A Presentation On
PRESENTED BY : RAJENDRA KUMAR SINGH B.TECH.(BT) z 7TH SEM.
What is Biological Control? Control?
De Bach ((1964 De 1964 1964)) ³The action of of parasites, parasites,, predators parasites predators or or pathogens pathogens in maintaining another another organism¶s density at a lower average than would occur occur in their their absence absence..´ .´
Bio iollogi giccal con ontr trol ol of pes ests ts in agriculture is a method of controllin contr olling g pests (including insects insects,, mites mites,, weeds and plant plant dis diseas eases es)) th that at re reli lies es on predation predation,, parasitism parasitism,, or other natural mechanisms.
Biological Control Agents Natural enemies of insect pests, also known as biological control agents, include predators, parasitoids, and pathogens. Predators
Predators, such as lady beetles and lacewings, are mainly free-living species that consume a large number of prey during their lifetime. Parasites
An organism that lives intimately in, or on, a host organism from which it derives nourishment.
Parasitoid A parasitoid is an organism that spends a significant portion of its life history attached to or within a single host organism which it ultimately kills (and often consumes) in the process.
Pathogen A pathogen , infectious agent, or more commonly germ, is a biological agent that causes disease or illness to its host .
Biological Control Agents (BCAs) BCAs can be classified as follows : Macrobial : beneficial nematodes, Microbial : virus, fungi, bacteria, Natural products : plant extracts with insecticide, fungicide Ex amples-
Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), Baculoviruses, Azadirachta indica ( Neem) ,Trichoderma, Trichogramma etc
Techniques
of Biological Control
1. Introduction or Importation 2. Augmentation 3. Conservation
Introduction or Importation If sufficient effective natural enemies are not present to control pests, introduction of effective natural enemy species is necessary.
Augmentation Augmentation is the periodic release of a natural enemy that does not occur naturally in sufficient numbers to keep a pest below damaging levels .
Conservation Conservation as a biological control method includes crop management practices that protect and encourage natural enemies and increase their impact on pests
Biopesticides and Bio-control Agents Biopesticides are derived from animals, plants and microorganisms such as bacteria and viruses. The
advantages are:
They are inherently less harmful than chemical pesticides; They are more target specific than chemical pesticides affecting only the target pests and their close relatives. In contrast, chemical pesticides often destroy friendly insects, birds and mammals. They are often effective in small quantities. Also, they decompose quickly and do not leave problematic residues. The most commonly used biopesticides include Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), Baculoviruses and neem. In addition to these, trichoderma, which is a fungicide, is also used. Biocontrol agents, such as Trichogramma, are parasites and predators of pests and their eggs.
Mass Production of Trichogramma for the control of lepidopterous pests
Trichogramma
Corcyra cephalonica
Forester Moth (lepidopterous pest)
Butterflies / skippers, moths
LEPIDOPTERA
Lepidoptera is an order of insect that includes moths and butterflies. It is one of the most speciose orders in the class Insecta, encompassing moths and the three superfamilies of butterflies, skipper butterflies, and moth butterflies. Members of the order are referred to as lepidopterans
Scientific classification Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Arthropoda
Class:
Insecta
Subclass:
Pterygota
Infr aclass:
Neoptera
Superorder:
Endopterygota
Order:
Lepidopter a
Corcyra (Corcyra cephalonica ) Order: Lepidoptera
COMMON NAME:- Rice moth (English) PEST STATUS
Fig:- Corcyra cephalonica
C. cephalonica is a major pest of stored grains of pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) and sorghum. Considering the long storage period of pearl millet, which may be several years.
DESCRIPTION The caterpillar of Corcyra is up to 15 mm long and white or cream in colour. The body is covered with fine hairs. The adult moth is grey, often with darker patterns on the wings. The wingspan is 20-23 mm. The moth is usually seen in large numbers on walls, poles or containers where grains are stored. Infested grains are spun together in a tight web and white caterpillars and cocoons are found in the grain.
Trichogramma
(moth egg parasitoid) The
name Trichogramma refers to a number of tiny wasps belonging to the family Trichogrammatidae. They
are stout-bodied, minute wasps that attacks the eggs over 150 species of moths, including cabbage looper, codling moth, oriental fruit moth, twig borers and fruitworms. Adults
are less than 1 mm (1/25 inch) long.
Forewings Larvae
are broader and hairy.
develop entirely inside the eggs of moths, which darken when they are parasitized.
Biology of Trichogramma
Egg
stage 16-24 hrs
Larval period 2-3 days Pupal period 2-3 days Adult lives for 1-2 days.
It
completes its life cycle on the eggs of lepidopteran pests. Duration of different stages are as follows Summers - 8-10 days Winters - 12 days A
single adult female lays about 100 eggs. It can fly up to 18-20 m.
Biodiversity of Trichogramma species used in INDIA 200 Hosts ,26 Species from India, 7 spp Lab Prod. Trichogramma Species
Insect Host
Crop/ Tree
Sugar cane borer
Sugar cane
Tomato fruit borer T. chilonis
cotton boll worms
Cotton
Maize stem borer
Tomato
Leaf eating caterpillar T. exiguum T. achaeae
Cotton spotted boll worm and pink boll worm
Maize
Sugarcane top borer T. japonicum
Paddy stem borer
Citrus
T. brasiliensis
Cotton boll worms
Paddy
T. eldanae
Tomato fruit borer Sugarcane borer
T. embryophagum
Codling moth
Apple
Trichogramma Use in Biocontrol Trichogramma
is an important bio-control agent as they are egg parasitoids, mainly of Lepidopteran eggs. Up to three wasp larvae may develop in each Lepidopteran egg. They
are very important biological control agents because they kill pests before they hatch and start feeding on your crop. Several
different species of Trichogramma are used in various crop ecosystem. Trichogramma chilonis in sugarcane, tomato, capsicum, beans and cotton., Trichogramma japonicum in sugarcane and paddy, T. embryophagum for codling moth. Optimum
conditions are moderate temperatures of 20-27 ºC (68-81 ºF)
and relative humidity 60%.
Mass R earing Trichogramma for Commercial R elease The
idea of "farming" Trichogramma for control of caterpillar pests was discussed in detail in 1895 at a meeting of the London Entomological and Natural History Society.
Rearing Trichogramma requires first rearing an insect, typically a species of moth, to produce eggs in which the wasps will develop. The Angoumois grain moth, S itotroga cerealella, and the Mediterranean flour moth, Ephestia kuehniella, are easily and inexpensively reared on wheat or other grains and are commonly used to rear Trichogramma. They are mass multiplied in captivity on surrogate host like Corcyra cephalonica.
REQUIREMENTS FOR PRODUCTION OF TRICHOGRAMMA CARDS
Laminar flow 1 Incubator 1 Deep freezer 2 Humidifier 1 Oven 1 Culture boxes 50 ( size 15x12x10 inches ) Movable shelves Vacuum cleaners 2 Oviposition cages 10 Bucket, big size 2 Culture of trichogramma species, T.chilonis Formalin Crushed maize Yeast powder Water soluble gum Sieve Honey
Flow chart for preparation of Trichogramma cards Charging of culture boxes Collection of adults of host of Trichogramma (C orcyra cephalonica) Egg collection from adults Preparation of trichocards from these eggs
UV treatment of eggs for 15 min These cards are exposed to trichogramma sp. for parasitization The parasitized eggs turn black on 5th day Trichocards stored for up to 10-15 days in refrigerator at 10 °C at pupa stage
Mass
Production Technology of Trichogr amma
How are the parasitoids released?
For field release, the trichocards are cut into small pieces and the pieces are stapled underneath the leaves. This method is relatively easier and the distribution of the parasitoid is uniform. Trichogramma should preferably be released in the evening hours Thirty minutes after emergence, the parasitoids actively search for their hosts.
R elease rates Trichogramma is available in the form of cards containing 20,000 parasitized eggs which have 90-96 % hatching within 7-10 days of parasitization . Trichocards are released @ 1 trichocard / acres.
R elease of T richo card released in the Rice field
Why
use Trichogramma?
Trichogramma
parasitizes the eggs, thus killing bollworms and other lepidopterous pests before they could inflict damage on the host plant. The
use of trichogramma reduces chemical spraying and preserves predators or natural enemies. They They
are host-specific, thus safe to use.
are cheap and can be mass-reared cheaply and conveniently in the laboratory on unnatural hosts.
Things to keep in mind when using Trichogramma Wasps
live longer when they have access to flower nectar. Flowering plants in the field may enhance parasitism levels. Choose
insecticides carefully when you have to spray. Broad spectrum chemical insecticides, including the synthetic pyrethroids, are usually very toxic to Trichogramma and should be avoided whenever possible.
Maintaining habitat diversity on-farm - This can be achieved by growing a mixture of crops and avoiding monocultures. Sorghum and maize are particularly good nursery crops for Trichogramma because they often contain high numbers of eggs.
LIMITATIONS OF TRICHOGRAMMA Trichogramma
eggs have to be used within a short period (before the eggs hatch). This limits their production and marketing on a large scale, and is also the reason why Trichogramma is not sold through dealers and shopkeepers
Sp ecial Thanks
r.Neeraj M ishra (HOD of Biotechnology) M
Dr.Vinod Bihari (Project guide) r. Go p al Tiwari (Class teacher) M Dr.S eema Rathour (Controller of training) Er.Kamna Dubey (Programme coordinator)
Thank s
