BIODIVERSITY LOSSES AND ACTION PLAN PLAN Group Members:
Enum Meerza Midhat Akbar Farheen Mehdi Rohma Abbasi Amna Tanveer Habiba Tariq Nimra Malik
Group 2
BBA-V
Biodiversity? ersity? What is Biodiv
It simply means " the variety of life on earth´ It reflects the number, variety and variability of living organisms and how these c hange from from one location to another and over time It is important in all all ecos ecosys yste tems ms
Biodiversity losses and action plan
Biodiversity? ersity? What is Biodiv
It simply means " the variety of life on earth´ It reflects the number, variety and variability of living organisms and how these c hange from from one location to another and over time It is important in all all ecos ecosys yste tems ms
Biodiversity losses and action plan
´At least 40 per cent of the world·s economy and 80 per per cent of the needs needs of the poor are derived from biological resources. In addition, the richer the diversi dive rsity ty of lif life, e, the greater the the opportunity for medical discoveries, economic development, and adaptive responses to such new challenges as climate clima te change.µ change.µ
Biodiversity losses and action plan
Levels of Biodiv Biodiversity ersity
Ecosystem
Species
Biodiversity losses and action plan
Genetic
Genetic Diversity
Variation between individuals of same species Genes, made of DNA , are the building blocks that determine how an organism will develop and what its traits and abilities will be Biodiversity losses and action plan
Species Diversity
Variety of species in a given region or area They are easier to conceptualize and have been the basis of much of the evolutionary and ecological research that biodiversity draws on Biodiversity losses and action plan
Ecosystem Diversity
Communities of plants and animals, together with the physical characteristics of their environment interlink together as an ecological system Ecosystem diversity is more difficult to measure because there are rarely clear boundaries between different ecosystems and they grade into one another Biodiversity losses and action plan
Biodiversity threats and losses Threats:
Over-hunting
Habitat loss, degradation, fragmentation
Domino effects
Pollution
Climate change
Biodiversity losses and action plan
1. Over-hunting
Over-hunting has been a significant cause of the extinction of hundreds of species and the endangerment of many more, such as whales and many African large mammals. Most extinctions over the past several hundred years are mainly due to overharvesting for food, fashion, and profit. Biodiversity losses and action plan
1. Over-hunting
The annual trade is estimated to be at least US $5 billion, with perhaps one-quarter to one-third of it illegal. Over-hunting, particularly illegal poaching, remains a serious threat to certain species, for the future, it is globally less important than other factors mentioned next. Biodiversity losses and action plan
2. Habitat loss, degradation, fragmentation
As deforestation increases the main cause of mass extinctions caused by human activity. In the New World tropics, lowland, seasonal, deciduous forests began to disappear. The forested regions most easily converted to agriculture, and with a more welcoming climate. Biodiversity losses and action plan
3.
Domino Effects
Domino effects are especially likely when two or more species are highly interdependent, or when the affected species has a strong connections to many other species.
Biodiversity losses and action plan
4.
Pollution
Pollution from chemical contaminants certainly poses a further threat to species and ecosystems. While not commonly a cause of extinction, it likely can be for species whose range is extremely small, and threatened by contamination. Biodiversity losses and action plan
5. Climate change
A changing global climate threatens species and ecosystems. The distribution of species (biogeography) is largely determined by climate, as is the distribution of ecosystems and plant vegetation zones (biomes). Climate change may simply shift these distributions but, for a number of reasons, plants and animals may not be able to adjust . The pace of climate change almost certainly will be more rapid than most plants are able to migrate.
Biodiversity losses and action plan
Losses of Biodiversity
Species are now becoming extinct at an alarming rate, almost entirely as a direct result of human activities . Previous mass extinctions evident in the geological record are thought to have been brought about mainly by massive climatic or environmental shifts . One estimate calculates that a quarter of all species on earth are likely to be extinct, or on the way to extinction within 30 years. Another predicts that within 100 years, three quarters of all species will either be extinct, or in populations so small that they can be described as "the living dead" .
Biodiversity losses and action plan
Extinction
A species becomes extinct when the last existing member of that species dies. Extinction therefore becomes a certainty when there are no surviving individuals that are able to reproduce and create a new generation.
Biodiversity losses and action plan
Mass Extinction
There have been at least five mass extinctions in the history of life on earth, and four in the last 3.5 billion years in which many species have disappeared in a relatively short period of geological time . The most recent of these, the Cretaceous²Tertiary extinction event 65 million years ago at the end of the Cretaceous period, is best known for having wiped out the non-avian dinosaurs, among many other species.
Biodiversity losses and action plan
Modern Extinction
According to a 1998 survey of 400 biologists conducted by New York's American Museum of Natural History, nearly 70 percent believed that they were currently in the early stages of a human-caused extinction, known as the Holocene extinction . In that survey, the same proportion of respondents agreed with the prediction that up to 2 0 percent of all living populations could become extinct within 30 years (by 2028)
Biodiversity losses and action plan
Massive Extinctions From Human Activity
75% of genetic diversity of agricultural crops has been lost. 75% of the world·s fisheries are fully or over exploited. Up to 70% of the world·s known species risk extinction if the global temperatures rise by more than 3.5°C. 1/3rd of reef-building corals around the world are threatened with extinction. Every second a parcel of rainforest the size of a football field disappears. Over 350 million people suffer from severe water scarcity. Biodiversity losses and action plan
Declining Amphibian Population
Amphibians have been described as a marker species or the equivalent of ´canaries of the coal minesµ amphibian extinction rate may range from 25, 039 ² 45,474 times the background extinction rate for amphibians It is difficult to explain this unprecedented and accelerating rate of extinction as a natural phenomenon.µ
Biodiversity losses and action plan
Lizards Threatened By Climate Change
´Global-scale studyµ published in the journal Science found that climate change could wipe out 20% of the world's lizard species by 2080. Global projection models used by the scientists suggested that ´lizards have already crossed a threshold for extinctions caused by climate changeµ
Biodiversity losses and action plan
Dwindling Fish Stocks
About 80 percent of the world marine fish stocks for which assessment information is available are fully exploited or overexploited . Fish stocks assessed since 1977 have experienced an 11% decline in total biomass globally, with considerable regional variation. The average maximum size of fish caught declined by 22% since 1959 globally for all assessed communities. There is also an increasing trend of stock collapses over time, with 14% of assessed stocks collapsed in 2007. Biodiversity losses and action plan
Causes Of Biodiversity Loss 1.
Over-Exploitation
2.
Environmental Pollution
3.
Natural Calamities
4.
Habitat Fragmentation
5.
Exotic species
Biodiversity losses and action plan
Over-exploitation
Caused by Stone Age hunters
Woolly mammoth, horses, camels
Threat to number of species
Whale, elephants, crocodiles
Stellers sea cow Hunted for food/profit Medicinal value Psilotum Biodiversity losses and action plan
Environmental Pollution
Presence of toxic material
Pesticides
Crude petroleum
Toxic trace elements
Biodiversity losses and action plan
Natural Calamities
Floods
Forest fires
Earth quakes
Volcanic eruptions
Biodiversity losses and action plan
Habitat Fragmentation
Railway tracks and highways
Deeper zone of patches - Competition for space food and water
Future extinction
Biodiversity losses and action plan
Exotic Species
Extensive damages
Struggle for existence
Example: Nile Perch
Biodiversity losses and action plan
Role of IUCN Conserving biodiversity, as the backbone of all life on Earth and the core of what IUCN does, is the basis for our four other priority areas of work: Climate Change Sustainable Energy Managing nature for human well being greening the economy
Biodiversity losses and action plan
IUCN Progams
Species Program
Water Program
Forest Conservation Program
Global Marine Program
Biodiversity losses and action plan
Role of WWF
WWF - Pakistan is working to conserve the environment through its Target Driven Programmes (TDPs) that address issues pertaining to different samples
Biodiversity losses and action plan
Target Driven Programmes
Forests
Species FOREST
Fresh Water
Marine Ecosystem
FRESH WATER Climate Change
Toxics
Biodiversity losses and action plan
Biodiversity in Pakistan
Pakistan has 225 Protected Areas (PAs) 14 national parks, 99 wildlife sanctuaries, and 96 game reserves It consists of rapidly shrinking wetlands, of wondrous juniper forests, minute life forms that buzz their way to a magical existence, of stunning mountains Pakistan covers a number of the world's ecoregions, ranging from the mangrove forests stretching from the Arabian Sea to the towering mountains of the western Himalayas, Hindukush, and Karakoram Biodiversity losses and action plan
Biodiversity Action Plan (BAP)
Is an internationally recognized program addressing threatened species and habitats and is designed to protect and restore biological systems. The original impetus for these plans derives from the 1992 Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD). Biodiversity losses and action plan
Biodiversity Action Plan (BAP)
The principal elements of a BAP typically include: Preparing inventories of biological information for selected species or habitats Assessing the conservation status of species within specified ecosystems Creation of targets for conservation and restoration Establishing budgets, timelines and institutional partnerships for implementing the BAP Biodiversity losses and action plan
Species Plan
A species plan component of a country·s BAP should ideally entail a thorough description of the range, habitat, behavior, breeding, and interaction with other species. Once a determination has been made of conservation status (e.g. rare, endangered, threatened, vulnerable), a plan can then be created to conserve and restore the species population to target levels
Biodiversity losses and action plan
Biodiversity Conservation Biodiversity Conservation refers to the efforts to maintain or enhance biodiversity involving protection, uplifting and scientific management at its optimum level in order to derive sustainable benefits for the present as well as for the future Biodiversity is the life support system of our planet- we depend on it for the air we breathe, the food we eat, and the water we drink . Wetlands filter pollutants from water, trees and plants reduce global warming by absorbing carbon, and bacteria and fungi break down organic material and fertilize the soil . Biodiversity losses and action plan
Why to be concerned?
Our ethics recall us that we should not deprive our future generations from economic and aesthetic benefits that can be derived from biodiversity. It is our moral duty to look after our planet and pass it on to our future generation in a good health.
Biodiversity losses and action plan
Approaches of biodiversity conservation There are two approaches: 1.
In Situ (on site) conservation
2.
Ex Situ (off site) conservation
Biodiversity losses and action plan
In Situ conservation Preservation and Protection of Ecosystems at their Original Environment . To recognize a particular biodiversity rich area and to preserve it This method maintains all organisms at different tropic levels from producers to top consumers such as carnivores. In situ conservation requires only elimination of factors detrimental to the existence of the species Allow the large number of species to grow simultaneously and flourish in their natural environment in which they were growing since a long time . Biodiversity losses and action plan
In Situ conservation
In Situ includes conservation of the following: National Parks Sanctuaries Biosphere Reserves Reserve Forests
Biodiversity losses and action plan
Ex Situ Conservation
Involves cultivation of plants and rearing of animals outside their natural habitats It is done as a sample of genetic diversity, particularly of endangered species of plants and animals, under human care
Biodiversity losses and action plan
Ex Situ Conservation
BOTANICAL
GARDENS
ZOOLOGICAL PARKS (ZOOS)
AQUARIUMS Biodiversity losses and action plan