omo $"mb', !" 5"r$e +#e !o (o,/orm",.
•
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•
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•
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•
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1.4 JUSTIFICACION 7
L" ',#$r'" "#$omo$r'H e8o!#('o," " (o, " e 5or e!!o +#e !o e$#'",$e e, e! r"mo ebe, e$"r "($#"!'H"o e, m"$er'" e '"&,J$'(o : re5"r"('J, e, !o '$em" e ',:e(('J, 'ee! (o, bomb" ',:e($or". T"! e !" '$#"('J, +#e e 'o !" o5or$#,'" e 5oer ("5"('$"rme :" +#e ,o 5#e "5re,er " /o,o e! '$em" e ',:e(('J, 'ee! : !" 5"",$" e !" 5'eH" (!"8e e,$ro e !" em5re" : # ob6e$'8o e +#e !o (o,o('m'e,$o : *"b'!'"e ob$e,'o 'm5#!e, e! re,'m'e,$o e !o 6J8e,e. E, !" ("rrer" Me(K,'(" A#$omo$r'H e !" E(#e!" I,#$r'"! S#5er'or Pero Dom',&o M#r'!!o *e 5o'o "5re,er !o (#ro $eJr'(o 5rK($'(o " $r"8 e !o o(e,$e e !"bor"$or'o e bomb" ',:e($or". Gr"('" " e!!o 5ore "5re,er (o, mK 5rK($'(" $oo !o +#e "b"r(" e! !"bor"$or'o e bomb" ',:e($or" (o, $o" !" *err"m'e,$" ,e(e"r'" 5"r" e! '"&,J$'(o : m",$e,'m'e,$o e !o '/ere,$e $'5o e bomb" e ',:e($ore.
CAPITULO II 2. MARCO TEÓRICO 8
2.1. BOMBA DE INYECCION 2.1.1. DESCRIPCION L" bomb" e ',:e(('J, e, (omb',"('J, (o, e! re&#!"or $'e,e !" m''J, e ',:e($"r e! (omb#$'b!e " "!$" 5re'J, : #m','$r"r !" "e(#"" (",$'" e (omb#$'b!e e, !" (orre($" '$r'b#('J, e ("" ('!',ro e! mo$or. L" (",$'" +#e e ',:e($" e "(#ero (o, !" ("r&" e! mo$or eberK 5oere o'/'("r e"($"me,$e. T"mb', e! mome,$o e !" ',:e(('J, eberK 5oere ""5$"r " !" (o,'('o,e e er8'('o e! mo$or. L" 5re'J, e ',:e(('J, e! (omb#$'b!e &e,er"" 5or !" bomb" e ',:e(('J, 8"r" e5e,'e,o e! $'5o e (Km"r" e (omb#$'J,. Ge,er"!me,$e !" 5re'J, e$" "!reeor e 200 " @00 )&(m 240- 4270 5' 1310-2420 )5" 5"r" !" (Km"r" e (omb#$'J, e $'5o e ',:e(('J, 're($" : e 0 " 10 )&(m 1140- 21@0 5' 70-14710 )5" 5"r" e! $'5o e (Km"r" e (omb#$'J, "#'!'"r.
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2.2. TIPOS DE BOMBA DE INYECCIÓN L" bomb" e ',:e(('J, 5#ee, '8''re e, 8"r'o $'5o%
9
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10
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2.3. BOMBA EN LÍNEA TIPO PE=A L" bomb" e ',:e(('J, $'5o PES-A e$" e5e(/'("me,$e 'e"" : (o,$r#'" 5"r" "$'/"(er !" (re('e,$e $e,e,('" *"('" !o mo$ore 'ee! +#e #$'!'H", e! '$em" e ',:e(('J, 're($" e (omb#$'b!e. E$" bomb" T'5o PES-A $'e,e #, $"m"o 5e+#eo e e('r # (o,$r#(('J, e mK 5e+#eo +#e e! e! $'5o PES-P : +#e e! $'5o PES-B. A#, (#",o # o5er"('J, e bK'("me,$e !" m'm" +#e !o o$ro o e ("5"H e e,$re&"r m":ore (",$'"e e (omb#$'b!e 5"r" "$'/"(er !" ,e(e'"e e (omb#$'b!e e !o mo$ore e er8'('o 5e"o. Se *" #$'!'H"o !" bomb" moe!o A e, '/ere,$e mo$ore 'ee! #r",$e !"r&o $'em5o. S# 5re'J, e ',:e(('J, e$" "!reeor e 70 b"r : "($#"!me,$e e #$'!'H" e, 8e*(#!o e me'",o 5or$e ("m'o,e : #$'!'$"r'o.
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2.3.1. CARACTERISTICAS 11
L" ("r"($er$'(" 5r',('5"!e : mK ,o$"b!e o, !" '&#'e,$e% •
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12 ('!',ro. E !#br'("o 5or e! m'mo 'ee!.
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2.3.2. COMPONENTES
12
Fue!e" P)e>'- ,e e$'+ B+-*# 1???=2@@@ F)0u'" 2.2 V)-!' e-ue/!)*' ,e ' +/' !)$+ PE=A 2.3.3. PRECAUCIONES •
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2.4. ERRAMIENTAS ESPECIALES DE SERVICIO
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F)0u'" 2.13 Jue0+ ,e #e'/)e!'2.:. DESARMADO DE LA BOMBA 16
2.:.1. PREPARACIÓN •
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e!
e,&r","6e
8"r'"or
e
"8",(e
3.2 e
' e!
e,
!"
5re," 5"r" e8'$"r +#e &'re. Demo,$"r !" $#er(" : bo!"," e 5re'J, e! ',(ro,'H"or. Co!o("r !" *err"m'e,$" e5e('"! e$r"($or "("r e! ',(ro,'H"or. 17
F)0u'" •
De-/+!'7e Demo,$"r !"
•
bomb" e "!'me,$"('J, e (omb#$'b!e. Demo,$"r !" (#b'er$" e !" bomb" : !" 6#,$" e em5"+#e$"#r".
,e -)*+)>',+ bomb" e!e8"or" o
F)0u'" De-/+!'7e •
3.2
3.2
,e *u)e!' ,e '
+/' Co!o("r e! "(o5!"m'e,$o e 'm5#!'J,.
F)0u'" 3.3 C++*' e '*+$e
I,$"!e !" *err"m'e,$" e5e('"! #6e$"ore e, !o or'/'('o e er8'('o e !e8",$"or.
18
F)0u'" Su7e!',+eU",o !"
3.4
,e +- +,)+*err"m'e,$" e5e('"!
"(o5!e &'re e! Krbo! e !e8" e ',er$e !" *err"m'e,$" e5e('"! !e8",$"ore 5"r" +#e e e,(#e,$re, e, # 5o'('J, m" "!$".
•
F)0u'"
3.:
Le;'!',+e-
,e
+- e-+!eS"+#e e! (o,6#,$o e !" (#b'er$" e! &ober,"or e !" bomb" e ',:e(('J,.
F)0u'" 3.6 S'*' ' *u)e!' ,e ' +/' U",o !" *err"m'e,$" e5e('"! SST "+#e !" $#er(" reo,".
F)0u'" 3.< S'*' ' !ue*' ' '',e' ,e 0+e',+ 19
U",o !" *err"m'e,$" e5e('"! e$r"($or "+#e e! (o,6#,$o e! (o,$r"5eo.
F)0u'" 3. S'*' +- *+!'$e-+I,8er$'r !" 5o'('J, e !" bomb". S"+#e !o e' $"5o,e e !" 5!"(".
F)0u'" 3.? S'*' +!'$+eS"+#e !o
o $or,'!!o e! (o6',e$e
e! (e,$ro.
F)0u'" 3.1@ S'*' +- *+7)e!eS"+#e e! "(o5!e e 'm5#!'J, "+#e !o (#"$ro $or,'!!o e !" $"5" e! re$, e "(e'$e e! e6e e !e8". U",o #, m"Ho e m"er" &o!5ee #"8eme,$e e! Krbo! e !e8" *"('" e! &ober,"or.
20
F)0u'" 3.11 S'*' +- 4 !+)+- ,e ' !'$' ,e e!e U",o o e$or,'!!"ore 5!",o "+#e e! rebore e !" bomb" *"$" "/#er". S"+#e e! Krbo! e !e8" : e! (o6',e$e e! (e,$ro.
F)0u'" 3.12 S'*' e e7e ,e e;'U",o !" *err"m'e,$" e5e('"! em5#6"or e ro'!!o em5#6e e! !e8",$"or 5"r" "("r !o ro'!!o (o, !" *err"m'e,$" e5e('"! #6e$"or.
F)0u'" E/$u7' +- +,)+-
3.13
*+ ' SST
U",o !" *err"m'e,$" e5e('"! em5#6"or em5#6e e! !e8",$"or e, !" ("r("" e! Krbo! e !e8" : "+#e e! !e8",$"or " $r"8 e! or'/'('o e! (o6',e$e (o, !" *err"m'e,$" e5e('"! #6e$"or.
21
F)0u'" 3.14 E/$u7' +- +,)+- *+ ' SST U",o !" *err"m'e,$" e5e('"! e$r"($or e mbo!o.S#6e$e e! "'e,$o e! reor$e ',/er'or : K+#e!o 6#,$o (o, e! embo!o.
F)0u'" 3.1: S'*' e •
e/++
No $o("r e! embo!o (o, !" m",o. D'5o,er $o" !" 5"r$e e, e! ore, (orre($o.
F)0u'" 3.16
O,e' '-
$)e>'- ,e ,e-/+!'7e S"("r e! reor$e e! embo!o e! "'e,$o e! reor$e #5er'or : 5'J, e (o,$ro!.
22
F)0u'" 3.1< ,e *+!+ S"("r !"
S'*' e $) 5or$"-8K!8#!" e
e,$re&" (o, "o 22 : $r',+#e$e.
F)0u'" 3.1
S'*' '- $+!'=
;;u'S"("r e! reor$e e !" 8K!8#!" e #m','$ro. U",o #," 5',H" "("r !" 8K!8#!" e #m','$ro : !" "r",e!" e (obre.
F)0u'" 3.1
S'*' '- $+!'=
;;u'- ;;u'Le8",$"$e e! ('!',ro e !" bomb" (o, e! eo ,'(e : K+#e!o.
23
F)0u'" 3.1? N+!' ' !"
S'*' e *)),+ /"!!" ','(" +#e
e'$e "!&Q, &o!5e$eo e, !" bomb" o +#e ,o ',:e($" em"'"o ("#"! (#",o !o e!eme,$o o, ,#e8o o +#e e! re(orr'o e !" (rem"!!er" e #r" o ,o re$or," " # 5o'('J, e ebe " +#e !" (rem"!!er" e$K e$er'or"" &"$"" o $or('". E, ee ("o "("r e! $or,'!!o e &#'" e !" (rem"!!er" e (o,$ro! : "("r !" (rem"!!er".
F)0u'" 3.2@
De-/+!'7e e
+,e *+e*!+ 2.6. LIMPIEA DE LA BOMBA L"8"r !" 5'eH" e! emo,$"6e (o, 'ee! !'m5'o e, #," b"$e" 5"r" e! •
mo,$"6e.
F)0u'" 4.
L)/$)e>' ,e
'- $)e>'-
)!e'-
24
F)0u'" 4.1
L)/$)e>' ,e
'- $)e>'-
3. BOMBA DE ALIMENTACION DE COMBUSTIBLE
25
F)0u'" : +/' ,e ')/e!'*) ,e *+/u-!)e 3.1. COMPONENTES 1.- Bomb" m",#"! e! (eb"o 2.- A,'!!o e 6#,$" e "(ero @.- M#e!!e e (om5re'J, 4.- K!8#!" .- A,'!!o e &om" 3.- M#e!!e e (om5re'J, 7.- A,'!!o e 6#,$" .- Embo!o e !" bomb"
.- A,'!!o e 6#,$" 10.- T"m'H /'!$r"or 11.- M#e!!e e (om5re'J, 12.- C#er5o e! /'!$ro [email protected] #e&o e 5'eH" 14.- Im5#!or e ro'!!o 1.- Im5#!or e!'H",$e 13.- #e&o e 5'eH"
3.2. DESMONTAJE • •
I,$"!"r !" bomb" e "!'me,$"('J, e (omb#$'b!e e, #," 5re,". S"("r !" bomb" e "!'me,$"('J, (o, !!"8e m'$" 1 mm.
26
F)0u'" 6.
S'ue ' +/'
,e *e',+ U",o !"
5',H". S"+#e !"
"r",e!" e (obre e! reor$e : !" 8K!8#!" e "5'r"('J,.
F)0u'" 6.1
S'*' ' ;;u'
,e '-$)'*) Co, !!"8e 24
"("r !" $#er("
e !" 8K!8#!" e e("r&"
F)0u'" 6.2
S'*' ' !ue*'
Co, !" 5',H"
"("r !" 8K!8#!" e
5re'J, reor$e
: "r",e!" e (obre.
F)0u'" 6.3
S'*' '
;;u' ,e
$e-)
27
• •
I,8er$'r !" 5o'('J, e !" bomb" e "!'me,$"('J, e (omb#$'b!e. S"("r e! $"5J, e !" (Km"r" (o, !" !!"8e m'$" @2.
F)0u'" 6.4
S'*' '
!ue*' S"+#e e! reor$e
: !" 6#,$" e
em5"+#e$"#r" (o, (#'"o 5or+#e e! reor$e 5#ee "!$"r : o("'o,"r #, "(('e,$e (o, ":#" e #," 5',H" "+#e e! 5'$J,.
F)0u'" 6.: S'*' e $)-! C"mb'"r !" 5o'('J, e !" bomb" e "!'me,$"('J, e (omb#$'b!e e, !" 5re," : "+#e e! ",'!!o e! reor$e.
28
F)0u'" 6.6 S'*' e ')+ ,e e-+!e S"("r e! !e8",$"or : !" 8"r'!!" e em5#6e. N+!' L" 8"r'!!" e em5#6e e$" "(o5!"" (o, 5re(''J, 5ero ' e$" e e,(#e,$r" /!o6" (#",o em5#6" "! 5'$J, e ebe reem5!"H"r e! ",'!!o e &om" : "("r !" 8"r'!!" e em5#6e (o, #, e6e : #, m"r$'!!o 5e+#eo.
F)0u'" 6.< S'*' ' ;')' ,e e/$u7e
3.3. LIMPIEA DE LA BOMBA DEL CEBADO A! (om5!e$"r e! e"rm"o e !" bomb" 5r'm"r'" !"8"r !" 5'eH" (o, "(e'$e 'ee! !'m5'o e ',5e(('o,"r!" 5"r" e$e($"r e&"$e m"&#!!"#r" : o$ro 5o'b!e "o.
29
F)0u'" <.1 L)/$)' ' +/' $)/')'
F)0u'" <.2 L)/$)e>' !+!'
4. INSPECCION DE LA BOMBA DE COMBUSTIBLE Se 8er'/'(o +#e e! reor$e ,o e$K ro$o : !" ',(!',"('J, e$K b'e, e e 2mm.
F)0u'" . e-+!e Se 8er'/'(o +#e e!
Ve)()*'*) ,e 5'$J,
e$K
e&"$"o : e ,e(e'$" #, ("mb'o e! 5'$J,. 30
F)0u'" .1
Ve)()*'*) ,e
$)-! Se 8er'/'(o +#e e! (eb"or e$K e, b#e," (o,'('o,e.
F)0u'" .2 •
Ve)()*'*)
*e',+ Se 8er'/'(o +#e e! 6#e&o e !" 8"r'!!" e em5#6e : e! re$, e &om" ,o e e,(#e,$r", e, b#e," (o,'('o,e e ee" ("mb'"r e! re$,.
F)0u'" .3 •
' ;')' ,e Se 8er'/'(o !"
De/'-)',+ 7ue0+ ,e e/$u7e e!e 8K!8#!" e 5re'J,
"5'r"('J, : !" "r",e!" e (obre e$K, &"$"" : e re+#'ere ("mb'"r e! )'$ e re5"ro.
F)0u'" .4 V;u' ,e $e-) ,e-0'-!','
31
F)0u'" .:
A',e'- ,e *+e ,e-0'-!','-
4.1. JUEGO DE REPARO E! 6#e&o e re5"ro 'r8e 5"r" reem5!"H"r !" 5'eH" 8'e6" 5or #," ,#e8" 5"r" e!!o e re"!'H" e! 5e'o e !" m'm" e "(#ero " !" 5!"(" e !" bomb" e, e$e ("o e re+#'ere e! (J'&o e /Kbr'(" +#e e D'ee! ;')' 5"r" # re5e($'8o "rm"o.
F)0u'" .6
Re$'+ $'' '
+/' ,e *+/u-!)e :. INSPECCION DE LA BOMBA DE INYECCIÓN Lo reor$e e !" bomb" e ',:e(('J, e$K, ro$o : &"$"o eo e eb'o " !" re8o!#('J, e(e'8" e !" bomb" : +#e e! mo$or e$e ome$'o " ("r&" "! mome,$o e! /',"! e !" 'm5#!'J, e! embo!o e! embo!o ,o e,8" (omb#$'b!e " 5re'J, " !o ',:e($ore e $"! m",er" ,o 5#ee re$or,"r e! (omb#$'b!e " 5re'J, " !" (Km"r" e "5'r"('J, !o +#e o("'o," +#e e! (omb#$'b!e ,o "!&" e !" bomb" : !!e&#e " !o ',:e($ore "rr",+#e '/('! e! mo$or : +#e e! mo$or "rr",+#e 5ero e 5"re.
32
F)0u'" .< Lo
+!+e!eme,$o
Re-+!ee$"b",
&"$"o m"&#!!"o : e(o!or'o eb'o " !" '/('! $"re" e ',:e($"r e! (omb#$'b!e : er ome$'" " 8e!o('"e m":ore " !" e (or$e 5"r" +#e 5#e", "rr",("r e! mo$or !o mbo!o e 5e&"ro, " # ('!',ro 5or +#e e$#8'ero, e, (o,$",$e mo8'm'e,$o : e! 'ee! e ("!e,$J (o, !" $em5er"$#r" (#",o "! rom5ere !o reor$e $r"b"6"ro, e"&er""me,$e *"$" +#e e "5"&J e! mo$or.
F)0u'-" . .? ee/e!+- ue;+- 0'-!',+E! 6#e&o e re5"ro e$"b" &"$"o e *'Ho e! ("mb'o ,e(e"r'o e $oo e! )'$ e re5"ro e !" "r",e!" e (obre &om" !o ",'!!o em5"+#e (o,e($ore e$(. C"" 8eH +#e e e"rme !" bomb" me e,e"ro, " ("mb'"r $o" e$" 5'eH" 5or o$r" ,#e8" ', (o,'er"r # (o,'('J,. No$e +#e e! #"r ,#e8"me,$e e$" 5'eH" 5or" ("#"r e("5e e (omb#$'b!e.
33
F)0u'-" .1@ )!
,e e$'+
,e-0'-!',+ L" 8K!8#!" e e,$re&" e (omb#$'b!e ,e(e'$"b", #, ("mb'o :" +#e "! ',5e(('o,"r e! (#er5o e !" 8K!8#!" : !" #5er/'('e e !" m'm" e$e($e +#e $e," #, e&"$e ",orm"! : "bo!!"#r". De $"! m",er" e reem5!"HJ !" 8K!8#!" e e,$re&" 5or o$r" ,#e8" "emK +#e e! (omb#$'b!e ,o !!e&" " !o ',:e($ore.
F)0u'-" .1@ .11 ;;u'- ,e e!e0' ue;'- ;)e7'6. ARMADO DE LA BOMBA I,$"!e !o ('!',ro e !" bomb". A!',e"r !" m#e(" e! ('!',ro e !" bomb" • • •
(o, e! 5""or e &o!5e e !" ("r("" e !" bomb". er'/'+#e !o ('!',ro e !" bomb". I,$"!e !" 8K!8#!" e #m','$ro #",o !" 5',H" U",o !" *err"m'e,$" e5e('"! SST : #, m"r$'!!o e ("beH" e 5!K$'(o &o!5ee #"8eme,$e !" 6#,$" e em5"+#e$"#r" ,#e8" *"$" me$er!" " #
•
"'e,$o. Co!o("r e! reor$e e !" 8K!8#!" e #m','$ro : !" 5or$"-8K!8#!". 34
•
A5r'e$e !" e' 5or$"-8K!8#!" $or'J, @0-@ )&m.
F)0u'" ?. A$)e!e
,e !+-) ,e
$+!'=;;u'I,8'er$" !" 5o'('J, e !" bomb". I,$"!e e! 5'J, e (o,$ro! : 8er'/'+#e # e5!"H"m'e,$o : +#e !" "!',e"('J,
• •
e !" m#e(" e &#'" e! 5'J, (o',('", (o, !" r",#r" e !" bomb". I,$"!e e! "'e,$o e! reor$e #5er'or : e! reor$e e! embo!o. Mo,$e e! embo!o : e! "'e,$o e! reor$e ',/er'or. U",o !" *err"m'e,$" e5e('"! ',er$"r e! embo!o : e! (o,6#,$o e! "'e,$o ',/er'or (o, !" m"r(" e e'&,"('J, e !" ("r" 'm5#!or" e! embo!o (o!o("" *"('" e! !"o e !" (#b'er$" e !" bomb".
F)0u'" ?.1 A)e' ' 'u' ,e ' +/' *+ e $)
35
F)0u'" ?.2 Ve)()*' e e*+),+ ,e ' •
*e/'e' O$r" m",er" e "ber ' e$K "!',e"o (orre($"me,$e "! (e,$ro e +#e e, e! m",&o e !" (rem"!!er" $e,&" #," r":" e, e! (e,$ro (#",o e$" #e!$o !" (rem"!!er" e! 5'J, e (o,$ro! ebe e$"r e, !" 5o'('J, e !" /'&#r"% .2.
•
F)0u'" ?.3 R'' ue ),)*' ' $+-)*) ,e $) U",o !" *err"m'e,$" e5e('"! #6e$"or e !e8" (o!o+#e !o ro'!!o " $r"8 e! or'/'('o e! (o6',e$e e! Krbo! e !e8". Em5#6e e! !e8",$"or (o, !" SST em5#6"or.
F)0u'" ?.4 C++*' +- +,)+-
36
•
I,8er$'r !" 5o'('J, e !" bomb" : (o!o+#e !" *err"m'e,$" e5e('"!e e
•
#6e('J, e !o ro'!!o. F)0u'" ?.: I-e!' +- -u7e!',+eU",o !" SST me$" " 5re'J, e! !e8",$"or e ',er$e !" SST e, e! or'/'('o e er8'('o e! !e8",$"or.
F)0u'" ?.6 +,)+- *+ ' SST C#",o •
embo!o :
E/$u7' +',$"!e ("" !e8",$"or
(om5r#ebe !" (rem"!!er" e (o,$ro! 5"r" 8er ' e! mo8'm'e,$o e #"8e : ', •
e/#erHo. I,$"!e e! e6e e !e8" e, !" 5o'('J, e! !"o e "(o5!e 6#,$o (o, e! (o6',e$e "5!'+#e &r"" e,o m#!$'5ro5J'$o "! (o6',e$e.
F)0u'"
?.<
C++*'
e e7e ,e
•
e;'U," 8eH "rm"o (o!o+#e !" bomb" ',:e($or" e, e! b",(o e 5r#eb". I,$"!e !o (o,$r"5eo : #6e$e e! e6e e !e8" (o, !" *err"m'e,$" e5e('"!e "(o5!e : 5"!e$".
37
F)0u'" ?.
C++*' +-
*+!'$e-+- *+
' SST
F)0u'" ?.?
C++*' '- SSTS
$'' e;)!' ue Co!o("r e! •
0)e e e7e (o,6#,$o e!
&ober,"or RS e, # "!o6"m'e,$o (o!o("r !" 5"!",(" e !" (rem"!!er" : e! reor$e e, # "!o6"m'e,$o e !" m'm" m",er" e! (o,$r"5eo.
NOTA No #$'!'H"r e! m'mo em5"+#e 5"r" e8'$"r !" /#&" e! 'ee!.
F)0u'" ?.1@
C++*' e
0+e',+ e
-u '+7'/)e!+
<. CALIBRADO DE LA BOMBA To" !" bomb" e ',:e(('o, ebe, re"!'H"re !" 5r#eb" e&Q, !" e5e('/'("('o,e e !" bomb" .L" e6e(#('o, e !" re8''o, : 5#e$" " 5#,$o e !" bomb" e ',:e(('o, re+#'ere e! #o e! b",(o e 5r#eb" ', e! (#"! e 'm5o'b!e (o,e&#'r re#!$"o (o,(re$o • • •
A6#$e e !" 8e!o('" e r"!e,$' : e (or$e. A6#$e e! ("#"! : e,$re&" e !" (",$'" e (omb#$'b!e. A6#$e e! e,(e,'o e! mo$or. 38
• •
A6#$e e! &ober,"or. Co,$ro! e e$",+#e'".e$(.
F)0u'" 1@ C++*' ' +/'
e e B'*+ ,e
Pue'<.1. BANCO DE PRUEBAS E #, '5o'$'8o +#e 5erm'$e re5ro#('r !" (o,'('o,e e /#,('o,"m'e,$o e, !" (#"!e $r"b"6o e, re"!'" !" bomb" e e('r e 5o'b!e me'",$e #," /#e,$e e mo8'm'e,$o "rr"$r"r e, ro$"('J, e! Krbo! e !e8" : e"m',"r 5"r" ("" e!eme,$o bombe",$e (#",o e re"!'H" !" ',:e(('J,. Lo &r"o e ro$"('J, e! Krbo! : # #r"('J, me'r e! ("#"! e e,8o e, !" '8er" 5o'('o,e e! m",&#'$o e (o,$ro! (o,$ro!"r e! /#,('o,"m'e,$o e! '5o'$'8o e "8",(e : e! re&#!"or e 8e!o('".
F)0u'" [email protected] B'*+ ,e Pue'- ee*!)*+ <.2. PRUEBA DE GOTEO DEL ENCENDIDO Se ebe +#'$"r !" $"5" e$er'or e !" bomb" : "6#$"r e! e,(e,'o /'6K,oe e, e! &o$eo +#e re"!'H" !o ',:e($ore e! b",(o (o, !" ":#" e #, e$or,'!!"or e! e,(e,'o ebe er m,'mo ((.
39
F)0u'" [email protected]
'7u-!e ,e e*e,),+
<.3. PRUEBA DE
RALENTI
Se 5#ee "ber me'",$e !" 5!"(" e! &ober,"or RS +#e ','(" e! r"!e,$ e !" bomb" e ',:e(('J, : # 8e!o('" e e @00 r.5.m $"mb', e 8er'/'(" e! &o$eo re5e($'8o +#e ','(" +#e e e,(#e,$r" e, r"!e,$.
N+!' S' ,o m",$'e,e r"!e,$ e ebe 8er'/'("r e! $or,'!!o e "6#$e e !" 8e!o('" e r"!e,$ (o, #, e$or,'!!"or : !!"8e 10.
F)0u'" [email protected] '7u-!e ,e 'e!5
F)0u'" [email protected] !+)+ ,e 'e!5
<.4. PRUEBA DE VELOCIDAD DE CORTE Se 5#ee "ber me'",$e !" 5!"(" e! &ober,"or RS !" 8e!o('" e (or$e e !" bomb" e ',:e(('J, e e 1300 r.5.m $"mb', e (#e,$" !" mo'/'("('J, (#",o e$K m#: &"$"" !" bomb" : e e 130 r5m.
N+!' S' ,o m",$'e,e 8e!o('" e (or$e e ebe 8er'/'("r e! $or,'!!o e "6#$e e !" 8e!o('" e (or$e (o, #, e$or,'!!"or : !!"8e 10.
40
F)0u'" 1@.: '7u-!e ,e 'e!5
F)0u'" [email protected] !+)+ ,e *+!e ,e *+/u-!)e
<.:. PRUEBA DE CAUDAL DE COMBUSTIBLE E! ("#"! e (omb#$'b!e $'e,e +#e er m,'mo (( : 1000 " 1200 r5m 5"r" !" bomb" $'5o PES-A e, !,e" e e' ('!',ro. E! ("#"! e re&#!" (o, e! m",&#'$o e (o,$ro! e"$or,'!!K,o!o : &o!5e",o #"8eme,$e !" r",#r" e! m",&#'$o e (o,$ro! " !" 'H+#'er" ' $'e,e 5o(o ("#"! : " !" ere(*" ' e e(e'8o e! ("#"!. Lo ("#"!e ,o (orre5o,'e,$e " !o e"!"o e, !" $"b!" e ("!'br"o e,$ro e !o !'m'$e e, e! e$"o e e&"$e e !o e!eme,$o bombe",$e e, (#",$o ' e e(e'8o err"m"rK (omb#$'b!e : eo 'm5e'rK e! "#me,$o e e,8o. AemK ' !!e&"r", " $e,er ("' '&#"!e ("rrer" e (omb#$'b!e ',:e($"" e! ',(o,8e,'e,$e e$K e, !" 8K!8#!" e e,8o o !o (orre5o,'e,$e reor$e +#e "!$er"r", (om5!e$"me,$e !" '$r'b#('J, e! ("#"! e (omb#$'b!e.
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<.6. AJUSTE DEL GOBERNADOR 41
E! "6#$e e! &ober,"or (o,'$e e, !" (om5rob"('J, e # /#,('o,"m'e,$o e e "e&#r"re +#e e! ,Qmero e re8o!#('o,e " !o (#"!e e,$r", e, /#,('J, " !" 8e!o('" mK'm" o m,'m" (orre5o,", " !o 8"!ore 5re(r'$o 5"r" ("" $'5o 5or !" $"b!" e ("!'br"o. E$e (o,$ro! e re"!'H" 5or e! re&'$ro e !" ("rrer" e !" !e8" &ober,"" 5or e! 5e"! e! "(e!er"or e! (#"! e5e,e e! ,Qmero e re8o!#('o,e mK'mo +#e 5#ee "!(",H"r !" bomb". • • •
Co,$ro! e! re&'$ro e r"!e,$ m,'mo. Co,$ro! e! re&'$ro e 8e!o('" e (or$e mK'mo. E,(e,'o e! mo$or.
<.6.1. PRUEBA DE TOPE DE PARADA Se ebe "("r !" (o,$r"$#er(" e $o5e e 5"r"" 5"r" "6#$"r e! $or,'!!o e $o5e e 5"r"" o $o5e e r"!e,$ "! &'r"r e! $or,'!!o *"$" +#e e "!(",(e e! 5#,$o e, e! (#"! !" 5o'('J, e !" (rem"!!er" e$e /'6". E, e$" 5o'('J, 5oemo "ber ' e! 8e*(#!o e$" 5"r"o
F)0u'" 1@.? T+)+ ,e !+$e ,e $'',' <.<. CONTROL DE ESTANHUEIDAD Se ebe, (om5rob"r !" /#&" e $o" !" bomb" ",$e : e5# e !" 5r#eb" : re5"r"!" ' e ,e(e"r'o. To" !" /#&" ebe, re5"r"re (#",o e" ,e(e"r'" !" re5"r"('J, "!&#," o $o" !" 5r#eb" obre e! b",(o eberK, re5e$'re.
42
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<.. PUESTA A PUNTO DE LA BOMBA DE INYECCIÓN P"r" !" 5#e$" " 5#,$o e !" bomb" e ',:e(('J, e ebe !!e8"r e! e!eme,$o 1 " !" 5o'('J, e (om'e,Ho e ("rrer" Q$'! e !" ',:e(('J, e "(#ero "! ore, e ',:e(('J, e !" bomb" +#e e 1--@-3-2-4. Norm"!me,$e e 5#ee (om5rob"r e/e($#",o e! (om'e,Ho e !" "!'me,$"('J, re"!'H",o e! &'ro e, !" b",(o e 5r#eb" &'r",o e! "(o5!e e 'm5#!'J, (o, !" 5"!e$" :" +#e e'$e #," m"r(" e "!',e"('J, e, e! 8"r'"or e "8",(e : e! (#er5o e !" bomb".
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44
. INYECTORES .1. REVISION Y CONTROL DE LOS INYECTORES Lo ',:e($ore ",$e e ("" 5r#eb" e ebe, !'m5'"r e, !" 5"r$e e$er," (o, e! emer'! : !#e&o !"8"r!o e, #," b"$e" (o, 'ee! !'m5'o.
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.2. DESMONTAJE Y MONTAJE 45
A5re$"r e! ',:e($or e, !" 5re," : "/!o6"r !" $#er(" e e&#r'" e&#'"me,$e e !" $ober" 5or$" ',:e($or : "" 5re$",o "$e,('J, e ,o e6"r ("er !" "". S"("r e! ""5$"or ',$erme'o e! 8K$"&o e 5re'J, e! reor$e : !" "r",e!" e $"r"o m",$e,er !" 5'eH" e, ore, e, e! b",(o e $r"b"6o. Mo,$"r !" 5'eH" e, e! ore, ',8ero e! emo,$"6e : "5re$"r !" $#er(" "! 5"r e "5r'e$e e5e('/'(o.
F)0u' 12.3 De-/+!'7e ,e )e*!+ .3. COMPONENTES Lo (om5o,e,$e e! ',:e($or o, !o '&#'e,$e%
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.4. LIMPIEA 46
P"r" !" !'m5'eH" e !" 5'eH" #$'!'H"r #, 5ro#($o e !'m5'eH" e!e(('o,"o. F )
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L" !'m5'eH" e! (#er5o e! ',:e($or : e !" "" ebe er e6e(#$"" (#'"o"me,$e : e8'$",o !o r'e&o e e/orm"('J, (*o+#e : r"!!"#r". Lo Q$'!e ,e(e"r'o 5"r" !" o5er"('o,e e !'m5'eH" /orm", 5"r$e e! (o/re 5"r" !'m5'eH" e ',:e($ore. •
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!'m5'"r !" "" : e! (#er5o e! ',:e($or (o, 'ee! !'m5'o !"8"r e$er'orme,$e e$" 5'eH" (o, #," bro(*" e 5e!o e !"$J, o ,:!o,. !'m5'eH" e !" &"r&",$" ('r(#!"r e! (#er5o e! ',:e($or. !'m5'e ',$er'orme,$e e! "!o6"m'e,$o e !" "" : r"5"r !" &"r&",$". L'm5'"r e! $"!"ro e! $e$J,. U," 8eH $erm',"" !" !'m5'eH" e("r !" •
'm5#reH" re(o&'" e, e! (#er5o e! 5#!8er'H"or (o, !" (om5reor" ',$er'or : e$er'orme,$e.
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.:. CONTROL DE FALLAS C"!'br"o Co,$ro! e! /#,('o,"m'e,$o Co,$ro! e! "6#$e e! "'e,$o Co,$ro! e err"me
Lo ',:e($ore ebe, er (o,$ro!"o " e 5#ee "ber !" r"HJ, e !" /"!!" (o,'$e e, #, e"me, 8'#"! e! (*orro o e !o (*orro e (omb#$'b!e 5#!8er'H"o .AemK e$o ebe, $e,er #, K,&#!o e (*orro e ('er$" "m5!'$# e, !o $'5o e ',:e($ore Bo(* 5or e6em5!o !" 5re'J, e ',:e(('J, e$K 'm5re" e, e! (#er5o : $'e,e, m"r("o !" $ober" !" !e$r" D.
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Se ebe "e,$"r !" "" (o, e, !" 5re," 5"r" +#e $e,&" #," b#e," 5#!8er'H"('J, e ,e(e"r'o #$'!'H"r #, 5o(o e 5om"" : e e$" m",er" $e,er e, (#e,$" !" !,e" o,e !" "" e$e "e,$"" #, br'!!o 5e+#eo +#e ','(" +#e e$K !'$o.
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P"r" 'e,$'/'("r e! /#,('o,"m'e,$o (orre($o e! ',:e($or eb'o " !" 8'br"('J, e !" "" #, b#e, /#,('o,"m'e,$o e e"!"o 5or #," 8'br"('J, re&#!"r +#e (omQ,me,$e e !!"m" e! “(",$"r e ',:e($or” "emK e !" 5re'J, +#e re+#'ere e$e e, M5" o Lb e "(#ero "! $'5o e ',:e($or 1M5" 10 b"r.
F)0u' 12.? C+!+ ,e (u*)+'/)e!+ ,e u )e*!+ S' e! 5#!8er'H"or &o$e" e 5#ee $r"$"r e e!'m',"r e! ',(o,8e,'e,$e (o, #, ,#e8o re5"ro :" +#e e$e :" e$K e, e#o e $o" m",er" ' e "'e,$" *"brK /#&" : ,o $r"b"6"r" (omo !o emK ',:e($ore erK 'm5o'b!e e8o!8er e! 'Kme$ro e !o "ero +#e e! 5"o e! (omb#$'b!e e&"$" : "#me,$".
F)0u' 13 Re$'+ ,e )e*!+ B+-*# ,e V+;+ 49
CAPITULO III ?. CONCLUSIONES •
A5re, " re5"r"r ("!'br"r : e$e($"r /"!!" b"6o e5e('/'("('o,e e! '$em" e ',:e(('J, e bomb" 'ee!.
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A5re, " '"&,o$'("r bomb" ',:e($or" e ',:e($ore.
•
A5re, " #$'!'H"r !" *err"m'e,$" e5e('"!e 5"r" e! emo,$"6e : mo,$"6e e !" bomb". A5re, " m",e6"r e! b",(o e 5r#eb" 5"r" ',:e($ore .
•
A5re, e! /#,('o,"m'e,$o e! '$em" e ',:e(('J, 'ee! " (omo $"mb', !" 5"r$e +#e !o (o,/orm",.
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Lo&re o!#('o,"r !" /"!!" mK (om5!e6" : e"/'",$e.
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I,(reme,$e m' (o,o('m'e,$o : *"b'!'" #r",$e e! 5er'oo e 5rK($'(".
50
1@. ANEOS
51
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