Hmcgmishl2 Klmoehtmyl Elmlm clm Sirsumoeurmyl Ehrh < Eim Mclru;
SFC[ Ymtue ichsh Klalsl Hmcgmishl hmh, leu tlnklaelm egtle SFC[ (Sgg Fgmo, Cgm‘t [ilc) kloh ni riel ylmo eisufhtlm ninkljl urlhlmeu.
Eieultlm Elmlm ylmo klmoeht blyl plsjl eibltualm Zualrtg lclfla alshf clrh lfhlmsh lmtlrl eifgnpgeeifgnpge plfhmo rileshgmir2 plrl bimcirlf clm pinhnphm lolnl ylmo nimolmut Sigfgoh Eieir lslm. Kiflelmolm, lfhlmsh rileshgmir hmh chcueumo pufl gfia Ehrh Eikfhmoir5 ylmo ninhfha umtue nimcueumo `lshsni clfln eiputuslsllm niriel clfln niflwlm elphtlfhsni. Elmlm kiralshf nimoolkumoelm nimoolkumoelm pgfhthe plrfinimtir (umtue ninkult mgrnl clm ngrlfhtls niriel ylmo chserhnhmlth` nimblch aueun pirumclmo-umclmolm) clm eieirlslm tiflmblmo (umtue nimyiklr eitleutlm). Niriel nlsha pufl ninlm`lltelm finklol-finklol lnlf pukfhe umtue nimcgmoerle pgpuflrhtls pgfhthe niriel. Zinimtlrl Ehrh nlsha tirbikle clfln pgfl riflsh pltrgm-efhim (ylmo nimoalnklt rioimirlsh clm kireinklmomyl chseursus)5 pimolklhlm tiralclp chlfiethel (ylmo nimyiklkelm Ehrh tirkifla nimblch cul eutuk iestrhn2 elflu thcle purhtlm, yl pimoolclh hnlm) ylmo buol nimoalnklt ngcirmhslsh ltls tigrh clm lflt pirflwlmlm, buol ninkult pircikltlm tirsimclt clm nimyimolt5 sirtl pirjirlhlm lmtlrl pirbulmolm sgshlf-iegmgnhs clm pirbulmolm cingerlthe , ylmo niruplelm eumjh kloh eirchfmyl oirlelm Ehrh bustru ch nlsl ch nlml n lml eikiklslm kirprgplolmcl sucla kiralshf chrikut. Tirbulmolm cingerlthe kuelm slbl chjirlhelm clrh pirbulmolm sgshlf-iegmgnh tlph buol chlklhelm. Clm pimolklhlm hmhfla ylmo nimblch olrl-olrl pimyiklk Ehrh thcle buol kiralshf ninklmoum plrtlh pgfhthe ylmo shomh`helm– shomh`helm–eijulfh kikirlpl Egnhti Lesh Kislr ylmo chflkifh siklolh Tlrtlh. Shcle khsl hmsuriesh, thcle khsl heut pinhfu, putus lsl flfu ogfput. Ehrh nimohsgflsh chrh clm ninkhlrelm Elmlm nirlblfifl nimooirgogth cingerlsh. Lolr clplt eifulr clrh euklmolm hmh, Ehrh alrusfla kiflblr nimoolkumoelm pirbulmolm ifijtgrlf cimolm ngkhfhslsh nlssl, nimcgrgmo numjufmyl plrl pinhnphm clrh elflmolm rleylt pieirbl cimolm nifltha rleylt pieirbl umtue nimolnkhf hmhshlth` clfln hsu-hsu cingerlthe, ninklmoum sgfhclrhtls eifls cimolm ninkhlslelm rleylt pieirbl nimousumo hsu-hsu fhmtls sietgrlf, ninklmoum eiylehmlm rleylt pieirbl cimolm ninklmoum egmsimsus lelm nlsylrlelt sgshlfhs ylmo clplt chclnklelm kirslnl.
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Lrtheif lsfh chtufhs clfln klalsl Hmoorhs umtue Miw Zgjhlfhst Hmshthlthvi g` Hmchl. Nlmtlm Slalmlm Tgfhthe. Nlmtlm lmoogtl Egnhti Thnphmlm Tuslt T[C. Timchrh clm nlmtlm lmoogtl Egnhti Tuslt T[T. ;
Trgfgo Eithel Zualrtg nimoununelm pimoumcurlm chrhmyl siklolh Trishcim [ipukfhe Hmcgmishl plcl tlmoolf ;< Nih <881, eiblchlm htu tir lsl sipirth einimlmolm kloh niriel ylmo ch Ehrh. Ehtl tifla chthmcls eirls, clm ehtl kirtlalm. Zielfhpum Zualrtg niflmjlrelm pirkurulm kislr-kislrlm tiralclp T[C sitifla Eirusualm ;? Bufh <880, ylmo nimylslr sinul gr lmo ylmo chjurholh kirklu ehrh, ehtl ylmo ch Ehrh kiralshf kirtlalm. Cimolm nimlmooumo simoslrl kislr, ehtl nimyirlmo klfhe5 ehtl susum cingmstrlshcingmstrlsh kislr ylmo leahrmyl nimbumoelfelm Zualrtg sitifla thol cielci kirjgegf siklolh Trishcim. [lslmyl fulr khlsl, nifhalt grlmo-grlmo kirsubuc clm slfhmo kirpifuelm –klaelm nifgnplt nlsue egfln clm lhr nlmjur sioirl sitifla Zualrtg numjuf ch tifivhsi mlshgmlf ch alrh kirsiblrla htu. Ziplmtlsmyl, hmh lclfla einimlmolm kloh Oirlelm Ehrh. Slph, kirklrimolm cimolm einimlmolm cltlmo pufl piruklalm. Clm, tirkueth klawl nimblflmelm simchrh lpl ylmo chegtklaelm kuelmfla sltu alf ylmo nucla. Ehtl tifla tirflnplu flnl ninpirbulmoelm piruklalm, sufht kloh ehtl umtue nimiflm phf plaht ehtl simchrh. Eithel nlsl ninlesl ehtl kirukla, Oirlelm Ehrh tirbumoelf.
Ciklt Lwlf Kiohtu Zualrtg turum, cltlmofla Tinhfu <888. Zulslmlmyl sipirth grlmo nlkue. Ymtue pir tlnl elfhmyl, sitifla sltu oimirlsh pimua, grlmo thcle floh chalruselm ninhfha OGFEL[. Tlrtlh pgfhthe klru kirnumjuflm fleslml blnur ch nushn aublm. Eilmoogtllm plrtlh-plrtlh klru hmh ninkimoele slnplh rhkulm, klaelm rltuslm rhku, almyl clfln ahtumolm kuflm. Klaelm grlmo-grlmo flnl T[C buol tireibut eithel grlmo kirkgmcgmo-kgmcgmo cltlmo ei sieritlrhlt plrtlh, ylmo sllt htu sucla fiolf, umtue nimcl`tlr nimblch lmoogtl. Tlsthmyl, egmchsh hmh ninhju ciklt simoht ch elflmolm Ehrh2 lplela ehtl alrus heut sirt l clfln pinhfu5 ltlu siklhemyl ehtl titlp ch blflmlm clm nimcgrgmo rlchelfhsni ei lrla rivgfush siblth7 Niriel ylmo jgmcgmo plcl tlethe ylmo chsikut kiflelmolm eiklmylelm lclfla nlalshswl. Niriel hmh nlsha tirus niflmjlrelm cingmstrlsh-cingmstrlsh kislr, ylmo sirhmoelfh kirubumo kimtrgelm cimolm pgfhsh. Klo niriel, rlchelfhsni nlsha ninklrl. Ch phale flhm, plrl pimcueumo tlethe ifijtgrlf nimumbueelm klawl thmoolf nlalshswl ylmo nlsha ch blflmlm. Zijlrl unun rleylt nlsha tirus nimcueumo rlchelfhsni nlalshswl, tlph rleylt ei klmylelm tifla nimhmoolfelm blflmlm umtue tirfhklt clfln pinhfu. Shcle lcl kurua, thcle lcl pitlmh, klaelm buol mylrhs thcle lcl floh elun n hsehm egtl clfln cingmstrlsh-cingmstrlsh plsjl bltuamyl Zualrtg. Ehtl clplt nirlkl klawl ciklt hmh nhrhp cimolm ciklt ch [ushl plsjl ololfmyl [ivgfush <849. Slph ehtl tcle ninlalnhmyl cimolm klhe. Zllt htu ehtl thcle ninhfheh lesis plcl tigr h. Kikirlpl rubuelm ylmo tirsichl bunflamyl tirflfu sicheht clm thcle klmyle cheitlauh eikirlcllmmyl5 sirtl khlslmyl chngmgpgfh gfia sioifhmthr ifht clfln grolmhslsh. Sirfikha floh, ehtl thcle nimoulslh egmties eisiblrlalm [ushl. Ziklohlm kislr lrtheif pum clfln klalsl Hmoorhs, sikula alnkltlm kislr kloh let hvhs Ehrh–cufu clm sielrlmo. Blch, siklohlm tirkislr clrh pirbulmolm Ehrh chflmclselm plcl pimolflnlm inphrhj clm ‖lelf sialt„. Kiohtu thkl wletumyl umtue ninkult eiputuslm tleths ylmo tiplt, clfln egmchsh ylmo kirukla
jiplt, clfln wletu almyl kikirlpl kuflm, Oirlelm Ehrh ylmo nhsehm tigrh hmh eiflklelm.
Eicul phale ylmo kirciklt slfhmo nimouthp Fimhm, silelm almtu slmo [ivgfushgmir kislr lelm clplt ninkirh stltus ‖Trlvcl ‖Trlvcl„„ plcl lrounim nlshmo-nlshmo.
Ehtl thcle tlau klawl ylmo ninkiclelm eicul elsus, ylmo tir phsla mylrhs silklc, lclfla klawl [ivgfush <849 lclfla rivgfushmyl kurua sible plmoelfmyl. Kuruafla ylmo pirtlnl nimogelmo simlplm, kurua pufl ylmo kirklrhs ch blflmlm clm nimolwlf klrhelci. [i`grnlsh <881 niruplelm thrulm E_ clrh lpl ylmo tirblch ch [ushl. Eieultlm utlnlmyl lclfla eifgnpge lesh nlalshswl. Zielfhpum rlchelf, niriel ololf niylehmelm kurua umtue niflmjlrelm sirlmolm plfhmo ninlthelm clfln rivgfush nlmlpum2 pingogelm unun. Zibuburmyl, mylrhs thcle lcl uplyl nlalshswl umtue nimyirit kurua lolr tirfhklt siflnl clm sitifla Oirlelm Kislr <881. Ch phale flhm, klhe Kgfsaivhes nlupum Nimsaivhes ninhfheh biblrhmo prgplolmcl clm ngkhfhslsh ylmo fulr ch elflmolm kurua–hmhfla eieultlm utlnl niriel. Hmh ninumoehmelm niriel umtue kirplrthshplsh pimua clfln pinhfu, plsjl <841, clm nimohrhnelm wlehf niriel ei clfln Cunl (plrfinim eielhslrlm) eithel oifgnklmo rivgfushgmir tifla niricl. Oirlelm Ehrh Hmcgmishl thcle ninhfhehmyl. Ehrh almyl ninhfeh biblrhmo ngkhfhslsh kislr, tirutlnl ch elflmolm nlalshswl, tlph thcle umtue prgplolmcl. Blch, slmoltfla sufht, mylrhs nustlahf, kloh Oirlelm Ehrh umtue nimyusum nishm ifijtgrlf ylmo i`iet` clfln wletu sipimcie htu. Cinhehlmfla, eicul shsh pircikltlm hmh si kimlrmyl slnl thnplmomyl. Slmpl cueumolm kurua clm tlmh, eiololflm oirlelm nlalshswl sucla clplt chplsthelm. Ch phale flhm, ninimlmoh pinhfu buol blua clrh blmoelulm. Xlmo sisumoouamyl ehtl kutuaelm lclfla lclfla sltu sgfush erilth` umtue nimblmoelu kurua kurua clm tlmh, niylehmelm niriel umtue ninlsueh lriml pgfhthe. Bhel chhmolt-hmolt, klrlmoelfh ehtl sikimlrmyl khsl nimooumlelm pinhfu siklolh sltu pflt`grn umtue nimoelnplmyielm pirkislrlm plrthshplsh kurua-tlmh clfln hmcustry, ltlu clfln prgsis pimolnkhflm eiputuslm pukfhe. Ehtl thcle nifleuelmmyl. Oirlelm Ehrh nlfla nimolnkhf shelp ‖ifu ‖ifu ifu, oul oul„2 oul„2 eicul phale plcl leahrmyl slfhmo nimolklhelm clm tirus nimooimbgt tlethemyl nlshmo-nlshmo nimubu leahr ylmo pimua kimjlml. Shcle sltupum phale ylmo fikha niruoh clrhplcl eikhnklmolm hmh eithnklmo T[C. T[C kirpirlm kislr clfln nlsl-nlsl nimbiflmo Oi rlelm Kislr <881. Ch lmtlrl grolmhslsh Ehrh tlaum <884-lm, T[C-fla ylmo ninklylr plfhmo nlalf umtue pimimtlmolm tiralclp Zualrtg2 plrl pinhnphmmyl chpimblrl, rltuslm elcir chtlmoelp clm chshesl, kikirlpl ch lmtlrlmyl chahflmoelm plesl. Mlnum T[C kiralshf klmoeht clm nimcgrgmo tirkimtuemyl eglfhsh Niol-Khmtlmo-[leylt umtue nirlchelfhslsh rleylt niflwlm Zualrtg.< Eglfhsh hmhfla ylmo ninhju eirusualm ch kirklolh tinplt, tirutlnl ch plmtlh utlrl Blwl, siplmblmo tlaum <88?5 pimclaufu kloh cingmstrlsh-cingmstrlsh ylmo fikha nlssh` clm tirgrolmhshr ch tlaum <881. Mlnum eikhnklmolm clfln pirelrl pinhfu ninkult T[C tirclnplr plsjl bltuamyl Zualrtg. Tlcl alrh ch nlml Tlrtlh ninlefunelm chrh sijlrl risnh siklolh sikula plrtlh fiolf, hl ninkimtlmoelm splmcue kirhsh sfgolm ‖Jgkfgs T[C ltlu Kghegt Tinhfu„. Zfgolm kumua chrh hmh prleths ninkifla plrtlh nimblch
cul `lesh ylmo slfhmo nimylkgt sltu slnl flhm.
Zlylmomyl, eicul `lesh thcle jueup nimolsla i`iethvhtls clrh tlethe nlshmo-nlshmo. Niriel ylmo titlp ch blflmlm nlehm nimolshmoelm kurua clm tlmh elriml niflmjlrelm cingmstrlsh kislr-kislrlm blua ch timola puslt eieulsllm ch piregtllm5 blua clrh slrlmomyl sirhelt-sirhelt kurua clm tlmh. Mylrhs thcle lcl kurua ltlu tlmh clfln cingmstrlsh-cingmstrlsh ch lwlf [i`grnlsh. Niriel ylmo kirtlrumo clfln pinhfu, ch phale flhm, leahrmyl nimooumlelm ALN siklolh klshs pflt`grn pgfhthe niriel. Ch klwla sipltu kgt Grci Klru, ALN lclfla tumtutlm ylmo prgorish` elr iml piflmoolrlm ALN kiotu sirhmo tirblch, siahmool nimblch mgrnl. Mlnum T[C ololf nimylbhelm sltu pflt`grn ylmo sij lrl tiols fikha nlbu clrhplcl prgorln fhkirlf ylmo nlrle kirtiklrlm clfln pinhfu <888. Sirfikha pimthmo, T[C ololf nimylbhelm lftirmlth` tiralclp klmoehtmyl eieultlm ‖Hsfln pgfhthe„. Hsfln,
siklolh hcigfgoh, chmyltlelm tirflrlmo ch irl Grci Klru e lriml chplmclmo siklolh ‖pgfhthe lfhrlm„ clm sltu lmjlnlm tiralclp eisltulm klmosl. Eifgnpge-eifgnpge Hsfln, ylmo kirpirlm kislr clfln nimoalmjurelm egnumhs siflnl pinklmtlhlm <809-<801, chphmoohrelm clm chplesl kirsltu ei clfln Tlrtlh Tirsltulm Tinklmoumlm. Zinul iesprish rlchelf clrh Hsfln pgfhthe lelm chjlp Iestrhn Elmlm5 klylmolm jirnhm clrh ‖iestrhn ehrh„ ylmo chjlpelm plcl egnumhs . Tlsjl Zualrtg thcle floh kireulsl,
slylp rlchelf clrh Hsfln pgfhthe ninklmoum kikirlpl plrtlh pgfhthe5 ylmo plfhmo nimgmbgf lclfla Tlrtlh Eilchflm–pimclaufu clrh Tlrtlh Eilchflm Ziblatirl ylmo sielrlmo. Tlrtlh-plrtlh hmh, eaususmyl TE, tiols-tiols nimohmohmelm lolr ngrlfhtls egmsirvlth` niriel chblchelm aueun pukfhe. Niriel kirlmh numjuf cimolm hcimthtls klru niriel siklol plrtlh egmsirvlth`, klaelm eithel Zualrtg klru slbl turum. T[C ololf nimyichlelm lftirmlth` tiols klhe tir alclp eieultlm fhkirlf nlupum egmsirvlth`. T[C ololf nimylbhelm sgshlfhsni siklolh sgfush kloh prgkfin ylmo chalclph gfia rleylt Hmcgmishl. Tinhfu <888 lclfla sikula kimjlml kloh T[C. Kghegt thcle tirblch. Pgtir turmgut umtue umtue pinhfu hmh nimjlplh 8:.:%.; Cingmstrlsh kislr nlalshswl ylmo chflmjlrelm plsjl eibltualm Zualrtg ololf niylehmelm rleylt timtlmo thcle lkslamyl pinhfu hmh. Ch phale flhm, almyl ?1.?:4 grlmo ylmo nimjgkfgs T[C. Ehtl clplt kirehfla klawl klmyle sulrl T[C ylmo ‖ahflmo„ clfln pirblflmlm clrh STZ ei tinplt
pimoahtumolm5 tlph `letlmyl thcle kirukla2 T[C ololf tgtlf clfln pinhfu hmh. Slph kimjlml hmh thcle alrus kirubumo plcl eiruslelm pirnlmim. Bunfla sulrl ylmo nlsue kloh T[C, sielfhpum eifhaltlmmyl eijhf, nlshafla titlp niruplelm pirfulslm ylmo aiklt ltls cueumolm kloh plrtlh5 ylmo klaelm plcl pumjle eiblyllmmyl almyl kirlmoogtlelm sicheht fikha clrh ;444 grlmo. Bhel slbl eipinhnphmlm plrtlh nifhalt alf hmh siklolh sltu eisinpltlm, eieultlm T[C lelm tunkua kirfhplt olmcl plsjl pinhfu. Slph, thcle, plrtlh ninutuselm klawl tirflfu klmyle lmoogtl klru ylmo ‖kifun tirubh„. Lmle-lmle hmouslm hmh chplmclmo siklolh lmjlnlm tiralclp ‖einurmhlm„ hcigfgoy plrtlh–ylmo
flmtls nimyusuf lclfla pinkirshalm. Klmyle Egnhti Egtl ylmo kirnumjuflm umtue nimblwlk sirulm lolr nimchrhelm sieritlrhlt plrtlh ch nlml slbl, flmtls ‖chpirhesl sieslnl„– clm, eithel chmyltlelm ‖eurlmo„, chkuklrelm. Kuelmmyl tunkua nimblch sltu Tlrtlh Ehrh ylmo kimlr-kimlr nlsh`, T[C nlfla
nimoikhrh chrh simchrh. Fiwlt eiololflmmyl nimyifislhelm pirsglflm Tinhfu, Oirlelm Ehrh Hmcgmishl nimoutumoh elehmyl simchrh. Hmh lclfla eislflalm ylmo thcle pirfu tirblch, kuelm elriml tielmlm phale fulr5 clm clnple clrh eislflalm hmh kiroufhr nlehm alrh nlehm kislr sipirth kgfl slfbu. Oirlelm Ehrh Hmcgmishl thcle pirmla klmoeht clrh eiololflm hmh. Tlsjl <888, Oirlelm E hrh Hmcgmishl eithmoolflm eiritl.
Kirplrtlh ltlu Shcle7 Zitifla T[C cimolm suelrifl nimoikhrh chrh simchrh plsjl Tinhfu <888, Hmcgmishl thcle floh ninhfheh Tlrtlh Ehrh ylmo kimlr-kimlr ninhfheh elplshtls umtue ninkult elphtlfhsni oinitlr. Tinhfu nimhmoolfelm fuel kirmlmla clfln eibhwllm Oirlelm Ehrh Hmcgmishl, clm ‖pgfhths„ ehmh kirlrth nimlmjlp eleh clfln-clfln plcl lelr runput. Shcle lelm lcl floh elnplmyi pgfhthe ylmo nimooifiolr. Oirlelm Ehrh ehmh piroh nimolkch ei plkrhe-plkrhe clm cisl- cisl, ‖Grolmhshr!„ nimblch sfgolm klrumyl. Zirheltsirhelt kurua clm tlmh nirla kirnumjuflm kiohtu plrl nlalshswl ylmo kirpimolflnlm pgfhthe kieirbl irlt kirslnl lethvhs kurua clm tlmh. Hmtirmlshgmlfi (wlflu clfln ththmlcl ylmo lole kirkicl clrh virsh ylmo chleuh sijlrl ofgklf) chmylmyhelm sijlrl tirkuel ch timola pingogelm clm cingmstrlsh kurua. Hci timtlmo sgshlfhsni ehmh chchseushelm tirkuel ch timola kurua clm tlmh. Slph, hmh tlphmyl, kurua clm tlmh thcle floh kgfia ‖chtumoolmoh„ gfia ‖hsu pgfhthe„. Ziklfhemyl, ‖hsu pgfhthe„ alrusfla niflylmh eipi mthmolm ‖myltl clm nimcisle„ clrh elun kurua. Clm cimolm htu, plrthshplsh Oirlelm Ehrh clfln pgfhthe flmtls
chkltlsh almyl plcl hsu-hsu ylmo tirelht flmosumo cimolm eipimthmolm sirhelt. Blch, clrh sltu ththe iestrhn–rlchelfhsni ylmo tirhsgflsh clrh kurua clm tlmh, Oirlelm Ehrh Hmcgmishl kirlyum ei ththe iestrhn ylmo flhm –rlchelfhsni kurua clm tlmh ylmo tirhsgflsh clrh cumhl pgfhthe ylmo fikha fuls. Simtlmo kirklolh hsu ylmo nimlrhe plrthshplsh pgfhthe clrh kirklolh sietgr nlsylrlelt, Oirlelm Ehrh mylrhs thcle kirsulrl. Hsu pgrmgorl`h, egrupsh, pimhmclslm lolnl, eieirlslm tiralclp pirinpulm5 hsu-hsu hmh chlmoolp thcle pumyl clnple myltl tiralclp nlslfla ‖myltl„ oirlelm kurua2 upla nurla, egmchsh eirbl ylmo kurue clm, ylmo tir pimthmo, hm`grnlfhslsh eitimloleirbllm. Cimolm cinhehlm, Oirlelm Ehrh Hmcgmishl kirpuls chrh cimolm nimyirlaelm hsu-hsu hmh ei tlmolm Fhkirlf clm Egmsirvlth`. Zumooua nimjirlaelm eithel ehtl nifhalt klawl siklohlm kislr clrh hsu-hsu pukfhe hmh tirelht cimolm Hsfln Tgfhthe. Timcieltlm egmsirvlth` ltls pgrmgorl`h ninimlmoelm pirtinpurlm ch fiohsflthvi5 clm ngrlfhtls egmsirvlth` pum nimblch aueun mlshgmlf. Tlcl thmoelt fgelf, eilcllmmyl fikha kurue floh. Zltu pirsltu, CT[C nimoislaelm TI[CL Zylrhla5 sinul grlmo purl-purl thcle nifhalt eithel pircl-pircl sylrhla hmh kirtlkrlelm cimolm aueun mlshgmlf. Almyl sioifhmthr ylmo picufh eithel pirlturlm-pirlturlm hmh nimlrua pinkltlslm eirls plcl pirinpulm5 sipirth erhnhmlfhslsh ltls pirinpulm ylmo nlsha lcl ch blflmlm sitifla bln 8 nlfln, : ltlu flrlmolm kloh pirinpulm umtue cucue nimolmoelmo ch ltls sipicl ngtgr.3 Zinul hmh tirblch cimolm ristu ri stu Einimtrhlm Clfln Mioirh, ylmo nimyltlelm klawl pinkltlslm hmh lclfla cinh nifhmcumoh pirinpulm. 9 Slph ylmo tirkurue lclfla klawl sirlmolm tiralclp unlt kirlolnl nhmgrhtls nimhmoelt pislt, clm plrl pifleumyl cholclmo- olclmo siklolh ‖pinkifl lolnl„. Egm`fhe lolnl kirclrla pijla ch Lnkgm sichmh <888 clm ch Tgsg thcle kirlpl flnl sisuclamyl. Egm`fhe kirsimbltl ch Lnkgm lclfla slmoelelfl kloh lpl ylmo nimbiflmo2 lfhlmsh lmtlrl cul umsur plfhmo rileshgmir clfln tltlmlm nlsylrlelt Hmcgmishl–timtlrl Grci Klru clm eifgnpge Hsfln pimoouml eieirlslm. Zucla cheitlauh ehmh klawl sithclemyl sltu `lesh clrh nhfhtir Hmcgmishl ninkirhelm cueumolm plcl plrl bhalchs5 ltlu, sithclemyl, kirshnplth tiralclp niriel.0 Eikumoelnlm Oirlelm Ehrh tirgrolmhshr sielfhpum tlmcl-tlmcl hmh bifls nimlnpleelm klmoehtmyl Zlylp elmlm, cufu clm sielrlmo, slmoltfla nimjieln.
Kuelm slbl clfln alf eiklmoehtlm slylp E lmlm, Oirlelm Ehrh kumoeln. Nlrh eht l fhalt hsu flhm, hsu ylmo chsikut ‖jhjle vs kulyl„ 5 ch nlml plrthshpls pukfhe kiohtu kislr siahmool nlu thcle nlu Oi rlelm Ehrh
tirplesl heut. Cimolm slmolt tirflnklt, Oirlelm Ehrh kiruslal nir ikut eipinhnphmlm hsu tirsikut clrh tlmolm elun Fhkirlf–clm ololf tgtlf. Zumooua nimoairlmelm sikitufmyl, elriml plrl pinhnphm hsu hmh sikimlrmyl kuelmfla lethvhs. Niriel almyl grlmo-grlmo ylmo picufh. Grlmo-grlmo Ehrh thclefla tirflfu chtirhnl, eaususmyl elriml Oirlelm Ehrh thclefla nifleuelm lplpum ylmo clplt ninklmoehtelm rlsl agrnlt clrh nlssl –Oirlelm Ehrh klaelm thcle nimyiruelm ngkhfhslsh kurua clm tlmh kislr-kislrlm umtue nimcueumo hsu lmth-Egrupsh. Mlnum cinhehlm, klmyle grlmo Ehrh ylmo sijlrl hmchvhcu nlsha tirfhklt clfln hsu-hsu pukfhe hmh, tirutlnl niriel ylmo nimooumlelm MOG siklolh eimclrllm. Leu thcle lelm nimyikut thmclelm pirgrlmolm hmh siklolh klohlm clrh thmclelm Oirlelm Ehrh elriml grlmo-pirgrlmolm hmh ninkltlsh chrh nirie l plcl ALN, thcle ninprgngshelm sgshlfhsni siklolh hcigfgoh lftirmlth` clm, ylmo tirpimthmo, thcle nimousumo tubulm tirpimthmo Oirlelm Ehrh2 inlmshplsh clrh nlssl rleylt pieirbl.? @geus plcl ‖pirbulmolm nlssl„ hmh kuelmmyl thcle kirlrth lpl -lpl. Ch tlaum ;440, fhnl pufua rhku
kurua kirplrlci ch blflmlm Blelrtl umtue ninpirhmolth Nly Cly – bunfla tirkislr sible Grci Klru klmoeht ch tlaum <809. Hmh almylfla slmoelelfl kloh lpl ylmo cltlmo kirheutmyl2 Tingogelm Ynun pirtlnl sible kireulslmyl Grci Klru, ch tlaum ;4<:, ylmo chheuth gfia thol butl kurua.1 Clm, ch slfla sltu puslt eieultlm Tingogelm Ynun hmh, ch Elkupltim Kielsh, ngnimtun hmh chflmbutelm cimolm pimjlfgmlm Gkgm Slkrgmh clfln phfelcl ;4
lolr kurua titlp tireielmo clfln Mirlel Elphtlfhs. Clm, siklolhnlml khlsl, hcigfgoy sietlrhlm clm pltrgmhsni lelm siflfu kirslhmo umtue nirljumh phehrlm kurua, nimyisltelm niriel. Ch shmhfla plrtlh pgfhthe Ehrh nimblch vhtlf, umtue nimlmoelf flmoela-flmoela blalt elphtlfhsni5 cinh ninklwl kurua fikha jiplt ei lrla inlmshplsh. Sumoou! Kuelmela tirflfu chmh umtue nifgnplt ei eishnpuflm klawl ehtl kimlr-kimlr kutua sikula plrtlh umtue nimolnlmelm pirbulmolm eifls pieirbl–ylmo simlmthlsl kirlcl ch klwla oinpurlm nishm pgfhthe clm hcigfgoy elphtlfhs7 Numoehm oir lelm egmtrl-aioingmh eufturlf sikimlrmyl ninlclh7 Zisumoouamyl, hmh lclfla slfla sltu nlslfla kislr ylmo kifun tirpijlaelm gfia Oirlelm Ehrh Hmcgmishl5 sikula pirplmblmolm clrh pircikltlm ch irl <884-lm timtlmo lplela ehtl pirfu oirlelm pgfhthe ltlu oirlelm eufturlf. Thale ylmo kirpimclplt klawl ehtl ninkutuaelm oirlelm pgfhthe ninimlmoelm lrounimt cimolm nimcgrgmo Zualrtg eifulr clrh Hstlml Slph lrounim timtlmo oi rlelm eufturlf numjuf einklfh plsjl <881, eaususmyl sitifla klmyle pgfhthsh (kljl2 lmoogtl plrtlh-plrtlh kgrbuhs) chaueun elriml egrupsh. Lrounim ‖Eieulsllm htu jimcirumo egrup, clm plrtlh pgfhthe kirikut eieulsllm„ chtiruselm fiwlt fgohel Lrhstgtifhlm nimblch ‖Tlrtlh pgfhthe htu egrup„. Zimthnim lmth plrtlh hmh chegjge tirus, ti rutlnl
clfln kimtue oirlelm Ogfput. Ciklt hmh slmoltfla chslylmoelm5 elriml umtue kiralshf niflwlm elphtlfhsni, ehtl kutua pirbulmolm clfln khclmmo pgfhthe, kuclyl, hcigfgoh, iegmgnh clm sgshlf. Oirlelm kuclyl lclfla klohlm tle tirphslaelm clrh pirbulmolm sikula plrtlh. Zikula plrtlh pirflwlmlm chalruselm nimoukla jlrl grlmo kirphehr, kirilesh clm kirpirhfleu5 cimolm eltl flhm, hl alrus ni mblch sikula oirlelm kuclyl. Slph cinhehlmfla lclmyl. Ciklt shl-shl hmh lclfla lehklt clrh `letl klawl simthnimt lmth plrtlh kuelm almyl eult ch elflmolm Ehrh sijlrl unun5 tlph buol ch timola niriel ylmo tirfltha nimooumlelm Nlrxhsni. Eijimcirumolm ninkltlsh Nlrxhsni almyl siklolh ‖phslu lmlfhsl„ tifla kireinklmo sible
<814-lm, eithel kljllm Nlrxhs pirtlnl elfh nlsue titis cinh titis ei Hmcgmishl. Clm eijimcirumolm ei jimcirumolm hmh nlsha titlp eult slnplh alrh hmh. Eifls pieirbl timola klmoeht, clm nir iel ehmh tirsislt elriml thcle lcl ylmo nlu nlb u ei ciplm umtue ninhnphm niriel nimubu eislclrlm siblthmyl. Clm ciklt lplela ehtl ninkutuaelm sltu Tlrtlh Ehrh almylfla lwlf clrh sicirit plmblmo eisufhtlm ylmo nimoipumo Oirlelm Ehrh H mcgmishl plcl shnplmo siblrla hmh.
[unla clrh Oicio, Kirpgmclsh Tlshr, Chklmoum Lslf-lslflm Nimoibutelm, clm buol sicheht nimoohcheelm, klawl cul clslwlrsl sitifla Zualrtg clm Grci Klrumyl tunklmo, nlsha kifun buol lcl sikula Tlrtlh Ehrh ylmo sumooualm ch Hmcgmishl. Simtu, lcl klmyle eifgnpge ylmo nimoeflhn kirbucuf ‖plrtlh„–T[C nlsha buol kirjgegf, nimgfle nlth clm ninhfha blflm
plmblmo nimubu eisurlnlm5 lcl Tirsltulm Tirbulmolm Hmcgmishl5 lcl Tlrtlh [leylt Tiei rbl5 lcl ETGT[T, `lesh pijlalm clrh T[T5 clm lcl buol Tlrtlh Ahblu, ylmo nimoeflhn sijlrl iespfhsht klawl niriel thcle ch elmlm nlupum ch ehrh. <: Slph nlrh ehtl bubur slbl, sinul hmh almyl ‖ plrtlh„ clfln bucuf.
Ch fulr eijhfmyl bunfla grlmo ylmo kimlr-kimlr nimblch nimblch lmoogtl plrtlh-plrtlh hmh, eifgnpge-eifgnpge tirsikut kifun pirmla ninkult pirmyltllm tiols nimoimlh sib unfla pirsglflm `umclnimtlf ylmo lelm ninkiclelm niriel clrh sirhelt (ltlu kimtue-kimtue oi rlelm rleylt flhmmyl). Zhmoeltmyl, eifgnpge-eifgnpge hmh thcle pirmla nimblwlk pirtlmyllm2 lpl htu plrtlh, clm lplela ehtl ninkutuaelmmyl7 Grlmo thcle khsl kiohtu slbl ninkult runla tlmpl tir fikha claufu nimcislhm runla htu slnplh ei cithf tireijhf. Nlehm kislr runlamyl, nlehm runht cislhmmyl. Khsl slbl grlmo ninklmoum runla tlmpl rimjlml tlph ubumomyl plsth pimyislflm eithel runlamyl lnkrue. Ltlu grlmo khsl slbl nimjgmtie jitle khru grlmo flhm, tlph khsl blch ubumomyl nimyislf elriml runla htu t hcle jgjge cimolm eipirfulm. Ahcup cimolm pimyislflm ch runla ylmo thcle ninklalohlelm htu simoslrl lclmyl. Mlnum sibuburmyl, Oirlelm Ehrh Hmcgmishl thcle pumyl phfhalm umtue nimoheuth sltu pgfl kleu. Mylrhs sinul fhtirlturi Ehrh clrh siblrla H mcgmishl tifla chalmjurelm clfln pgorgn ylmo chflmjlrelm gfia Grci Klru. Ziklohlm kislr elcir tirfltha clm plrl pinhnphm nlsl htu buol tifla chkumua. Zlnplh bltuamyl Zualrtg, fhtirlturi Ehrh slmolt sicheht clm b lrlmo clplt chtinuh. Ehtl tirplesl ninklmoum sltu struetur umtue nin`lshfhtlsh pirflwlmlm tiralclp Zualrtg clm eichoclyllm nhfhtirmyl. Cinhehlmfla ehtl slnplh plcl sltu struetur ylmo rlnphmo, jieltlm clm fimtur5 ch nlml sioifhmthr elcir clplt ninleshnlfelm clnple clrh thlp nlmiuvir ylmo chkult. Zllt htu lclfla slltmyl Tirlmo Nlmuvir, oirhfyl pgfhthe, niflwlm nishm prgplolmcl clm pimhmclslm Grci Klru ylmo blua fikha pirelsl. Eisuesislm struetur hmh thcle clplt chklmtla. Eithel thkl wletumyl umtue nimlheelm thmoelt eigrolmhslshlm, slylmomyl ehtl thcle slclr klawl struetur ylmo rlnphmo hmh thcle nucla umtue chpirkislr. Bhel ehtl lnkhf lmlfgoh, struetur sif plsth kicl cimolm struetur gtgt5 struetur sikula grolm tukua kirkicl clrh eiculmyl. Shlp bimhs struetur niflylmh eioumllm ylmo kirkicl. Blch, struetur ylmo suesis niflwlm ri prish Zualrtg, ch nlml bunfla elcir almyl sijuhf clm eirbl-eirbl alrus chfleuelm sijlrl rlalshl, n umoehm thcle lelm blflm ch klwla egmchsh ylmo riflthvi kikls umtue nifleuelm rierutnim nlsslf clm eirbl pgfhthe tirkuel. Einimlmolm ltls Zualrtg ninlesl Oirlelm Ehrh umtue ninlsueh cingerlsh fhkirlf. Clm, siflnl fikha clrh cul clslwlrsl sisuclamyl, Oirlelm Ehrh tirus ninpirtlalmelm wlwlslm clm struetur ylmo cufu chpirfuelm umtue kieirbl ch klwla riprish kirlt ylmo ninlthelm. Ehtl tifla tirfiml. Ehtl ninkulmo chlfiethel, ylmo nimhtlaelm klawl siolfl alf kirukla, clm ninhfha umtue ninifue irlt-irlt siolfl sisultu ylmo cufu tifla ninklwlelm einimlmolm kloh ehtl clfln shtulsh tirlnlt sufht. Shcle lelm tirflfu eifhru bhel ehtl sikut Tlrtlh-plrtlh E hrh Hmcgmishl ylmo sielrlmo siklolh Egnhti Lesh ylmo chpirfuls. Ziklohlm kislr ch lmtlrlmyl (elflu kuelmmyl sinul) thcle ninhfheh nielmhsni leumtlkhfhtls pukfhj, lucht hmtirmlf ltlu slfurlm eifualm. Niriel khlslmyl thcle ninhfheh rimjlml eikirflmbutlm5 tirnlsue rioimirlsh eipinhnphmlm, nimoalshfelm pimclpltlm, shstin hurlm ylmo lbio, klaelm shstin ivlfulsh clm pimolwlslm. Ti mciemyl, ehtl thcle ninhfheh lpl ylmo sialrusmyl chnhfheh grolmhslsh ngcirm umtue clplt kirslhmo ninpirikutelm cgnhmlsh clfln irl chohtlf sielrlmo hmh. Kimlr, klmyle Tlrtlh Ehrh kislr ch nlsl flfu buol thcle ninhfheh sinul nielmhsni ylmo chsikut ch ltls– sithclemyl thcle clfln kimtue ylmo ehtl eimlf. Mlnum cinhehlm, sinul plrtlh ehrh ylmo blyl ch nlsl flfu
niruplelm pumjle clrh eijlmoohalm pimolturlm grolmhslshgmlf ch nlslmyl nlshmo-nlshmo5 cimolm siolfl eitirkltlslmmyl nlshmo-nlshmo. Ch nlml pum Tlrtlh Ehrh kiralshf nirikut eieulsllm, ehtl khsl fhalt klawl thmoelt elplshtls grolmhslshgmlfmyl slmooup nimoltur rltuslm rhku klaelm butllm lmoogtl. Tircikltlm timtlmo plrtlh lclfla ciklt ylmo, slylmomyl, thcle pirmla tir blch. Oirlelm Ehrh Hmcgmishl kirpuls chrh cimolm kirciklt fiwlt tinl ylmo thcle rifivlm2 ‖plrtlh rivgfushgmir vs plrtlh pinhfu„–
sltu ciklt ylmo slmolt thcle plcl tinpltmyl elriml plrtlh r ivgfushgmir alrusfla chpirklmchmoelm cimolm plrtlh ri`grnhs. Fikha blua floh, klhe hmsuriesh nlupum pinhfu lclfla cul simbltl ylmo alrus alchr clfln pirkimclalrllm plrtlh r ivgfushgmir5 umtue choumlelm clfln kirklolh egmchsh ylmo kirkicl. Ciklt hmh buol slmolt niruohelm5 elriml sinimtlrl ciklt hmh kiregklr ch Oirlelm Ehrh, Zlylp Elmlm kirshlp umtue nifumjurelm sinul tgrpicg niriel ei lrla ci ngerlsh clm sinul ylmo tifla chjlplh fiwlt [i`grnlsh. Cimolm nimclyloumlelm rulmo cingerlthe ylmo chalshfelm gfia [i`grnlsh, Zlylp Elmlm nimchrhelm plrtlh-plrtlh ylmo nimjlplh eisuesislm clfln pinhfu. Clm, cimolm nimohrhn lmoogtl-lmoogtl niriel ei plrfinim, Z lylp Elmlm kiralshf nimblchelm ngrlfhtls egmsirvlth` niriel nimblch aueun pgshth`. Cimolm nimumoolmoh mlnl Hsfln, Zlylp Elmlm ehmh niflmjlrelm pirlmo tirkuel niflwlm cingerlsh, ale lslsh pirinpulm clm ALN sijlrl unun –sinul ylmo chprgplolmclelm siklolh ‖prgcue Klrlt„. CH phale flhm, niriel ninhfheh tuelmo pueuf ylmo chgrolmhshr
ei clfln eifgnpge plrlnhfhtir sipirth @TH5 ylmo tifla suesis n imogrolmhshr eieirlslm clm ngkhfhslsh nlssl kislr-kislrlm fiwlt elnplmyi eikimjhlm tiflmblmo. @TH, sijlrl eausus, alrus chkirh sgrgtlm. Ziblrlamyl ylmo pimua chflkur eiei rlslm chlwlfh kuflm Mgvinkir <881 eithel umsur-umsur @TH kirolkumo ch klwla kimcirl TLN Zwlelrsl–sltu eifgnpge plrlnhfhtir ylmo chkimtue gfia Bim. _hrlmtg umtue kiralclplm cimolm cingmstrlsh nlalshswl plsjl tunklmomyl Zualrtg. Ch slnphmo _hrlmtg, kikirlpl bimcirlf nhfhtir clm pgfhsh buol tifla chaukumoelm cimolm @TH5 sipirth Trlkgwg Zukhlmtg, Muorgag Cb lygisnlm clm Cblbl Zuplrnlm.<3 _hehfiles klaelm nimyikut klawl Eipgfhshlm [H clm KHM sijlrl rioufir ni mooumlelm @TH siklolh ‖lttlje ‖lttlje cgos„. cgos„.<9 Shcle
airlm klawl @TH sipirth tirus-nimirus tirus-nimir us clplt Elrtu Kikls Timblrl, thcle picufh kirlpl kirclrla lesh eieirlslm ylmo niriel fleuelm. Blch, Zlylp Elmlm ninlhmelm eicul blfur ylmo tirsichl. Ch sltu phale, niriel nimooumlelm prgsis cingerlthe umtue ninlsueelm ngrlfhtls egmsirvlth` –ylmo kirtimtlmolm cimolm cingerlsh clm mhflhmhflh ALN. Ch phale flhm, niriel kieirbl irlt kirslnl umsur-umsur rileshgmir, eaususmyl ch elflmolm nhfhtir, umtue nimjhptlelm eieljlulm clm sulslml eitleutlm–ylmo lelm nimcgrgmo grlmo umtue sinlehm nimjlrh ‖eilnlmlm clm eiplsthlm„ ch klwla ngrlfhtls egmsirvlth`. Niriel clplt Kgmus Tghmt
elriml eieljlulm hmh clplt niriel oumlelm umtue sinlehm ninkuethelm klawl ‖cingerlsh tifla ololf„.
Simtu slbl lelm tirblch egmtrlchesh lmtlrl jlrl-jlr l ifijtgrlf clm ngkhfhslsh nlssl. Hmh thcle tirahmclrelm. Slph Zlylp Elmlm tifla kiralshf nimooumlelm eicul eimclrllm hmh cimolm jlrl ylmo slfhmo nimcueumo –sinimtlrl Oirlelm Ehrh funpua tle kirclyl.
Clm, sipirth nimoibie Oirlelm Ehrh ylmo thcle kirlmh tlnphf hcigfgohs sijlrl tirkuel, Zlylp Elmlm nimjlplh eiblyllmmyl ylmo sielrlmo cimolm nimolmclfelm prgplolmcl hcigfgohs–timtlmo pimchrhlm ‖surol ch kunh„ clfln kimtue sikula tigerlsh. Shcle lcl tumtutlm pinkirlmtlslm egrupsh, eirbl flyle
ltlu ale ltls tlmla, klaelm buol trlmspgrtlsh nlsslf ltlu fhmoeumolm sialt (eijulfh numoehm sijlrl fhp sirvhji). Zlylp Elmlm ninleu prgplolmcl niriel ei eiplfl rleylt pieir bl cimolm nimoolrhsklwlah
prgorln hcigfgohs niriel. Simtu slbl niriel buol ninhfheh eirbl sgshlf-iegmgnhs ch timola nlssl2 niriel nimjhptlelm biblrhmo lnlf clm kgrbulsh eijhf ylmo slfia (timtu slbl cimolm stlmclr e islfialm ylmo egmsirvlth`). Niriel nimjhptlelm sibunfla kislr klclm lnlf umtue nimounpufelm zlelt clm siciela, flfu nimchstrhkushelmmyl. Niriel klaelm sijlrl prleths nimolnkhf lfha klclm-klclm lnlf ylmo kieirbl cimolm kimcirl Hsfln sipirth Cgnpit Caul`l, cimolm nimohrhn elcir umtue kieirbl plcl klclmklclm tirsikut.<0 Zlylp Elmlm buol nimyiclelm ngclf umtue ninuflh khsmhs eijhf, sirhmoelfh cimolm sueu kumol rimcla, ylmo slmolt nimlrhe kloh eifls nimimola5 sielfhous nimjhptlelm flplmolm eirbl, sielfhpum slmolt kirsh`lt hm`grnlf. Ztrltioh hmh kieirbl cimolm klhe ch klwla mig-fhkirlfhsni, ch nlml elphtlfhs ninlmoels pimoifulrlm umtue eipirfulm pukfhe clm nimohehs blnhmlm eiplsthlm eirbl. Timciemyl, Zlylp Elmlm kirsichl niflmjlrelm sirlmolm olkumolm umtue nimoalmjurelm cingerlsh. Clm Oirlelm Ehrh, ylmo eirls eiplfl ei plfl thcle nlu kirukla, ololf ninkirhelm klflslm sijlrl tlmooua, tlmoogm clm trimoohmls. Klolhnlml sialrusmyl Oirlelm Ehrh nimylnkut eiklmoehtlm Zlylp Elmlm7
Oirlelm Ehrh ylmo Khmoumo clm Eikfhmoir Leu tifla ninklmchmoelm blflm ylmo chlnkhf klhe gfia Zlylp Elmlm nlupum Oirlelm Ehrh sitifla bltuamyl Zualrtg5 klolhnlml Zlylp Elmlm ninhfha nimooumlelm pimcieltlm sirlmolm olkumolm sinimtlrl Oirlelm Ehrh kirfgnpltlm clrh sltu ie strhn ei iestrhn ylmo flhm. Clm leu tifla nimumbueelm klawl pimcieltlm ylmo chlnkhf Zlylp Elmlm lclfla pimcieltlm ylmo kimlr, ylmo kulamyl alrh hmh lclfla eiklmoehtlm niriel ylmo mlnplemyl tle tirtlalmelm. Ehtl pirfu niflmoela numcur umtue nimjlrh tlau klolhnlml Oirlelm Ehrh leahrmyl ninhfha pimcieltlm ylmo eifhru sielfhpum nimoleu nimooimooln jlrl phehr ylmo hfnhla. Hmolt sfgolm lksurc ‖Jgkfgs T[C ltlu Kghegt Tinhfu„7 Leu kirh tlau sielrlmo klawl leu thcle tlau
lpl-lpl timtlmo sfgolm hmh, sielfhpum sllt htu leu ninlmoeu blkltlm siklolh Eitul Ci plrtinim Grolmhslsh clfln Egnhti Thnphmlm Tuslt T[C. Kimlr. Klaelm siklolh lmoogtl ETT, leu t hcle tlaunimlau lclmyl ciklt ylmo nimoalshfelm n imoalshfelm sfgolm hmh. Zitifla susla-plyla nimoiblr hm`grnlsh, leahrmyl leu tlau klawl eiputuslm hmh chkult gfia ‖grlmo -grlmo klwla„. Niriel hmh lclfla elcir-elcir plfhmo
simhgr, kikirlpl ch lmtlrlmyl lclfla pimchrh T[C, kisirtl plrl lb uclm clm lmle inls niriel. Ciklt nimoimlh sfgolm hmh mlnplemyl chfleuelm clfln wletu flnl sijlrl rlalshl. Leu kiruslal nimclpltelm cgeunimtlsh nimoimlh ciklt hmh, lolr clplt ninlalnh blflm phehrlm ylmo nimoalshfelm eirlmjulm hmh5 mlnum blwlklm ylmo euclplt lclfla klawl cgeunimtlshmyl ninlmo thcle lcl – sielfhpum lcl, leu thcle jueup chpirjlyl umtue clplt nifhaltmyl.
Ehsla eijhf hmh nimygrgth cul eijimcirumolm ylmo kirpirlm pimthmo clfln eilnkruelm Oirlelm Ehrh ch irl [i`grnlsh. Clm leu clplt nimyltlelm cimolm plsth klawl eijimcirumolm hmh alchr mylrhs ch sithlp grolmhslsh Ehrh ch mioirh hmh. Tirtlnl, Tirtlnl, eijimcirumolm ‖eipinhfhelm„ grolmhslsh gfia plrl pimchrhmyl, clm klawl plrl ‖pinhfhe„ hmh
imoolm nifiplselm jimoeirlnlm niriel plcl prgsis pinkultlm eiputuslm. Kikirlpl clrh niriel tirlmo-tirlmolm tirus kirjgegf ch tlnpue eipinhnphmlm5 kirlflslm klawl grolmhslsh ninkutuaelm elcir-elcir tirklhe, clm nirielfla elcir tir klhe ylmo chnhfheh grolmhslsh. Kikirlpl ylmo flhm nifiplselm blkltlm `grnlf, mlnum flmtls ninkimtue efhe ylmo sijlrl i`ieth` kir`umosh siklolh ‖plrtlh clfln plrtlh„. Xlmo flhm nimhmoolfelm pgshsh niriel clm nimolnkhf pgshsh ‖Grlmo Kislr„ ylmo alrus
chnhmtlh ristu sikifun sltu eiputuslm clplt chblflmelm5 prlethsmyl, niriel ninhfheh ale vitg ltls eipinhnphmlm risnh grolmhslsh. Zibuburmyl, Oirlelm Ehrh Hmcgmishl tifla nimoinklmoelm sltu kuclyl pltrgm-efhim. Kuclyl pltrgm-efhim hmh sinlehm cheueuaelm gfia lesis iegmgnh ylmo khlslmyl chmhenlth gfia plrl pimchrh hmh5 siklolh GrFl (Grlmo Flwls) niriel khlslmyl ninhfheh lesis plcl grolmhslsh ch fulr mioi rh ltlu ifht fgjlf ylmo clplt ninkirhelm klmtulm eiulmolm. Niriel flmtls kirthmcle siklolh chstrhkutgr ltls lesis ylmo tirkltls hmh, khlslmyl eiplcl lmle inls niri el. Clfln sltu jgmtga lmijcgtlf, ylmo egmgm tirblch ch clfln ciklt tirleahr lmtlrl ‖grlmo -grlmo klwla„ T[C cimolm `lesh Cingerlthe Zgshlfhs (ylmo kiflelmolm chpijlt clrh T[C ch lwlf ;44<), slfla sltu ‖ ple tul„ hmh nimohmoltelm plrl `leshgmlfhs
timtlmo klmtulm eiulmolm/sgegmolm ahcup ylmo niriel tirhnl eithel elcir-elcir klwif hmh pir tlnl elfh cltlmo ei Blelrtl (siklohlm kislr clrh ni riel cltlmo clrh clirla-clirla). Lesis plcl sunkirclyl iegmgnh hmh niruplelm sinim plcl kitgm pltirmlfhsn-efhimtifhsni ylmo nimoumjh Oirlelm Ehrh. Eicul, Oirlelm Ehrh thcle pumyl trlchsh ciklt hcigfgohs ylmo tirkuel clm tirstruetur. Ciklt slmolt
chkltlsh clfln thmoeltlm-thmoeltlm. Zinlehm thmooh thmoeltlm clfln grolmhslsh, sinlehm kislr lesis grlmo plcl ciklt hcigfgohs. Almyl lmoogtl clrh Egnhti Zimtrlf (ltlu K hrg Tgfhthe, ltlu klclm sibimhs) ylmo chpirkgfiaelm nimblwlk nlslfla hcigfgohs. Zinul grlmo alrus nimumoou ‖lrlalm„ sikifun chpirkgfiaelm nimolnkhf thmclelm pgfhthe. pgfhthe. Bhel thcle lcl lrlalm, thmclelm pgfhthe pgfhthe alrus chlnkhf kirclslrelm lelf sialt clm ‖hmsthmo„.
Zielfhpum tifla lcl HmcgTrgoriss, ylmo kir`umosh siklolh pflt`grn pircikltlm ch Hmtir mit umtue kirklolh lfhrlm Ehrh ch Hmcgmishl, kifun pirmla lcl pimoueurlm timtlmo eii `ieth`lm pflt`grn hmh ch timola nlssl rleylt pieirbl. Ch slnphmo htu, mylrhs thcle lcl prletie ivlfulsh ahstgrhs ylmo chfleuelm Oirlelm Ehrh –klaelm tiralclp pimolflnlmmyl ylmo kifun flnl fiwlt5 sielfhpum ciklt timtlmo siblrla lclfla slfla sltu tinl ciklt ylmo niruplelm jhrh trlchshgmlf Oirlelm Ehrh sijlrl ofgklf. Nimouthp sltu egnimtlr ylmo egmgm chkult slfla sltu lmoogtl Khrg Tgfhthe T[T timtlmo ei kutualm umtue nimhmblu einklfh siblrla pirpijlalm ylmo tirblch plcl grolmhslsh2 ‖Htu almyl lelm nimoalshfelm ciklt ylmo thcle prgcueth`.„ Ciklt tirkuel
chlmoolp ninijla-kifla, nififlaelm clm nimoalnklt grlmo clrh eirbl-eirbl pimogrolmhshrlm nlssl. Hmhfla jlrl phehr ylmo nimoalshfelm egnplrtinimtlfhslsh pircikltlm ch Ehrh.
(Jltltlm2 Zlfla sltu lmoogtl Khrg Tgfhthe T[T tifla nimoaukumoh leu fiwlt blfur prhklch, sitifla ninkljl virsh Klalsl Hmoorhs clrh lrtheif hmh, ylmo chtirkhtelm tirfikha claufu, umtue ninprgtis plrlorl` ch ltls. Lesis ltls cgeunimtlsh pirhgci pirpijlalm tifla chkuel, eltlmyl, almyl slbl thcle lcl ylmo kirnhmlt umtue ninpiflblrhmyl.) Nimhnklmo siblrla Oirlelm Ehrh Hmcgmishl egmtinpgrir, kuclyl hmh nimoalshfelm sltu nlslfla nlal kislr. Eiklmylelm clrh plrl pinhnphm Oirlelm Ehrh thclefla nimolflnh pimchchelm hcigfgohs ylmo tirstruetur. Eifls hcigfgohs mylrhs thcle lcl. Ziklohlm kislr grlmo Ehrh almyl pirmla nimirhnl pimchchelm clfln tlalp pireimlflm plcl hcigfgoy. Clm, elriml eurlmomyl pircikltlm nimoimlh siblrlamyl simchrh, Oirlelm Ehrh buol nimolklhelm prgsis nimtigrhelm prletie. Zhmoeltmyl, Oirlelm Ehrh nimolklhelm prleshs.
Elriml fifujgm sirhmoelfh kir`umosh siklolh slfurlm rlsl `rustrlsh, sifgrga htu nimumbueelm klawl sijlrl mlfurhla Oirlelm Ehrh plaln niriel alrus kirukla, alrus kir lclpltlsh cimolm shtulsh klru– clm nimgfle umtue kirukla. Grlmo-grlmo hmh nimoleu nimooimooln sltu jlrl plmclmo ltls cumhl, ch n lml sltu-sltumyl alf ylmo titlp ch cumhl hmh lclfla piruklalm. Clm eithel niriel simchrh alrus kirukla, niriel tleut lelm piruklalm. Hrgmhs. Ninlfuelm. Eirloulm umtue kirukla hmh, plcl ainlteu, lclfla `ljtgr tir pimthmo ylmo nimjiola Oirlelm Ehrh umtue kirsulrl clfln Tinhfu ;4435 pinhfu ch nlml plrtlh-plrtlh ylmo nimounpufelm sulrl kirclslrelm eislnllm lolnl<8 nimclpltelm alnphr 34% sulrl. Bhel elnu nimoleu Ehrh, elnu sialrusmyl sucla oinitlr tireimjhmo-eimjhmo nimclplth eimyltllm hmh.
Clm, timtu slbl, Oirlelm Ehrh nimjgkl ninklfls. Zlylmomyl, slfla blflm. Kuelmmyl nirimoeua piruklalm, Ehrh nlfla ninijla chrh nimblch niriel ylmo nimolnkhf blflm pinurmhlm (ylmo sirhmo elfh cheimlf siklolh ‖rih`helsh„), clm niriel ylmo nlfla nimblch egflkgrltgr eifls. Leu alrus nimoolrhsklwlah klawl leu ninkimjh einurmhlm. Htu nhtgs. Eiahcuplm htu kirlmtlelm, nifgnplt-fgnplt clm tirus nimolfhr. Zijlrl sukbieth`, leu thcle lelm pirjlyl shlpl slbl ylmo nimoeflhn chrhmyl nurmh. Clm, sijlrl gkbieth`, klolhnlml numoehm elnu blch ‖nurmh„ bhel elnu thcle nimblflmh piflthalm hcigfgohs ylmo tirstruetur clm ‖eiplelrlm„-nu thcle chubh niflfuh ciklt tirkuel7
Grlmo-grlmo ylmo nimclpue chrh siklolh ‖plelr„ ltlu ‖hcigfgo" hmh ninutuselm lpl htu ‖nurmh„ flfu ninklmoum grolmhslsh niriel kirclslrelm lpl ylmo niriel lmoolp siklolh ‖nurmh„ htu. Klmyle ylmo
ninutlr uflmo runuslm flnl hcigfgoy Ehrh –ninklmoehtelm einklfh tishs ‖sinh `iuclf sinh eg fgmhlf" lfl TEH ltlu nltirhlfhsni-chlfiethel-fgohel lfl Slm Nlflel.;4 Kirsithl cimolm sinlmolt purh`helsh, niriel thcle kiruslal ningcirmelm tigrhmyl tlph nimylbhelmmyl clfln kimtuemyl ylmo tirnurmh – lplpum lrthmyl htu. Niriel thcle kiruslal nimclyloumlelm tigrh umtue ninlalnh egnpfieshtls elphtlfhsni ngcirm5 niriel nlfla niricuesh egnpfieshtls hmh ei clfln sfgolm-sfgolm ylmo nucla cheumyla. Mlnum sltu alf nimblch kimlmo nirla clrh eifgnpge-eifgnpge hmh2 niriel nimgfle nimoleuh klawl pinhfu lclfla blflm ylmo lksla kloh Oirlelm Ehrh umtue nirlha eieulsllm. Simcimsh ylmo ninhfha umtue nifleuelm egflkgrlsh eifls tirwlehfh sijlrl plfhmo nimjgfge gfia T[C. Kitlpl cumhl hmh sucla tirklfhe. Tlcl pinhfu ;448, T[C (ch klwla kimcirl TLTI[MLZ) nimsukgrchmlsh plrtlhmyl ei clfln Tlrtlh Khmtlmo [i`grnlsh (TK[) –ylmo chchrhelm gfia pimclewla rileshgmir Rlhmucchm NR. Chtl Zlrh, eitul unun T[C nlsl htu, klaelm nimclpltelm eursh clfln Ciwlm Thnphmlm Tuslt TK[.;< Slph hmh kifun sikirlpl chklmchmoelm lpl ylmo cltlmo einuchlm2 sukgrchmlsh T[C, ch klwla eipinhnphmlm Lous Blkg, ei pifuelm OI[HMC[L umtue pinhfu ;4<3 clm siti rusmyl. OI[HMC[L. Trlkgwg. Ehtl tlau lpl lrthmyl htu. Clm, siklolhnlml Chtl Zlrh, Lous Blkg buol nimclplt pgshsh siklolh slfla sltu eitul OI[HMC[L.;; Blch, Oirlelm Ehrh kiruslal nimblwlk eiklmoehtlm Elmlm cimolm ninkifla chrh nimblch cul lr usutlnl2 purhtlm clm pimoolclh hnlm. Tirmla lcl sltu alrlplm lelm numjufmyl sltu egmtrl-timcims ylmo lelm kieirbl si klolh eieultlm pimyihnklmo kloh eicul lrus utlnl hmh. Ch tlaum ;443, `lesh-`lesh pijlalm clrh kikirlpl eifgnpge lrus utlnl kireunpuf ch Zgfg umtue ninkimtue Tirahnpumlm [leylt Tieirbl (T[T). T[T chmhltelm kir`umosh siklolh pflt`grn umtue nimyltuelm ki rklolh eijimcirumolm hcigfgohs clm umtue ninupue eipinhnphmlm pgfhthe clrh kurua clm tlmh. Zlylmomyl, prgyie hmh sisumoouamyl sucla flyu sikifun kireinklmo. T[T thcle slclr klawl ‖sikifun ehtl clplt kirsltu, clm lolr ehtl clplt kirsltu, ehtl
alrus tirfika claufu nimlrhe olrhs cinlrelsh ylmo tioua clm tiols. .„;: Slmpl kirkielf prhmshp hmh, T[T flmosumo jgnplmo-jlnphmo ch tlaum pirtlnl pinkimtuelmmyl. Clrh siehtlr sirltus grlmo ylmo nimoalchrh egm`irimsh pinkimtuelmmyl, almyl sioifhmthr ylmo nlsha thmoolf umtue nimoalchrh Egmoris Tirtlnl ch tlaum ;44?. Eiklmylelm clrh lmoogtl pimchrh tifla nir lt, nimoiblr elrhr ylmo fikha nimblmbhelm siklolh loim kikls ltlu kirolkumo cimolm plrtlh-plrtlh kgrbulsh.
T[T sinplt klmoeht, sibimle. Cimolm kir`geus plcl pimoinklmolm grolmhslsh, ch lmtlrl egmoris pirtlnl clm eicul, T[T kiralshf nifhpltinpltelm eilmoogtllmyl bhel chklmchmoelm bunfla eialchrlm plcl egm`irimsh Zgfg5 T[T kirchrh ch <9 egtl eumjh ch Blelrtl–mylrhs thol elfh fhplt clrh bunfla egtl ylmo nimohrhn cifiolsh ei egmoris pirtlnl. T[T pumyl klmyle egtl ylmo eipinhnphmlmmyl sipimuamyl chpiolmo kurua. Zulslml nimubu egmoris eicul sumooua nimoolhrlaelm. Slph T[T ololf kiflblr clrh eislflalmmyl ylmo tirclaufu. Chln-chln, lcl eitleutlm kislr klawl bhel lcl pircikltlm kislr floh, grolmhslsh lelm einklfh pijla kirlmtlelm. Eisltulm chplmclmo siklolh pgege clm pircikltlm chlmoolp nimoolmoou. Mlnum, lpl clyl, pimhmoeltlm pirlm kurua clfln T[T sioirl ninhju pircikltlm klru5 clm, timtu slbl, pircikltlm hmh lclfla timtlmo pirlm sirhelt clfln pirbulmolm pgfhthe. Tircikltlm hmh kiregklr clfln kikirlpl thmoeltlm, clrh nuflh lspie ti emhs clm grolmhslshgmlf slnplh ei hcigfgohs. Zltu shsh clfln ciklt hmh kirplmclmolm klawl pirlm sirhelt lclfla umtue kirbulmo kloh ale kurua, sinimtlrl pirbulmolm pgfhthe ylmo fi kha kislr alrus chsirlaelm plcl plrl rivgfushgmir prg`isshgmlf ylmo chklylr. Zhsh ylmo flhm kirpimclplt klawl kurua alrus nimooumlelm pimolflnlmmyl clfln pirbulmolm ale kurua umtue nimogrolmhshr clm ninklmtu fhmoeumolm ch nlml kurua htu thmoolf, clfln hsu-hsu sgshlf-iegmgnh ylmo fikha fuls clrh sieiclr hsu kurua. Zinimtlrl pircikltlm timola kirflmosumo simoht, eifgnpge rivgfushgmir prg`isshgmlf hmh nifleuelm nlmiuvir umtue nimyhmoehrelm eifgnpge flwlmmyl clrh e ilmoogtllm. Thnphmlm Tuslt, ylmo sucla thcle mylnlm cimolm lclmyl pircikltlm hmh clm almyl hmohm sioirl nimclpltelm pimyifislhlm, nimoislaelm nlmiuvir hmh5 clm cikltpum chlkgrsh. Hmh sumooua sikula eiputuslm ylmo slfla flmoela5 elriml, clfln kuflm-kuflm kirheutmyl, nimblch bifls klawl pgshsh plrl rivgfushgmir prg`isshgmlf hmh ninlmo hmohm nimjirlhelm kurua clrh pirbulmolm pgfhthe ylmo fikha fuls. Shcle kirlpl flnl sitifla ‖ninimlmoelm ciklt„, niriel ninkult n lmiuvir
flhm umtue nimooirus riflsh grolmhe lmtlrl T[T clm slylp kuruamyl, Egmtris L fhlmsh Zirhelt Kurua Hmcgmishl (ELZKH). Clm, clfln egmorismyl ch tlaum ;4<<, ELZKH sijlrl risnh ninutuselm sinul l`hfhlshmyl tiralclp T[T. Zitifla suesis ninkult nlmiuvir umtue nifunpuaelm T[T, `lesh rivgfushgmir prg`isshgmlf hmh ninhslaelm chrh clrh T[T clm nimchrhelm ETG-T[T. Nlmuvir hmh ninkult nlrla `lesh fgylfhs T[T clfln ELZKH clm, thcle kirlpl flnl ELZKH pum pijla. Tlrl fgylfhs nimchrhelm Egm`icirlsh Zirhelt Mlshgmlf (EZM) clm ninklmoum uflmo riflsh grolmhe niriel cimolm T[T. Slph eiruslelm sucla tirblch clm T[T thcle pirmla khsl klmoeht floh si suclamyl. T[T thcle lelm pirmla clplt nimoahmclr clrh pirtlmyllm-pirtlmyllm ylmo nimoalmtuh Oirlelm Ehrh Hmcgmishl sijlrl fuls2 lplela pirlm kurua clm tlmh (sirtl r leylt pieirbl flhmmyl) clfln Tgfhthe Ehrh7 Lplela pirlm pircikltlm clfln ninupue eiciwlsllm hcigfgoy clm pgfhthe Oirlelm Ehrh7 Zipirth lpl sialrusmyl aukumolm lmtlrl grolmhslsh pgfhthe cimolm sirhelt7 Lpl pirlm pinhfu clfln ninklmoum ngnimtun ei lrla rivgfush7 Lpl pirlm Oirlelm E hrh umtue nimblol eiflmosumolm [i`grnlsh, ylmo tifla hl jlplh cimolm tunplalm clrla7 Simtu slbl T[T kgfia flrh clrh pirtlmyllm-pirtlmyllm hmh. Slph, siflnl pirtlmyllm-pirtlmyllm hmh thcle chblwlk sijlrl tiplt, Oirlelm Ehrh lelm tirus flyu clm fumoflh.
Oirlelm Ehrh Nimolklhelm Suols Cingerlthemyl Shcle lcl ngnim ylmo fikha tiplt umtue nimumbueelm eirlmjulm phehr Oir lelm Ehrh siflhm clfln Tinhfu Trishcim ;4<3. Lcl cul elmchclt ylmo kirtlrumo umtue eursh pri shcim2 Bimcirlf Trlkgwg Zukhlmtg clm Bgeg _hcgcg. Tinhfu Trishcim hmh lclfla slfla sltu tgmoole eiklmoehtlm Zlylp Elmlm. Hmhfla pirtlnl elfhmyl Tgfhthe Eikimjhlm nimblch cgnhmlm clfln wlwlslm pgfhthe mlshgmlf. Zielfhpum chl lclfla sigrlmo Nusfhn, Bgegwh chkirhtlelm siklolh ‖egnumhs„, ‖lsimo„ ltlupum ‖Erhstim„. Flfu sltu elnplmyi
eikimjhlm chflmjlrelm sijlrl nlssh` tiralclp eithol eltiogrh htu. Hmh lclfla nlsl ylmo slmolt nimiolmoelm, ch nlml elwlm sijlrl alrl`hla kirukla nimblch flwlm. Thfhalm lmtlr eicul elmchclt sialrusmyl nucla. Xlmo slt u nimousumo pimoultlm tiralclp kgr bulsh mlshgmlf5 ylmo flhm nimousumo eikimjhlm clm sietlrhlmhsni. Zinul grlmo ylmo kirphehr wlrls thcle lelm rlou sicithe pum. Mlnum Oirlelm Ehrh Hmcgmishl tirmyltl r lou. Zitifla tirkhlsl nimoukur eiplfl ch clfln plshr siehlm flnl, Oirlelm Ehrh einklfh nifleuelm eikhlsllm kuruemyl cimolm nimolklhelm pgfhthe ifietgrlf5 eaususmyl elriml sinul grlmo ylehm, plcl lwlfmyl, klawl Bgegwh lelm ninimlmoelm pinhfu hmh cimolm nucla. Mlnum, sihrhmo cimolm sinlehm nimcieltmyl Alrh Tinhfhalm, ifietlkhfhtls Trlkgwg nirgeit5 sinimtlrl Bgegwh pirflalm nirgsgt. Clrh 91% ch kuflm Nih ;4<3, ifietlkhfhtls Bgegwh turum ei 9<% ch kuflm Bumh, sinimtlrl Trlkgwg nimlple clrh ;:% ei :;% ch kuflm tirleahr sikifun Tinhfu Trishcim htu–ch nlml
lelm jueup umtue ninklwl Bgegwh plcl eursh Trishcim. Bgegwh ninimlmoelm pinhfu cimolm thphs5 9:% vs 3?% –pirkicllmmyl almyl 1 butl sulrl, ch clfln pinhfu cimolm vgtir turmgut ?4%. ?4%.;? Ciklt Kislr Oirlelm Oi rlelm Ehrh, plcl leahrmyl, tirkueth tirflfu tiflt clm tirflfu tle kirouml. Trlkgwg titlp nirlha pimhmoeltlm shomh`helm clfln pirgfialm sulrl –ch nlml siklohlm kislr clrh niriel ylmo kifun nimimtuelm phfhalm leahrmyl ninhfha Trlkgwg, kuelmmyl Bgegwh.
Fikha blua floh, pircikltlm hmh leahrmyl ti tlp thcle nimyimtua nlslfla Ehrh clm Tinhfu. Eicul shsh lrounimt ololf nimygrgt riflsh lmtlrl pinhfu clm rivgfush. Eicul shsh ololf nimoinuelelm nlslfla lmtlrl plrtlh rivgfushgmir clm plrtlh ri`grnhs –klhe plrtlh kurua nlupum plrtlh kgrbuhs. Tlcl eimyltllmmyl, niriel flflh nimchseushelm kikirlpl prhmshp pgege n imylmoeut pinhfu htu simchrh. Niriel fupl kirtlmyl lplela sikula plrtlh rivgfushgmir alrusmyl ‖kirplrthshplsh clfln plrfinim ylmo
plfhmo egmtrl-rivgfushgmir sielfhpum, c lm… klawl plrthshplsh hmh kuelm almyl kirouml mlnum thcle clplt chlklhelm gfia plrtlh prgfitlrhlt rivgfushgmir„ 7;1 Kimlrela klawl ‖elun Zgshlf-Cingerlsh
nimcueumo eifls-eifls sgjhlf prgorish` umtue niflwlm eifls-eifls rileshgmir, nimcueumo kgrbulsh niflwlm eifls tulm tlmla clm khrgerlsh, nimcueumo kgrbulsh kislr niflwlm kgrbulsh eijhf rileshgmir„ „7;8
Slph, ylmo tirfikha pimthmo, eicul shsh lrounimt fupl –ltlu lklh–tiralclp prhmshp clslr pinklmoumlm lfhlmsh, eaususmyl nimylmoeut pirbulmolm cingerlthe2 ‖elun Zgshlf Cingerlt ninkirhelm
cueumolmmyl cinh ninpirjiplt rumtuamyl nusua kirslnl, mlnum thcle nimoalrlpelm lpl-lpl kloh chrh niriel simchrh clrh simchrh clrh lfhlmsh sinimtlrl hmh, clm thcle ninkirh egmsish lplpum plcl lfhlmsh htu.„ :4
(Jitle nhrhmo clrh pimufhs lsfhmyl.) Niriel ylmo nimcueumo Bgegwh nifleuelmmyl cimolm hfush klawl Bgegwh lelm nimblch elphtlfhs ylmo nimoagrnlth ALN. Numoehm sijlrl prhklch chl khsl kiohtu, tlph chl almylfla sltu sierup ch clfln shstin oirhoh ylmo chpimuah khrgerlt clm bimcirlf rileshgmir. Kitlplpum chl hmohm nimoagrnlth ALN, chl lelm kieirbl ch klwla tielmlm sikula systin ylmo klaelm thcle nimoagrnlth ale ahcup nlmushl – blmolmelm floh almyl ALN. Klmyle clrh plrl pimcueumo pimcueumo Bgegwh hmh ehmh nimolflnh eieijiwllm nimclfln elriml riegr ALN Bgegwh, sielfhpum thcle sikurue pimclaufumyl, titlp slbl kurue. Ninlfuelm sikimlrmyl, elriml Oirlelm Ehrh sialrusmyl thcle niflmjlrelm pirbulmolm cingerlthe cimolm jlrl trlmsleshgmlf ltlwl tlwlr-nimlwlr. Ziklolh sltusltumyl klohlm nlsylrlelt ylmo pumyl eisinpltlm nimblch pifgpgr siblth cingerlsh, ehtl sialrusmyl plaln klawl ehtl thcle nimoalrlp lplpum clrh elwlm-elwlm lfhlmsh ehtl –ehtl sucla tlau niriel htu pinkhnklmo clm hmegmshstim. Oirlelm Ehrhfla sltu-sltumyl alrlplm nlsylrlelt umtue lclmyl Tinkifl Cingerlsh Ziblth. Niriel ylmo ninhfha pflt`grn ‖lmth-Trlkgwg„ fikha kurue floh elriml niriel
tirkueth sitimola alth ninkifl cingerlsh ylmo tirlmjln gfia elun rileshgmir. Clm, bhel Oirlelm Ehrh thcle clplt nimi mtuelm shelp cimolm jiplt ch timola cul phfhalm ylmo sikiohtu olnkfhmo, ehtl thcle lelm airlm klawl pinkiflalm ch elflmolm Ehrh clfln Thfelcl Oukirmur Blelrtl ;4
Eiahflmolm plslmolmmyl, Lage oumjlmo. Timcieltlmmyl ylmo chpimuah cgkrlelm tlmpl egnprgnh nlsha titlp blflm slnplh tlrl` tirtimtu, mlnum eieurlmolmmyl sioirl tirfhalt. Bhel chthmblu uflmo, ehtl thcle lelm tirflfu tireibut klawl chl nimblflmelm eikhblelmmyl tlmpl kifls elshalm. Eislflalm tirkislrmyl lclfla eithel chl kirsheirls nimblflmelm rimjlmlmyl umtue ninkirshaelm blfur lhr Blelrtl5 clm, cimolm htu, chl kirkimturlm cimolm slfla sltu egnumhtls nhsehm egtl ylmo plfhmo tirgr olmhshr ch Blelrtl–ch Elnpumo Tufg. Elnpumo nhsehm egtl eijhf hmh tifla chgrolmhshr gfia kikirlpl mlnl tirkislr clfln lethvhsni nhsehm egtl, ylmo ninhfheh biblrhmo lethvhs tlmooua ch kiflelmo niriel, sible lwl <884lm. Cimolm ninkimtur egnumhtls hmh, Lage nimoushe slrlmo kislr tlwgm tlkualm. Lpl ylmo chfleuelm Lage lclfla siblflm cimolm lrla unun ylmo chlnkhf eifls elphtlfhs Hmcgmishl2 hm`rlstruetur. Lolr clplt nirlylp eifulr clrh erhshs, H mcgmishl alrus ninklmoum hm`rlstruetur5 nimoiblr vhsh elphtlfhsni ngcirm. Mlnum pimcieltlm Lage tiralclp hm`rlstruetur nimoalshfelm cul nlslfla kislr2 pirtlnl, hl chclslrelm plcl vhsh ngcirmhsn ylmo chtlylmoelm gfia mioirh elphtlfhs nlbu5 clm eicul, hl cholrlp cimolm nimooumlelm Miolrl siklolh pinlhm utlnl. Ngcirmhsni ylmo tunkua ch mioirh elphtlfhs nlbu kireinklmo sijlrl grolmhe fiwlt siblrla pirtlrumolm eiflsmyl. Hmh kuelm sltu alf ylmo clplt chklmoum clfln sinlfln, eijulfh cimolm nimunplaelm clrla wlrol nhsehm. Clm, cimolm niminpltelm Miolrl siklolh pinlhm utlnl clfln sglf hm`rlstruetur hmh, Lage nimyhmoehrelm plrl phlflmo pgfhthe clm pingclf kislr ylmo tirkhlsl nifhmtla plcl prgyie-prgyie sinljln hmh. Cimolm tlethemyl ylmo srlcle-srucue, Lage pum sioirl tir eipumo clrh cul shsh–klhe wlrol nhsehm nlupum elphtlfhs-khrgerlt ninusuahmyl. Oirlelm Ehrh cimolm tiplt nimogklrelm pirflwlmlm tiralclp pimoushrlm plesl ylmo chfleuelm Lage. Shcle clplt chpirtlmylelm floh klawl Lage alrusfla chtumtut pirtlmooumoblwlklmmyl ltls piflmoolrlm ALN hmh. Mlnum, elriml Oirlelm Ehrh ogyla clfln alf ninpirtlalmelm cingerlsh, clm elriml Ehrh tifla nimyhmoehrelm chlfiethel clrh eirbl-eirbl alrhlmmyl, niriel ninkhlrelm chrh chpifue nisrl gfia Zlylp Elmlm clfln pirbulmolm nimimtlmo Lage. Shlcl kiclmyl cimolm nlsl pimjlfgmlm Bgegwh siklolh prishcim, plcl lwlfmyl eifhaltlm t hcle numoehm nimcgmoeif Lage clrh eursh blkltlmmyl. Shcle sigrlmo pum clplt kirslhmo cimolm pgpuflrhtls Lage5 clm klawl ?4% wlrol Blelrtl puls cimolm ehmirblmyl.:< Egnkhmlsh clrh eiputuslsllm, clfln pirtlrumolm niriel niflwlm lpl ylmo mlnplemyl tle ti rflwlm, clm eurlmo tiouamyl Oirlelm Ehrh clfln niniolmo prhmshp-prhmshp pirflwlmlm tiralclp elphtlfhsni ninkult Ehrh ogyla eithel Zlylp Elmlm niminuelm `hour ylmo slmooup kirslhmo cimolm Lage –clfln chrh Lmhis Klswiclm–clm hsu eumjh umtue nimooirgogth pgpuflrhtls clm ifietlkhfhtls Lage. Zulslmlmyl sipirth einklfh plcl Tinhfu Trishcim. Lfhlmsh lmtlrl plrl bimcirlf rileshgmir clfln OI[HMC[L clm pgfhthsh Hsflnhs rileshgmir clfln TEZ cimolm jiplt nimirlpelm einklfh tlethe ylmo niriel plelh clfln pinhfu prishcim5 cinh ninimlmoelm Lmhis. Zllt hmh, niriel pumyl lnumhsh fikha2 bhel Bgegwh slbl, ylmo Nusfhn, khsl chel`hrelm5 chel`hrelm5 Lage ylmo Erhstim clm eiturumlm Shgmoagl lclfla slslrlm inpue. Almyl chkutuaelm sltu sifhp fhcla2 Lage nimoerhthsh pimooumllm lylt \urlm clfln elnplmyi Thfelcl. Zlylp Elmlm sholp ninklmoum sltu prgplolmcl klawl Lage nimoahml \urlm, clm nimooimbgt ngcif
elnplmyi ylmo bustru cherhthsh Lage. Slkfhoa Leklr chgrolmhshr ch nlml-nlml, sijlrl kirtirlmo nimyiru lolr grlmo thcle t hcle ninhfha pinhnphm mgm-Nusfhn clm umtue niflmjlrelm pimolshmolm sgjhlf tir alclp sinul Nusfhn ylmo nimcueumo Lage. Cingmstrlsh kislr-kislrlm chphnphm gfia @TH nimyiruelm pinimblrllm Lage, chlclelm clfln selfl mlshgmlf, ch nlml phcltg eikimjhlm kirtiklrlm nimyisleelm uclrl. Clm Oirlelm Ehrh tirkifla clfln nimoalclphmyl. Kiflalm pirtlnl, ylmo nimyikut chrh niriel lmthLage clm lmth-pimoousurlm, cimolm jiplt nifinplrelm chrh niriel ei clfln alrhkllm Zlylp Elmlm. Klmyle ch lmtlrl plrl lethvhs hmh klaelm kirolkumo cimolm thn pinimlmolm pinhfu Lmhis clm, plsthmyl, tirfhklt clfln Klmyle ch lmtlrl plrl lethvhs hmh klaelm kirolkumo cimolm thn pini mlmolm pinhfu Lmhis clm, plsthmyl, tirfhklt clfln pirlmjlmolm strltioh pimooumllm elnplmyi eikimjhlm umtue nimyhmoehrelm Lage.:; Zikirlpl clfln eitirfhkltlm plrl lethvhs hmh umtue nimoolflmo elnplmyi eikimjhlm, numoehm ehtl thcle lelm pirmla tlau. Zltu-sltumyl alf ylmo tirlmo lclfla klawl niriel sijlrl prleths tifla nimblch lpgfgohs umtue Lmhis ch elflmolm Ehrh, ninklfls sinul erhthe timtlmo pimooumllm phcltg eikimjhlm siklolh strltioh ifietgrlf cimolm lrtheif-lrtheif picls fivif <4 niflwlm Lage clm plrl pimcueumomyl. Kiflalm eicul, ylmo nifhalt klalyl phcltg-phcltg eikimjhlm hmh rlou umtue nimylflelm lph umtue nimyinlmolth lrounimt niriel. Ziklohlm elriml niriel simchrh sikimlrmyl lmth-Lage, clm hmohm nifhalt Lage tirshmoehr–almyl slbl kuelm gfia Lmhis clm plrl pimcueumomyl clrh Zlylp Elmlm `umclnimtlfhs5 clm siklohlm floh elriml niriel thcle hmohm kirkimturlm cimolm sislnl lethvhs ylmo ninpirbulmoelm lmth-pimoousurlm. Fikha blua floh, thlp uplyl umtue nimimtlmo elnplmyi eikimjhlm ylmo chflmjlrelm Lmhis–klaelm pimimtlmolm ylmo nlfu-nlfu–lelm sioirl chshelt cimolm tucualm klawl slmo pimorhthe lclfla pimoeahlmlt wlrol nhsehm, chsirlmo alkhs-alkhslm gfia plrl lethvhs prgLmhis. Ehtl clplt nifhalt cimolm bifls klolhnlml pimjirlhlm hsu sgjhlf clrh hsu cingerlthe clplt nimoohrhmo lethvhs sgjhlf ei clfln jhunlm kirljum Zlylp Elmlm. Lelm siflfu lcl eitiolmolm lmtlrl hsu-hsu sgshlf-iegmgnh ylmo nimcisle cimolm hsu cingerlthe ylmo fikha fuls. Tlcl hsu-hsu sgshlf-iegmgnh, pirbulmolm ehtl mlnplemyl furus-furus slbl5 pimhmclsnu lclfla nusuanu–tlnlt, ththe. Mlnum, pimlnphflm khsl nimhpu. Tirbulmolm umtue upla flyle, nhslfmyl, mlnple sipirth sltu jlrl ylmo tiplt umtue niflmjlrelm pirbulmolm eifls clm ninklmoum eislclrlm eifls. Eifhru. Ypla flyle almylfla tlroit lmtlrl. Ehtl kirbulmo umtue upla flyle lolr kiklm ahcup kurua nimblch fikha rhmolm5 chalrlpelm, cimolm cinhehlm, niriel blch pumyl fikha klmyle wletu clm sunkir clyl umtue kiflblr clm nifltha chrh slnplh trlnphf ninpirbulmoelm tubulm ylmo siblth2 pimoalpuslm upla clm shstin eirbl-uplalm. Buol pls rlslmyl bhel ehtl kirb ulmo umtue ale rleylt nimclplt tinplt thmoolf ch clfln egtl. _lflu cinhehlm, hmh almylfla flmoela lmtlrl umtue ninkifh wletu sinimtlrl ehtl kirbulmo umtue tubulm sikimlrmyl2 pimoalpuslm urklmhslsh niflfuh pinlmoelslm burlmo lmtlrl cisl clm egtl. Klhe pimoalpuslm eirbl uplalm nlupum pinlmoelslm blrle cisl-egtl thcle lelm clplt chjlplh ch klwla sikula pinirhmtlalm ylmo thcle cingerlths. [leylt pieirbl alrus tunkua niflnpluh eisimoslrllm prhklchmyl, nimoinklmoelm elplshtls umtue ninhnphm pir uklalm sgshlf ylmo
chpirfuelm umtue nimooufhmoelm tltlmlm ylmo sielrlmo kirjgegf. Zhstin pimchchelm ylmo lelm ninkhml pinhnphm-pinhnphm hmh thcle lelm clplt kireinklmo kireinklmo ch fulr shstin pgfhthe ylmo cingerlths. Cimolm ninkult lpl ylmo sialrusmyl nimblch tubulm lmtlrl nimblch tubulm leahr ylmo tle clplt chtlwlr, Oirlelm Ehrh tirsislt blua clrh eiwlbhklmmyl umtue nimblch olrcl ciplm sgshlfhs sielfhous cingerlsh .
Cinhehlmfla, Lage tirpueuf elfla sijlrl tifle. Elnplmyi eikimjhlm ehmh kimlr-kimlr chtulh tumtls5 ehtl tlau klawl ::% clrh niriel ylmo ninhfha Lmhis cimolm klmool ni myltlelm klawl niriel ninhfha kirclslrelm lolnl.:: Clm elfh hmh Oirlelm Ehrh lclfla phale ylmo plfhmo kirslfla clfln einimlmolm Zlylp Elmlm hmh5 klhe cimolm kirplrthshplsh clfln elnplmyi eikimjhlm, cimolm nimblch lpgfgohs kloh niriel ylmo niflmjlrelm elnplmyi eikimjhlm, ltlu cimolm ololf n imogklrelm erhthe tlmpl lnpum tiralclp eicul prletie tirsikut. Sirfijut gfia einimlmolm htu, lfhlmsh rileshgmir lmtlrl plrl bi mcirlf clm pinhnphm eieirlslm lolnl ehmh ninlslmo tlroit klru2 eursh prishcim. Zlylp Elmlm tifla niminuelm risip kloh einimlmolmmyl2 jlrh prhklch ylmo kirwlbla nlmhs umtue chplslmo siklolh tgega, flmjlrelm elnplmyi eikimjhlm sijlrl nlssh`, clm cgrgmo Oirlelm Ehrh umtue tirus nimjirlhelm hsu sgshlf clm hsu cingerlthe.
Ypclti Tlsjl Timoislalm TI[TTY Grnls Leu thcle lelm nimoufls klmyle sglf hmh. Almyl hmh2 erhthe clm pimgflelm Oirlelm Ehrh tiralclp TI[TTY Grnls sisumoouamyl khsl chkimlrelm lplkhfl, plcl sllt kirslnllm nimoleuh klawl <) sikula pinirhmtlalm elphtlfhs thcle lelm clplt chalrlpelm kirthmcle tiols tiralclp grnls Elmlm (tirnlsue ASH)–khlr klolhnlml pum, nusua kikuyutlm ribhn elphtlfhs lclfla Ehrh5 ;) nimoleuh klawl jimoeirlnlm Elmlm tiralclp alth clm phehrlm klmosl Hmcgmishl tifla nimjlplh tlalp aioingmhe, clm niruplelm egmchsh ylmo clrurlt kloh oirlelm Ehrh5 :) nimoleuh klawl klawl tuols Oirlelm Ehrh fla umtue nimoalclmo Elmlm, tirfikha ylmo rileshgmir, clm nimyltlelm nimolnkhf lfha tuols htu clrh Miolrl Elphtlfhs. Eithel Oirlelm Ehrh almyl nimumtut pimjlkutlm TI[TTY Grnls tlph kir sheirls jujh tlmolm tiralclp eiklmoehtlm elmlm hmh, klaelm buol kirshelp pirnhsh` tiralclp niriel ylmo nimoleu Ehrh tlph kirsieutu cimolm Elmlm [ieshgmir, Oirlelm Ehrh tifla nimyirlaelm eiplflmyl umtue chpimoolf ch einuchlm alrh.
Lplela Nlsha Lcl Alrlplm kloh Oirlelm Ehrh Hmcgmishl7 Bubur eljlmo hbg, blwlklmeu lclfla, ‖Leu thcle tlau.„ Ziflnl fikha clrh cul clslwlrsl, Oirlelm Ehrh
tifla kirsheirls nimgfle nimoukla eikhlsllm-eikhlsllmmyl. Oirlelm Ehrh nimgfle chlfiethel clm nirimoeua pgfhthe trlmsleshgmlf. Zielfhpum thcle pumyl sijuhfpum elhtlm plcl nlsl flfu, plcl wlrhslm hcigfgoy Tirlmo Chmohm, Oirlelm Ehrh tifla ninhfha umtue ninpirfleuelm ties eflshe siklolh Ehtlk Zujh clm nimousumo cgonlthsni. Fikha kurue floh, pimslerlflm hmh chfleuelm cimolm nimolmclf ties-ties
ylmo chpgtgmo eifulr clrh egmties siblrlamyl5 tlmpl uplyl sirhus umtue ninpiflblrh fltlr kiflelmo siblrla ylmo niflahrelm ties-ties tirsikut. Oirlelm Ehrh Hmcgmishl kutua kirukla, clm piruklalm htu alrus cltlmo sielrlmo. Hl alrus nuflh nifltha rleylt pieirbl umtue niflmjlrelm pirbulmolm cingerlthe. Kurua alrus nuflh kirbulmo umtue lhr kirsha, fhmoeumolm ylmo kikls clrh pgfush, trlmspgrtlsh pukfhe ylmo fikha klhe clm fikha nurla, inlmshplsh pirinpulm. Slm alrus nuflh kirbulmo umtue pimchchelm ylmo hfnhla clm cingerlthe clm tlmjlp ols clfln uplyl pinkirlmtlslm egrupsh. Nhsehm Egtl alrus nuflh kirbulmo umtue hmcustrhlfhslsh picisllm fiwlt jlrl-jlrl ylmo inlmshpltgrhs. Clm flhm-flhm, clm sitirusmyl. Oirlelm Ehrh pirfu ei fulr clrh pirbulmolm sgshlf-iegmgnh ylmo sinpht clm nuflh ninklmoum v hsh nimoimlh nlsylrlelt sgshlfhs ylmo aimcle chklmoum. Zlylp Elmlm tifla niminuelm ngnimtunmyl–tlmpl pirflwlmlm kirlrth clrh Oirlelm Ehrh, H mcgmishl lelm sioirl cheulslh gfia lfhlmsh rileshgmir clrh plrl Bimcirlf clm Tinhnphm Lolnl pimolmut Sigfgoh Eieirlslm. Blelrtl, ;? Lprhf ;4
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Niol-Khmtlmo-[leylt (NK[) lclfla sltu eglfhsh clrh eifgnpge-eifgnpge rlchelf clfln TCH-Tirbulmolm, TTT clm nlalshswl ch klwla kimcirl tumtutlm ‖pinhfu burchf„– ylmo chlrlaelm niflwlm OGFEL[ clm, cimolm cinhehlm, niflwlm Zualrtg. Almyl lcl thol plrtlh pgfhthe ylmo chhbhmelm kirgpirlsh siflnl Grci Klru5 clm OGFEL[ simlmthlsl ninlsthelm klawl Tinhfu siflfu lelm ninimlmoelm niriel –nimblnhm eikirflmosumolm eieulsllm Zualrtg ylmo ‖cingerlthe„. ; Lrh`hm, _ihm. Pgtir Surmgut clm Cingerlthslsh. attps2//wihmlrh`hm.wgrcpriss.jgn/;4<9/4
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@lshfhtls eisialtlm, pimchchelm kuclyl-lolnl, pimhmoeltlm prgcuethvhtls, piflthalm eirbl, khsmhs eijhf, hm`rlstruetur, egmsirvlsh fhmoeumolm, gpim cltl ogvirmnimt , plrthshplsh pukfhj clfln prgsis pimolnkhflm eiputuslm. Ymtue cl`tlr fimoelpmyl, fhalt ‖Gkgm Klnklmo Fumjurelm 8 Trgorln Trhgrhtls Ymtue Tinklmoumlm Elkupltim Kielsh „. EZTH, < @ikrulry ;4
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_hehpichl. ‖ Hmcgmishlm prishcimthlf ifijthgm, ;4<3 „ attps2//im.whehpichl.gro/wheh/HmcgmishlmWprishcimthlfWifijthgm,W;4<3 (ljjissic < :: ‖Shmoelt Eipulslm _lrol Blelrtl Fikha Clrh ?4% Siralclp Lage S lph Thfha Lmhis Elriml Zlnl Lolnl„. Hcpiflog. attp2//www.hcpiflog.jgn/thmoelt-eipulslm-wlrol-blelrtl-fikha-clrh-?4-tiralclp-lage-tlph-ninhfha-lmhiselriml-slnl-lolnlmyl/ (Ljjissic
