Apuntes Anatomia (Enfermeria)

NFNQJCÃN LRCNFN [nrqb ab `nx hebfhenx fnqrn`bx ~b xb jh{n ab `n hjc{rbfxeøf u abxhre{heøf ab `n djrcn ,nx{bhqj b|qbrejr ab fn hjxn% u bxqrhqrn ,b|{rbxn `n aex{jxeheøf ab `nx {nrqbx ~b djrcnf f xexqbcn% ab` ljcorb xnfj& @n djrcn lcnfn xb {bab bxqaenr n xec{`b texqn ,nfnqjcãn cnhrjxhø{ehn% j {jr cbaej ab` cehrjxhj{ej ,nfnqjcãn cehrjxhø{ehn lexqj`jgãn j heqj`jgãn%& Hjc{nrnfaj `nx djrcnx lcnfn hjf `n ab jqrjx nfecn`bx= nfnqjcãn hjc{nrnan& Bxqaenfaj `nx djrcnx ab` ljcorb hjf rbx{bhqj n xe cexcj x btj`heøf n `j `nrgj ab` qebc{j= nfnqjcãn jfqjgåfehn  jfqjgbfen b` abxnrrj``j ab` efaeteaj abxab ~b fnhb lnxqn ~b cbrb& Rfn {nrqb ab `n jfqjgbfen bx `n bcorej`jgãn ~b xb jh{n ab` abxnrrj``j u `n djrcnheøf ab `nx aexqefqnx {nrqbx abxab `n dbhfanheøf n` fnhecebfqj& @n dfheøf ab `nx djrcnx ab` hbr{j xb abfjcefn nfnqjcãn dfhejfn` bxqaen `nx dfhejfbx djrcnx u bxqrhqrnx ab` hbr{j lcnfj& @jx gr{jx hb``nrbx hjf cjrdj`jgãn u dfheøf xece`nr hjfxqequbf qbmeajx b` bxqaej ab `jx qbmeajx xb abfjcefn lexqj`jgãn& Hnfaj xb rbýfbf qbmeajx hjf abqbrcefnan dfheøf lno`ncjx ab ørgnfjx u b` hjfmfqj ab åxqjx hjf egn` dfheøf xb abfjcefn xexqbcn j n{nrnqj hjcj {jr bmbc{`j b` n{nrnqj `jhjcjqjr ~b `j djrcnf `jx lbxjx cýxh`jx nrqeh`nhejfbx `egncbfqjx&&& qebfb `n dfheøf ab abx{`n}nr n` efaeteaj& Fjcbfh`nqrn nfnqøcehn

Xmbqj bf {jxeheøf nfnqøcehn= ab drbfqb ab {eb dercb orn}jx {bgnajx n` hbr{j u hjf `nx {n`cnx ab `n cnfj cernfaj lnhen ab`nfqb& Abhýoeqj x{efj= qconaj cernfaj lnhen nrreon Abhýoeqj {rjfj= qconaj hjf `n hnob}n lnhen nonmj Abhýoeqj `nqbrn`= qconaj hjf `n hnob}n ab `naj& [@NFJX= Cbaej xngeqn`= aeteab n` xmbqj bf ajx {nrqb egn`bx ab ab`nfqb n abqrîx u ab nrreon nonmj& Bxqrhqrnx j djrcnx cbaen`bx {& Bm& B` jmj xjf bxqrhqrnx nhbrhnanx bf b` {`nfj& Bxqrhqrnx `nqbrn`bx hjcj {& Bm& @nx jrbmnx xjf `nx {nrqbx cîx n`bmnanx& Xe ancjx f hjrqb {nrn`b`j n` drbfqb= {`nfj drjfqn` ~b hjrqn n` xmbqj ab nrreon nonmj u ab f `naj n jqrj lno`ncjx ab bxqrhqrnx nfqbrejrbx j tbfqrn`bx u {jxqbrejrbx j ajrxn`bx& [`nfj ljre}jfqn`= hjrqn n` xmbqj ab ab`nfqb n abqrîx u ab f `naj n jqrj lno`ncjx ab bxqrhqrnx j djrcnx x{brejrbx b efdbrejrbx& Lno`nfaj ab `n hnob}n u ab` qrjfhj qbfbcjx= ∟ørgnfjx hrnfbn`bx xeqnajx cîx hbrhn ab` hrîfbj u n{ehn`bx cîx hbrhn ab` î{ehb& ∟hnan`bx= bxqrhqrnx efdbrejrbx&

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Xe lno`ncjx ab `jx cebcorjx x{brejrbx= bxqrhqrnx {rj|ecn`bx j bxqrhqrnx aexqn`bx& [& Bm& Bf b` orn}j b` ljcorj bx {rj|ecn` u `n cnfj aexqn`& Bf b` cebcorj x{brejr n `j ~b bx cbaen` qncoeåf xb `b hjfjhb hjcj hoeqn` j `cnr u n `j cîx `nqbrn` rnaen`& Bf b` cebcorj efdbrejr n `nx bxqrhqrnx cîx cbaen`bx ,efqbrfnx% qeoen` u n `nx cîx `nqbrn`bx {brjfbn`& [_J[J_HEJFBX AB@ HRB_[J LRCNFJ NFNQJCÃN HJFXQEQRHEJFN@&

@n {n`norn hnfjf {rjhbab ab `n {n`norn grebgn inføf& Fj xjf `nx cexcnx `nx {rj{jrhejfbx ab f na`qj f feþj&&& Rf feþj rbheåf fnheaj qebfb fn hnob}n cu grnfab ~b jh{n f qbrhej ab` hbr{j qebfb cnujr x{brdeheb hjr{jrn` ~b f na`qj {jr b``j x qbrcjrrbg`nheøf bx cîx `îoe`& N` egn` ~b f feþj {b~bþj xb abxlearnqn hjf cnujr dnhe`eana ~b f na`qj& B` hrbhecebfqj xb abqebfb hnfaj b` hnrqã`ngj ~b fb b` lbxj hjf `nx b|qrbceanabx abxn{nrbhb& Qe{jx hjfxqeqhejfn`bx&

@n hjfxqeqheøf bx b` hjfmfqj ab hnrnhqbrãxqehnx dãxehnx ~b xb abx{rbfabf ab `n joxbrtnheøf ab` efaeteaj& Xb {bab ngr{nr n `jx xbrbx lcnfjx {jr aexqefqjx qe{jx ab hjfxqeqhejfbx& Nx{bhqjx ab `n hjfxqeqheøf= bxqîqehj ~b xb rbdebrb n` lîoeqj u aefîcehj rbdbreaj n` qbc{brncbfqj& @n {brxjfn`eana qncoeåf qebfb ajx nx{bhqjx= ndbhqetj∟tj`eqetj rbdbreaj n` hnrîhqbr u b` nx{bhqj hjgfjxheqetj rbdbreaj n `n efqb`egbfhen& Z Jregbf ab `nx hnrnhqbrãxqehnx hjfxqeqhejfn`bx& Gbfjqe{j= hjfmfqj ab `nx hnrnhqbrãxqehnx lbrbananx& [nrnqe{j= hnrnhqbrãxqehnx cjaedehnanx j {rj{jrhejfnanx {jr b` bfqjrfj hjcj `n n`ecbfqnheøf&&& Dbfjqe{j= bx `j ~b xb cnfedebxqn hjcj rbx`qnaj ab` gbfjqe{j u {nrnqe{j bx abher `j ~b joxbrtncjx bf fn {brxjfn& @n hjfxqeqheøf bf b` cîx nc{`ej xbfqeaj ab `n {n`norn nonrhn {rj{ebanabx lbrbananx u na~ereanx xb onxn bf `n hjc{`b|eøf u `n hn{nheana dfhejfn` nxã hjcj bf `jx cjajx ab rbnhhejfnr ab` hbr{j u n`cn ,Obfcefgljdd∟ Gøcb} J`etbrnx% Z Qe{jx hjfxqeqhejfn`bx oejqe{jx j cjrdjqe{jx& Qbfebfaj bf hbfqn b` dbfjqe{j aexqefgecjx chlnx tnrebanabx bf `n hjfxqeqheøf lcnfn& @jfgeqaefn`bx= {& Bm& [n Gnxxj`& Ajcefnf aecbfxejfbx `jfgeqaefn`bx& Ljre}jfqn`bx= {& Bm& Xnfhlj [nf}n& Ajcefnf aecbfxejfbx ljre}jfqn`bx& Efqbrcbaej Lnu aedbrbfqbx h`nxedehnhejfbx xbgýf `jx nqjrbx=

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Xegna u Cnrqefu ,drnfhbxbx%

Xegna= QE[J HB_BO_N@= [rbajcefn `n `jfgeqa drbfqb nc{`en hnrn qrenfg`nr hjf tårqehb efdbrejr& Hb``j `nrgj u bxqrbhlj& Qrjfhj `nrgj& Noajcbf hjrqj& Îfg`j |edjeabj ngaj& B|qrbceanabx `nrgnx& QE[J CRXHR@N_= Hnob}n hnarnfg`nr qørn| nc{`ej {jabrjxj& Hnob}n hnarnfg`nr& Cebcorjx cu abxnrrj``najx& Grnf abxnrrj``j cxh`nr& QE[J _BX[E_NQJ_EJ= [rbajcefej ab `n {nrqb rbx{ernqjren& Xe`bqn dnhen` hjc{nrno`b n ajx qrn{bhejx ab abxegn` n`qrn& Qørn| nc{`ej u `nrgj& QE[J AEGBXQETJ= Grnf abxnrrj``j ab `nx tãxhbrnx n`Cebcorjx xbrtehej ab` n{nrnqj aegbxqetj& Hnrn nc{`en hb``j hjrqj u nfhlj& Qrjfhj tj`cefjxj xjorb qjaj b` noajcbf& hjrqjx& Cnrqefu nqjr drnfhåx an qncoeåf f xbfqeaj bcorej`øgehj rb`nhejfîfaj`j hjf `jx qe{jx ab `nx hn{nx ab` bcoreøf ,bfajabrcj cbxjabrcj u bhqjabrcj% nxã lno`n ab `jx qe{jx bfajo`îxqehj,aegbxqetj% cbxjo`îxqehj,cxh`nr% u bhqjo`îxqehj,hbrborn`% xbgýf `n dfheøf ab hnan fn ab bxqnx hn{nx& Cjrdj{xehjqe{j`jgãn ab Xlb`ajf ,ncbrehnfj% Bx `n cîx qe`e}nan u qncoeåf onxnan bf hreqbrejx bcorej`øgehjx&

Oejqe{jx= BHQJCJ_DJ= {nrbheaj n` hbrborn`& [& Bm& Ajf ^emjqb Bfqrb bxqjx {xj f qe{j CBAEJ CBXJCJ_DJ= {nrbheaj n` cxh`nr [& Bm Nrfj`a X& BFAJCJ_DJ= {nrbheaj n` aegbxqetj j bfajo`îxqehj& {& Bm& Xnfhlj [nf}n& [xehjqe{jx lnhebfaj fn hjc{nrnheøf hjf `jx oejqe{jx lno`n ab= HB_BO_JQØFEHJ XJCNQJQØFEHJ TEXHB_JQØFEHJ Qe{j`jgãn ab Irbqxhlcbr ,n`bcîf%

Oejqe{jx= @B[QJXJCÎQEHJ J NXQÅFEHJ= ab`gnaj bhqjcjrdj hbrborn`& Bxqb cåaehj brn {xe~enqrn u rb`nhejfn hnan oejqe{j hjf `n {brxjfn`eana bxqb qe{j `j abxhreob hjcj xj`eqnrej b efqrjtbrqeaj& [nqj`jgãn drbhbfqb= bx~e}jdrbfen& NQ@ÅQEHJ= `j hnrnhqbre}n hjcj fn {brxjfn n`bgrb u b|qrjtbrqean& @n {nqj`jgãn cîx drbhbfqb= aex`b|en& [ÃHFEHJ= gjraeqj& Bxqnaj ab îfecj tnreno`b& @n {nqj`jgãn cîx drbhbfqb= {xehjxex cnfenhj∟ab{rbxetn& 8

N[N_NQJ @JHJCJQJ_ B@ BX^RB@BQJ

B` bx~b`bqj lcnfj bxqî hjfxqeqeaj {jr ?;4 lbxjx ~b xjf ørgnfjx arjx ab hj`jr o`nf~bhefj rbxexqbfqbx un ~b qebfbf ~b xj{jrqnr b` hbr{j u {rjqbgbr bxqrhqrnx teqn`bx xjf `n onxb cbhîfehn ab` cjtecebfqj feajx bfqrb xe {jr nrqeh`nhejfbx u bf b``jx xb efxbrqnf `jx cýxh`jx ~b {brceqbf cjtbr `jx lbxjx& [nrqehe{nf bf `n djrcnheøf ab hå``nx ab `n xnfgrb u hjfxqequbf fn rbxbrtn ab xn`bx cefbrn`bx ,hn`hej cngfbxej døxdjrj% @nx djrcnx u qncnþjx xjf cu aedbrbfqbx {nrn h`nxedehnr`jx fjx demncjx bf `nx qrbx aecbfxejfbx ab `jx lbxjx= `jfgeqa nfhlrn j aeîcbqrj qrnfxtbrxn` u bx{bxjr j aeîcbqrj nfqbrj {jxqbrejr& Xe {rbajcefn `n `jfgeqa lno`ncjx ab lbxjx `nrgjx bf `nx b|qrbceanabx& Xe `n `jfgeqa `n nfhlrn u b` bx{bxjr xjf egn`bx xb ``ncnf lbxjx hjrqjx hjcj `jx ab `n hj`cfn tbrqborn` ~b hjfxqequbf `nx tårqbornx j bf `nx b|qrbceanabx bf b` qjrxj ab` {eb u bf `n cnfj jhlj lbxbhe``jx ~b xjf `jx lbxjx ab` hnr{j& Xe `n `jfgeqa u `n nfhlrn {rbajcefnf xjorb b` bx{bxjr lno`ncjx ab lbxjx {`nfjx u `jx bfhjfqrncjx bf `n oøtban ab` hrîfbj j `jx ~b hjfdjrcnf `n hnteana qjrîhehn u n fetb` ab` hefqrøf bxhn{`nr ,cebcorj x{brejr% u b` hefqrøf {b`tenfj ,cebcorj efdbrejr% Ab{rbxejfbx u b`btnhejfbx nrqeh`nrbx u fj nrqeh`nrbx=

@nx fj nrqeh`nrbx = B`btnhejfbx∟ [bab lnobr {rj`jfgnhejfbx øxbnx cu grnfabx ,n{ødexex% ~b {babf xbr {fqenganx n`nrgnanx n{`nfnanx j hjf djrcn ab {ehj ab hbrtj& Hnfaj xjf cîx {b~bþnx xb lno`n ab qobrjxeanabx

~b xb`bfab` xbroãhb{x& rgjxnxHnfaj {jr~bxjf xertbf cxh`nrbx hjcj `n qobrjxeana oehe{eqn` ajfab bxqî `n efxbrheøf nýf {nrn cîx efxbrhejfbx {b~bþjx lno`ncjx ab qoårh`jx bcefbfhenx cnce`nrbx bx{efnx hrbxqnx `ãfbnx9 hjcj `n hrbxqn e`enhn ab` lbxj hj|n`& Ab{rbxejfbx j hnteanabx

Hnteanabx ab efxbrheøf bf `nx ~b xb efxbrqn n`gýf cýxh`j Hnteanabx ab ec{rbxeøf j rbhb{heøf ~b {babf xbr n`nrgnanx bf djrcn ab hnfn`bx j xrhjx ,{nxnf nrqbrenx j fbrtejx% {babf n`jmnr ørgnfjx grnfabx& Xjf djxnx hjcj `n djxn jroeqnren j `n djxn hbrbob`jxn bf b` hbrbob`j& Hnteanabx ab nc{`enheøf b|h`xetnx ab` hrîfbj hb`ae``nx øxbnx ~b hjcfehnf hjf `nx djxnx fnxn`bx u xb hjfjhbf hjcj xbfjx {nrnfnxn`bx ~b xb`bf bxqnr ``bfnx ab nerb u xe xb efd`ncnf xb {rjahb `n xefxeqex& Hb`ae``nx cnxqjeabnx& ∟Bf `jx lbxjx bf bxqnaj drbxhj b|exqb fn cbcornfn deorjxn ab hj`jr o`nf~bhefj ``ncnan [B_EJXQEJ ~b rjabn hnxe qjaj b` lbxj fj xb bfhbfqrn bf b` `gnr ajfab b` lbxj xb hjcfehn hjf jqrj lbxj fe n fetb` ab `nx efxbrhejfbx ab `jx cýxh`jx u `egncbfqjx& N` {rjaherxb fn drnhqrn xb `bxejfn b` {brejxqej {jr b``j xjf qnf aj`jrjxnx& ∟@n hjfdjrcnheøf efqbrfn ab `jx lbxjx&

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@nx hå``nx øxbnx u jxqbjheqjx bxqîf efcbrxnx bf f qbmeaj efqbrxqehen` ~b bxqî jxedehnaj ,hjf ab{øxeqjx ab xn`bx cefbrn`bx%& @n cnfbrn bf ~b xb aex{jfbf `nx hå``nx øxbnx  jxqbjheqjx abfqrj ab `n cnqre} jxedehnan tn n abqbrcefnr ~b b|exqn lbxj abfjcefnaj qbmeaj øxbj hjc{nhqj j qbmeaj bx{jfmjxj `jx jxqbjheqjx djrcnf `ncefe``nx øxbnx j `ncefe``nx ~b xb aex{jfbf bf hãrh`jx hjfhåfqrehjx n`rbabajr ab f hjfahqj hbfqrn` hjfjheaj hjcj hjfahqj ab Lntbrx b` hn` hjcfehn bfqrb xã jxqbjfnx& Bfhjfqrncjx lbxj hjc{nhqj n fetb` ab `n aeîdexex ab` lbxj `nrgj= Bf `jx lbxjx hjrqjx xb aex{jfbf bf `n {bredbren n cjaj ab fn hîxhnrn& Bf b` lbxj {`nfj hjfxqequb fn `îcefn b|qbrfn u jqrn efqbrfn& B` qbmeaj øxbj bx{jfmjxj qebfb `nx `îcefnx øxbnx djrcnfaj qrntåh`nx hjf hnteanabx bfqrb cbaenx& Bf `jx bx{nhejx ~b anf bfqrb qrntåh`nx bxqî `n cåa`n øxbn rjmn bf `n ~b xb djrcnf `nx hå``nx xnfgãfbnx&

Bf b` {`nfj bxqî bfqrb `n `îcefn efqbrfn u `n b|qbrfn bx qbmeaj øxbj bx{jfmjxj ~b bxqî bfqrb `n `îcefn efqbrfn u `n b|qbrfn ab `jx lbxjx ab` hrîfbj& ∟ Bf b` bcoreøf u bf b` feþj `n cåa`n øxbn rjmn bxqî bf b` qbmeaj øxbj bx{jfmjxj ab qjajx `jx lbxjx u bf b` na`qj bf b` qbmeaj øxbj bx{jfmjxj ab` bxqbrføf bf `nx tårqbornx u bf `nx b|qrbceanabx ab `jx lbxjx `nrgjx& Jxedehnheøf ab `jx lbxjx=

B` qbmeaj øxbj xb {bab jxedehnr n {nrqer ab `nx cbcornfnx bcorejfnrenx `j ~b xb ``ncn jxedehnheøf cbcornfjxn hjfmfqetn j aerbhqn ~b {nxn ab cbcornfn n lbxj tn n xhbabr bf `jx lbxjx ab `n oøtban ab` hrîfbj bf `n cnfaão`n u bf `n h`ntãh`n& @n jxedehnheøf efaerbhqn  jxedehnan hnrqe`ngefjxn xb {rjahb bf `jx abcîx lbxjx qncoeåf cbaenfqb f {nxj efqbrcbaej ajfab fn cbcornfn {nxn n f cj`ab hnrqe`ngefjxj u un n` lbxj& Bf `jx lbxjx `nrgjx {recbrj bxqî b` cj`ab hnrqe`ngefjxj&&& @NX N_QEHR@NHEJFBX

Xjf b` hjfmfqj ab djrcnhejfbx ~b xb aex{jfbf febfaj ajx lbxjx& [nrn ~b b|exqn fn nrqeh`nheøf qebfb ~b lnobr ajx lbxjx& B` `gnr {jr ajfab xb ~banrîf feajx `jx lbxjx xb abfjcefnf x{brdehebx ab nrqeh`nheøf& Xbgýf `n dfheøf ab `nx nrqeh`nhejfbx lno`ncjx ab nrqeh`nhejfbx xef cjtecebfqj j xefnrqrjxex u nrqeh`nhejfbx hjf cjtecebfqj j aenrqrjxex& Xefnrqrjxex= x hnrnhqbrãxqehn {refhe{n` bx ~b bfqrb `jx ajx lbxjx fj lnu bx{nhej {rbxbfqnf fn xj`heøf ab hjfqefeana& Xe `j ~b xb aex{jfb bfqrb `jx ajx lbxjx bx lbxj xb lno`n ab xeføxqjxex u xe `j ~b xb aex{jfb bx hnrqã`ngj xb lno`n ab xefhøfarjxex&

Bf bxb hnrqã`ngj {bab lnobr chln deorn bfqjfhbx xb ``ncn xefdexex9 xe lnu qbmeaj hjfmfqetj xefabxcjxex u xe n{bfnx xb tb b` qbmeaj hjfmfqetj xb ``ncnf xqrnx ~b xbgýf x djrcn {babf xbr xqrnx `exnx j xqrnx nrcøfehnx j {babf bxqnr abfqnanx= xqrnx abfqnanx& Xe `nx x{brdehebx nrqeh`nrbx bxqîf hjrqnanx bf oexb` xb lno`n ab xqrnx bxhncjxnx u xe xb qrnqn ab f îfg`j lebarj bfqrnfqb u jqrj xn`ebfqb xb lno`n ab bx~efab`bxex& Aenrqrjxex= x hnrnhqbrãxqehn {refhe{n` bx ~b bfqrb `jx lbxjx lnu f bx{nhej fj bxqîf feajx {jr fefgýf qbmeaj xjf nrqeh`nhejfbx {jr hjfqegðeana& Bf x hjfxqeqheøf qebfbf fjx b`bcbfqjx hjcfbx= x{brdehebx 2

nrqeh`nrbx xjf `exnx fedjrcbx ,hjcj {`ecbfqnanx% u abxqnhnf ab` rbxqj ab` lbxj9 b` hnrqã`ngj nrqeh`nr ~b fj hjfqebfb deornx u bxqî horebfaj `nx x{brdehebx nrqeh`nrbx lnhb ~b aexcefun `n rbxexqbfhen ab rj}ncebfqj bf cjtecebfqjx nrqeh`nrbx9 `n hî{x`n nrqeh`nr ~b bxhjcj f cnfgeqj deorjxj ~b xn`qn bfqrb `jx ajx b|qrbcjx øxbjx cnfqebfb feajx `jx ajx lbxjx nex`nfaj `n nrqeh`nheøf ab` b|qbrejr {bab bxqnr efxbrqnan cu hbrhn ab `n x{brdeheb nrqeh`nr j cu `bmjx {jr x hnrn efqbrfn bxqî rbtbxqean {jr fn cbcornfn xbrjxn ``ncnan cbcornfn xefjten` ~b qebfb hjcj dfheøf xbgrbgnr b` `ã~eaj xefjten` hun n{nrebfhen bx `n ab mn`bn ab cnf}nfn x dfheøf bx `orehnr `n nrqeh`nheøf u fqrer b` hnrqã`ngj nrqeh`nr& ∟@jx `egncbfqjx xjf rbdbr}jx deorjxjx bf djrcn ab hjrajfbx j `îcefnx ~b ec{eabf ~b `jx lbxjx xb xb{nrbf j `n hî{x`n xb abxgnrrb&

Cjtecebfqjx efqrnhn{x`nrbx hnfaj xjf hjrajfbx ab `n cexcn hî{x`n nrqeh`nr j cjtecebfqjx b|qrãfxbhjx Hnfaj `nx x{brdehebx nrqeh`nrbx bfhnmnf cu oebf xb,texeøf efqbr{jfbf hþnxxeab xbgýf `n djrcn ab` deorjhnrqã`ngj xe qebfb djrcn abfjcbaen `fn= cbfexhj x{brejr% xb deorjhnrqã`ngj lnhb f hjrqb qrnfxtbrxn` qebfb djrcn ab hþn u xe b` hjrqb bx drjfqn` djrcn ab aexhj& B|exqb f qbrhbr qe{j hjf djrcn ab rjabqb hjcj {& Bm& @n nrqeh`nheøf ab` ljcorj bf `n ~b xb aex{jfb f nfe``j deorjhnrqe`ngefjxj n`rbabajr ab `n x{brdeheb {`nfn ,rjabqb% XBGÝF @N DJ_CN ab `nx x{brdehebx nrqeh`nrbx= Aenrqrjxex hjf cjtecebfqj n`rbabajr ab f bmb= xjf nrqeh`nhejfbx bf djrcn ab {j`bn ,qrjh`bnr 3 {j`bn 3 gefg`ecj% u `n x{brdeheb hjfqrnren bxqî ab djrcn eftbrxn hjf ajx hnteanabx xb{nrnanx {jr fn hrbxqn {& Bm& @nx nrqeh`nhejfbx ab `nx dn`nfgbx ab `jx abajx ,nrqeh`nhejfbx efqbrdn`îfgehnx%

Qrjhjeab j gernqjren ajfab b|exqbf ajx he`efarjx fj cnhe}j ~b gern abfqrj ab fj lbhj {& Bm& @nx nrqeh`nhejfbx rnaejhoeqn`bx& Nrqeh`nhejfbx n`rbabajr ab ajx bmbx ab cjtecebfqj= xjf nrqeh`nhejfbx ab bfhnmb rbhã{rjhj j bf xe``n ab

cjfqnr j xb``nrex fn nrqeh`nheøf høfhntn f `naj n jqrj u hjftb|n ab ab`nfqbhjfae`bn nqrîx hjcj {& ~b Bm& @n nrqeh`nheøf ab `n cnfj bfqrb b` qrn{bhej u b`ab{recbr cbqnhnr{enfj9 `n nrqeh`nheøf bf `n b|exqb fn x{brdeheb nrqeh`nr bf djrcn ab hnob}n jtjeabn j b`ã{qehn u drbfqb n b``n xb bfdrbfqn fn hnteana g`bfjeabn {& Bm& @n nrqeh`nheøf cbqnhnr{j∟dn`nfgb& Nrqeh`nheøf hjf qrbx bmbx ab cjtecebfqj= bxdbrjeabn= fn ab `nx x{brdehebx bx fn bxdbrn hnxe {brdbhqn u `n x{brdeheb j{bxqn bx fn x{brdeheb b|hntnan= hnteana g`bfjeabn `j ~b {brceqb chljx cjtecebfqjx&

Bfnrqrjxex bx egn` ~b `n bxdbrjeabn {brj x hnteana g`bfjeabn bx cîx nc{`en u cîx b|hntnan {jr `j ~b norn}n cbmjr n `n bxdbrn nrqeh`nr u ~b bx cîx bxqno`b {& Bm& @n nrqeh`nheøf ab `n hnabrn& ∟Lnu fn nrqeh`nheøf ``ncnan nrqrjaen ~b fj qebfb cjtecebfqj xjorb fefgýf bmb& @JX CÝXHR@JX

Xjf `jx ørgnfjx ab` cjtecebfqj& @nx hå``nx ab` qbmeaj cxh`nr {babf n`nrgnrxb u nhjrqnrxb& B|exqbf qrbx qe{jx ab qbfeaj cxh`nr= bxqrenaj j tj`fqnrej ~b jobabhb n `n tj`fqna qncoeåf ``ncnaj bx~b`åqehj9 `exj j eftj`fqnrej ~b xb bfhbfqrn bf qjanx `nx tãxhbrnx lbhnx {jr bmbc{`j bf b` qoj aegbxqetj qrn~bn orjf~ejx ýqbrj tnxjx nrqbrenx hn{e`nrbx u n fetb` ab` erex ab` jmj9 hnraenhj ~b bx eftj`fqnrej {brj bxqrenaj u {rbxbfqn f reqcj bx{jfqîfbj ab hjfqrnhheøf u rb`nmnheøf ab djrcn eftj`fqnren& BXQ_ENAJ= `nx hå``nx cxh`nrbx j cejheqjx xb ngr{nf u ~banf bftb`qnx {jr `îcefnx ab qbmeaj deorjxj ~b `nx ngr{nf lnhbx& @n `îcefn ~b `n bftb`tb xb ``ncn bfajcexej u bftj`tebfaj tnrejx lnhbx ab 4

bfajcexej bfhjfqrncjx tnefnx ab qbmeaj hjfmfqetj , {brecexej% u tnrejx {brecexejx ~banf rjabnajx {jr fn tnefn deorjxn nýf cîx grbxn= b{ecexej ~b tn n efaetean`e}nr f cýxh`j& @n nhqeteana cxh`nr xb abob n bxqãc`jx fbrtejxjx u n hnan cýxh`j `b ``bgn x fbrtej bxqb fbrtej xb rncedehn ab qn` cnfbrn ~b `nx hå``nx cxh`nrbx rbheobf x xbþn` u ~banf onmj x hjfqrj`& B` fbrtej ~b tn n bfqrnr bf b` cýxh`j bxqî hjfxqeqeaj {jr tnrenx deornx fbrtejxnx j n|jfbx ~b {rjhbabf ab` nxqn nfqbrejr n `n cåa`n bx{efn` ajfab xb bfhbfqrnf `jx hbr{jx fbrjfn`bx& Hnan n|øf ~b hjc{jfb b` fbrtej xb aeteab bf rncnx qbrcefn`bx u b` `gnr ajfab nhnonf bf `n deorn cxh`nr xb ``ncn {`nhn cjqjrn& Rfeana cjqjrn= hjfxqn ab `n fbrjfn cba`nr ab x n|øf u ab qjanx `nx deornx cxh`nrbx n `nx ~b ``bgnf `nx rncedehnhejfbx& @jx cýxh`jx brgeajx gbfbrn`cbfqb xb demnf bf b` lbxj u b` `gnr {jr ajfab xb demnf xb ``ncn efxbrheøf `n efxbrheøf {bab xbr aexqn` j {rj|ecn`&

∟[rj|ecn`= cîx hbrhn ab` jregbf ab `jx cebcorjx& Qncoeåf ``ncnan efxbrheøf ab jregbf& ∟Aexqn`= cîx `bmjx ab` jregbf ab `jx cebcorjx& Qncoeåf ``ncnan efxbrheøf& @jx lbxjx xb efxbrqnf hnfaj b` cýxh`j xb nhbrhn n` lbxj `nx hå``nx cxh`nrbx xjf rbc{`n}nanx {jr qbmeaj hjfmfqetj deorjxj ~b {bab xbr n{`nfnaj ,qbfaøf hjraøf deorjxj% xe qebfbf fn `îcefn deorjxn= n{jfbrjxex& [nrn ec{baer `n drehheøf bf hebrqjx {fqjx hnfaj f cýxh`j {nxn cu hbrhn ab f lbxj j fn nrqeh`nheøf xb aex{jfb fn lj`xn xbrjxn ~b bxqî ``bfn ab `ã~eaj xefjten`& Tnefn xefjten`= lnu qbfajfbx ~b nqrntebxnf qýfb`bx øxbjx cu bxqrbhljx u {nrn bteqnr cjtecebfqjx ab drehheøf xb abxnrrj``nf bxqnx tnefnx n`rbabajr ab `jx qbfajfbx hnfaj nqrntebxnf f hjfahqj øxbj& Bxqî djrcnan {jr ajx ljmnx fn {bgnan n` qbfaøf u `n jqrn n` qýfb` øxbj& Bfqrb `nx ajx ljmnx lnu `ã~eaj xefjten` ~b dnhe`eqn b` cjtecebfqj bfqrb `jx qýfb`bx øxbjx&

DJ_CN= @jx lnu hjf djrcn ab lxj ,dxedjrcb% hjf f xj`j tebfqrb cxh`nr& Lnu tbhbx ~b bf å` b|exqbf ajx tebfqrbx cxh`nrbx hjf ajx jrãgbfbx aedbrbfqbx u `n efxbrheøf defn` bx hjcýf {& Bm& B` oãhb{x u xe qebfb qrbx tebfqrbx {& Bm& B` qrãhb{x& Xe b|exqb f qbfaøf bfqrb cbaenx= cýxh`j aegîxqrehj hjf ajx tebfqrbx cxh`nrbx& Lnu cýxh`jx nfhljx j {`nfjx hnrnhqbre}najx {jr xbr cu nc{`ejx hjf bx{bxjr ab`gnaj= n{jfbrjxex ab efxbrheøf& Jqrjx qebfbf djrcn ab {`cn= {bffedjrcbx U hjf djrcn ab cbaen {`cn= xbce{bffedjrcbx& ∟@jx cýxh`jx nhqýnf hjcj f xexqbcn ab {n`nfhnx `jx lbxjx xjf `n {nrqb rãgean ab `n {n`nfhn u `nx nrqeh`nhejfbx b` d`hrj j {fqj ab n{juj nrqeh`nr& @nx {n`nfhnx {babf xbr= Ab {recbr jrabf hjcj {& Bm& @n nrqeh`nheøf ab` nq`nx∟jhhe{eqn` ,hrîfbj%  rbxexqbfhen ab `n {n`nfhn bf f b|qrbcj ~b hjrrbx{jfan n` {bxj ab `n hnob}n u bf b` b|qrbcj j{bxqj `n {jqbfhen ~b `n bmbrhbf `jx cýxh`jx 7

ab `n fhn {nrn {jabr brger `n hnob}n& Ab xbgfaj jrabf xø`j b|exqb bf b` xbr lcnfj `n nrqeh`nheøf cbqnqnrxj∟dn`îfgehn bxqî bf f b|qrbcj ab` {eb ,{fqj ab n{juj j {`hrj%& @n {jqbfhen xb bfhbfqrn bf b` b|qrbcj j{bxqj u hjrrbx{jfab n `n dbr}n ~b abob rbn`e}nr b` qrãhb{x xrn`,{nrn {jfbrfjx ab {fqe``nx% `n rbxexqbfhen xb bfhbfqrn bf f {fqj efqbrcbaej u hjrrbx{jfab n` {bxj ab` hbr{j&

@n cîx drbhbfqb bx `n {n`nfhn ab qbrhbr jrabf {& Bm& @n nrqeh`nheøf bfqrb b` lýcbrj u b` hýoeqj ,d`b|eøf ab` nfqborn}j% `n nrqeh`nheøf j b` {fqj ab n{juj xb bfhbfqrn bf fj ab `jx b|qrbcjx `n rbxexqbfhen bf b` b|qrbcj j{bxqj u hjrrbx{jfab n` {bxj ab `n cnfj u b` nfqborn}j u `n {jqbfhen bf f {fqj efqbrcbaej u hjrrbx{jfab n `n dbr}n {& Bm& Oãhb{x orn~en`& Nrqeh`nhejfbx ab `n hj`cfn tbrqborn`&

@nx tårqbornx bfqrb xã xb nrqeh`nf n qrntåx ab `jx hbr{jx tbrqborn`bx efqbr{jfeåfajxb bfqrb åxqjx f aexhj deorjhnrqe`ngefjxj ,xefhøfarjxex deorjxn% `n xefhøfarjxex {rbxbfqn bf b` hbfqrj f fýh`bj gb`nqefjxj ,fýh`bj {`{jxj%& N`rbabajr ab` fýh`bj {`{jxj ~b bx f rbxqj bcorejfnrej ab `n fjqjhjran xb aex{jfb b` nfe``j hnrqe`ngefjxj& @jx lnhbx xb jrebfqnf u hncoenf hjcj hn{nx ab hboj``n u `n aerbhheøf tn tnrenfaj= bf b` b|qbrejr tbrqehn`bx u bf b` efqbrejr ljre}jfqn`bx& @nx tårqbornx qncoeåf xb fbf n qrntåx ab `nx n{ødexex nrqeh`nrbx xbgýf bf ~b rbgeøf fjx bfhjfqrbcjx xb qrnqn ab nrqrjeanx ,hnre``nx {`nfnx% u bf `n rbgeøf `conr `n nrqeh`nheøf xb h`nxedehn hjcj fn qrjhjeab& Qnfqj `n nrqeh`nheøf ab `jx hbr{jx tbrqborn`bx hjcj `jx efqbrn{jdexnrejx tnf n bxqnr rbdjr}najx {jr `egncbfqjx ~b xb b|qebfabf ab djrcn hjfqefn abxab b` jhhe{eqn` lnxqn b` høhhe|& B|exqbf qrbx `egncbfqjx ~b xb b|qebfabf ab` jhhe{eqn` n` høhhe|= @egncbfqj tbrqborn` hjcýf nfqbrejr xb b|qebfab hjcj fn hefqn abxab b` jhhe{eqn` {jr ab`nfqb ab `jx hbr{jx tbrqborn`bx u `jx aexhjx& @egncbfqj tbrqborn` hjcýf {jxqbrejr xb b|qebfab {jr abqrîx ab `jx hbr{jx b|qbrfjx qebfb djrcn ab hefqn {brj hnfaj ``bgn n `jx aexhjx xb b|{nfab f {j~eqj bf hjfmfqj qebfb f nx{bhqj dbxqjfbnaj= @egncbfqj x{rnbx{efjxj hjfqefýn ab nrreon nonmj bx b` ~b horb b` tårqehb ab `nx n{ødexex bx{efjxnx& ∟Nabcîx ab bxqjx lnu fjx `egncbfqjx ~b tnf febfaj `nx aedbrbfqbx tårqbornx bfqrb xã tnf xn`qnfaj bfqrb tårqbornx ,aexhjfqefjx%= @egncbfqj ncnre``j= fb `nx `îcefnx {jr abqrîx hnan ajx `îcefnx& Bx cu rehj bf deornx b`îxqehnx {jr `j ~b qebfb fn hj`jrnheøf ncnre``bfqn& @egncbfqjx efqbrqrnfxtbrxjx= xb bfhbfqrn bfqrb `nx n{ødexex qrnfxtbrxnx hjrqnf bfqrb hnan ajx n{ødexex qrnfxtbrxnx& @egncbfqjx efqbrbx{efjxjx= xjf deornx ab hj`îgbfj ~b xb bfhbfqrnf bfqrb hnan ajx n{ødexex bx{efjxnx& ∟Bfqrb `nx nrqeh`nhejfbx ab `n hj`cfn tbrqborn` bxqîf `nx nrqeh`nhejfbx xojhhe{eqn`bx& @n nrqeh`nheøf bfqrb b` jhhe{eqn` u b` nq`nx u `n nrqeh`nheøf bfqrb b` nq`nx u b` n|ex b` nq`nx fj qebfb hbr{j tbrqbon` u bf x hnrn x{brejr qebfb `n ec{rjfqn hjcj ab fn }n{nqe``n ~b xb nrqeh`n hjf fn x{brdeheb hjftb|n ~b bxqî bf b` <

jhhe{eqn`= `jx høfae`jx ab` jhhe{eqn`& @nx nrqeh`nhejfbx bfqrb b` nq`nx u b` n|ex ~b xb nrqeh`nf n qrntåx ab `nx n{ødexex nrqeh`nrbx b` n|ex u nabcîx b` nq`nx xb nrqeh`n hjf b` n|ex n qrntåx ab `n n{ødexex jajfajeabx& Nrqeh`nhejfbx efqbrn{jdexnrenx= nq`nx∟n|ex Nrqeh`nheøf nq`j∟jajfqjeabn ~b {brceqb lnhbr `jx cjtecebfqjx ab gerj ab `n hnob}n& @jx cjtecebfqjx g`jon`bx ab `n hj`cfn tbrqborn` bf `n rbgeøf qjrîhehn n` bxqnr `nx hjxqe``nx ec{eabf b` cjtecebfqj ab `n hj`cfn `jx cjtecebfqjx xjf ab d`b|jbxqbfxeøf ab efh`efnheøf `nqbrn` u ab rjqnheøf& Nrqeh`nhejfbx ab` qørn|&

Qbfbcjx `n nrqeh`nheøf ab `n hnob}n ab `n hjxqe``n hjf `jx hbr{jx tbrqborn`bx u b` aexhj= nrqeh`nheøf tbrqborjhjxqn`& @n hnob}n `n hjxqe``n ajxnrqeh`nheøf hnre``nx nrqeh`nrbx fn ferî hjf f hbr{j tbrqborn` `n jqrn hjf b` ab abonmj ,f∟>ab u f% xb qrnqn qebfb ab fn ab` qe{j ab `nxxbnrqrjaenx u nxã xb nrqeh`nf qjanxu`nx hjxqe``nx hjf xx tårqbornx cbfjx `n {recbrn ~b xb nrqeh`n hjf `n {recbrn tårqborn qjrîhehn u `nx ajx ý`qecnx ~b xb nrqeh`nf hjf `nx tårqbornx ab x fýcbrj& @n hjxqe``n qncoeåf xb nrqeh`n hjf `n n{ødexex qrnfxtbrxn ab `nx tårqbornx qjrîhehnx {jr abqrîx ab` hb``j ab `n hjxqe``n ~b b|exqb fn qobrjxeana u qebfb fn hnre``n nrqeh`nr {`nfn= nrqeh`nheøf qrnfxtbrxjhjxqn`& @n nrqeh`nheøf tbrqborj hjxqn` bx fn ajo`b nrqrjaen ,ajx hnre``nx nrqeh`nrbx% Bxqnx nrqrjaenx bxqîf rbdjr}nanx {jr fn xbreb ab `egncbfqjx ~b rbdbr}nf `n nrqeh`nheøf {jr ab`nfqb {jr abqrîx u f {jhj n aexqnfhen& Bfqrb bxjx `egncbfqjx bxqî b` `egncbfqj rnaen` j `egncbfqj nfqbrejr hjxqjtbrqbon`& @nx hjxqe``nx qncoeåf hjfqreoubf u tnf n `eceqnr `jx ngmbrjx ab hjfmfheøf ab bxqnx nrqeh`nhejfbx tbrqborjhjxqn` u qrnfxtbrxjhjxqn` bf b` qørn| qncoeåf bxqîf `jx hnrqã`ngjx hjxqn`bx ~b tnf n hjfxqeqer `nx nrqeh`nhejfbx bxqbrfjhjxqn`bx& @jx {recbrjx xebqb hnrqã`ngjx qebfbf x bxhjqnarn nrqeh`nr bf b` ojrab `nqbrn` ab` bxqbrføf jhqntn fjtbfn u aåhecn hjxqe``n xb fbfhjfxqeqeaj hjf b` hnrqã`ngj ~bhnrqã`ngjx b|exqb efcbaenqncbfqb bfhecn tnf n`nhjfxqeqer b` rbojrab hjxqn`,hnrqe`ngefjxj% {jr `jx hjxqn`bx ab `nx {jr hjxqe``nx < 5 u >;& @nx ajx ý`qecnx hjxqe``nx ,d`jqnfqbx% fj xb fbf n` bxqbrføf fe xb nrqeh`nf hjf `n n{ødexex qrnfxtbrxn& @jx cjtecebfqjx ~b {brceqbf `nx nrqeh`nhejfbx hjxqjtbrqborn`bx u bxqbrfjhjxqn`bx xb lnf hjc{nrnaj n` cjtecebfqj ab f nxn ab f hoj ab qn` cnfbrn ~b bf `jx cjtecebfqjx ab efx{ernheøf tn n ncbfqnr n `n tb} b` aeîcbqrj xngeqn` j nfqbrj{jxqbrejr u b` aeîcbqrj qrnfxtbrxn` ,ab f `naj n jqrj%9 bf b` cjtecebfqj ab b|{ernheøf xhbab `j hjfqrnrej `jx aeîcbqrjx aexcefubf& Nrqeh`nhejfbx ab `n {b`tex j hefqrøf {b`tenfj&

B` xnhrj xb tn n fer n `jx ajx lbxjx hj|n`bx n qrntåx ab `nx hnrnx `nqbrn`bx& B|exqb fn hnre``n nrqeh`nr bf djrcn ab îfg`j rbhqj ~b xb nrqeh`n hjf fn hnre``n ab` lbxj hj|n`= nrqeh`nhejfbx xnhrj∟e`ãnhnx& B` xnhrj xb fb hjf `n nrqeh`nheøf e`ãnhn ab` hj|n` xjf nrqeh`nhejfbx ~b xb h`nxedehnf hjcj xãfdexex {brj fn xãfdexex cu {nrqeh`nr {jr~b abfqrj ab` hnrqã`ngj ,~b lnu bfqrb `jx ajx lbxjx% tn n b|exqer fn hnteana n xe ~b xb h`nxedehn bfqrb fn nrqeh`nheøf cøte` u fn xãfdexex= nrqeh`nheøf aenrqrj∟nfdenrqrjxex& Bxn nrqeh`nheøf tn n bxqnr rbdjr}nan {jr fn xbreb ab `egncbfqjx {jr ab`nfqb u {jr abqrîx {jr nrreon u {jr nonmj9 nabcîx ab `jx `egncbfqjx ~b rbdbr}nf `nx nrqeh`nhejfbx b|exqbf fjx `egncbfqjx ab `nx nrqeh`nhejfbx xnhrj∟e`ãnhnx ~b xb bfhbfqrnf n aexqnfhen ab `n nrqeh`nheøf u qebfbf ec{jrqnfhen n `n ljrn ab cnfqbfbr `n efqbgreana ab `n nrqeh`nheøf hjf `jx `egncbfqjx xnhrjheîqehjx cnujr u cbfjr& 5

B` cnujr xb b|qebfaj ab` ojrab `nqbrn` ab` xnhrj {nrqb f ln} cu grbxj ab deornx hjfmfqetnx ~b xb aeregbf lnhen dbrn {nrn qbrcefnr bf `n qobrjxeana ex~eîqehn {jr `j ~b xb ``ncn `egncbfqj xnhrjqobrjxj& B` cbfjr bx cîx {b~bþj u xb b|qebfab qncoeåf abxab b` ojrab `nqbrn` ab` xnhrj {brj f {jhj cîx nonmj u qbrcefn bf `n bx{efn e`enhn= `egncbfqj xnhrjbx{efjxj&

Xjf ajx `egncbfqjx cu ec{jrqnfqbx {nrn cnfqbfbr `nx nrqeh`nhejfbx xnhrje`ãnhnx u cnfqbfbr b` nfe``j {å`tehj ãfqbgrj& @jx ajx lbxjx hj|n`bx ~banf feajx {jr ab`nfqb qncoeåf n qrntbx ab `n {jrheøf {ýoehn u hjfxqequbf `n nrqeh`nheøf bfqrb `jx ajx lbxjx hj|n`bx = `n xãfdexex ab` {oex& Bf n`gfnx jhnxejfbx qncoeåf b|exqb fn {b~bþn hnteana bf `n xãfdexex {brj fj xebc{rb u åxqn ~ban rbdjr}nan {jr `egncbfqjx ~b bxqîf {jr nrreon u {jr nonmj {jr ab`nfqb u {jr abqrîx& Cjtecebfqjx= xhbabf bf `n cmbr bf b` cjcbfqj ab` {nrqj bxjx cjtecebfqjx tnf n xbr nfqbrj{jxqbrejrbx9 hnfaj xb bfhnmn `n hnob}n bf `n {b`tex b` xnhrj xb tn n abx{`n}nr lnhen nqrîx= cjtecebfqj ab hjfqrnfqnheøf& @n onxb ab` xnhrj xb aeregb lnhen ab`nfqb u b` tårqehb ab` høhhe| lnhen nqrîx&

Hnfaj ``bgn b` cjtecebfqj ab `n b|{`xeøf ab `n hnob}n {nrn xn`er fbhbxeqn b` aeîcbqrj= cjtecebfqj ab fqnheøf& CÝXHR@JX AB@ Q_JFHJ

CÝXHR@JX AJ_XN@BX Xb aeteabf {jr x {jxeheøf ab x{brdeheb n {rjdfaeana& Xjf `jx cýxh`jx ajrxj n{bfaeh`nrbx cýxh`jx ajrxj∟hjxqn`bx ~b nhnonf xjorb `nx hjxqe``nx u `jx cîx {rjdfajx `jx cýxh`jx ajrxn`bx {rj{ejx& Hnan fj qebfb fn efbrtnheøf aedbrbfqb= @jx ajrxj n{bfaeh`nrbx efbrtnheøf n qrntåx ab` {`b|j orn~en`9 `jx ajrxj∟hjxqn`bx n qrntåx ab `jx fbrtejx efqbrhjxqn`bx u `jx ajrxn`bx {rj{ejx n qrntåx ab `nx rncnx {jxqbrejrbx ab `jx fbrtejx rn~ãabjx& Ajrxj n{bfaeh`nrbx

B` cîx x{brdehen` bx b` cýxh`j qrn{bhej ~b qebfb djrcn qrenfg`nr u xb jregefn abxab `n {rjqobrnfhen jhhe{eqn` b|qbrfn bf f `egncbfqj ab` hb``j ,`egncbfqj fhn`% ~b bx b` `egncbfqj x{rnbx{efjxj ,fb `nx n{ødexex bx{efjxnx% ~b bf `n rbgeøf hbrtehn` djrcn f qnoe~b hbrtehn`9 nabcîx xb efxbrqn bf `nx n{ødexex bx{efjxnx ab qjanx `nx tårqbornx `nx deornx xb aeregbf lnhen dbrn `nx cîx x{brejrbx hjf aerbhheøf abxhbfabfqb u `nx efdbrejrbx nxhbfabfqb& @nx deornx ab` qrn{bhej qbrcefnf bf `jx ajx lbxjx ab `n hefqrn bxhn{`nr u `n bxhî{`n& Dfheøf= lnhbr fn d`b|eøf `nqbrn` ab `n hnob}n u b` hb``j `nx deornx x{brejrbx b`btnf `jx ajx lbxjx ab `n hefqrn bxhn{`nr u `nx deornx ljre}jfqn`bx noahbf `n bxhî{`n `nx cîx efdbrejrbx qernf lnhen abonmj ab `n bxhî{`n& Cýxh`j ajrxn` nfhlj= `b horb b` qrn{bhej bf {nrqb& Xb efxbrqn bf `nx n{ødexex bx{efjxnx ab `nx ý`qecnx tårqbornx qjrîhehnx bf `nx `conrbx n qrntåx ab fn n{jfbrjxex&

Bx f cýxh`j nfhlj n{`nfnaj djrcn fn ljmn n{jfbrøqehn& @nx deornx cxh`nrbx xb aeregbf lnhen nrreon u lnhen dbrn u xb rbýfbf {nrn qbrcefnr efxbrqîfajxb bf b` lýcbrj bf b` djfaj ab `n hjrrbabrn oehe{eqn`&

>;

Dfheøf= ``btnr b` orn}j lnhen nqrîx u lnhen abfqrj rjqnheøf efqbrfn ab` orn}j& Xe qjcn {fqj demj bf b` lýcbrj bx hn{n} ab `btnfqnr b` hbr{j& Xertb ab bf`nhb bfqrb `nx ajx hefqrnx ab` hbr{j `n bxhn{`nr u `n {b`tenfn& Xe `btnfqncjx b` {`nfj ab bxqjx ajx cýxh`jx fjx bfhjfqrncjx hjf b` cýxh`j rjcojeabx ~b xb demn bf `nx {recbrnx tårqbornx qjrîhehnx n fetb` ab `n n{ødexex bx{efjxn u abxab nlã tn n` ojrab efqbrfj ab `n bxhî{`n& Cýxh`j b`btnajr ab `n bxhî{`n j nfg`nr ab` jcø{`nqj= xb jregefn bf `nx {recbrnx tårqbornx ab` hb``j `nx hnqrj {recbrnx bf `nx n{ødexex qrnfxtbrxnx& @nx n{ødexex abxhebfabf u qbrcefn bf b` îfg`j x{brejr efqbrfj ab` jcø{`nqj&

Ajrxj hjxqn`bx j cýxh`jx xbrrnqjx cbfjrbx u {jxqbrejrbx

@jx tbcjx `btnfqnfaj b` {`nfj ab` rjcojeabx hjf b` b`btnajr ab `n bxhî{`n& N hnan `naj lnu fj x{brejr u jqrj efdbrejr& Cýxh`j xbrrnqj cbfjr {jxqbrejr u x{brejr= tn abxab `n n{ødexex bx{efjxn ab `n ý`qecn tårqborn hbrtehn` u `nx qrbx {recbrnx qjrîhehnx n efxbrqnrxb bf `nx {recbrnx hjxe``nx& Cýxh`j xbrrnqj cbfjr {jxqbrejr b efdbrejr= xb jregefn bf `nx ajx ý`qecnx tårqbornx qjrîhehnx u `nx ajx {recbrnx `conrbx u abxab nlã `nx deornx xb aeregbf lnhen dbrn u lnhen nrreon u qbrcefnf bf `nx ý`qecnx hjxqe``nx

@btnfqnfaj x {`nfj fjx bfhjfqrncjx hjf `jx= Cýxh`jx ajrxn`bx {rj{ejx

^banf efbrtnajx {jr `nx rncnx {jxqbrejrbx ab `jx fbrtejx rn~ãabjx qncoeåf hjfjheajx hjcj cýxh`jx ab `jx hnfn`bx j cýxh`jx hnarehb{x b` xb aexqefgbf hnqrj cnxn hjcýf ~b tbrqborn`bx bx n `n tb} qbfaefjxn u hnrfjxn u xb`conr& jregefn Bf hnan`cbfqb {jr abqrîx ab`hnob}nx xnhrj u qebfb ab `nxfn tårqbornx `conrbx qncoeåf qebfb efxbrhejfbx bf `n hrbxqn e`enhn& Abxab bxn cnxn hjcýf xb aexqefgbf hnqrj {nrqbx ab` cýxh`j hnarehb{x `conr= `n cîx b|qbrfn xnhrj`conr j e`ejhjxqn` ~b bxqî hjfxqeqean {jr deornx ~b tnf n er qbrcefnaj n fetb` ab `nx hjxqe``nx hbrhn ab` îfg`j {jxqbrejr& Abfqrj ab å` qbfbcjx b` cýxh`j ajrxn` `nrgj j `jfgãxecj qjrîhehj tn lnhebfaj `j cexcj {brj abfqrj ab` xnhrj `conr hjf efxbrhejfbx bf `nx n{ødexex qrnfxtbrxnx& Jqrj tebfqrb cxh`nr xeqnaj {jr abfqrj ab` ajrxn` `nrgj xb ``ncn bqebx{efjxj {bgnaj n `nx n{ødexex bx{efjxnx ab `nx tårqbornx qjrîhehnx& B` hnrqj tebfqrb cxh`nr= cýxh`j qrnfxtbrxj∟bx{efjxj bx b` cîx {rjdfaj j cýxh`jx rjqnajrbx {jr~b bxqî hjfxqeqeaj {jr deornx cxh`nrbx ~b xn`qnf abxab `nx n{ødexex bx{efjxnx n `nx n{ødexex qrnfxtbrxnx xb {babf xn`qnr tnrejx fetb`bx ab tårqbornx& Hnfaj xb joxbrtn bf hjfmfqj b` cýxh`j qrnfxtbrxj bx{efjxj {nrbhb fn bx{egn n` rbtåx& Bf hjfmfqj b` cýxh`j hnarehb{x `conr `btnfqn b` qrjfhj {jr `j ~b qncoeåf xb `b ``ncn cýxh`j brbhqjr ab `n hj`cfn& CÝXHR@JX AB@ QØ_N\ Cýxh`jx ~b djrcnf `n {nrba qjrîhehn&

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Cýxh`jx efqbrhjxqn`bx= xjf `jx cýxh`jx ~b jh{nf b` bx{nhej bfqrb hnan ajx hjxqe``nx& @jx efqbrhjxqn`bx b|qbrfjx aeregbf xx deornx lnhen ab`nfqb lnhen dbrn u lnhen nonmj9 `nx deornx ab` cýxh`j efqbrhjxqn` efqbrfj aeregbf `nx deornx lnhen nonmj u lnhen nqrîx {jr `j ~b xb bfqrbhr}nf `nx deornx ab `nx ajx hn{nx ab `jx cýxh`jx efqbrhjxqn`bx&

X dfheøf bx cnfqbfbr feanx `nx hjxqe``nx bfqrb xã& Bfqrb bxqjx cýxh`jx tnf `jx tnxjx u fbrtejx efqbrhjxqn`bx9 bf b` ojrab efdbrejr {jr `n hnrn efqbrfn bfqrb `nx ajx hn{nx ab` cýxh`j efqbrhjxqn`& Nabcîx ab `jx cýxh`jx efqbrhjxqn`bx bf b` qørn| bxqî b` cýxh`j qrenfg`nr ab` bxqbrføf ~b qncoeåf xb `b hjfjhb hjcj qrnfxtbrxj qjrîhehj& @j bfhjfqrncjx bf `n {nrba nfqbrejr ab` qørn| {jr abqrîx ab` bxqbrføf djrcnaj {jr deornx ~b xb aeregbf lnhen `jx hnrqã`ngjx hjxqn`bx {recbrjx& Cýxh`j aendrngcn= cýxh`j {`nfj cu grnfab hjf djrcn ab {nrngnx j ab fn hý{`n& Bxqî xb{nrnfaj `n hnteana qjrîhehn ab `n hnteana noajcefn`& Xb efxbrqn bf b` hjfqjrfj efdbrejr ab` qørn| bf b` rbojrab hjxqn` u n{åfaehb |edjeabx ab` bxqbrføf& [jr abqrîx b` cýxh`j aendrngcn xb demn bf `jx ajx {recbrjx hbr{jx tbrqborn`bx `conrbx= {e`nrbx ab` aendrngcn ,`n efxbrheøf ab` cýxh`j%

Bxqb cýxh`j aendrngcn bf `n {nrqb hbfqrn` qebfb fn grnf n{jfbrjxex hjf djrcn ab qråoj` n bxn n{jfbrjxex hbfqrn` xb `b ``ncn hbfqrj dråfehj ab` ~b {nrqbf `nx deornx cxh`nrbx ab djrcn rnaen`& B` cýxh`j aendrngcn bxqî nqrntbxnaj {jr qrbx bxqrhqrnx ajx tnxh`nrbx u b` bxødngj& @nx tnxh`nrbx xjf `n tbfn hntn efdbrejr j hnan` efxqn`nan bf b` fbrtej dråfehj bf `n ljmn {jxqbrejr abrbhln u `n nrqbren njrqn bf `n {nrqb hbfqrn` {bgnaj n `jx hbr{jx tbrqborn`bx& B` bxødngj bx `n bxqrhqrn cîx ec{jrqnfqb nqrntebxn b` aendrngcn& CÝXHR@JX AB@ NOAJCBF B` {recbrj bx b` aendrngcn ~b djrcn `n {nrba x{brejr ab` noajcbf& Djrcn hjcj fn hnmn hnarnan& @n {nrba nfqbrj∟`nqbrn` bxqî hjfxqeqean {jr cýxh`jx ~b xb bfqrbhr}nf bfqrb xã u djrcnf fn bx{bheb ab dnmn ~b hebrrn b` noajcbf {jr ab`nfqb u n `jx `najx& B` cîx x{brdehen` ab bxqn {nrba bx b` cýxh`j jo`ehj cnujr ~b xb jregefn bf `nx xebqb ý`qecnx hjxqe``nx u qncoeåf bf `n hrbxqn e`enhn tn n qbfbr efxbrhejfbx bf `nx tårqbornx `conrbx& @nx deornx ab` cýxh`j jo`ehj cnujr  jo`ehj b|qbrfj xb aeregbf lnhen nonmj {nrn qbrcefnr bf fn grnf n{jfbrjxex ~b bf `n `ãfbn cbaen xb bfqrbhr}n {jr `n ab` jqrj `naj& [jr abfqrj ab` jo`ehj cnujr lnu f cýxh`j ~b djrcn fn bx{bheb ab cn``n cýxh`j jo`ehj cbfjr  jo`ehj efqbrfj abxab `n hrbxqn e`enhn aeregb xx deornx lnhen nrreon lnhen dbrn u jqrnx xjf abxhbfabfqbx9 lnhen ab`nfqb qncoeåf qbrcefn bf fn grnf n{jfbrjxex ~b qncoeåf xb bfqrbhr}n bf `n `ãfbn cbaen {nrn djrcnr `n `ãfbn n`on ~b xb b|qebfabf abxab b` bxqbrføf n `n xãfdexex ab` {oex& [jr abfqrj ab` jo`ehj cbfjr xb bfhbfqrn b` cýxh`j qrnfxtbrxj {jr abqrîx qebfb efxbrhejfbx bf `nx hefhj tårqbornx `conrbx bf `nx ý`qecnx hjxqe``nx u bf `n hrbxqn e`enhn& X hnrnhqbrãxqehn {refhe{n` bx ~b aeregb xx deornx ab djrcn qrnfxtbrxn lnhen ab`nfqb& N bxqjx qrbx cýxh`jx qncoeåf xb `bx hjfjhb hjcj cýxh`jx nfhljx ab` noajcbf& Bf `jx cýxh`jx nfhljx ab` noajcbf lnu fn djrcnheøf ab` jo`ehj cnujr  jo`ehj b|qbrfj ``ncnan `egncbfqj efgefn` ~b bx f {fqj aåoe` {jr b` ~b xn`b b` hjraøf bx{brcîqehj ab` tnrøf u bf `n cmbr bxqî >?

jh{naj {jr b` `ã~eaj rbajfaj ab` ýqbrj& Bxb hjfahqj efgefn` bxqî `nornaj bf b` bx{bxjr ab `jx cýxh`jx nfhljx& N qrntåx ab å` xn`bf `jx fbrtejx efgefn`bx& [jr abonmj u {jr dbrn ab` fbrtej efgefn` lnu f jredehej {jr ajfab {nxnf `jx tnxjx dbcjrn`bx ~b hnfaj nqrntebxnf b` nfe``j dbcjrn` {nxnf n ``ncnrxb tnxjx dbcjrn`bx& Bxb nfe``j dbcjrn` qebfb {jr dbrn n` {xjnx e`enhj ~b tn bf oxhn ab` qrjhîfqbr cnujr& [jr abfqrj ab` jredehej bxqî b` cýxh`j {bhqãfbj& @jx tnxjx dbcjrn`bx n` xn`er ab `n {b`tex bfqrnf bf b` qreîfg`j dbcjrn` j qreîfg`j ab Xhnr{n& [jr bxb jredehej dbcjrn` qncoeåf xn`b hjfqbfeaj noajcefn`= xb {rjahbf lbrfenx dbcjrn`bx& Qncoeåf lnuqebfb jqrjhjcj `gnronxb aåoe``nbfhrbxqn `nx {nrbabx xb {rjahbf `conrbx= b` qreîfg`j `conr ~b e`enhn uab` nlãnoajcbf xø`j bxqîfajfab b` jo`ehj cnujr ulbrfenx b` qrnfxtbrxj& Bf `n {nrba nfqbrejr b|qbfaeåfajxb abxab b` bxqbrføf n `n xãfdexex ab` {oex lnu jqrj cýxh`j `jx rbhqjx cnujrbx ab` noajcbf fj n hnan `naj& Xb hnrnhqbre}nf {jr {rbxbfqnr bfqrb qrbx u hefhj efqbrxbhhejfbx n{jfbrøqehnx& Hnfaj xb hjfqrnb nhbrhn b` bxqbrføf n `n xãfdexex ab` {oex& @n n{jfbrjxex nfqbrejr ab `jx cýxh`jx nfhljx hnfaj ``bgnf n bxqjx rbhqjx `jx rjabnf u abfqrj ab `n xãfdexex ab` {oex `nx qrbx n{jfbrjxex ab `jx cýxh`jx nfhljx {nxnf {jr ab`nfqb ab `jx cýxh`jx rbhqjx cnujrbx& Xe `j cerncjx {jr `n {nrqb {jxqbrejr `j tbcjx hjf djrcn ab nrhj= nrhj ab Ajg`nx& Bf `n {nrba {jxqbrejr bf b` n{nrnqj refnrej bxqî b` {xjnx u hnarnaj ab `jx `jcjx j `conr& Bf `n {nrba efdbrejr bxqî b` cýxh`j b`btnajr ab` nfj ~b hebrrn `n {nrba noajcefn`& Bx cu ec{jrqnfqb {nrn cnfqbfbr `jx ørgnfjx {å`tehjx bf x xeqej& Xb b|qebfab abxab `n hnrn {jxqbrejr ab` {oex lnxqn `n bx{efn heîqehn `nqbrn`cbfqb& @nx deornx ab bxqb cýxh`j xb dxejfnf hjf `nx ab` `naj hjfqrn `nqbrn` {jr ab`nfqb u {jr abqrîx ab` rbhqj& Bx f cýxh`j ~b xb `bxejfn chlj bf b` cjcbfqj ab` {nrqj bf `nx cmbrbx j oebf {jr fn `bxeøf ~erýrgehn {jr `j ~b {babf b|exqer {rjo`bcnx ab efhjfqefbfhen refnren ~b xb {bab bahnr lnhebfaj bmbrhehejx cxh`nrbx& Qncoeåf ~ban xeqnaj n`rbabajr ab `n rbqrn u `n tngefn& N_QEHR@NHEJFBX AB@ CEBCO_J XR[B_EJ_ Nrqeh`nheøf bxqbrfj∟h`nteh`nr= xb fb b` b|qrbcj efqbrfj j cbaen` ab `n h`ntãh`n hjf b` cnfgj ab` bxqbrføf& @nx x{brdehebx nrqeh`nrbx bxqîf qn``nanx bf xe``n ab cjfqnr& @n hî{x`n nrqeh`nr ~ban rbdjr}nan {jr `egncbfqjx nfqbrejrbx u {jxqbrejrbx b|exqb qncoeåf f `egncbfqj ~b fb `jx ajx b|qrbcjx efqbrfjx ab `n h`ntãh`n hjf b` cnfgj abx bxqbrføf `egncbfqj efqbr∟h`nteh`nr& Lnu jqrj `egncbfqj ~b abxab `n h`ntãh`n xb demn bf `n {recbrn hjxqe``n `egncbfqj hjxqj h`nteh`nr ,xn`qnrãn abxab b` b|qrbcj efqbrfj ab `n h`ntãh`n lnxqn `n {recbrn hjxqe``n%& Hjcj bx fn nrqeh`nheøf bf xe``n ab cjfqnr {brceqb cjtecebfqjx ab ntnfhb u rbqrjhbxj ab `n h`ntãh`n u ab b`btnr`n u abxhbfabr`n& Nrqeh`nheøf nhrjcej∟h`nteh`nr= `n bx{efn ab` jcø{`nqj xb {rj`jfgn lnhen dbrn ,nhrjcejf%  bf å` lnu fn hnre``n nrqeh`nr {`nfn ~b xb nrqeh`n hjf `n h`ntãh`n& Xb qrnqn ab x{brdehebx nrqeh`nrbx {`nfnx {jr `j ~b `n nrqeh`nheøf bx fn nrqrjaen& @n hî{x`n nrqeh`nr ~b fb `jx b|qrbcjx øxbjx bxqî rbdjr}nan {jr `egncbfqjx {jr nrreon u {jr nonmj `egncbfqjx x{brejrbx u `egncbfqjx efdbrejrbx&

>8

@jx `egncbfqjx ~b cnfqebfbf `n efqbgreana ab `n nrqeh`nheøf xb b|qebfabf abxab `n hnrn efqbrejr ab `n h`ntãh`n lnxqn `n n{ødexex hjrnhjeabx `egncbfqj hjfjeab u qrn{b}jeab ,xjf `jx ajx `egncbfqjx ~b bxqîf n aexqnfhen ab `n hî{x`n rbdjr}nfaj `n nrqeh`nheøf xjf `egncbfqjx hjrnhj∟h`nteh`nrbx ~b xø`j {brceqbf {b~bþjx cjtecebfqjx ab abx`e}ncebfqj& Ab `n hefqrn bxhn{`nr hb`gn b` cebcorj x{brejr ~b xb fb n `n hefqrn bxhn{`nr n qrntåx ab` lýcbrj& N `n nrqeh`nheøf bxhî{`j∟lcbrn` qncoeåf xb `b hjfjhb hjcj nrqeh`nheøf ab` ljcorj j nrqeh`nheøf g`bfjlcbrn`& Qebfb fn hnteana g`bfjeabn ~b xb nrqeh`n hjf `n hnob}n ab` lýcbrj xb efqbr{jfb f nfe``j deorjhnrqã`ngj ``ncnaj rjabqb& @n nrqeh`nheøf ab` ljcorj xb h`nxedehn hjcj fn aenrqrjxex bxdbrjeabn ~b n {bxnr ab` rjabqb bx fn nrqeh`nheøf cu efbxqno`b bx `n cîx cøte` ab` hbr{j lcnfj& @nx hî{x`nxg`bfjlcbrn`bx9 nrqeh`nrbx ~b fbf `jx rbdjr}nan ajx b|qrbcjx nrqeh`nrbx bxqîf rbdjr}nanx {jr `egncbfqjx {jr ab`nfqb `egncbfqjx qncoeåf {jr f dnxhãh`j drngcbfqj hjrnhj& B|exqbf {fqjx aåoe`bx bf `n hî{x`n {jr~b `jx `egncbfqjx fj xjf cu dbrqbx bf rbn`eana `j ~b rbdbr}n `n hî{x`n nrqeh`nr xjf fjx cýxh`jx ~b xb bfhbfqrnf n`rbabajr ab åxqn= cnfgeqj ab `jx rjanajrbx& Hjcj bx fn aenrqrjxex bxdbrjeabn {brceqb cjtecebfqjx n`rbabajr ab `jx qrbx bmbx ab` bx{nhej u x rjqnheøf xb hjfjhb hjcj herhfahheøf& N fetb` ab` ljcorj lnu cjtecebfqjx ab d`b|j∟b|qbfxeøf ab` orn}j ab nfqb {`xeøf rbqrj{`xeøf u rjqnheøf b|qbrfn b efqbrfn&& Nrqeh`nheøf ab` hjaj= bf `n hî{x`n nrqeh`nr lnu qrbx lbxjx& Aboeaj n `n hjfdegrnheøf ab `nx x{brdehebx nrqeh`nrbx `n nrqeh`nheøf ab` hjaj xb h`îxehn hjcj fn nrqeh`nheøf høfae`j∟qrjh`bnr& Bf `n b|qrbceana x{brejr ab` hýoeqj bxqî `n hnteana xegcjeabn cnujr `nornan bf eftbrxn ab {j`bn u `n hnteana g`bfjeabn bf `n b|qrbceana x{brejr ab` rnaej ~b xb nrqeh`n hjf b` høfae`j ab` lýcbrj& Nrqeh`nheøf rnaej∟hoeqn` x{brejr bx fn qrjhjeab& Nrqeh`nheøf ab` hjaj 3 nrqeh`nheøf qrjhj∟qrjh`bnr&

@jx qrbx b|qrbcjx øxbjx xb fbf {jr fn hnteana hjcýf u {jr cîx djrcnhejfbx bx{bhen`bx& B|exqb fn djrcnheøf bx{bhen` abfqrj ab `n nrqeh`nheøf ab` hjaj hjf djrcn ab nfe``j= `egncbfqj nf`nr ~b xb b|qebfab abxab b` ojrab nfqbrejr ab `n hnteana xegcjeabn ab` hýoeqj n` ojrab b|qbrejr djrcn f he`efarj lbhj bf b` ~b gern `n hnob}n ab` rnaej ,he`efarj cnhe}j%& Jqrn djrcnheøf bx{bhen` bf `n nrqeh`nheøf ab` hjaj ~b cnfqebfb feajx `jx ajx lbxjx ab` nfqborn}j u fb `n hnteana xegcjeabn ab` hýoeqj n` hb``j ab` rnaej= fb b` bx{nhej bfqrb b` hýoeqj u b` rnaej= `egncbfqj hnarnaj& N `jx feþjx {b~bþjx `n hnob}n ab` rnaej nf fj bxqî oebf hjfdjrcnan u {bab xhbabr ~b hnfaj xb qern ab `n cnfj ab` feþj xb {bab b|hntnr lnhen nonmj `n hnob}n ab` rnaej= {rjfnheøf aj`jrjxn& B` cjtecebfqj ab d`b|j∟b|qbfxeøf ab` hjaj xb {rjahb xjorbqjaj bf `n nrqeh`nheøf qrjh`bnr= nrqeh`nheøf lýcbrj∟hoeqn` u n`gj qncoeåf bf `n nrqeh`nheøf lýcbrj∟rnaen`& Qncoeåf `n nrqeh`nheøf ab` hjaj {brceqb cjtecebfqjx ab gerj ab` nfqborn}j u `n cnfj cjtecebfqjx ab {rjfj x{efnheøf ~b qebfb `gnr bf `n nrqeh`nheøf rnaej∟hoeqn`& Åxqn qebfb ~b bxqnr ãfqbgrn {nrn ~b xb {rja}hnf `jx cjtecebfqjx ab {rjfj x{efnheøf& Nrqeh`nheøf rnaej hoeqn` aexqn`= aenrqrjxex ab qe{j qrjhjeab b` he`efarj lbhj bx `n hnteana xegcjeabn ab` rnaej ,bf `n b|qrbceana aexqn` ab` rnaej%& Bxn hnteana lnhb ab he`efarj lbhj u `n hnob}n ab` hýoeqj >1

hjrrbx{jfab n` he`efarj cnhe}j& Bf bxqn nrqeh`nheøf rnaejhoeqn` aexqn` b|exqb fn djrcnheøf bx{bhen` f `egncbfqj ~b xb b|qebfaj ab` ojrab efdbrejr ab `n hnteana xegcjeabn ab` rnaej lnxqn b` lbhj u bf xbfqeaj ljre}jfqn` xrgb fn cbcornfn ~b ~ban bfqrb `n hnob}n u `n n{ødexex bxqerjeabx hjfjheaj hjcj `egncbfqj qrenfg`nr {jr~b qebfb djrcn qrenfg`nr& Bxqî qn{e}naj {jr hnrqã`ngj nrqeh`nr {jr x hnrn x{brejr ~b bx ajfab cern n `n nrqeh`nheøf rnaej∟hoeqn` aexqn`& Xb nrqeh`nrî hjf b` høfae`j ab` hnr{j& @n efqbgreana ab `nx ajx nrqeh`nhejfbx rnaej∟hoeqn`bx tn n {brceqer rbn`e}nr b` cjtecebfqj ab {rjfj∟x{efnheøf {nrqebfaj ab` hjaj xeqnaj bf {jxeheøf ab 5;½& @n {jxeheøf ab x{efnheøf bx bf `n ~b `n {n`cn ab `n cnfj cern lnhen nrreon& Bf bxqn {jxeheøf `jx ajx lbxjx ab` nfqborn}j bxqîf fj {nrn`b`j n` jqrj& Xe rbn`e}ncjx b` cjtecebfqj ab gerj `jx ajx lbxj ab` nfqborn}j xb hr}nf ab qn` cnfbrn ~b `n b|qrbceana efdbrejr ab` rnaej nhnonrî {jr abfqrj ab` hýoeqj& [jxeheøf ab {rjfnheøf= {nrqebfaj ab` hjaj bf 5;½ `n {n`cn ab `n cnfj cern lnhen nonmj u b` {`gnr lnhen abfqrj& B` cjtecebfqj ab {rjfnheøf {bab xhbabr n `nx aexqn` aeîdexex `jx lbxjx ab` nfqborn}j ~b bxqîf cu b|hntnanx {jr ab`nfqb u fj hljhnf bfqrb xã& @ngrnhenx b|qrbceana ab`abrnaej ~ban abfqrj ab` hýoeqj& Bfqrb `jx ajx lbxjx ab` nfqborn}j xb aex{jfb fn `îcefn deorjxn ``ncnan cbcornfn efqbrøxbn ~b {jr f `naj bx ec{jrqnfqb n `n ljrn ab lnhbr hjc{nrqecbfqjx cxh`nrbx bf b` nfqborn}j u nabcîx hjcj xb b|qebfab n `j `nrgj ab `n aeîdexex ab` hýoeqj u rnaej nuan n xj{jrqnr {bxj {nrn ~b fj xb xn`gnf ab x xeqej `nx nrqeh`nhejfbx ab` rnaej u hýoeqj hnfaj hnrgncjx {bxj& Nrqeh`nhejfbx ab `n cþbhn

Nrqeh`nheøf rnaej∟hnr{enfn= `n hnrn efdbrejr ab` rnaej qebfb fn x{brdeheb nrqeh`nr qrenfg`nr b|hntnan u xb{nrnan bf ajx {nrn nrqeh`nrxb {jr dbrn hjf b` lbxj bxhndjeabx ab` hnr{j u {jr abfqrj hjf b` xbce`fnr9 bf bxqn nrqeh`nheøf qncoeåf {nrqehe{n b` `egncbfqj qrenfg`nr ~b xb hjrrbx{jfabrî hjf `n hnrn x{brejr ab` lbxj {erncean`& Hnfaj xb nrqeh`nf `jx lbxjx ab` hnr{j `nx nrqeh`nhejfbx ab åxqb xjf hjfxeabrnanx nrqrjaenx& Hjfxeabrnfaj `n {recbrnhjf le`brn ,{erncean` xbce`fnr bxhndjeabx {exedjrcb% xbhjfaã`bn hjfxeabrn bx{bhebcjtecebfqjx ab høfae`j= høfae`j hnr{enfj `n x{brdeheb jtn`nan u hjftb|n9 hjcju nrqeh`nheøf tn fn n {brceqer ab nhbrhnr j xb{nrnr `n cnfj ab abfqrj n dbrn ,noahheøf j xb{nrnheøf% qncoeåf {brceqb n` xbr f høfae`j `n d`b|j b|qbfxeøf ab `n cnfj& Nrqeh`nheøf hnr{j∟cbqnhnr{enfn @nx nrqeh`nhejfbx ab` hnr{j hjf `n b|qrbceana {rj|ecn` a `jx cbqnhnr{enfjx xjf qncoeåf nrqeh`nhejfbx ab` qe{j nrqrjaenx hjf b|hb{heøf ab` {`gnr& B` qrn{b}jeab xb nrqeh`n hjf b` xbgfaj cbqnhnr{enfj b` lbxj grnfab hjf b` qbrhbr cbqnhnr{enfj u b` gnfhljxj hjf b` hnrqj u b` ~efqj cbqnhnr{enfjx& N` qrnqnrxb ab aenrqrjxex ab` qe{j nrqrjaen {brceqbf {jhjx cjtecebfqjx& @n nrqeh`nheøf hnr{j∟cbqnhnr{enfn ab` {`gnr bx aedbrbfqb b` qrn{bhej {rbxbfqn fn x{brdeheb nrqeh`nr bf gjrcn ab xe``n ab cjfqnr u bxn nrqeh`nheøf bx `n ~b lnhb {jxeo`b `n j{jxeheøf ab` {`gnr ~b bx b` cjtecebfqj {jr b` ~b b` {`{bmj ab` {`gnr xb {bab {jfbr bf hjfqnhqj hjf b` {`{bmj ab `jx jqrjx hnqrj abajx bx f cjtecebfqj ec{jrqnfqb {jr~b {brceqb ngnrrnr `nx hjxnx hjf dbr}n& Bxb cjtecebfqj xb abob n `n nrqeh`nheøf qrn{bhej∟cbqnhnr{enfn& Nrqeh`nhejfbx cbqnhnr{j∟dn`îfgehnx

Xjf `nx nrqeh`nhejfbx ab `jx cbqnhnr{enfjx hjf `n dn`nfgb& Qebfbf cîx cjte`eana& Bf `n b|qrbceana aexqn` ab` cbqnhnr{enfj lnu fn hnobheqn nrqeh`nr ``ncnan høfae`j cbqnhnr{enfj bxb høfae`j bf `n b|qrbceana aexqn` ab` cbqnhnr{enfj xb tn n ln nrqeh`nr hjf fn x{brdeheb nrqeh`nr jtn`nan  b|hntnan= hnteana g`bfjeabn& Bxqn hnteana b|exqb bf `n b|qrbceana {rj|ecn` ab `n {recbrn dn`nfgb j dn`nfgb {rj|ecn`&

>2

@jx `egncbfqjx ~b rbdbr}nf `nx nrqeh`nhejfbx cbqnhnr{j∟dn`îfehnx xb aex{jfbf n `jx `najx {jr `j ~b xb ``ncnf `egncbfqjx `nqbrn`bx n` xbr fn nrqeh`nheøf hjfaã`bn tn n {brceqer lnhbr cjtecebfqjx ab d`b|j∟b|qbfxeøf ab `jx abajx xebfaj cîx nc{`en `n d`b|eøf u xb{nrnr u n{rj|ecnr `jx abajx bfqrb xã& Nrqeh`nhejfbx efqbrdn`îfgehnx

[rj|ecn` u aexqn`& @nx ajx xjf aenrqrjxex ~b xb h`nxedehnf aboeaj n `n djrcn ab `nx x{brdehebx nrqeh`nrbx hjcj qrjh`bnrbx hjf cjtecebfqjx n`rbabajr ab f xj`j bmb cjtecebfqjx ab d`b|j∟b|qbfxeøf& @jx `egncbfqjx ~b rbdbr}nf bxnx nrqeh`nhejfbx xb bfhbfqrnf n `jx `najx u xjf `jx `egncbfqjx `nqbrn`bx b|qbrfj b efqbrfj& CÝXHR@JX AB@ CEBCO_J XR[B_EJ_

Ab {rj|ecn` n aexqn`= {recbrj `jx cýxh`jx ~b tnf ab` qrjfhj n `n hefqrn bxhn{`nr& XB__NQJ CNUJ_ J XB__NQJ NFQB_EJ_= nx{bhqj abfqnaj& Xb jregefn bf `n hnrn `nqbrn` ab` qørn| bf `nx {recbrnx aeb} hjxqe``nx& N {nrqer ab nlã `nx deornx xb aeregbf lnhen nqrîx {nxnf {jr `n bxhî{`n u qbrcefn bf b` ojrab efqbrfj ab `n bxhî{`n& Bxqnoe`e}n `n bxhî{`n  jcj{`nqj& CÝXHR@J XROH@NTEJ= xeqnaj onmj `n h`ntãh`n u abxab nlã tn n `n {recbrn hjxqe``n& [rjqbgb b` {n~bqb tîxh`j fbrtejxj& [BHQJ_N@ CBFJ_= xb b|qebfab abxab `n hefqrn bxhn{`nr u qrjfhj& Xb jregefn abxab `nx n{ødexex hjrnhjeabx ,bf b` jcø{`nqj% u qbrcefn bf `nx hjxqe``nx qbrhbrn hnrqn u ~efqn& Horeåfaj`b bxqî b` [BHQJ_N@ CNUJ_= fj tn n `n hefqrn bxhn{`nr xb tn n efxbrqnr bf b` lýcbrj abxab b` qrjfhj {jr `n hnrn nfqbrejr ab` qørn|& Qebfb x jregbf bf `n h`ntãh`n u abxab b``n qjaj `j `nrgj ab` ojrab efqbrfj ab` bxqbrføf {nrn qbrcefnr bf `n hjrrbabrn oehe{eqn` ab` lýcbrj bf b` `noej b|qbrfj ,{nxn {jr bfhecn ab` qbfaøf%& Hnfaj b` cýxh`j xb hjfqrnb lnrbcjx fn n{rj|ecnheøf ab` cebcorj x{brejr& Cýxh`jx ab `n hefqrn bxhn{`nr n` lýcbrj xjf hnqrj ~b hjfdjrcnf b` cnfgeqj ab `jx rjqnajrbx& CÝXHR@J XROBXHN[R@N_= jh{n qjan `n hnrn nfqbrejr ab `n bxhî{`n {nxn {jr ab`nfqb ab `n nrqeh`nheøf ab` ljcorj u qbrcefn {jr efxbrqnrxb bf b` qrj~ãf lcbrn` j qoårh`j cbfjr& Hnfaj xb hjfqrnb xbrî rjqnajr efqbrfj ab` orn}j& @jx jqrjx qrbx qebfbf x jregbf bf `n hnrn {jxqbrejr ab `n bxhî{`n= CÝXHR@J XR[_NBX[EFJXJ= xb jregefn bf `n djxn x{rnbx{efjxn u abxab nlã {nxn onmj `n nrqeh`nheøf nhrjcej∟h`nteh`nr u qbrcefn bf b` jqrj qoårh`j ab` lýcbrj= qrj~eqbr& [rjqbgb `n nrqeh`nheøf ab` ljcorj {jr nrreon u bx rjqnajr b|qbrfj& CÝXHR@J EFD_NBX[EFJXJ= qbrcefn bf b` qrj~eqbr& [nxn {jr abqrîx ab `n nrqeh`nheøf ab` ljcorj u hnfaj xb hjfqrnb lnhb rjqnheøf b|qbrfn& CÝXHR@J _BAJFAJ CBFJ_= xb jregefn bf `n {nrqb x{brejr ab` ojrab b|qbrfj ab` jcj{`nqj& @nx deornx gernf u xb aeregbf lnhen dbrn lnxqn qbrcefnr bf b` qrj~eqbr& Bx qncoeåf rjqnajr b|qbrfj& Lnu cýxh`jx ~b fj djrcnf {nrqb ab` cnfgeqj ab `jx rjqnajrbx u qncoeåf xb b|qebfabf abxab `n hefqrn bxhn{`nr n` lýcbrj=

>4

_BAJFAJ CNUJ_= xb jregefn bf b` ojrab b|qbrfj ab `n bxhî{`n u abxab bxb jregbf `nx deornx xb aeregbf lnhen nrreon u xb ~banf bf `n hjrrbabrn oehe{eqn`& Bx f cýxh`j he`ãfarehj cu grbxj& HJ_NHJ O_N^REN@= xb b|qebfab abxab `n hefqrn bxhn{`nr n` lýcbrj& Bf rbn`eana xb abxhreob hjf `jx cýxh`jx ab` hjc{nrqecebfqj efqbrejr ab` orn}j& Qebfb x jregbf bf `n n{ødexex hjrnhjeabx ab` jcj{`nqj u qbrcefn bf `n aeîdexex ab` lýcbrj bf `n hnrn efqbrfn& CÝXHR@J AB@QJEABX= qncoeåf ab `n hefqrn bxhn{`nr n` lýcbrj& Bx b` cýxh`j cîx grbxj b ec{jrqnfqb& Xb jregefn bf `jx ajx lbxjx ab `n hefqrn bxhn{`nr& Bf b` b|qrbcj b|qbrfj ab `n h`ntãh`n u `n bx{efn ab` nhrjcejf& Bf bxjx lbxjx `nx deornx cxh`nrbx abxhebfabf u qbrcefnf n `n ceqna ab `n aeîdexex ab` lýcbrj& Xb efxbrqn bf fn rgjxeana ab `n aeîdexex hjf djrcn ab T& Qebfb djrcn qrenfg`nr& _bn`e}n `n xb{nrnheøf ab` cebcorj x{brejr& Cýxh`jx ab` orn}j& Bfqrb `jx cýxh`jx ab` orn}j qncoeåf xb bfhbfqrn b` hjrnhj∟orn~en` un b|{`ehnaj& Xb hjfxeabrnf ajx hjc{nrqecbfqjx= nfqbrejr u {jxqbrejr&

Bf b` hjc{nrqecebfqj nfqbrejr xb bfhbfqrnf b` hjrnhj orn~en` u b` oãhb{x orn~en`& OÃHB[X O_N^REN@= hjf ajx jrãgbfbx fj bf b` n{ødexex hjrnhjeabx ,`n {jrheøf hjrqn% u `n {jrheøf `nrgn xb jregefn bf b` jcj{`nqj {jr bfhecn ab `n hnteana g`bfjeabn ab qn` cnfbrn ~b b` qbfaøf ab bxqn {jrheøf tn n nqrntbxnr `n nrqeh`nheøf ab` ljcorj& [nxn bfqrb qrj~eqbr u qrj~ef u bfqrn bf `n hjrrbabrn oehe{eqn`& Lnhen `n feøf ab f qbrhej hjf ajx qbrhejx ab `n aeîdexex ab` ljcorj xb dxejfnf `n {jrheøf hjrqn u `n `nrgn& Tn n qbrcefnr {jr efxbrqnrxb bf `n qobrjxeana oehe{eqn` ab` rnaej& [nrqehe{n bf `n nrqeh`nheøf ab` ljcorj u ab` hjaj& Bx d`b|jr ab` hjaj u x{efnajr ab` nfqborn}j& [jr nonmj ab` oãhb{x orn~en` xb bfhbfqrn b` CÝXHR@J O_N^REN@ NFQB_EJ_ ~b xb jregefn bf `n aeîdexex ab` lýcbrj bf `nx ajx hnrnx u abxab nlã `nx deornx abxhebfabf {nxn {jr abonmj ab` hjaj u qbrcefn {jr efxbrqnrxb bf b` lbxj hýoeqj& Bx f lbxj cu ec{jrqnfqb {nrn `n d`b|eøf ab` hjaj& Bf b` hjc{nrqecebfqj {jxqbrejr ab` orn}j= Q_EHB[X O_N^REN@= qebfb qrbx hnob}nx ab jregbf fn bf `n hefqrn bxhn{`nr ,{jrheøf `nrgn% {jr abonmj ab `n hnteana g`bfjeabn bf b` jcj{`nqj& @nx jqrnx ajx hnob}nx= tnxqj b|qbrfj u tnxqj efqbrfj qebfbf x jregbf bf b` lýcbrj fj bf `n hnrn b|qbrfn u jqrj {jr abfqrj& @nx qrbx hnob}nx xb rbýfbf lnhen nonmj u xb efxbrqnf bf b` j`åhrnfjf ab` hýoeqj& Hnfaj xb hjfqrnb rbn`e}n `n b|qbfxeøf ab` nfqborn}j& Cýxh`jx ab` nfqborn}j&

Xb jrgnfe}nf bf qrbx hjc{nrqecbfqjx= nfqbrejr b|qbrfj u {jxqbrejr& Bf b` nfqbrejr xb bfhbfqrnf `jx cýxh`jx aex{bxqjx bf hnqrj {`nfjx= Bf f {recbr {`nfj fjx bfhjfqrncjx f gr{j ab cýxh`jx hjf jregbf hjcýf bf `n b{eqrjh`bn= [_JFNAJ_ _BAJFAJ abxab `n b{eqrøh`bn bx b` ýfehj ~b xb ~ban cîx nrreon ,bf b` nfqborn}j%& Xb bfrj``n xjorb b` rnaej u hnfaj xb hjfqrnb bx hn{n} ab lnhbr {rjfnheøf& Xb efxbrqn bf `n aeîdexex rnaen`& [N@CN_ CNUJ_= abxab `n b{eqrøh`bn tn n er n efxbrqnrxb n` xbgfaj cbqnhnr{enfj& Tn n {nxnr onmj b` `egncbfqj nf`nr nfqbrejr ab` hnr{j& [N@CN_ CBFJ_= abxab `n b{eqrøh`bn tn n er n qbrcefnr bf `n hnrn efqbrer ab` `egncbfqj nff`nr& >7

Qebfbf `n dfheøf ab d`b|ejfnr `n cþbhn& B` `egncbfqj nf`nr nfqbrejr bx fn cbcornfn deorjxn ~b xb b|qebfab {jr `nx {rjcefbfhenx ab` hnr{j {jr x hnrn nfqbrejr qbrcefn bf b` qbfaøf {n`cnr cbfjr& B` cýxh`j ~b {rjtjhn b` {exedjrcb bx b` HROEQN@ NFQB_EJ_ abxab `n b{eqrøh`bn xb efxbrqn bf b` lbxj {exedjrcb ab` hnr{j& Bx qncoeåf d`b|jr ab `n cþbhn& Bf b` xbgfaj {`nfj= D@B\J_ HJCÝF XR[B_DEHEN@ AB @JX ABAJX {jr nrreon ``bgn n qbfbr efhexejfbx bf `n b{eqrøh`bn u qncoeåf bf b` rnaej u hýoeqj& Xb aeteab bf hnqrj qbfajfbx ~b tnf n er abxqefnajx n `jx hnqrj ý`qecjx abajx& Hnan qbfaøf qbrcefn {jr efxbrqnrxb bf `n xbgfan dn`nfgb& Xb efxbrqn bf `jx hnqrj ý`qecjx abajx aeteaeåfaj`jx bf ajx b efxbrqîfaj`jx bf b` ojrab efqbrfj u bf b` ojrab b|qbrfj ab `n dn`nfgb& D`b|ejfn `n xbgfan dn`nfgb& Bf b` qbrhbr {`nfj= D@B\J_ HJCÝF [_JDRFAJ AB @JX ABAJX= qebfb x jregbf bf `jx ajx lbxjx ab` nfqborn}j u hnfaj xb nhbrhn n `n cþbhn xb aeteab qncoeåf bf hnqrj& Qbrcefn bf `n qbrhbrn dn`nfgb u {nrn b``j bxb qbfaøf nqrntebxn b` {bfqb ~b `b {rb{nrn b` d`b|jr hjcýf x{brdehen`& Bx hn{n} ab d`b|ejfnr `n qbrhbrn dn`nfgb& D@B\J_ [_J[EJ U @N_GJ [N_N B@ [R@GN_ xb bfhbfqrn {jr dbrn ab` d`b|jr hjcýf {rjdfaj ab `jx abajx& Bf b` hnrqj {`nfj= Bf b` hjc{nrqecebfqj nfqbrejr ab` nfqborn}j `j hjfxqequb f cýxh`j cu {b~bþj ``ncnaj [_JFNAJ_ HRNA_NAJ ~b qebfb djrcn hnarnan bx f cýxh`j {`nfj u nfhlj ~b xb b|qebfab {jr ab`nfqb ab `nx b|qrbceanabx aexqn`bx ab` rnaej u hýoeqj& [nrn {jabr {nxnr {jr bfqrb `n hjrrbabrn ~b bx jxqbjdeorjxn `jx qbfajfbx tnf aex{bxqjx bf tnefnx xefjten`bx {nrn bteqnr rj}ncebfqjx& Bf b` hjc{nrqecebfqj b|qbrfj {jabcjx bfhjfqrnr hnqrj cýxh`jx= XR[EFNAJ_ @N_GJ= xb jregefn bf b` ojrab b|qbrfj ab` lýcbrj lnxqn `n n{ødexex bxqerjeabx ab` rnaej& @jx cýxh`jx rnaen`bx bxqîf hoebrqjx {jr b` x{efnajr `nrgj& [_ECB_ _NAEN@ B\QB_FJ= xb jregefn qncoeåf bf b` ojrab b|qbrfj ab` lýcbrj ajfab xb gjrcn f tebfqrb cxh`nr ~b abxhebfab u qbrcen bf b` xbgfaj cbqnhnr{enfj& XBGRFAJ _NAEN@ B\QB_FJ= xb jregefn bf b` b{ehøfae`j ab` lýcbrj u ab nlã xb djrcn f tebfqrb cxh`nr ~b abxhebfab lnxqn b` qbrhbr cbqnhnr{enfj& XR[EFNAJ_ J XR[EFNAJ_ HJ_QJ= qebfb x jregbf bf b` b{ehøfae`j hjf deornx ~b abxhebfabf lnxqn b` rnaej u hjf jqrj qe{j ab deornx ~b rjabnf b` rnaej {jr abqrîx u qbrcefnf {jr abonmj ab `n n{ødexex hjrjfjeabx ab` hýoeqj& Bf b` hjc{nrqecebfqj {jxqbrejr `jx cýxh`jx xb jrgnfe}nf bf ajx {`nfjx& Tnf n {nxnr {jr abqrîx ab `nx cþbhnx {jr `j ~b xjf cýxh`jx b|qbfxjrbx&

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Bf b` {recbr {`nfj xjf cýxh`jx hjf jregbf hjcýf bf b` b{ehøfae`j& NFHJFBJ ~b qbrcefn bf b` j`åhrnfjf& HROEQN@ [JXQB_EJ_ bx b` xegebfqb tebfqrb cxh`nr ~b qbrcefn bf b` ~efqj cbqnhnr{enfj u {jr abfqrj ab å`= B\QBFXJ_ HJCÝF AB @JX ABAJX ~b qbrcefn hjf hnqrj qbfajfbx ~b tnf n `jx ý`qecjx abajx& B\QBFXJ_ [_J[EJ AB@ CBÞE^RB Hjfdjrcnf b` xbgfaj {`nfj ~b bx cîx {rjdfaj `jx cýxh`jx hjf f jregbf cîx aexqn` hnxe qjajx abxqefnajx n` {`gnr= XB[N_NAJ_ J NOAR[QJ_ @N_GJ B\QBFXJ_ HJ_QJ B\QBFXJ_ @N_GJ Bxqjx qrbx cýxh`jx hjfdjrcnf b` xbgfaj {`nfj bf b` hjc{nrqecebfqj {jxqbrejr ab` nfqborn}j& Lnu jqrj ~b fj tn n` {`gnr9 B\QBFXJ_ ~b tn n` xbgfaj abaj& CÝXHR@JX [_J[EJX AB @N CNFJ

Qebfbf x jregbf b efxbrheøf abfqrj ab `jx lbxjx ab `n cnfj& Bf `n hnrn {n`cnr ab `n cnfj lnu ajx bcefbfhenx fn hjrrbx{jfab n` {`gnr= BCEFBFHEN QBFN_ u bf b` jqrj `naj `n BCEFBFHEN LE[JQBFN_ ~b xjf {b~bþjx cýxh`jx {nrn b` cbþe~b& Bf `n qbfnr lnu f n{rj|ecnajr f d`b|jr hjrqj f xb{nrnajr hjrqj u f cýxh`j ``ncnaj J[JFBFQB & ,XJDN= xb{nrnajr j{jfbfqb d`b|jr u n{rj|ecnajr% Bf `n le{jqbfnr bxqîf `jx cýxh`jx {nrn b` cbþe~b ,XJD% xb{nrnajr ab` ~efqj abaj f d`b|jr hjrqj u f j{jfbfqb& Bf `n rbgeøf {n`cnr cbaen ,bfqrb `n rbgeøf le{jqbfnr u qbfnr% bxqîf `jx bx{nhejx bfqrb `jx cbqnhnr{enfjx= bx{nhejx efqbrøxbjx ajfab tnf n bxqnr `jx cýxh`jx efqbrøxbjx {n`cnrbx u ajrxn`bx& Jh{nf b` bx{nhej bfqrb `jx cbqnhnr{enfjx& @jx {n`cnrbx n{rj|ecnf `jx abajx bfqrb xã u `jx ajrxn`bx hnfaj xb hjfqrnbf xb{nrnf `jx abajx bfqrb xã& Xb efxbrqnf bf `n {recbrn dn`nfgb& @RCO_EHN@BX= tebfqrbx cxh`nrbx cu {b~bþjx ~b xb aex{jfbf bf `n {n`cn ab `n cnfj bfqrb `jx qbfajfbx ab` d`b|jr hjcýf {rjdfaj hjf djrcn ab `jcore}& Bfqrb b``jx tnf n {nxnr n `n hnrn ajrxn` ab `n {recbrn dn`nfgb u tnf n xbr hn{nhbx ab d`b|ejfnr`n u ab b|qbfabr `nx jqrnx ajx& N_QEHR@NHEJFBX AB@ CEBCO_J EFDB_EJ_ Nrqeh`nheøf ab `n hnabrn j nrqeh`nheøf hj|jdbcjrn`= Xb {rjahb bfqrb `n hnteana hjqe`jeabn ab` lbxj hj|n` u bfqrb `n hnob}n ab` dåcr& @n hnob}n qebfb djrcn ab bxdbrn u `n hnteana nhbqno`nr ,hnteana hjqe`jeabn% >5

fj bx ab` qjaj nrqeh`nr& @n hjfgrbfhen bx cu grnfaj {brj bf `n {bredbren ab `n hnteana nhbqno`nr lnu f rjabqb bf djrcn ab nfe``j ~b hebrrn b` bx{nhej ~b ~ban bf `n hnteana hjqe`jeabn& B` nfe``j j rjabqb deorj∟hnrqe`ngefjxj= `egncbfqj qrnfxtbrxj& Bx fn nrqeh`nheøf cu bxqno`b bx fn aenrqrjxex bxdbrjeabn& N` ~banr qjan `n hnob}n bfhnmnan bf `n hnteana nhbqno`nr xb h`nxedehn hjcj bfnrqrjxex& Tn n qbfbr `n cexcn cjte`eana ~b bf `n nrqeh`nheøf ab` ljcorj {brj bxqî bx cîx bxqno`b u hjfgrbfqb& [brceqb cjtecebfqjx n`rbabajr ab `jx qrbx bmbx ab` bx{nhej ab nfqb{`xeøf rbqrj{`xeøf noahheøf u naeheøf& Qncoeåf {brceqb lnhbr `n rjqnheøf efqbrfn u b|qbrfn& [brceqb lnhbr f cjtecebfqj ab herhfahheøf& @n hî{x`n nrqeh`nr tn n bxqnr rbdjr}nan {jr fjx `egncbfqjx= nfqbrejr j e`ejdbcjrn` {jxqbrejr b efdbrejr& Nfqbrejr j e`ejdbcjrn`= tn abxab `n {nrqb e`enhn lnxqn b` dåcr {jr `n hnrn nfqbrejr& @egncbfqj {jxqbrejr j ex~ejdbcjrn`= bf `n hnrn {jxqbrejr tn abxab `n {jrheøf ex~eîqehn ab` hj|n` lnxqn b` dåcr& _bdbr}n `n hî{x`n nrqeh`nr {jr abqrîx& Joxbrtnfaj `n hî{x`n nrqeh`nr {jr ab`nfqb= qjaj b` hb``j ab` dåcr bxqî abfqrj ab `n hî{x`n u {jr abqrîx lnu fn {b~bþn {jrheøf ab` hb``j dbrn ab `n hî{x`n& Bx ec{jrqnfqb n `n ljrn ab `nx drnhqrnx n`gfnx xjf efqrnhn{x`nrbx u jqrnx {jr ab`nfqb xã u {jr abqrîx fj& @egncbfqj {ojdbcjrn`= rbdbr}n `nx hî{x`nx {jr abonmj& Nrqeh`nheøf ab `n rjae``n j dbcjrj∟qeoen`= fb b` cx`j n `n {ebrfn&

Xb h`nxedehn hjcj fn nrqeh`nheøf cøte`= aenrqrjxex nrqeh`nheøf xefjten` ab` qe{j ab `nx qrjh`bnrbx j bf {j`bn& Bf `n nrqeh`nheøf {nrqehe{nf b` dåcr u `n qeoen& [jr {nrqb dåcr `n hnrnhjf nfqbrejr qebfb nrqeh`nrbx= fn x{brdeheb nrqeh`nr bf djrcnfj ab efqbrfj {j`bn {nrn nrqeh`nrxb røq`n& Bxnab` {j`bn xb bf hjfqefýn ajx cnxnx høfae`jx dbcjrn`bx u jqrj b|qbrfj&hjf `n @jx høfae`jx xjf nrqeh`nrbx {jr x hnrn efdbrejr u qncoeåf {jr `n {jxqbrejr xb tnf n nrqeh`nr hjf `n hnrn x{brejr ab `n qeoen ,cbxbqn ab `n qeoen% bf `n ~b lnu ajx hnteanabx g`bfjeabnx cu {jhj b|hntnanx {jr `j ~b bxqn nrqeh`nheøf qrjh`bnr fj bx cu bxqno`b& Bxqn efhjfgrbfhen xb rbcbaen efqbr{jfeåfajxb xjorb `n cbxbqn ab `n qeoen `jx cbfexhjx dbcjrn`bx hjf djrcn ab H& Bf f hjrqb drjfqn` qebfbf djrcn ab hþn& @jx cbfexhjx xjf cîx n`qjx bf `n {bredbren ~b bf `n }jfn hbfqrn` {jr `j ~b xb ncbfqn `n hjfgrbfhen bfqrb høfae`jx ab` dåcr u `nx hnteanabx g`bfjeabnx ab `n qeoen& @n hî{x`n nrqeh`nr bx f cnfgeqj deorjxj ~b xb b|qebfab abxab `n qeoen lnxqn b` dåcr& Bxn djrcn nrreþjfnan ~b qebfb b` cnfgeqj bf `n hnrn nfqbrejr qebfb f jredehej ajfab ~ban bfhnxqrnan `n røq`n& @n hî{x`n nrqeh`nr tn ~ban rbdjr}nan= ∟`egncbfqj nfqbrejr= `egncbfqj cu ec{jrqnfqb djrcnaj {jr deornx ab` qbfaøf& [nxn {jr ab`nfqb ab `n nrqeh`nheøf ab `n rjae``n& Qbfaøf ab` hnarehb{x dbcjrn`& Bxb qbfaøf {nxn {jr ab`nfqb ab `n røq`n u xb efxbrqn bf `n qobrjxeana nfqbrejr ab `n qeoen& ∟`egncbfqj rjq`enfj= {jrheøf ab bxqb `egncbfqj nfqbrejr ab `n rjae``n ~b xn`qn ab `n røq`n n `n qobrjxeana ?;

efdbrejr ab `n qeoen& ∟`egncbfqjx hj`nqbrn`bx fj efqbrfj u jqrj b|qbrfj= `egncbfqjx ~b rbdbr}nf {jr abqrîx u {jr `jx `najx ab `n nrqeh`nheøf ab `n rjae``n& Xjf ec{jrqnfqbx {nrn cnfqbfbr `n bxqnoe`eana ab `n rjae``n& B` efqbrfj qebfb djrcn ab hefqn qrenfg`nr& ∟`egncbfqjx hr}najx= cu ec{jrqnfqbx {jr~b xb `bxejfnf chlj bf `jx ab{jrqexqnx& Xb aex{jfbf bfqrb `n bxhjqnarn efqbrhjfaã`en ab` dåcr n` bx{nhej bfqrb `nx ajx hnteanabx g`bfjeabnx ab `n qeoen& @egncbfqj hr}naj nfqbrejr u `egncbfqj hr}naj {jxqbrejr xjf rbdbr}jx hn{x`nrbx& NB[E& B` nfqbrejr xb tn n` høfae`j dbcjrn` b|qbrfj u b` {jxqbrejr n` efqbrfj& Abxab `n cbxbqn qeoen` b|exqb `n bx{efn b` nfqbrejr {jr ab`nfqb ab `n bx{efn u b` {jxqbrejr {jr abqrîx ab `n bx{efn& Xjf cu ec{jrqnfqbx {nrn cnfqbfbr `n bxqnoe`eana ab `n rjae``n& Nrqeh`nheøf qeoej{brjfbn&

Xb an bfqrb `n qeoen u {brjfå {rj|ecn` u aexqn`& N aedbrbfhen ab `nx nrqeh`nhejfbx rnaejhoeqn`bx bxqnx xjf nrqrjaenx ,cjte`eana cbfjr%& X{brdehebx nrqeh`nrbx {`nfnx ~b xø`j {brceqbf {b~bþjx cjtecebfqjx ab abx`e}ncebfqj& _bdjr}naj {jr `egncbfqjx nfqbrejrbx u {jxqbrejrbx& [nrn cnfqbfbr `n bxqnoe`eana bfqrb `jx ajx lbxjx ab `n {ebrfn bfqrb qeoen u {brjfå xb efqbr{jfb qncoeåf `n cbcornfn efqbrøxbn ~b cnfqebfb feajx ncojx lbxjx u ~b bx ec{jrqnfqb n `n ljrn ab abdefer `jx hjc{nrqecbfqjx cxh`nrbx& Nrqeh`nheøf ab` qjoe``j

Rfb `n {ebrfn n` {eb& Qncoeåf bx ``ncnan nrqeh`nheøf qeoejqnrxenfn& Bx fn aenrqrjxex qrjh`bnr& @n x{brdeheb hjf djrcn ab {j`bn bx `n hnrn x{brejr ab` nxqrîgn`j {jr dbrn xb hjfqefýn hjf fn x{brdeheb qrenfg`nr {nrn nrqeh`nrxb hjf b` {brjfå u {jr abfqrj qebfb fn x{brdeheb nrqeh`nr bf djrcn ab hjcn {nrn nrqeh`nrxb hjf `n qeoen& B` nxqrîgn`j tn n ~banr bfhnmnaj bfqrb `n qeoen u b` {brjfå bfqrb b` cn`bj`j {brjfbj u b` cn`bj`j qeoen`& Xb aehb ~b bfhnmnf hjcj `n cjrqnmn ab` hnr{efqbrj {jr `j ~b tn n xbr fn nrqeh`nheøf cu bxqno`b& Bf bxn nrqeh`nheøf ab` qjoe``j `n nfhlrn ab `n qrøh`bn bx f {jhj cbfjr {jr abqrîx ~b {jr ab`nfqb `j ~b lnhb ~b n` qbfbr b` {eb bf b|qbfxeøf xb qebfb cîx lj`grn bf bxn cjrqnmn {jr `j ~b bx cîx {rjono`b ~b b|exqn fn `|nheøf& Xø`j {brceqb cjtecebfqjx ab d`b|j b|qbfxeøf {nrn bteqnr hjfdxejfbx bf tb} ab lno`nr ab d`b|j b|qbfxeøf ab` qjoe``j xb lno`n ab d`b|eøf ajrxn` bf `n ~b nhbrhncjx b` ajrxj ab` {eb n `n hnrn nfqbrejr ab `n {ebrfn u ab d`b|eøf {`nfqnr ~b xbrãn `n b|qbfxeøf bf b` cjtecebfqj ~b n`bmn b` ajrxj ab` {eb n `n hnrn nfqbrejr ab `n {ebrfn& @n hî{x`n nrqeh`nr tn n bxqnr rbdjr}nan {jr `egncbfqjx ~b tnf n efqbfqnr ec{baer bxnx `|nhejfbx nfqbrejr u {jxqbrejr= @egncbfqj nfqbrejr `egncbfqj {jxqbrejr u `jx cîx ec{jrqnfqbx `egncbfqjx hj`nqbrn`bx fj efqbrfj u jqrj b|qbrfj& ?>

@egncbfqj hj`nqbrn` efqbrfj bf djrcn ab `îcefn qrenfg`nr= `egncbfqj ab`qjeabj9 {jr `n hnrn b|qbrfn bxqî djrcnaj {jr qrbx dnxhãh`jx ~b fbf b` tårqehb aexqn` ab` {brjfå n `jx lbxjx tbhefjx& Nrqeh`nhejfbx ab `jx lbxjx ab` {eb

@n {recbrn nrqeh`nheøf xb bfhbfqrn bfqrb bx nxqrîgn`j u b` hn`hîfbj= nrqeh`nheøf xonxqrngn`efn ~b xb abdefb hjcj fn ajo`b nrqrjaen& Qebfb ajx x{brdehebx nrqeh`nrbx bf `n hnrn efqbrejr ab` nxqrîgn`j u ajx bf `n hnrn efdbrejr ab` hn`hîfbj& @n hî{x`n nrqeh`nr ab bxqn nrqeh`nheøf tn n bxqnr rbdjr}nan {jr f `egncbfqj b|qbrfj ~b tn ab `n hnrn b|qbrfn ab` nxqrîgn`j n `n efqbrfn ab` hn`hîfbj& @egncbfqj efqbrøxbj djrcnaj {jr ajx dnxhãh`jx abfqrj ab` xbfj ab` qnrxj9 bxqî jh{nfaj `n rnfrn fj nrqeh`nr ~b ~ban bfqrb `nx ajx nrqeh`nhejfbx &= qncoeåf fnefqbrfn ajo`b nrqeh`nheøf xb {rjahb Nrqeh`nheøf cbaejqnrxenfn j nrqeh`nheøf ab uHlj{nrq f `naj {jr abfqrj bfqrb `n hnob}n ab` nxqrîgn`j b` bxhndjeabx bf `nbx {nrqb u {jr b` jqrju`naj bfqrb bf{jr hn`hîfbj u b` hojeabx bf `n {nrqb b|qbrfn& [jr `n hnrn ajrxn` ab` {eb djrcn fn X eqî`ehn& Bxqn nrqeh`nheøf qebfb xx `egncbfqjx u b|exqb f `egncbfqj hjcýf {nrn `jx ajx hnrnx= `egncbfqj bf U ab Hlj{nra xb b|qebfab abxab b` hn`hîfbj n` bxhndjeabx u n` hojeabx& Lnhen ab`nfqb `jx lbxjx ab` qnrxj xb nrqeh`nf= b` bxhndjeabx hjf `nx qrbx hþnx b` hojeabx hjf `n qbrhbrn hþn u b` hojeabx hjf b` bxhndjeabx& Qjanx bxnx nrqeh`nhejfbx xjf nrqrjaenx bf `n ~b lnu {jhn cjte`eana& Nrqeh`nheøf qnrxj cbqnqnrxenfn

@n nrqeh`nheøf ab` qnrxj hjf `jx cbqnqnrxenfjx& Bx b` `gnr bf ajfab xb {bab nc{qnr b` {eb& Bxn nrqeh`nheøf xb `n hjfjhb hjcj nrqeh`nheøf ab @exdrnfh nrqeh`nheøf ab` qnrxj& Bf b` {eb b` {recbr cbqnqnrxenfj xb nrqeh`n hjf `n {recbrn dn`nfgb b` xbgfaj hjf `n xbgfan b` qbrhbrj hjf `n qbrhbrn u b` hojeabx hjf b` hnrqj u b` ~efqj& Xjf nrqrjaenx hjf xx `egncbfqjx bf `n hnrn ajrxn` u {jr `n {`nfqn xn`qnf bfqrb `nx hþnx u `jx cbqnqnrxenfjx& Nrqeh`nheøf cbqnqnrxj dn`îfgehn u nrqeh`nheøf qrjh`bnr

Qebfbf `nx cexcnx hnrnhqbrãxqehnx ~b bf `n cnfj `nx cbqnqnrxj dn`îfgehnx xjf hjfaã`bnx u `nx efqbrdn`îfgehnx qrjh`bnrbx& @jx `egncbfqjx cîx ec{jrqnfqbx ab bxqnx ajx nrqeh`nhejfbx xjf `jx `egncbfqjx hj`nqbrn`bx ~b `nx rbdbr}nf {jr abfqrj u {jr dbrn& [brceqbf cjtecebfqjx ab d`b|j b|qbfxeøf& Bf `n nrqeh`nheøf xonxqrngn`efn cbqnqnrxenfn u bf `nx qnrxj cbqnqnrxenfnx `n xcn ab bxjx cjtecebfqjx ab nrqrjaenx {brceqbf `jx cjtecebfqjx ab eftbrxeøf u btbrxeøf ab` {eb& Bf `n eftbrxeøf xb ``btn `n {fqn ab` abaj gjraj u `n {`nfqn ab` {eb lnhen abfqrj u bf `n btbrxeøf lnhen dbrn& CÝXHR@JX AB@ CEBCO_J EFDB_EJ_

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Cýxh`jx ~b nhqýnf xjorb `n nrqeh`nheøf ab `n hnabrn= Cýxh`jx g`ýqbjx= b` cîx x{brejr bx b` cýxh`j g`ýqbj cnujr bx b` ~b an `n djrcn n `n fn`gn& Xb jregefn bf `n hnrn {jxqbrejr ab` xnhrj bf `n {nrqb cîx x{brejr ab` ojrab x{brejr ab` hj|n` xb jregefn qncoeåf bf b` `egncbfqj xnhrjheîqehj cnujr u abxab bxb jregbf `nx deornx xb aeregbf lnhen nonmj u lnhen dbrn&

@n efxbrheøf bf `n `ãfbn îx{brn ab` dåcr qncoeåf qebfb efxbrhejfbx x{brdehen`bx bf `n dnxhen ab bftj`qrn ab` cx`j ,dnxhen `nqn%= efxbrhejfbx x{brdehen`bx Qebfb `n dfheøf ab b|qbfabr `n hnabrn& Bfqrb `jx g`ýqbjx xb bxqaen qncoeåf b` cýxh`j qbfxjr ab `n dnxhen `nqn= bx f cýxh`j dxedjrcb ~b xb jregefn bf `n bx{efn e`enhn nfqbrj x{brejr u abxab nlã xb jregefn f tebfqrb ~b qncoeåf xb efxbrqn bf `n {nrqb b|qbrfn ab hefqe``n `n dnxhene`ejqeoen` `nqn ,{jrj `j `n dnxhen bxqîbf cu no`qnan%& B`x{brejr bfgrjxncebfqj ab `nb|qbrfj dnxhen `nqn xb abfjcefn ab~b Cnexxenq xb demn `n b|qrbceana ab `n qeoenbxqbrfj bf b` `naj {rjtjhn f {b~bþj qoårh`j& Cýxh`j g`ýqbj cbaenfj hoebrqj {jr b` cnujr& Xb jregefn bf `n djxn e`enhn b|qbrfn ab` hj|n` u abxab nlã aeregb `nx deornx lnhen nonmj {nrn qbrcefnr bf `n hnrn b|qbrfn ab` qrjhnfqbr cnujr& Horb {nrhen`cbfqb n` cýxh`j g`ýqbj cbfjr& Cýxh`j g`ýqbj cbfjr= xb jregefn bf `n {nrqb cîx nfqbrejr ab `n djxn e`enhn b|qbrfn& Bx ab cbfjr qncnþj ~b b` cnujr u qbrcefn {jr efxbrqnrxb bf `n hnrn b|qbrfn ab` qrjhnfqbr cnujr& ∟B` cbaenfj u b` cbfjr xjf cýxh`jx ~b xb{nrnf b` cebcorj efdbrejr& Xjf noahqjrbx j xb{nrnajrbx& @jx cýxh`jx cîx {rjdfajx xjf `jx {b`te∟qrjhnfqårehjx= xb jregefnf bf b` hj|n` u tnf n` qrjhnfqbr cnujr& Hjcj qjajx {nxnf {jr abqrîx ab `n nrqeh`nheøf ab `n hnabrn& Hnfaj xb hjfqrnbf lnhbf `n rjqnheøf b|qbrfn ab` dåcr& B` cýxh`j {erncean` xb jregefn bf `n hnrn nfqbrejr ab` xnhrj& Xb aeregb lnhen dbrn xn`b {jr `n bxhjqnarn heîqehn cnujr u qbrcefn bf b` qrjhnfqbr cnujr& [jr ab`nfqb ab å` xb jregefn b` {`b|j xnhrj,{`b|j fbrtejxj% ~b an `gnr n` fbrtej heîqehj ,efbrtn bf b` cebcorj efdbrejr% [jr abonmj ab` {erncean`= Cýxh`j joqrnajr efqbrfj xeqnaj bf `n hnrn efqbrfn ab` ngmbrj joqrnaj u b` joqrnajr b|qbrfj ~b qbrcefnf bf b` dåcr& B` efqbrfj qebfb fjx {b~bþjx tebfqrbx cxh`nrbx {jr nrreon u {jr nonmj xjf `jx gåcefjx x{brejr b efdbrejr& Abxab `n qobrjxeana ex~eîqehn lnu f {b~bþj cýxh`j hnarnaj= cýxh`j hnarnaj j hrrn`& Nhqnfaj xjorb `n nrqeh`nheøf ab `n hnabrn lnu jqrj cýxh`j ,cýxh`j ab` noajcbf%= {xjnx e`enhj ~b djrcn {nrqb ab `n {nrba {jxqbrejr ab` noajcbf u qebfb ajx tebfqrbx cxh`nrbx ab jregbf= {jrheøf {xjehn j {xjnx hjf jregbf n hnan `naj ab `nx tårqbornx `conrbx u `n {jrheøf e`enhn hjf efxbrheøf bf `n djxn e`enhn efqbrfn bxqnx {jrhejfbx xb dxejfnf u xb efxbrqnf bf b` qrjhnfqbr cbfjr& Hnfaj xb hjfqrnb lnrî `n d`b|eøf ab `n hnabrn ,nfqb{ýxeøf%& Bf x bx{bxjr abfqrj ab` {xjnx xb jregefn qncoeåf b` {`b|j `conr& Cýxh`jx ab` cx`j

Xb aexqefgbf qrbx hjc{nrqecbfqjx= nfqbrejr efqbrfj u {jxqbrejr& Nfqbrejr= fjx bfhjfqrncjx hjf ajx cýxh`jx& ?8

B` cîx `nrgj b` xnrqjrej ~b hr}n ab dbrn n abfqrj `n hnrn nfqbrejr ab` cx`j& Xb jregefn bf `n bx{efn e`enhn u qbrcefn bf `n hnrn efqbrfn ab `n qeoen ajfab djrcnrî {nrqb ab `n {nqn ab gnfxj& X dfheøf bx `n ab xbfqnrfjx xjorb fn cbxn hjf `nx {ebrfnx hr}nanx& Hnarehb{x dbcjrn` j hrrn`= bxqî djrcnaj {jr hnqrj hnob}nx= tnxqj b|qbrfn u tnxqj efqbrfn9 bfqrb nconx xb jregefn b` rbhqj nfqbrejr bf `n {nrqb nfqbrejr ab `n hî{x`n ab `n nrqeh`nheøf ab `n hnabrn& @btnfqnfaj b` rbhqj nfqbrejr tbcjx `n hnrqn hnob}n hjf jregbf bf `n {nrqb x{brejr ab` dåcr& @nx hnqrj hnob}nx lnhen nonmj xb dxejfnf u tnf n hjfxqeqer f qbfaøf aexqn` ~b tn n {nxnr {jr ab`nfqb ab `n røq`n u qbrcefn bf `n qobrjxeana nfqbrejr ab `n qeoen& Hnfaj xb hjfqrnb xb b|qebfab `n {ebrfn& B` xnrqjrej u b` hnarehb{x dbcjrn` djrcnf b` hjc{nrqecebfqj nfqbrejr& Efqbrfj= hjc{nrqecebfqj efqbrfj ab `jxB`cýxh`jx n{rj|ecnajrbx j noahqjrbx& `n dfheøf ab n{rj|ecnr b` cebcorj efdbrejr n `n `ãfbn cbaen& hjc{nrqecebfqj b|qbrfj bxqî djrcnfajQebfbf {jr hefhj cýxh`jx fj {jr ab`nfqb ab` jqrj& Xb b|qebfabf abxab `n {jrheøf {ýoehn ab` hj|n` n `n `ãfbn îx{brn ab` dåcr& [bhqefej abxab `n hnrn ab` {oex n `n `ãfbn îx{brn9 cbfjr bx b` cîx nfqbrejr u xb xeqn {jr abonmj ab` {bhqefej9 cbaenfj u noahqjr cnujr ~b bx b` cîx {jxqbrejr u xb jregefn qncoeåf bf `n qobrjxeana ex~eîqehn qebfb ajx hnob}nx ab jregbf u qbrcefn {jr bfhecn ab` høfae`j efqbrfj& Nabcîx ab bxqjx hnqrj cýxh`jx lnu f cýxh`j cu `nrgj= rbhqj efqbrfj ~b bx cu ab`gnaj= grîhe`ex& Xb jregefn bf qncoeåf bf `n rbgeøf ab` hj|n` u abxab nlã xb djrcn f tebfqrb cxh`nr ~b bx cu n`nrgnaj u qbrcefn qncoeåf bf `n qeoen& [jxqbrejr= cýxh`jx ex~ejqeoen`bx& Qebfbf f jregbf hjcýf bf `n qobrjxeana ex~eîqehn ab` hj|n` xjf `jx ~b `n {rjtjhnf& Bf b` `naj efqbrfj lnu ajx cýxh`jx= xbcecebcornfjxj u xbceqbfaefjxj bf b` `naj efqbfj bf b` hjc{nrqecebfqj {jxqbrejr ab` cýxh`j& B` xbceqbfaefjxj xb efhjr{jrn n `n {nqn ab gnfxj& B` cýxh`j ~b xb xeqýn {jr dbrn bx b` oãhb{x dbcjrn` j hrrn`& @n hnob}n ab jregbf `n qebfb bf `n qobrjxeana ex~eîqehn ,`n {jrheøf `nrgn% u `n hjrqn xb jregefn cu aexqn`cbfqb bf b` cx`j bf `n `ãfbn îx{brn `jx ajx cýxh`jx xb dxejfnf n aexqn`& Xb efxbrqn bf `n hnteana {rj|ecn` ab` {brjfå& Hnfaj nhqýnf xjorb `n rjae``n rbn`e}nf x d`b|eøf& Cýxh`jx ab `n {ebrfn

Bf b` hjc{nrqecebfqj ab `n {ebrfn xb bfhbfqrnf qrbx hjc{nrqecebfqjx cxh`nrbx nfqbrejr b|qbrfj u {jxqbrejr& Nfqbrejr= cýxh`jx ~b xb jregefnf bf `jx lbxjx ab `n {ebrfn qeoen u {brjfå {jr `n hnrn nfqbrejr& Xjf hnqrj cýxh`jx ~b qebfbf bf hjcýf ~b {nxnf {jr ab`nfqb ab `n nrqeh`nheøf ab` qjoe``j u fjx xb ~banf bf b` qnrxj j bf `jx cbqnqnrxenfjx u jqrjx abxhebfabf cîx u qbrcefnf bf `nx dn`nfgbx& Hjcj `jx hnqrj hr}nf {jr ab`nfqb ab `n nrqeh`nheøf ab` qjoe``j rbn`e}nf `n d`b|eøf ajrxn` j d`b|eøf ab` {eb& Rfj xb jregefn bf `n qeoen= qeoen` nfqbrejr  u jqrj bf b` {brjfå= {brjfbj nfqbrejr9 bxqjx ajx cýxh`jx xb ~banf bf `jx cbqnqnrxenfjx& Bfqrb `jx ajx bfhjfqrncjx `jx ~b nhqýnf xjorb `nx dn`nfgbx= b` b|qbfxjr hjcýf ab `jx abajx u b` b|qbfxjr ?1

{rj{ej ab` {recbr abaj& B` hjcýf ab `jx abajx hnfaj hr}n `jx qjoe``jx xb aeteab bf hnqrj u xb efxbrqn bf `jx hnqrj ý`qecjx abajx& B` {rj{ej ab` abaj gjraj nhqýn xø`j xjorb b` {recbr abaj& B|qbrfj= ajx cýxh`jx ~b xb jregefnf bf b` {brjfå= {brjfbjx `nqbrn`bx& Rfj ``bgn lnhen nrreon= {brjfbj `nqbrn` `nrgj ~b {jr nrreon ``bgn n `n hnob}n ab` {brjfå u {jr nonmj qbrcefn bf b` {recbr cbqnqnrxenfj& B` jqrj b` {brjfbj `nqbrn` hjrqj xb jregefn cîx abonmj ab `n hnob}n u qbrcefn bf b` ~efqj cbqnqnrxenfj& [jxqbrejr= bf b` {`nfj x{brdehen` xb bfhbfqrn b` cýxh`j qrãhb{x xrn` u f {`nfj {rjdfaj ~b bxqî hjfxqeqeaj {jr `jx cýxh`jx d`b|jrbx ab` {eb& Qebfb qrbx hnob}nx ab jregbf u n x tb} xb aex{jfb bf ajx {`nfjx& B` {`nfj x{brdehen` bxqn djrcnaj {jr ajx gbcb`jx b` efqbrfj hjf jregbf {jr bfhecn ab` høfae`j efqbrfj ab` dåcr u b` b|qbrfj hjf jregbf {jr bfhecn ab` høfae`j b|qbrfj ab` dåcr& [jr abonmj ab `jx gbcb`jx bxqî `n qbrhbrn hnob}n b` cýxh`j xø`bj ~b xb jregefn bf `n hnrn {jxqbrejr ab `n qeoen u b` {brjfå& B` xø`bj qebfb cîx cnxn cxh`nr ~b `jx ajx gbcb`jx mfqjx u xb jregefn bf `jx ajx lbxjx ab `n {ebrfn u xb fb lnhen aexqn` ab `jx gbcb`jx qbrcefn bf `n hnrn {jxqbrejr ab` hn`hîfbj& [brceqb lnhbr `n d`b|eøf ab` {eb& [jr abonmj ab` qrãhb{x bxqîf `jx d`b|jrbx b` {rj{ej ab` abaj gjraj u b` hjcýf ab `jx abajx= cýxh`j qeoen` {jxqbrejr& Cýxh`jx ab` {eb

_bgeøf ajrxn`= [baej j b|qbfxjr hjcýf j hjrqj ab `jx abajx& Cýxh`j n{`nfnaj ~b lnhen ab`nfqb xb aeteab bf hnqrj u xb tn n `jx hnqrj {recbrjx abajx& _bgeøf {`nfqnr= xb {nrbhb chlj n `n {n`cn ab `n cnfj& _bgeøf {`nfqnr efqbrfn= cýxh`j ab` abaj gjraj rbgeøf {`nfqnr b|qbrfn= cýxh`j ab` ~efqj abaj rbgeøf {`nfqnr cbaen= {`nfjx cxh`nrbx _bgeøf cbaen= {recbr {`nfj= d`b|jr hjcýf u hjrqj ab `jx abajx abxab `n hnrn efdbrejr ab` hn`hîfbj n `jx ý`qecjx hnqrj abajx& [`nfj ab `jx qbfajfbx ~b tebfbf ab `n {ebrfn= d`b|jrbx ab `jx abajx {jr abonmj ab` d`b|jr hjcýf u hjrqj ab `jx abajx& Cýxh`jx efqrãfxbhjx ab` {eb= hnarnaj hnrfjxj ab xe`tej j nhhbxjrej ab` d`b|jr hjcýf u `nrgj ab `jx abajx& Xb jregefn bf b` hn`hîfbj u abxab nlã xb efxbrqn bf b` qbfaøf d`b|jr `nrgj ab `jx abajx& Xbgfaj {`nfj= `corehn`bx d`b|jrbx ab `n {ebrfn& Qebfbf `n dfheøf ab d`b|ejfnr `n {recbrn dn`nfgb& @jx cýxh`jx ~b ~banf bfqrb `jx cbqnqnrxenfjx xjf `jx cýxh`jx efqbrøxbjx& N_QEHR@NHEJFBX AB @N HNOB]N

[rîhqehncbfqb qjanx xjf xqrnx& @jx lbxjx ab` hrîfbj bxqîf nrqeh`najx bfqrb xã {jr `nx xqrnx hjf b|hb{heøf ab `n nrqeh`nheøf qåc{jrj∟cnfaeo`nr `n ýfehn aenrqrjxex nrqeh`nheøf xefjten` hjf cjte`eana ab` hrîfbj& B` rbxqj xjf xefnrqrjxex= xefaåxcjxex ,lbxjx cu mfqjx%& @nx xqrnx n tbhbx xb jxedehnf u xb hjftebrqbf bf xefîxqjxex& Bf b` rbheåf fnheaj `jx lbxjx ab` hrîfbj xjf ab jxedehnheøf cbcornfjxn u qebfbf ~b hrbhbr& Bfqrb `jx lbxjx ab `n oøtban ab` hrîfbj tn lnobr `gnr {nrn ~b `jx lbxjx {banf hrbhbr ~banf cbcornfnx ab qbmeaj hjfmfqetj9 DJFQNFB@NX ,bf b` rbheåf fnheaj%= xb erîf hbrrnfaj {jhj n {jhj n `jx xbex cbxbx&

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Xqrnx ab` hrîfbj= abfqnanx bxhncjxnx nrcøfehn ,`n ab `n fnre}% u bx~efaå`bxex ,bfqrb `n hnrn efdbrejr ab` hbr{j ab` bxdbfjeabx u tjcbr% Nrqeh`nheøf qåc{jrj cnfaeo`nr& NQC

Bfqrb `n hnteana g`bfjeabn ab` qbc{jrn` {jr ab`nfqb ab` jredehej naeqetj u b` høfae`j ab `n cnfaão`n j cn|e`nr efdbrejr ,aenrqrjxex xefjten` hjfae`bn%& Qebfb x hî{x`n nrqeh`nr u bfqrb `nx ajx x{brdehebx nrqeh`nrbx xb aex{jfb f aexhj deorjhnrqe`ngefjxj& @n hî{x`n nrqeh`nr ~ban rbdjr}nan {jr= @egncbfqj b|qbrfj= rbdbr}n `n hî{x`n {jr dbrn u xb b|qebfab abxab `n n{ødexex }egjcîqehn ab` qbc{jrn` lnxqn `n cnfaão`n& Bx ab `jx cîx ec{jrqnfqbx ab bxqn nrqeh`nheøf& Xjorb bxqn nrqeh`nheøf nhqýnf `jx cýxh`jx cnxqehnajrbx ~b xjf hnqrj u tnf n {brceqer b`btnr j abxhbfabr `n cnfaão`n ``btnr`n lnhen ab`nfqb j lnhen nqrîx, nfqb{`xeøf rbqrj{`xeøf% u {brceqer lnhbr abx{`n}ncebfqjx `nqbrn`bx hjf `n cnfaão`n ,qreqrnr `jx n`ecbfqjx% @jx cýxh`jx cnxqehnajrbx bxqîf efbrtnajx {jr b` ~efqj {nr hrnfbn` j fbrtej qregåcefj ~b bx f fbrtej cu grbxj u {jr `n rncn cnfaeo`nr& Cýxh`j qbc{jrn`= xb b|qebfab ab `n djxn qbc{jrn` ajfab `nx deornx djrcnf f nonfehj ~b xb rbefb lnhen nonmj u qbrcefnf bf `n n{ødexex hjrjfjeabx ab `n cnfaão`n= jh`xeøf u rbqrj{`xeøf ab `n cnfaão`n& Cýxh`j cnxbqbrj= xb b|qebfab abxab b` lbxj }egjcîqehj aeregb `nx deornx lnhen nonmj u lnhen nqrîx u qbrcefn bf b` îfg`j ab `n cnfaão`n& [brceqb hbrrnr `n ojhn ,jh`xeøf b`btnr `n cnfaão`n%& Cýxh`j {qbregjeabj= efqbrfj u b|qbrfj& B` efqbrfj qebfb `n cexcn aerbhheøf ~b b` cnxbqbrj {brj {jr abfqrj ab `n cnfaão`n& Bx b` jh`xjr ab `n cnfaão`n& B` b|qbrfj {brceqb lnhbr b` cjtecebfqj ab `nqbrn`eana abxab `n hnrn b|qbrfn ab `n n{ødexex {qbregjeabx& Bf b` hrîfbj nabcîx tncjx n bfhjfqrnr fn xbreb ab cýxh`jx= cýxh`jx ab `n cãcehn j cýxh`jx hqîfbjx ab `n hnob}n j ab `n hnrn& Xb bfhbfqrnf n`rbabajr ab `jx jredehejx fnqrn`bx ab `n hnrn& N aedbrbfhen ab `jx hnqrj cýxh`jx cnxqehnajrbx bxqjx ~banf efbrtnajx {jr b` xå{qecj {nr hrnfbn` j fbrtej dnhen` qebfbf efxbrhejfbx bf `n {eb`& [brceqbf b|{rbxnr bcjhejfbx& B|exqbf {nrî`exex qrnfxeqjrenx ab` fbrtej dnhen` bf `nx ~b xb tn n tbr ndbhqnan `n cãcehn ab f `naj ,xb xb`bf rbh{brnr xj`nx% Cýxh`jx ab` hb``j= ab x{brdeheb n {rjdfaeana=

B` cîx x{brdehen` bx b` cýxh`j hqîfbj ab` hb``j efbrtnaj {jr b` fbrtej dnhen` xx efxbrhejfbx tnf abxab `n cnfaão`n n {nxnan `n h`ntãh`n {jr abonmj ab `n {eb`& @btnfqnfaj bxqb cýxh`j qbfbcjx b` cýxh`j bxqbrfjh`beaj∟cnxqjeabj xb ``ncn xbgýf `nx efxbrhejfbx ~b qebfb9 bf b` cnfgj ab` bxqbrføf bf b` b|qrbcj efqbrfj ab `n h`ntãh`n b efxbrhejfbx bf `n n{ødexex cnxqjeabx ab` qbc{jrn` bf b` lbxj jhhe{eqn`& Bx f cýxh`j cu ec{jrqnfqb& @btnfqnfaj bxqb {`nfj cxh`nr bxqîf `jx cýxh`jx bxhn`bfjx ~b xb jregefnf bf `nx n{ødexex qrnfxtbrxnx ab `nx tårqbornx ab` hb``j u abxab nlã abxhebfabf u qbrcefnf {jr efxbrqnrxb bf `n {recbrn j xbgfan hjxqe``n& Bf `n {recbrn xjf qrbx= nfqbrejr cbaej u {jxqbrer& B` cîx nfqbrejr {rjtjhn b` qoårh`j ab @exdrnfh& ?4

Cýxh`jx efx{ernajrbx xjf `jx bxhn`bfjx ~b `jx bfhjfqrncjx qncoeåf bf `n rbgeøf `nqbrn` ab` hb``j& [jr ab`nfqb ab `nx tårqbornx lnu fn xbreb ab {b~bþjx cýxh`jx= cýxh`jx qrbtbrqborn`bx ~b hjfqreoubf n d`b|ejfnr b` hb``j& Cýxh`jx hjf rb`nheøf n` lbxj lejeabx ~b bx f {b~bþj lbxj ~b bxqî bf b` hb``j abonmj ab `n cnfaão`n& Fj xb nrqeh`n hjf fefgýf lbxj& Qebfb djrcn ab lbrrnarn noebrqn lnhen nqrîx u bf b``n xb demnf fn xbreb ab `egncbfqjx u cýxh`jx& ^ban feaj n `jx hnrqã`ngjx ab `n `nrefgb& [jr abonmj ab` lejeabx= Cýxh`jx efdrnlejeabjx= xb hnrnhqbre}nf {jr qbrcefnr n efxbrqnrxb bf `jx lbxjx ab `n hefqrn bxhn{`nr j xb efxbrqnf bf `jx hnrqã`ngjx ab `n `nrefgb& [& Bm& Bf b` hnrqã`ngj qerjeabx& Cýxh`jx x{rnlejeabjx= bxqîf {jr bfhecn ab` lbxj lejeabx& Nhnonf bf `jx lbxjx ab` hrîfbj u ab bfqrb bxjx cýxh`jx fj djrcn `n {nrba efdbrejr ab `n ojhn= ce`jlejeabj& Abxab b` lbxj lejeabx n `n hnrn {jxqbrejr ab `n cnfaão`n bxqî `n `ãfbn ce`jlejeabn u djrcn n hnan `naj fn cbcornfn cxh`nr& N[N_NQJ AEGBXQETJ

Hjfmfqj ab ørgnfjx ~b xb bfhbfqrnf n` xbrtehej ab `n aegbxqeøf u noxjrheøf ab n`ecbfqjx& Bx f qoj cu `nrgj ab fjx aeb}  jfhb hbfqãcbqrjx u xb b|qebfab abxab `n hnob}n n`n {nrqb cîx hnan` ab` qrjfhj& Nqrntebxn b` hb``j qørn| u noajcbf& Xe `j xbgecjx tbcjx ~b xdrb tnrenhejfbx bf hnfqj n x djrcn u aerbhheøf {nrn {jabr nhj{`nrxb n `nx aexqefqnx hnteanabx ab` hbr{j& Ab hrnfbn` n hnan`= OJHN DN_EFGB BXØDNGJ BXQØCNGJ ,abfqrj ab` noajcbf% EFQBXQEFJ AB@GNAJ EFQBXQEFJ G_RBXJ& G`îfa`nx nfbmnx= g`îfa`nx xn`etn`bx {îfhrbnx b lãgnaj& OJHN

Hnteana ab bfqrnan n` qoj aegbxqetj& _bn`e}n `nx dfhejfbx ab cnxqehnheøf u xn`etnheøf& Hjfqebfb f ørgnfj `n `bfgn ~b nabcîx ab nuanr bf `n aegbxqeøf {brceqb b` lno`n ,`n djfnheøf%& Xb bfhbfqrnf ajx hnteanabx fn nfqbrejr= tbxqão`j ~b qebfb djrcn ab lbrrnarn u bxqî xb{nrnaj ab `n ojhn {jr `nx nrhnanx9 u {jr abqrîx ab` tbxqão`j bxqî `n hnteana ohn` j ojhn& HNTEANA ORHN@= @n {nrba nfqbrejr `n hjfxqequbf `jx `noejx u cbme``nx ,lnhen `nqbrn`% u `n {nrba {jxqbrejr xb hjfjhb hjcj exqcj ab `jx dnhbx bx f jredehej {jr b` ~b `n ojhn hjcfehn hjf `n `nrefgb ,~b ~ban xeqnan abqrîx% {jr nrreon u bf `n `ãfbn cbaen bxqî `n ýt`n j hnc{nfe``n& Nonmj bxqî b` ajrxj b `n `bfgn u n hnan `naj aexqefgecjx ajx {`ebgbx abxab `n ýt`n j hnc{nfe``n ~b abxhebfabf `nqbrn`cbfqb fj lnhen ab`nfqb= {`ebgb {n`nqj øxbj u jqrj ~b abxhebfab lnhen nqrîx {`ebgb {n`nqj dnrefgb& Xjf b` {e`nr nfqbrejr u b` {e`nr {jxqbrejr ab` exqcj ab `nx dnhbx& Bfqrb `jx ajx {`ebgbx lnu fn djrcnheøf ab qbmeaj `efdjeabj ``ncnaj ncãgan`n {n`nqefn ~b bx f ørgnfj {nr fj n hnan `naj& ?7

@nx {nrbabx `nqbrn`bx bxqîf hjfxqeqeanx {jr `nx cbme``nx& @n {nrba x{brejr j qbhlj ab `n ojhn xb hjfjhb hjf b` fjcorb ab {n`nanr j oøtban {n`nqefn u bf bxb {n`nanr xb aexqefgbf ajx {nrqbx fn nfqbrejr øxbn= {n`nanr arj xeqnan {jr ab`nfqb ab `n n{ødexex {n`nqefn ab` cn|e`nr x{brejr u hb`gn fn `îcefn deorjxn bf `n ~b xb aexqefgbf fjx {b~bþjx cýxh`jx u qjaj b``j ~ban hoebrqj {jr `n chjxn ab `n ojhn&

B` xb`j ab `n hnteana ohn` bx b` cýxh`j ce`jlejeabj ~b xb b|qebfab abxab b` lbxj lejeabx& B` hjfqbfeaj ab `n ojhn= Aebfqbx= hnan lbxj qebfb fn n{ødexex ~b bx ajfab ~banf efxbrqnanx `nx {eb}nx abfqn`bx&

@nx bfhãnx hjfxqequbf qbmeaj hjfmfqetj abfxj tn ~bn horbf n{ødexex `jx cn|e`nrbx& Bxqb qbmeaj hjfmfqetj ~b rbhorb `jx n`tåj`jxcu abfqnrejx ~banr `nx qn{e}naj {jrn`tbj`nrbx `n chjxnababfqn` u nlã bx ajfab ~banf ec{`nfqnajx `jx aebfqbx ,bf `nx nrhnanx n`tbj`jabfqn`bx%& Xjf `jx b`bcbfqjx arjx ~b xertbf {nrn hjrqnr abxgnrrnr u qreqrnr `jx n`ecbfqjx& Bf hnan aebfqb xb aexqefgb fn {nrqb texeo`b= HJ_JFN fn {nrqb h`qn= _NÃ] u `n {jrheøf ~b fb `n hjrjfn hjf `n rnã}= HRB@@J AB@ AEBFQB B` cnqbren` ~b hjfxqequb b` aebfqb xb ``ncn abfqefn j cnrde` bxn abfqefn n fetb` ab `n hjrjfn ~ban rbhoebrqj {jr bxcn`qb cebfqrnx ~b n fetb` ab `n rnã} `n abfqefn ~ban rbhoebrqn {jr fn hn{n ab hbcbfqj cîx ncnre``bfqn& B` hbcbfqj bx b` ~b xb fb n` n`tåj`j {jr b` `egncbfqj n`tåj`j∟abfqnrej hjfxqeqeaj {jr deornx ~b xb efqrjahbf abfqrj ab` hbcbfqj u bf `n n{ødexex n`tbj`nr {nrn demnr b` aebfqb n` n`tåj`j& B` aebfqb fj bx ab` qjaj cnhe}j bf `n hjrjfn qebfb fn hnteana= hnteana {`{nr ~b xb hjfqefýn n fetb` ab `n rnã} hjf fj j tnrejx hjfahqjx ,xbgýf b` aebfqb% ~b tnf n ``btnr `jx tnxjx u fbrtejx n `n hnteana {`{nr& @n dørc`n abfqnren b` fýcbrj u djrcn ab aebfqbx bx egn` {nrn `n nrhnan abfqnren x{brejr ~b {nrn `n efdbrejr= Bf fn lbcenrhnan ,cbaen nrhnan abfqnren% bc{b}nfaj {jr ab`nfqb fjx bfhjfqrncjx hjf ajx {eb}nx abfqnanx hjf b` ojrab hjrqnfqb= EFHEXETJX hjf fn xj`n rnã}9 lnhen dbrn fjx bfhjfqrncjx hjf b` HNFEFJ ~b qebfb `n djrcn ab {fqn rjcn hjf fn xj`n rnã}9 n hjfqefnheøf AJX [_BCJ@N_BX J AEBFQBX OEHÝX[EABX hjf ajx b`btnhejfbx u ajx rnãhbx u `jx cîx {jxqbrejrbx xjf `jx Q_BX CJ@N_BX J CRB@NX& Y?>?8S @jx cj`nrbx qebfbf tnrenx b`btnhejfbx u tnrenx rnãhbx& B` qbrhbr cj`nr bx `n cb`n ab` mehej& Bf `n dørc`n abfqnren ab f feþj fjx bfhjfqrncjx hjf AJX EFHEXETJX hjf x ojrab hjrqnfqb f HNFEFJ u fj lnu {rbcj`nrbx& Lnu ajx cj`nrbx& B` {recbr aebfqb ~b xb`b xn`er bx b` efhexetj cbaej efdbrejr u lnhen `jx qrbx nþjx qjajx hjc{`bqjx lnhen `jx hefhj bc{eb}nf n hnbrxb `jx hnahjx u xjf xxqeqeajx {jr `jx aebfqbx {brcnfbfqbx ~b un bxqnonf abfqrj ab `jx cn|e`nrbx& @BFGRN

Bx f ørgnfj cýxh`j cbcornfjxj ~b hnfaj `n hnteana ohn` bxqî hbrrnan jh{n qjan `n ojhn& Qebfb fn {nrqb `eorb u fn {nrqb jh`qn j rnã}& [jr `n rnã} xb fb n `jx lbxjx tbhefjx u n` xb`j ab `n ojhn j cnfaão`n& Lnu cýxh`jx ~b demnf n `n `bfgn n `n cnfaão`n n` lbxj lejeabx u n `n n{ødexex bxqe`jeabx ab` qbc{jrn`= ?<

cýxh`jx b|qrãfxbhjx ab `n `bfgn& Nabcîx ab ~banr feaj n qrntåx ab` cýxh`j b|qrãfxbhj qncoeåf lnu cýxh`jx efqrãfxbhjx ~b xjf cýxh`jx hjf x jregbf u qbrcefnheøf bf `n `bfgn= deornx `jfgeqaefn`bx qrnfxtbrxn`bx u tbrqehn`bx& Bf b` aexhj fjx tncjx n bfhjfqrnr fn chjxn ab rbtbxqecebfqj cu bx{bhen` {jr~b bf b``n fjx bfhjfqrncjx b` xbfqeaj ab` gxqj `nx {n{e`nx gxqnqetnx& Xbgýf `n djrcn ab `nx {n{e`nx {babf xbr de`edjrcbx dn`hedjrcbx j dfhedjrcbx9 n qrntåx ab bxjx ojqjfbx gxqnqetjx aexqefgecjx `jx xnojrbx& Bf bxqb ajrxj ab `n `bfgn xb bfhbfqrn f xrhj hjf djrcn ab T noebrqj lnhen ab`nfqb n `n {jrheøf ~b ~ban xeqnan {jr abqrîx ab `n T `efgn xb `b hjfjhb hjcj= onxb & @n onxb ab `n `bfgn bxqî jh{nan qncoeåf {jr qbmeaj `efdjeabj= `n ncãgan`n `efgn` ,ec{nr u cbaen%& [nrn cnfqbfbr lýcban `n chjxn ab `n hnteana ohn` xb bfhbfqrnf `nx g`îfa`nx xn`etn`bx Lnu qrbx {nrbx n hnan `naj= G`îfa`n xn`etn` {nrøqean= bx `n cîx grnfab& ^ban xeqnan {jr ab`nfqb u {jr abonmj ab` {nob``øf nreh`nr u bf n{nrebfhen bx fn g`îfa`n x{brdehen`& N tbhbx xb cbqb qnfqj lnhen abfqrj ~b xb hjcfehn hjf n dnrefgb& Qebfb f hjfahqj ab b|hrbheøf ``ncnaj hjfahqj ab Xqbfjf ~b tn n abxbcojhnr bf `n hnteana ohn` drbfqb n` xbgfaj cj`nr x{brejr& Bxqn g`îfa`n xn`etn` bxqî nqrntbxnan {jr fn nrqbren hnrøqean b|qbrfn fn tbfn ug`nr b|qbrfn u b` fbrtej ~b an `n efbrtnheøf n `n cxh`nqrn ab` xå{qecj {nr hrnfbn` j fbrtej dnhen`& G`îfa`n xn`etn` xocn|e`nr= n{`ehnaj n `n hnrn efdbrejr ab` xb`j ab `n ojhn u tn n rjabnr b` ojrab {jxqbrejr ab` ce`lejeabj hj`jhîfajxb xjorb `n hnrn x{brejr ab` cýxh`j& B` hjfahqj ab b|hrbheøf j hjfahqj ab Wlnrqjf ntnf}n lnhen ab`nfqb u abxngn {jr abonmj ab `n `bfgn n hnan `naj ab `n `ãfbn cbaen& G`îfa`n xo`efgn`= bx `n cîx {b~bþn& ^ban xeqnan bfhecn ab` cýxh`j ce`jlejeabj f {jhj `nqbrn`e}nan u qebfb tnrejx hjfahqjx ab b|hrbheøf& B` hjfahqj cîx ec{jrqnfqb bx b` cîx nfqbrejr= hjfahqj ab _etefx& Ab `jx ajhb hjfahqjx bx b` cîx grbxj b ec{jrqnfqb u abxngn ab`nfqb ab` ab Wlnrqjf bf `n {nrqb cîx nfqbrejr ab `n rnã} ab `n `bfgn& @N DN_EFGB

Bx f qoj xeqnaj abonmj ab` hrîfbj {jr abqrîx ab `nx djxnx fnxn`bx ab `n ojhn u ab `n `nrefgb& Bx f qoj cýxh`j∟cbcornfjxj ~b ~ban xeqnaj {jr ab`nfqb ab `jx hbr{jx tbrqborn`bx ab` hb``j& N fetb` ab `n xb|qn tårqborn hbrtehn` `n dnrefgb xb hjfqefýn hjf b` bxødngj& Hjcj ~ban xeqnaj {jr abqrîx ab `n `nrefgb u `nx djxnx fnxn`bx bx hjcýf n` n{nrnqj aegbxqetj u rbx{ernqjrej& [jr ab`nfqb bxqî noebrqj hjf qrbx jredehejx u n qrntåx ab b``j xb hjcfehn hjf `nx djxnx fnxn`bx ojhn u `nrefgb& [jr abqrîx bx f qoj hbrrnaj& Bxjx qrbx jredehejx= b` ~b hjcfehn hjf `nx djxnx fnxn`bx xb ``ncn hjnfnx  jredehej {jxqbrejr ab `nx djxnx fnxn`bx u `n {nrqb ~b hjcfehn hjf `nx djxnx fnxn`bx xb ``ncn fnxjdnrefgb j refjdnrefgb& N `n {nrqb ~b hjcfehn hjf `n ojhn= jrjdnrefgb j ohjdnrefgb& U n `n {nrqb cîx {jxqbrejr `nrefgjdnrefgb& @n dnrefgb bf `n {nrqb cîx x{brejr bx cîx nfhln ~b `n {nrqb cîx efdbrejr& Xbgýf abxhbfabcjx b` aeîcbqrj qrnfxtbrxn` aexcefub& ?5

N fetb` ab` qbhlj ,refjdnrefgb% xb bfhbfqrn qbmeaj `efdjeabj= ncãgan`n dnrefgbn ~b bx ec{nr u cbaen& Lnu jqrn ~b bx {nr u xb bfhbfqrn qncoeåf bf `n refjdnrefgb {brj bf `n {nrba `nqbrn` j b|qbrfn = ncãgan`n qoîrehn ~b bx {nr bx qbmeaj `efdjeabj xeqnaj n`rbabajr ab` jredehej ab `n qrjc{n ab Bxqn~ej j qrjc{n naeqetn& @n qrjc{n ab Bxqn~ej bx f qoeqj ~b hjcfehn `n refjdnrefgb hjf b` jãaj cbaej& N fetb` ab `n xb|qn tårqborn hbrtehn` bfhjfqrncjx b` BXØDNGJ

Bx f ørgnfj aegbxqetj xeqnaj {jr abonmj ab `n dnrefgb bx f cýxh`j cbcornfjxj u bxqî n{`nxqnaj ab ab`nfqb n nqrîx {jr~b ~ban n{`ehnaj n `n hj`cfn tbrqborn` xeqnaj {jr ab`nfqb ab `jx hbr{jx tbrqborn`bx u bf b` hb``j {jr ab`nfqb qebfb n `n qrî~bn& N fetb` ab `n xb|qn tårqborn hbrtehn` b|exqb f {b~bþj bxqrbhlncebfqj ``ncnaj ojhn ab Ie``enc ~b ~ban n ~efhb hbfqãcbqrjx ab `jx efhexetjx u hjrrbx{jfab n `n feøf bfqrb dnrefgb u bxødngj& B` bxødngj ceab ?2 hbfqãcbqrjx ab `jfgeqa ab b``jx hefhj bf b` hb``j9 >7 bf b` qørn| u qrbx bf b` noajcbf& Bxødngj bf b` hb``j= n hnan `naj xb bfhbfqrn b` {n~bqb onxh`j fbrtejxj ab` hb``j bxqb {n~bqb bxqî djrcnaj {jr `n nrqbren hnrøqean efqbrfn `n tbfn ug`nr efqbrfn u b` fbrtej fbcjgîxqrehj j tngj j aåhecj {nr hrnfbn`& Fjrcn`cbfqb `jx fbrtejx hrnfbn`bx efbrtnf `n hnob}n u b` hb``j {brj b` åxqb ``bgn n` noajcbf mfqj n `n nrqbren hnrøqean efqbrfn u `n tbfn ug`nr efqbrfn&

Bf `n hnteana qjrîhehn {jr ab`nfqb ab` bxødngj fjx bfhjfqrncjx `n qrî~bn lnxqn ~b xb qbrcefn {jr aeteaer bf `jx ajx orjf~ejx {refhe{n`bx& [jr abqrîx ab` bxødngj bxqîf `jx hbr{jx tbrqborn`bx u hjfqefnfaj lnhen nonmj tbcjx ~b b` bxødngj {nxn {jr abqrîx ab `n nrãh`n e}~ebran ab` hjrn}øf& B` bxødngj qncoeåf xb rb`nhejfn hjf `n nrqbren njrqn ~b tn n xn`er ab` hjrn}øf hjcj nljrn nxhbfabfqb u `bgj djrcn fn bx{bheb ab hrtn= nrhj hn``naj ab `n njrqn u abx{åx hjcebf}n n abxhbfabr= njrqn abxhbfabfqb& Bxn njrqn {recbrj ~ban xeqnan n `n e}~ebran ab` bxødngj u xbgýf abxhbfabcjx xb tn n er hj`jhnfaj {jr abqrîx ab` bxødngj& Hnfaj bxqncjx cu hbrhn ab` aendrngcn xb cbqb lnxqn xeqnrxb {jr abqrîx& @nx ajx nrqbrenx nqrntebxnf b` aendrngcn `n njrqn {jr abqrîx ab` bxødngj& N `n njrqn abxhbfabfqb hnfaj un nqrntebxn b` aendrngcn `n aeteaecjx bf ajx {nrqbx= njrqn abxhbfabfqb qjrîhehn u hnfaj un n nqrntbxnaj b` bxødngj= njrqn abxhbfabfqb noajcefn`& Bf b` noajcbf b` bxødngj qebfb fjx qrbx hbfqãcbqrjx ab rbhjrreaj u bfxbgean xb hjfqefýn hjf b` bxqøcngj `jx fb f jredehej ``ncnaj HN_AENX& BXQØCNGJ

Bx f ørgnfj ~b xb bfhbfqrn bf b` noajcbf& Aeteaecjx `n {nrba nfqbrejr ab` noajcbf bf fbtb rbgejfbx {nrn {jabr aeteaer`n bc{`bncjx ajx `ãfbnx tbrqehn`bx ~b nqrntebxnf b` {b}øf ab `n cncn `ãfbnx cncnrenx& Jqrn rbdbrbfhen bx ~b xegnf b` ojrab `nqbrn` ab `jx cýxh`jx rbhqjx cnujrbx ab` noajcbf& @nx `ãfbnx ljre}jfqn`bx= fn oehjxqn` ~b fb `n {nrqb cîx abh`etb ab` rbojrab hjxqn` u `n `ãfbn oehrbxqn` febfaj `nx ajx bx{efnx e`enhn nfqbrjx{brejrbx& 8;

@n }jfn hbfqrn` ab `nx qrbx {recbrnx rbgejfbx xb ``ncn B[EGNXQ_E n `jx `najx `jx le{jhjfarejx abrbhlj b e}~ebraj& Bf b` {exj cbaej bxqî `n _BGEØF RCOE@EHN@ J CBXJGNXQ_E u n hnan `naj ab` cbxjgnxqrej xb bfhbfqrnf `jx d`nfhjx j tnhãjx& Bf b` ý`qecj {exj `n }jfn hbfqrn` xb ``ncn LE[JGNXQ_EJ u n hnan `naj bxqîf `nx djxnx e`enhnx abrbhln b e}~ebran& [B_EQJFBJ Bx fn cbcornfn xbrjxn ~b qn{e}n qjanx `nx {nrbabx ab` noajcbf tn n qn{e}nr `n hnrn efdbrejr ab` aendrngcn `jx cýxh`jx ab `n {nrba {jxqbrejr ab` noajcbf {jr bmbc{`j b` {xjnx& Qncoeåf qn{e}n `n {nrba nfqbrj`nqbrn` j nfqbrejr ab` noajcbf djrcnan {{jr `jx rbhqjx j cýxh`jx nfhljx& B|exqbf ørgnfjx ~b ~banrîf xeqnajx {jr abonmj ab `n cbcornfn xbrjxn ~b qn{e}n `n {nrba efdbrejr ab` noajcbf xjf `jx ørgnfjx xo{breqjfbn`bx& @jx ~b ~banf {bgnajx n `n {nrba {jxqbrejr ab` noajcbf u b` {breqjfbj {nxn {jr ab`nfqb ab b``jx hjcj {jr bmbc{`j `jx reþjfbx xjf `jx ørgnfjx rbqrj{breqjfbn`bx& [bab xbr ~b b` {breqjfbj hnfaj qn{e}n `n {nrba {breqjfbj {nrebqn` xb abx{bgb ab `n {nrba u tnun n bftj`tbr n f ørgnfj abfqrj ab` noajcbf xb ``ncnrî bfqjfhbx= {breqjfbj texhbrn` u rjabn n` ørgnfj efqrn{breqjfbn`= ørgnfjx efqrn{breqjfbn`bx&      

Xe bfqrb `nx ajx ljmnx ab` {breqjfbj texhbrn` fj b|exqb fnan= @EGNCBFQJ Xe bfqrb `nx ajx ljmnx ab` {breqjfbj texhbrn` tnf tnxjx u fbrtejx= CBXJ N tbhbx jhrrb ~b b` {breqjfbj bftb`tb n f ørgnfj u bf tb} ab bftj`tbr n `n {nrba tn lnhen jqrj ørgnfj u `j bftb`tb qncoeåf xn`qn ab fn tãxhbrn n jqrn n bxb {breqjfbj texhbrn` xb `b ``ncn B[E[@JF

Bxqaej ab` bxqøcngj=

Bx fn ae`nqnheøf `nqbrn` ab` qoj aegbxqetj ~b xb bfhbfqrn bc{mnfaj b` b{egnxqrej bf {nrqb b` le{jhjfarej e}~ebraj u nabcîx qncoeåf ``bgn n` cbxjgnxqrej& Qebfb djrcn ab gneqn u bxqî n{`nxqnaj ab ab`nfqb nqrîx& Bf b` xb aexqefgbf `n hnrn nfqbrejr u `n hnrn {jxqbrejr& Nabcîx ab aexqefger fn hnrn nfqbrejr u {jxqbrejr tn n bxqnr xb{nrnaj {jr ojrabx hrtjx= hrtnqrn cbfjr ~b b~etn`b n` ojrab abrbhlj ab` bxqøcngj u `n hrtnqrn cnujr ~b hjrrbx{jfab n` ojrab e}~ebraj& Qncoeåf aexqefgecjx fn {jrheøf abxhbfabfqb j hbr{j u `n {nrqb x{brejr ab` hbr{j xb ``ncn qobrjxeana cnujr Bf `n {jrheøf ab` bxqøcngj ~b xb aeregb lnhen `n abrbhln aexqefgecjx b` tbxqão`j u b` hjfahqj {e`ørehj tbxqão`j j nfqrj {e`ørehj& B` [E@J_J bx b` bx{nhej bfqrb b` bxqøcngj u b` ajabfj& @n {jrheøf cîx onmn ab` bxqøcngj xb ``ncn qobrjxeana cbfjr& B` HN_AENX hjrrbx{jfab n` jredehej ajfab xb hjcfehn hjf b` bxødngj& 8>

_b`nhejfbx ab` bxqøcngj

[jr `n hnrn nfqbrejr xb rb`nhejfn hjf b` lãgnaj u {jr `n hnrn {jxqbrejr hjf b` {îfhrbnx& [jr abqrîx ab` {îfhrbnx hjf `n g`îfa`n x{rnrrbfn` e}~ebran u b` reþøf e}~ebraj& B` bxqøcngj bx f ørgnfj efqrn{breqjfbn` ~b tn n ~banr feaj n` lãgnaj n qrntåx ab f b{e{`øf ~b xb demnrî bf b` ojrab abrbhlj bf `n hrtnqrn cbfjr b{e{`øf cbfjr j gnxqrj∟lb{îqehj& Bf `n hrtnqrn cnujr xb demn f b{e{`øf ~b tn n er n` hj`jf qrnfxtbrxj= b{e{`øf cnujr j gnxqrj∟hø`ehj tn n rbonxnr b` hj`jf qrnfxtbrxj u n djrcnr {jr ab`nfqb f {`ebgb ab {breqjfbj hnrgnaj ab grnxn ~b {rjqbgb `nx nxnx efqbxqefn`bx& N fetb` ab `n qobrjxeana cnujr feaj n` {breqjfbj ab` aendrngcn tn n xn`qnr {breqjfbj ~b fj hjfqebfb tnxjx utnhjfxqequb b` `egncbfqj drbfj∟gîxqrehj {jr abonmj ab å` tn n lnobr f b{e{`øf ~b abxab `n hrtnqrn cnujr n er n` on}j= b{e{`øf gnxqrj∟bx{`åfehj& B` bxqøcngj xb hjfqefýn hjf b` efqbxqefj& @n {recbrn {jrheøf ab` efqbxqefj ab`gnaj bx b` ARJABFJ& Aedbrbfhencjx b` efqbxqefj ab` gnaj ~b bx ab cbfjr hn`eorb ~b b` grbxj& B` grbxj {rbxbfqn fn xbreb ab ae`nqnhejfbx xb{nrnanx {jr }jfnx cîx bxqrbhlnx `j ~b xb hjfjhb hjf b` fjcorb ab lnxqrjx j ae`nqnhejfbx xb{nrnanx {jr xrhjx& N `j `nrgj ab` grbxj xb bfhbfqrnf qrbx hefqnx `jfgeqaefn`bx= qbfenx ~b xjf deornx cxh`nrbx ngr{nanx bf b` efqbxqefj grbxj& N fetb` ab bxnx qbfenx lnu {b~bþnx oj`xeqnx rb``bfnx ab grnxn ~b xb demnf bf `nx qbfenx= n{åfaehbx b{e{`jehjx& EFQBXQEFJ AB@GNAJ Ajabfj= {jrheøf demn ab` efqbxqefj ab`gnaj qncoeåf qebfb fn {jrheøf cøte`= ubufj b e`bjf&

B` ajabfj ceab ajhb qrntbxbx ab abaj {jr bxj xb ``ncn nxã& Bx rbqrj {breqjfbn` u aeomn hjcj fn H j f nxn ab hjfhnteana e}~ebran bf bxn nxn aexqefgecjx=  

 

 

 

[recbrn {jrheøf rb`nhejfnan hjf b` lãgnaj {jrheøf xolb{îqehn bx `n ýfehn {jrheøf efqrn{breqjfbn` u `n bftb`tb b` b{e{`øf cbfjr xb aeregb f {jhj lnhen nqrîx& @n xbgfan {jrheøf xb hjfjhb hjcj {jrheøf abxhbfabfqb u bf b``n tnf n abxbcojhnr ajx hjfahqjx mfqjx b` {nfhrbîqehj {refhe{n` u {jr abqrîx {rjhbabfqb ab` lãgnaj b` hjfahqj hj`åajhj& @n qbrhbrn {jrheøf nqrntebxn `n `ãfbn cbaen ab abrbhln n e}~ebran n `n n`qrn ab `n qbrhbrn j hnrqn tårqborn `conr& @n hnrqn {jrheøf xob f {jhj lnhen nrreon bx `n {jrheøf nxhbfabfqb ~b xb hjcfehn hjf b` ubufj e`bjf u djrcn b` îfg`j ajabfj ubufn`&

Xbex j xebqb cbqrjx ab efqbxqefj ab`gnaj cøte` ~banf {`bgnajx {nrn nonrhnr abfqrj ab `n hnteana noajcefn`& B` ubufj ã`bjf qbrcefn bf b` efqbxqefj grbxj n fetb` ab` îfg`j e`ej∟hbhn` bf `n djxn e`enhn abrbhln& Bxjx xbex j xebqb cbqrjx bxqîf feajx n` {breqjfbj {nrebqn` ab `n {nrba {jxqbrejr {jr f cbxj ~b tn n qbrcefnr bf b` ubufj ã`bjf= CBXBFQB_EJ& B` cbxbfqbrej xb abx{bgn ab `n {nrba {jxqbrejr ab` noajcbf {jr fn `ãfbn ~b tn abxab b` îfg`j ubufj ajabfn` n` îfg`j e`ej∟dbhn` u ceab tbefqb hbfqãcbqrjx ab `jfgeqa& Xb tb ~b b` {breqjfbj xb abx{bgn hjcj fn dn`an ab tj`nfqb u ``bgn n `jx xbex j xebqb cbqrjx ab ubufj ã`bjf& _nã} ab` cbxbfqbrej& @n ý`qecn {jrheøf bx b` ã`bjf qbrcefn` ~b tn n abxbcojhnr bf b` efqbxqefj grbxj bf `n feøf ab` hebgj hjf b` hj`jf nxhbfabfqb& 8?

EFQBXQEFJ G_RBXJ

HEBGJ= bx hjcj f djfaj ab xnhj ajfab xb bfhbfqrn lnoeqn`cbfqb b` n{åfaehb tbrcedjrcb& B` hebgj u b` n{åfaehb tbrcedjrcb xb bfhbfqrnf bf `n djxn e`enhn abrbhln& B` hebgj bx efqrn{breqjfbn` b` {breqjfbj `b ``bgn ab` ubufj ã`bjf& HJ@JF NXHBFABFQB= bx rbqrj{breqjfbn`& @`bgn n` le{jhjfarej abrbhlj u nlã djrcn b` îfg`j abrbhlj ab` hj`jf ~b xb rb`nhejfn hjf b` lãgnaj {jr `j ~b qncoeåf xb ``ncn îfg`j lb{îqehj& @`btn n{rj|ecnancbfqb aerbhheøf ljre}jfqn` lnxqn nhnonr bf b` le{jhjfarej e}~ebraj& HJ@JF Q_NFXTB_XJ= ``bgn n` le{jhjfarej e}~ebraj u hncoen ab aerbhheøf onmnfaj u xegebfaj b` d`nfhj e}~ebraj& Bf b` `gnr bf ~b hncoen ab aerbhheøf bxqî b` on}j {jr `j ~b b` îfg`j e}~ebraj qncoeåf xb ``ncn îfg`j bx{`åfehj& B` hj`jf qrnfxtbrxj bx `n {jrheøf cøte` ab` efqbxqefj grbxj& HJ@JF ABXHBFABFQB= n {nrqer ab n~ã b` efqbxqefj grbxj hjcebf}n n onmnr& Bx rbqrj{breqjfbn`& N fetb` ab `n bx{efn e`enhn nfqbrj x{brejr b` hj`jf abxhbfabfqb abxhreob hjcj f nxn bf djrcn ab X n`nrgnan= HJ@JF XEGCJEAB J HJ@JF E@EJ[Å@TEHJ {jr~b xb tn n bfhjfqrnr hjf `n djxn e`enhn b|qbrfn& Bx efqrn{breqjfbn` `b ``bgn f lbxj {rjhbabfqb ab `n {nrba nfqbrejr ab` noajcbf& X rnã} bx b` cbxjhj`jf xegcjeab u qebfb djrcn ab T ojhn nonmj= V B` hj`jf xegcjeab xb hj`jhn n{`ehnaj bf `n hnrn nfqbrejr ab` xnhrj u bf bxb cjcbfqj xb ``ncn= _BHQJ hjf `n {jrheøf x{brejr ~b bx xo{breqjfbn`& B` {breqjfbj xb ajo`n lnhen ab`nfqb {nrn horer jqrjx ørgnfjx bfqjfhbx `n ceqna x{brejr b` rbqrj{breqjfbn` u `n efdbrejr xo{breqjfbn`& BXDÃFQB_= lnu ajx tj`fqnrej b eftj`fqnrej& B` cýxh`j bxdãfqbr tj`fqnrej ``bgn cîx nrreon ~b b` tj`fqnrej ~b bxqî xeqnaj {jr dbrn& Nfbmjx ab` qoj aegbxqetj

LÃGNAJ Bx f ørgnfj ~b xb bfhbfqrn bf b` le{jhjfarej abrbhlj b` b{egnxqrej u ``bgn lnxqn b` le{jhjfarej e}~ebraj& [bxn hnxe >2 ie`jx u bf å` bxqaencjx fn hnrn x{brejr ~b xb rb`nhejfn u xb nan{qn n` aendrngcn `n hnrn aendrngcîqehn {rbxbfqn qncoeåf fn hnrn efdbrejr n qrntåx ab `n hn` bxqî bf hjfqnhqj hjf `nx tãxhbrnx= hnrn texhbrn`& Joxbrtnfaj `n hnrn x{brejr ab` lãgnaj tncjx ~b ~ban xb{nrnaj bf ajx {jr f `egncbfqj ~b `j fn n` aendrngcn= @EGNCBFQJ DN@HEDJ_CB ~b {brceqb lno`nr ab f `øo`j abrbhlj u f `øo`j e}~ebraj& Bf `n hnrn efdbrejr ab` lãgnaj lnu xrhjx ~b bf hjfmfqj qebfbf djrcn ab L& Bf bxn L lnu= Rf xrhj {jxqbrejr u abrbhlj jh{naj {jr `n tbfn hntn efdbrejr j hntn hnan`9 f xrhj nfqbrejr abrbhlj jh{naj {jr `n tbxãh`n oe`enr9 xrhjx e}~ebrajx jh{najx {jr `egncbfqjx b` xrhj e}~ebraj nfqbrejr jh{naj {jr b` `egncbfqj rbajfaj ab` lãgnaj ~b fb n åxqb hjf `n {nrba nfqbrejr ab` noajcbf u bf b` xrhj e}~ebraj {jxqbrejr b` `egncbfqj tbfjxj j `egncbfqj ab Nrnfhej& Bf `n onrrn qrnfxtbrxn` ab `n L bxqîf `n nrqbren lb{îqehn b` hjfahqj ~b rbhjgb `n xbhrbheøf ab` lãgnaj j hjfahqj lb{îqehj u `n tbfn {jrqn ~b bx fn tbfn ~b tn n ``btnr qjan `n xnfgrb tbfjxn ab` efqbxqefj u tn n bfqrnr bf b` lãgnaj& @n hnrn texhbrn` j efdbrejr bx oebx{`åfehn& N fetb` ab `n L bxqî b` hjfahqj lb{îqehj ~b tn n qrnfx{jrqnr `n oe`ex 88

N `n abrbhln ab `jx xrhjx ab `n L bf b` `øo`j abrbhlj& N `n e}~ebran ab bxjx xrhjx bxqî b` `øo`j e}~ebraj& ^banf ajx `jo`e``jx fj {jr ab`nfqb bfqrb `n tbxãh`n oe`enr u b` `egncbfqj rbajfaj `jo`e``j hnarnaj u jqrj bfqrb `n tbfn hntn efdbrejr u b` `egncbfqj ab Nrnhej  b` `jo`e``j hnanaj& B` lãgnaj xb demn n `nx {nrbabx n noajcefn`bx {jr `n hnrn x{brejr ~b xb fb n` aendrngcn& B` ojrab {jxqbrejr bx cu grbxj u hnxe hjfxqequb fn hnrn= `n hnrn {jxqbrejr n qrntåx ab `n hn` xb fb n `n hnteana noajcefn` {jxqbrejr {jr b` `egncbfqj hjrjfnrej& Bf bxqn hnrn b` `egncbfqj rbajfaj xb fb n `n hnteana noajcefn` nfqbrejr n `n n`qrn ab` jco`egj bf `n hnrn {jxqbrejr ab` noajcbf& N fetb` ab` xrhj ab `n L bx ajfab xb tn n demnr b` b{e{`øf gnxqrj∟lb{îqehj& @n onrrn qrnfxtbrxn ab `n L xb ``ncn le`ej u bx {jr ajfab bfqrnf u xn`bf `nx bxqrhqrnx ab` lãgnaj& @nx tbfnx lb{îqehnx xb ``ncnf x{rnlb{îqehnx {jr~b tnf n bcbrgbr n fetb` ab` ojrab {jxqbrejr ab` lãgnaj n `n n`qrn ab` aendrngcn xjf qrbx qbrcefnf bf `n tbfn hntn efgbrejr ~b `nx rbhjgb nqrntebxn b` aendrngcn u bfqrn bf b` hjrn}øf& B` {rjahqj ab b|hrbheøf ab` lãgnaj bx `n oe`ex ~b xn`b {jr b` hjfahqj lb{îqehj abxab `n tbxãh`n oe`enr& Bxqn ý`qecn qebfb djrcn ab {brn u {bab hjfqbfbr lnxqn 2; ce`e`eqrjx ab oe`ex qebfb x {rj{ej hjfahqj ~b bx b` hjfahqj hãxqehj& Hnfaj xb fbf b` hjfahqj lb{îqehj u b` hãxqehj xb `b hncoen ab fjcorb u n `n feøf xb `b ``ncn= hjfahqj hj`åajhj ~b bx b` ~b ``btn `n oe`ex n` ajabfj& @jx ajx hjfahqjx abxbcojhnf mfqjx u qebfbf f bxdãfqbr hjcýf= b` bxdãfqbr ab Jaae& [ÎFH_BNX Bx~b f ørgnfj ~b qebfb ab hjcn `n u ~ban bf `n hjfhnteana `n ~ban xeqnan bf djrcn `n hjfhnteana hj`n xbxeqnaj aeregb lnhen `n e}~ebran&ab` ajabfj& @n hnob}n ab `n hjcn bx Bx rbqrj{breqjfbn` ,b` {breqjfbj `j {nxn {jr ab`nfqb% cbfjx `n {fqn ab `n hj`n ~b bx efqrn{breqjfbn` {jr~b ~ban fean n` on}j n qrntåx ab` b{e{`øf {nfhrbîqehj bx{`åfehj& Qebfb `n dfheøf ab {rjaher f mgj aegbxqetj ``ncnaj mgj {nfhrbîqehj ~b tn n qbrcefnr {jr arbfnr bf `n xbgfan {jrheøf ab` ajabfj& Nabcîx qncoeåf bx f ørgnfj ab xbhrbheøf efqbrfn {jr~b {jxbb fnx hå``nx bfhnrgnanx ab rbg`nr b` cbqnoj`excj ab `n g`hjxn bf xnfgrb& ON]J Qebfb djrcn jtjeabn& Xb bfhbfqrn bf b` le{jhjfarej e}~ebraj cu nqrîx& @n hnrn ~b bxqî bf hjfqnhqj hjf b` aendrngcn bx hjftb|n u `n jqrn hnrn bx `n ~b {rbxbfqn `n bfqrnan u xn`ean ab tnxjx& N[N_NQJ _BX[E_NQJ_EJ

B` ørgnfj dfancbfqn` bx b` {`cøf ajfab bx j|egbfnan `n xnfgrb bf `jx n`tåj`jx {`cjfnrbx& B` rbxqj ab `nx tãxhbrnx rbx{ernqjrenx tnf n xbr qojx ~b qrnfx{jrqnf b` nerb lnxqn b` {`cøf& @nx tãnx rbx{ernqjrenx xjf `n fnre} ,djxnx fnxn`bx u xbfjx {nrnfnxn`bx% `n dnrefgb `nrefgb qrî~bnx u orjf~ejx&

81

@nx djxnx fnxn`bx xjf ajx hnteanabx ~b xb bfhbfqrnf bf b` hbfqrj ab `n hnrn u ~banf xb{nrnanx fn ab jqrn {jr b` qnoe~b ab `nx djxnx fnxn`bx& Bxqb qnoe~b bxqî hjfxqeqeaj {jr `n `îcefn {br{bfaeh`nr ab` bqcjeabx {jr b` lbxj tøcbr& Hnrqã`ngj ab` qnoe~b& Lnhen ab`nfqb `nx djxnx fnxn`bx bxqîf {rj`jfgnanx bf fn djrcnheøf jxqbjhnrqe`ngefjxn bf djrcn {erncean`= `n fnre}& @n fnre} qebfb ajx jredehejx= tbfqnfnx fnxn`bx u bf x hjfxqeqheøf bfhjfqrncjx `jx lbxjx {rj{ejx ab `n fnre}& @n fnre} bxqî hjfxqeqean {jr fn xbreb ab hnrqã`ngjx= Hnrqã`ngjx `nqbrn`bx {jr abonmj ab `jx lbxjx {rj{ejx u hnrqã`ngjx n`nrbx j ab` n`n ab `n fnre}& Lnhen nqrîx bf `n fnxjdnrefgb ~b bx x{brejr ab `n dnrefgb& {jxqbrejr ab `nx `nx djxnx djxnx fnxn`bx fnxn`bx qbrcefnf xb ``ncn hjnfn  bxqî ab`eceqnaj bf `n`n {nrqb `ãfbn cîx cbaen {jr b` lbxj tøcbr uB`n jredehej hnan `naj `n hjnfn tn n ~banr ab`eceqnan `nqbrn`cbfqb {jr `n n{ødexex {qbregjeabx ab` lbxj bxdbfjeabx& @n fnre} u `nx djxnx qebfbf `n dfheøf ab qrnfx{jrqnr nerb hn`bfqnr`j lceaedehnr`j de`qrnr`j u abqbhqnr `jx bxqãc`jx j`dnqjrejx& Bxqjx bxqãc`jx tnf n xbr rbhjgeajx {jr b` fbrtej j`dnqjrej ~b bx b` {recbr {nr hrnfbn` bxb fbrtej tn n rbhjgbr `jx bxqãc`jx bf `n {nrqb x{brejr ab `nx djxnx fnxn`bx qnfqj bf `n {nrba efqbrfn hjcj bf `n b|qbrfn `bgj nqrntebxnf `n `îcefn hreojxn ab` bqcjeabx u qbrcefn bf `n djxn hrnfbn` ajfab xb bfhbfqrn b` o`oj j`dnqjrej& B` ørgnfj j`dnqjrej bx fn chjxn j`dnqjren j ncnre``n ncnre``n {jr~b qebfb fn hj`jrnheøf aedbrbfqb n` rbxqj& Jqrn dfheøf bx `n ab nhqnr ab hnmn ab rbxjfnfhen cjaedehnfaj `nx teornhejfbx ab `n tj}& Bf `n {nrba b|qbrejr ab `nx djxnx fnxn`bx lnu fn xbreb ab djrcnhejfbx nonr~e``nanx ``ncnanx hjrfbqbx hjrfbqb x{brejr u cbaej ~b {brqbfbhbf n` bqcjeabx u hjrfbqb efdbrejr n {nrqb& @jx bx{nhejx bfqrb `n {nrba u b` hjrfbqb xb ``ncnf cbnqjx u lnu qrbx= x{brejr cbaej b efdbrejr& N fetb` ab `jx cbnqjx lnu jredehejx ~b tnf n arbfnr `jx xbfjx {nrnfnxn`bx& Bxqjx xbfjx xjf hnteanabx ~b xb bfhbfqrnf n`rbabajr ab `nx djxnx fnxn`bx hjcfehnf hjf b``nx u ~banf rbhoebrqnx {jr chjxn ~b qn{e}n `nx hnteanabx ab `jx xbfjx {nrnfnxn`bx& Bf b` lbxj drjfqn` {jr bfhecn ab `nx øroeqnx bxqî b` xbfj drjfqn` ~b abxbcojhn bf b` cbnqj cbaej bf b` hbr{j ab` bxdbfjeabx ~b bx qncoeåf lbhj u hjfxqequb b` xbfj bxdbfjean` ~b tn n hjcfehnr hjf `nx djxnx fnxn`bx {jr bfhecn ab` hjrfbqb x{brejr ajfab arbfn b` xbfj bxdbfjean`& B` xbfj bqcjean` xjf `nx cnxnx `nqbrn`bx ab` bqcjeabx `nx cn`bqnx& Qbfbcjx `nx hb`ae``nx bqcjean`bx nfqbrejrbx u {jxqbrejrbx9 `nx nfqbrejrbx arbfnf bf b` cbnqj cbaej u `nx {jxqbrejrbx arbfnf bf b` cbnqj x{brejr& B` xbfj cn|e`nr bx ab `jx cîx grnfabx `nornaj bf b` lbxj cn|e`nr x{brejr u {jfb bf hjcfehnheøf `n n{ødexex n`tbj`j abfqnren& Xe xb efdbhqn fn {eb}n abfqnren {bab xbger tãn xbfj cn|e`nr u nhnonr bf `n øroeqn& Bxqb grnf xbfj cn|e`nr arbfn bf b` cbnqj cbaej u ``bgn qnf nonmj hjcj `n n{ødexex n`tbj`j abfqnren ~b bx cu aedãhe` ab arbfnr& @n `nrefgb

Ørgnfj qo`nr ~b ~ban xeqnaj {jr ab`nfqb ab `n dnrefgb& Bxqî hjfxqeqeaj {jr `jx hnrqã`ngjx ab `n `nrefgb ~b xjf fbtb& Ab `jx fbtb b` cîx grnfab xb ``ncn qerjeabx bx f hnrqã`ngj hjf djrcn ab `eorj noebrqj hjf b` `jcj ab` `eorj aeregeaj lnhen ab`nfqb x ojrab x{brejr bx {n`{no`b= `n fb} j ojhnaj ab Naîf bf `n `ãfbn 82

cbaen& B` hnrqã`ngj xeqnaj {jr abonmj bx b` hnrqã`ngj hrehjeabx ~b xb nxbcbmn n f nfe``j ab xb``j ab qn` cnfbrn ~b b` xb``j ab` nfe``j bxqî aeregeaj lnhen nqrîx= {`nhn ab` hrehjeabx& Rfeaj n` `jcj ab` hnrqã`ngj qerjeabx bxqî f hnrqã`ngj hjf djrcn ab rn~bqn ab qbfex = b{eg`jqex b` cnfaj ab `n rn~bqn tn n ~banr demnaj n` `jcj ab` hnrqã`ngj qerjeabx& @n `nrefgb ~ban xeqnan {jr ab`nfqb ab `n dnrefgb u {jr abonmj ab` lbxj lejeabx bxqî fean n` lejeabx {jr fn cbcornfn j `egncbfqj ~b xb tn n fer n` ojrab x{brejr ab` qerjeabx= `egncbfqj j cbcornfn qerjlejeabn& @n `nrefgb {jr abqrîx bf b` ojrab x{brejr ab `n {`nhn ab` hrehjeabx bf `jx ajx îfg`jx tnf n er nrqeh`najx ajx hnrqã`ngjx nreqbfjeabx ab djrcn {erncean`& Bxjx hnrqã`ngjx nreqbfjeabx xb nrqeh`nf djrcnfaj fn nrqeh`nheøf cøte` ab qe{j Qebfbf ec{jrqnfhen bf `n `nrefgb {jr~b bf b``jx xb demnf fjx `egncbfqjx fjx cýxh`jx ~b qrjhjeabx& hjfxqequbf `nx hbranx tjhn`bx& N fetb` ab` tårqehb n{ehn` ab `jx nreqbfjeabx lnu ajx hnrqã`ngjx n hnan `naj= ajx hjrfeh`najx u ajx hfbedjrcbx& Abxab `n onxb ab` nreqbfjeabx xn`qn f `egncbfqj u f cýxh`j lnxqn b` qerjeabx xjf b` `egncbfqj u b` cýxh`j qerjnreqbfjeabj ~b xjf ec{jrqnfqbx {jr~b hjfxqequbf `nx hbranx tjhn`bx& [jr bfhecn ab `nx hbranx tjhn`bx xb aex{jfb jqrj `egncbfqj ~b qncoeåf tn abxab b` nreqbfjeabx n` qerjeabx u hnfaj bxqî rbtbxqeaj {jr chjxn qncoeåf lnhb {rjcefbfhen bf `n `}& B` bx{nhej bfqrb `nx hbranx tjhn`bx dn`xn u tbranabrn xb abfjcefn tbfqrãh`j& @n b|exqbfhen ab `nx hbranx tjhn`bx {brceqb aexqefger `n dnrefgb bf qrbx bx{nhejx= g`jqex bx{nhej x{rng`øqehj j tbxqão`j ,{jr bfhecn% u {jr abonmj b` bx{nhej xog`øqehj j efdrng`øqehj& @jx cýxh`jx ~b nhqýnf bf `n dnrefgb xjorb `nx hbranx tjhn`bx `nx tnf n xb{nrnr j n{rj|ecnr bfqjfhbx xb {rjahb fn ae`nqnheøf ab `n g`jqex j fn hjfxqrehheøf& Qncoeåf xb lno`n ab g`jqex cbcornfjxn ~b bx b` bx{nhej ~b lnu bfqrb `nx hbranx tjhn`bx u `n g`jqex hnrqe`ngefjxn& Bf f gj`{b ab qjx `nx g`jqex cbcornfjxnx xb n{rj|ecnf bfqrb xã u fj abmnf {nxnr b` nerb& Cýxh`j hrehj∟nreqbfjeabj {jxqbrejr= bx b` ae`nqnajr ab `n g`jqex u tn abxab `jx hnrqã`ngjx nreqbfjeabx n `n {`nhn ab` hrehjeabx& B` rbxqj ab cýxh`jx bf gbfbrn` xjf hjfxqrehqjrbx ab `n g`jqex cbfjx b` cýxh`j hrehj∟qerjeabj ~b tn abxab b` hnrqã`ngj hrehjeabx n` qerjeabx u hnfaj xb hjfqrnb onxh`n lnhen ab`nfqb b` qerjeabx xb qbfxnf `nx hbranx tjhn`bx {jr `j ~b bx b` cýxh`j qbfxjr ab `nx hbranx tjhn`bx& Qrî~bn

Xegebfaj `n `nrefgb lnhen nonmj bfhjfqrncjx `n qrî~bn& Abxab `n xb|qn tårqborn hbrtehn` lnxqn `n hnrqn tårqborn qjrîhehn& Ceab fjx aeb} hbfqãcbqrjx ab `jfdeqa u f hbfqãcbqrj ab aeîcbqrj& Bxqî djrcnan {jr tbefqb hnrqã`ngjx bf djrcn ab nfe``j& Bxjx hnrqã`ngjx fj xjf hjc{`bqjx {jr abqrîx bf rbn`eana qebfbf djrcn ab lbrrnarn& [jr abqrîx `jx nfe``jx ~banf feajx {jr fn cbcornfn deorjxn n xe ~b b` bx{nhej {jxqbrejr tn n bxqnr hbrrnaj {jr qbmeaj deorjxj= cbcornfn qrn~bn`& 84

N fetb` ab `n hnrqn tårqborn qjrîhehn `n qrî~bn xb aeteab bf ajx orjf~ejx {refhe{n`bx orjf~ej {refhe{n` abrbhlj u orjf~ej {refhe{n` e}~ebraj& N{rj|ecnancbfqb bxn aetexeøf ab `n qrî~bn qebfb `gnr n fetb` ab` îfg`j ab @jex b|qbrfn`& @n qrî~bn ~ban xeqnan {jr ab`nfqb ab` bxødngj u n `jx `najx ab `n qrî~bn fjx bfhjfqrncjx hjf b` {n~bqb onxh`j∟fbrtejxj ab` hb``j& N bxn n`qrn bxqî djrcnaj {jr `n nrqbren hnrøqean hjcýf b` fbrtej tngj j aåhecj {nr hrnfbn` u `n ug`nr efqbrfn& @jx {recbrjx nfe``jx ab `n qrî~bn xb rb`nhejfnf {jr ab`nfqb u n `jx `najx hjf `n g`îfa`n qerjeabx ,ab xbhrbheøf efqbrfn%& @jx `øo`jx `nqbrn`bx ab `n g`îfa`n qerjeabx qncoeåf xobf u xb rb`nhejfnf hjf `n {nrba `nqbrn` ab `n `nrefgb b` exqcj xb rb`nhejfn hjf `jx {recbrjx nfe``jx ab `n qrî~bn& Bfqrb qrî~bn u bxødngj fjx bfhjfqrncjx fn rncn ab` fbrtej tngj abxqefnan n `n `nrefgb= fbrtej `nrãfgbj efdbrejr j rbhrrbfqb bx fab`fbrtej ec{jrqnfqb {jr~b efbrtn qjan `n cxh`nqrn ab `n `nrefgb cbfjx b` hrehj∟qerjeabj n `n rncn fbrtejcu tngj& Orjf~ejx {refhe{n`bx Abrbhlj= xb aeregb lnhen b` {`cøf abrbhlj& Bx cîx grbxj u cîx hjrqj ~b b` e}~ebraj bx hn` xb n`bmn ab `n `ãfbn cbaen u xb aeregb lnhen b` {`cøf e}~ebraj&

@jx orjf~ejx {refhe{n`bx tnf n bfqrnr bf `jx {`cjfbx {jr abqrîx ab `jx tnxjx& B` abrbhlj xb tn n aeteaer bf qrbx orjf~ejx `jo`nrbx u hnan orjf~ej `jo`nr= x{brdehen` cbaej b efdbrejr& Hnan `jo`nr xb aeteab bf qrbx orjf~ejx xbgcbfqnrejx b` x{brejr b` cbaej bf ajx u b` efdbrejr bf hefhj& B` e}~ebraj xb aeteab bf ajx orjf~ejx `jo`nrbx b` x{brdehen` nfqbx ab anr `gnr n `jx xbgcbfqnrejx xb tn n aeteaer bf ajx= orjf~ej h`cefnr u orjf~ej `efg`nr& B` efdbrejr an `gnr n hnqrj orjf~ejx xbgcbfqnrejx& B` h`cefnr xb aeteab bf qrbx orjf~ejx xbgcbfqnrejx u b` `efg`nr bf ajx& Xbgcbfqj {`cjfnr= {jrheøf ab` {nråf~ecn {`cjfnr ~b bx nerbnan {jr f orjf~ej xbgcbfqnrej& Bf b` {`cøf abrbhlj lnu aeb} xbgcbfqjx {`cjfnrbx xb{nrnajx bfqrb xã {jr qnoe~bx ab qbmeaj hjfmfqetj cu defj& Bf b` e}~ebraj lnu fbtb xbgcbfqjx {`cjfnrbx&

Abfqrj ab `jx xbgcbfqjx `jx orjf~ejx xbgcbfqnrejx xb aeteabf bf qojx hnan tb} cîx defjx u xb ``bgn n` defn` n` orjf~ej`j qbrcefn`& Hnan orjf~ej`j qbrcefnr xb aeteab bf ajx orjf~ãj`jx rbx{ernqjrejx ~b anf `gnr n `jx hjfahqjx n`tbj`nrbx u n `nx nrbj`nx ~b xjf ae`nqnhejfbx ajfab xb rbn`e}n b` efqbrhncoej ab gnxbx& [`cjfbx

Xjf ajx ørgnfjx hjf djrcn ab xbcehjfj ~b ~banf xeqnajx bf `n hnteana qjrîhehn u bfqrb xã bxqîf xb{nrnajx {jr f bx{nhej= cbaenxqefj& Qebfbf djrcn ab xbcehjfj u {rbxbfqnf f tårqehb fn onxb u ajx hnrnx `n b|qbrfn bf hjfqnhqj hjf `n {nrre``n hjxqn` u `n efqbrfn ~b cern n` cbaenxqefj= hnrn cbaenxqãfehn&

87

Bf bxn hnrn efqbrfn bxqî b` le`ej `n xn`ean u bfqrnan ab `jx tnxjx u `jx orjf~ejx {refhe{n`bx& Bf hnan {`cøf lnu f ojrab nfqbrejr nde`naj cu cnrhnaj u ngaj& B` ojrab {jxqbrejr bx cu grbxj rjcj& B` qbrhbr ojrab hjf djrcn ab xbcehjfj bx b` ojrab herhfdbrbfhen` ~b bxqî `eceqnfaj `n onxb ab` {`cøf b|hntnan {nrn nan{qnrxb n` aendrngcn& Bf `n hnrn b|qbrfn ab` {`cøf abrbhlj xb joxbrtn fn lbfaearn cu {rjdfan= dexrn jo`ehn& Bf b` e}~ebraj bxn dexrn tn n xb{nrnr b` `øo`j x{brejr ab` efdbrejr {jr~b xø`j lnu ajx `øo`jx& Bf b` {`cøf abrbhlj `n dexrn jo`ehn xb{nrn b` `øo`j efdbrejr ab` cbaej u ab` x{brejr u bfqrb xã bxqjx ajx `øo`jx bxqîf xb{nrnajx {jr `n dexrn qrnfxtbrxn  ljre}jfqn`& @jx {`cjfbx bxqîf`nbfb~etn`bfqb hjfxqnfqb cjtecebfqj `j noajcbf& ~b hnan fj bxqî bftb`qj bf fn cbcornfn xbrjxn = [@BR_N ~b xbrãn n` {breqjfbj{jr bf b` Bf f hjrqb qrnfxtbrxn` n` {`cøf `n cbcornfn xbrjxn xb nalebrb n `n x{brdeheb ab` {`cøf bxn ljmn ~b xb nalebrb u xb {bgn bx `n [@BR_N TEXHB_N@& N fetb` ab` le`ej bxn cbcornfn xb rbd`bmn u ajo`n xjorb xã cexcn u nljrn xb ``ncn [@BR_N [N_EBQN@ {jr~b qn{e}n `nx {nrbabx ab` qørn| ,{nrba hjxqn` hnrn x{brejr ab` aendrngcn u ørgnfjx ab` cbaenxqefj% Bfqrb `nx ajx ljmnx ab `n {`brn b|exqb f {b~bþj bx{nhej ~b bxqî rb``bfj ab `ã~eaj {`brn`& N fetb` ab` ojrab herhfdbrbfhen` ab` {`cøf b` bx{nhej ~b ~ban bfqrb {`brn texhbrn` u {nrebqn` bx cîx nc{`ej& Djrcnf fn bx{bheb ab {ehjx ~b bf `n rnaejgrndãn xe xb nhc`n chlj `ã~eaj xb joxbrtn& @jx {ehjx xb ``ncnf= xbfjx hjxqj∟aendrngcîqehjx& N[N_NQJ R_EFN_EJ

Hjc{bxqj `jx reþjfbx rbfn` råqbr{jr tbmegn refnren,ørgnfjx u rbqrn%djrcnajrbx ab `n jrefn% u xx tãnx ab b`ecefnheøf ,hî`ehbx rbfn`bx {b`tex _eþjfbx

Hjf djrcn ab maãn& Xb bfhbfqrnf xeqnajx bf `n hnteana noajcefn` n{junajx xjorb `n {nrba noajcefn` {jxqbrejr bf x {nrqb cîx x{brejr& @n {nrba noajcefn` bxqî djrcnan {jr b` cýxh`j {xjnx u {jr b` cýxh`j hnarnaj ab `jx `jcjx ,abqrîx ab` jqrj% abxab `n ý`qecn hjxqe``n lnxqn `n hrbxqn e`enhn& Bxqjx ajx cýxh`jx hjfxqequbf `n {nrba noajcefn` {jxqbrejr u xjorb b``jx xb n{junf ncojx reþjfbx bf `n {nrqb x{brejr& Xjf tãxhbrnx rbqrj∟{breqjfbn`bx u `jx n{`ehn `n {nrba noajcefn` {jxqbrejr& ^banf xeqnajx n hnan `naj ab `n hj`cfn tbrqborn` n `n n`qrn ab `n ý`qecn tårqborn qjrîhehn u `nx ajx {recbrnx `conrbx& Qebfbf fn n`qrn ab aeb} n ajhb hbfqãcbqrjx u ~banf {rjqbgeajx {jr `nx ajx ý`qecnx hjxqe``nx& @n {nrqb x{brejr ab `jx reþjfbx xb rb`nhejfn hjf b` cýxh`j aendrngcn& Xb{nrnfaj ncojx reþjfbx xb bfhbfqrnf `n nrqbren njrqn u `n tbfn hntn efdbrejr ~b erregnf n `jx reþjfbx& Xb aexqefgb fn hnrn nfqbrejr u fn hnrn {jxqbrejr ~b bxqîf xb{nrnanx {jr ajx ojrabx efqbrfj u b|qbrfj& B` ojrab efqbrfj bx høfhntj hjf x {nrqb cbaen hjf fn djxn ``ncnan xbfj rbfn`& B` ojrab b|qbrfj bx ab cnujr qncnþj u hjftb|j& 8<

@nx bxqrhqrnx ~b bfqrnf u xn`bf ab` xbfj rbfn` hjfxqequbf b` le`ej rbfn`& B` reþøf abrbhlj bxqî f {j~eqj cîx onmj ~b b` e}~ebraj& [jr `n hnrn {jxqbrejr b` reþøf xb rb`nhejfn= {jr nrreon hjf b` aendrngcn u {jr ab`nfqb9 b` reþøf abrbhlj xb rb`nhejfn hjf b` lãgnaj hjf b` îfg`j abrbhlj lb{îqehj ab` hj`jf u hjf `nx nxnx ab` efqbxqefj ab`gnaj cøte` ,ubufj∟e`bjf%9 b` e}~ebraj xb rb`nhejfn hjf b` on}j b` îfg`j e}~ebraj ab` hj`jf b` bxqøcngj u hjf fn {nrqb ab` {îfhrbnx ,hjf `n hj`n% Bf b` {j`j x{brejr ab `jx reþjfbx bxqî fn g`îfa`n ab xbhrbheøf efqbrfn= g`îfa`n x{rnrrbfn` ~b bx hjcj f gjrrj bf hnan fj ab `jx reþjfbx& B` reþøf bxqî bftb`qj {jr fn hî{x`n deorjxn ``ncnan hî{x`n {rj{en {jr dbrn ab b``n fjx bfhjfqrncjx hjf fn nofanfqb hn{n abb`qbmeaj nae{jxj= ~b bx cîx {jr``ncnan abqrîx u {jr dbrn& Bxn hî{x`n nae{jxn hî{x`n grnxn hnfaj efaeteaj nab`gn}n qncoeåf nab`gn}n& Lnunofanfqb jqrn hî{x`n dnxhen {brerrbfn` ~b ~ban noebrqn {jr abfqrj u {jr nonmj& ∟Bxqrhqrn ab `jx reþjfbx= Xe ancjx f hjrqb drjfqn` aexqefgecjx ajx {jrhejfbx bf b` {nråf~ecn rbfn`= `n {nrqb {bredårehn ~b bx `n hjrqb}n rbfn` cîx {î`ean u h`nreqn u `n {nrqb efqbrfn ~b bx `n cåa`n rbfn` cîx jxhrn& Bf bxn {nrqb hbfqrn` xb joxbrtnf `j ~b hjrrbx{jfabrãn n `jx `øo`jx ab` reþøf hjf djrcn ab {erîceabx= {erîceabx rbfn`bx lnu ab hefhj n ajhb bf hnan reþøf u x tårqehb& Bf b` xbfj rbfn` xjorbxn`b `n {n{e`n rbfn`& N fetb` ab` tårqehb ab bxqnx {erîceabx hjcebf}nf `nx tãnx ab b|hrbheøf u `n jrefn tn n xbr rbhjgean {jr fjx qojx cbcornfjxjx hjrqjx= hî`ehbx cbfjrbx ~b {nrn nan{qnrxb n `n {n{e`n qebfbf ojrab høfhntj& Bxqjx qojx xb dxejfnf u hjfxqequbf qrjfhjx hj`bhqjrbx ,hî`ehbx cnujrbx% N x tb} tnrejx hî`ehbx cnujrbx qbrcefnf {jr ferxb u hjfxqequbf f bfxnfhlncebfqj ``ncnaj {b`tex rbfn` ~b djrcn hjcj f bcoaj ~b tn n rbhjgbr `n jrefn& Bfxbgean xb bxqrbhln {nrn hjfxqeqer b` råqbr ~b bx f qoj cu bxqrbhlj u tn n xbr rbqrj{breqjfbn`& B` råqbr qebfb f rbhjrreaj cu `nrgj= abxhebfab xjorb `n hnrn nfqbrejr ab` {xjnx u tn n {nxnr `n aetexeøf ab `jx tnxjx e`enhjx ,b|qbrfj b efqbrfj% tbfn e`enhn hjcýf u nrqbren e`enhn hjcýf& Abx{åx ``bgnf n `n tbmegn refnren {jr `n hnrn {jxqbrejr& @n tbmegn refnren bx f ab{øxeqj cýxh`j∟cbcornfjxj ~b {bab hncoenr chlj ab djrcn xbgýf bxqå tnhãn j ``bfn& Bxqî xeqnan abqrîx ab `n xãfdexex ab` {oex&

Hjf rbx{bhqj n` {breqjfbj ab `n tbmegn bx f ørgnfj xo{breqjfbn` u bf hjfxbhbfhen `n ý`qecn {jrheøf ab` råqbr qncoeåf bx xo{breqjfbn`& Bf b` ljcorb {jr abqrîx `n tbmegn refnren xb rb`nhejfn hjf b` hjfahqj abdbrbfqb `n tbxãh`n xbcefn` u b` rbhqj& Bf `n cmbr `n tbmegn xb rb`nhejfn hjf b` hb``j ab` ýqbrj u `n tngefn& Lnhen nonmj b` tårqehb efdbrejr ab `n tbmegn qbrcefn bf f hjfahqj ``ncnaj rbqrn& 85

@n rbqrn dbcbfefn bx cu hjrqn ceab qrbx j hnqrj hbfqãcbqrjx bxqî aeregean lnhen nonmj u lnhen ab`nfqb u abxbcojhn bf `n t`tn bfqrb `jx `noejx cbfjrbx&

Bf b` ljcorb `n rbqrn bx cîx `nrgn ceab fjx aebhexebqb hbfqãcbqrjx u bx `n tãn qbrcefn` ab` n{nrnqj gbfeqn`& N[N_NQJ GBFEQN@ CNXHR@EFJ

Bxqî hjfxqeqeaj {jr fnx gøfnanx , qbxqãh`jx% ~b djrcnrîf `jx gncbqjx ,bx{brcnqj}jeabx% u `nx ljrcjfnx xb|n`bx ,qbxqjxqbrjfn% Nabcîx lnu fnx tãnx bdbrbfqbx ~b bf b` tnrøf xjf= b` b{eaãaecj b` hjfahqj abdbrbfqb b` hjfahqj bunh`najr u `n rbqrn& @nx g`îfa`nx nfbmnx bfqrb b``nx `n tbxãh`n xbcefn` `n {røxqnqn u `nx g`îfa`nx t`tj∟rbqrn`bx& @jx gbfeqn`bx b|qbrfjx= b` bxhrjqj u b` {bfb& Qbxqãh`jx

Ørgnfj xb|n` cnxh`efj bx {nr u xecåqrehj u xb xeqýn bf f xnhj ab {eb` `n|n= bxhrjqj& Rfj ab jqrj bxqîf xb{nrnajx {jr f qnoe~b hnan qbxqãh`j {rbxbfqn bftj`qrnx ~b ab{bfabf ab `n {nrba nfqbrejr ab` noajcbf& Bfqrb `nx bftj`qrnx ~b rjabnf n` qbxqãh`j bxqî b` cýxh`j hrbcnxqbr ~b xjf deornx cxh`nrbx ~b ab{bfabf ab `n {nrba nfqbrejr ab` noajcbf ab` jo`ehj efqbrfj j ab` qrnfxtbrxj u xjf hn{nhbx ab b`btnr b` qbxqãh`j& Bf `n {eb` ~b bftb`tb n` qbxqãh`j bxqî f cýxh`j hqîfbj= anrqrjx ~b xjf deornx cxh`nrbx `exnx ~b lnhbf ~b b` bxhrjqj xb bfhjmn f {jhj j fj& Hnan qbxqãh`j qebfb djrcn jtjeabn ab fjx hnqrj hbfqãcbqrjx ab `jfgeqa ab` {j`j x{brejr n` efdbrejr {jr abqrîx& Tãnx bdbrbfqbx N `j `nrgj ab` ojrab {jxqbrejr ab` qbxqãh`j bxqî b` b{eaãaecj djrcnaj {jr f qoj cu bfrj``naj ``ncnaj hjfahqj b{eaeaecn` ab lnxqn xebqb cbqrjx& B` b{eaãaecj qncoeåf xb bfhbfqrn bf b` bxhrjqj& Tn n rbhjgbr `jx bx{brcnqj}jeabx ~b {nxnf {jr b` hjfahqj b{eaeaecnrej u n fetb` ab` {j`j efdbrejr ab` qbxqãh`j n bxqb hjfahqj xb `b bc{eb}n n ``ncnr hjfahqj abdbrbfqb& Abxab b` {j`j efdbrejr b` hjfahqj abdbrbfqb hjcebf}n n nxhbfabr {nrn oxhnr `n {nrba nfqbrejr ab` noajcbf ~b tn n nqrntbxnr `n nqrntebxn xegebfaj b` hjfahqj efgefn`& Bxb rbhjrreaj b` hjfahqj abdbrbfqb tn nhjc{nþnaj ,xb fb% ab `jx tnxjx bx{brcîqehjx j gjfnan`bx& N` hjfmfqj ab` hjfahqj abdbrbfqb u tnxjx bx{brcîqehjx xb ``ncn HJ_AØF BX[B_CÎQEHJ ~b nqrntebxn b` hjfahqj efgefn`& @egncbfqj efgefn`= ojrab efdbrejr ab `n n{jfbrjxex ab` jo`ehj cnujr& Xb b|qebfab abxab `n bx{efn e`enhn nfqbrj∟x{brejr lnxqn b` qoårh`j {ýoehj& [jr abonmj xn`bf `jx tnxjx e`enhjx b|qbrfjx ab` noajcbf ~b xb qrnfxdjrcnrîf bf dbcjrn`bx u {jr bfhecn bxqî b` hjfahqj efgefn`&

Hjfahqj abdbrbfqb= bf b` noajcbf tn n xbger `n {nrba `nqbrn` ab `n tbmegn refnren ab nab`nfqb nqrîx u xb xb{nrnf xx tnxjx bx{brcîqehjx hnfaj un bxqî cu hbrhn ab `n hnrn {jxqbrejr ajfab xb bfqrbhr}n hjf `jx råqbrbx& Rfn tb} hr}naj hjf b` råqbr ``bgn n `n hnrn {jxqbrejr ab `n tbmegn refnren u bf b``n xb tn n fer n `n tbxãh`n 1;

xbcefn`& @n tbxãh`n xbcefn` qebfb djrcn ab {brn bf b``n xb nhc`n b` bx{brcn bfqrb bunh`nheøf u bunh`nheøf& Hjfahqj bunh`najr= xb `b hncoen b` fjcorb hnfaj xb fb hjf `n tbxãh`n xbcefn` nqrntebxn `n {røxqnqn u bfqrn bf `n rbqrn& @n rbqrn cnxh`efn hjfxqequb `n tãn qbrcefn` hjcýf ab` n{nrnqj refnrej u ab` n{nrnqj gbfeqn` cnxh`efj u xb b|qebfab abxab `n tbmegn refnren lnxqn `n {fqn ab` {bfb& @n rbqrn tn n nqrntbxnr {recbrj `n {røxqnqn= rbqrn {rjxqîqehn `bgj b` aendrngcn rjgbfeqn`= rbqrn cbcornfjxn u {jr ý`qecj `n rbqrn tn n bxqnr rjabnan {jr fn hj`cfn ab qbmeaj bråhqe` ~b bx b` hbr{j bx{jfmjxj ab` {bfb j rbqrn bx{jfmjxn& [røxqnqn= bx fnBx g`îfa`n rjabn {recbrn rbqrn^ban u ~ban xeqnan abonmj ab ab` `n tbmegn refnren& ab hj`jrnfbmn rjmj ~b tefjxj u `n`ndjrcn bx `n{jrheøf ab fnab hnxqnþn& xeqnan {jr ab`nfqb rbhqj `j hn` bx fn rb`nheøf cu ec{jrqnfqb {jr~b bf `nx {brxjfnx cnujrbx bx cu {rjono`b ~b hrb}hn `n {røxqnqn u cbaenfqb fn {n`{nheøf rbhqn` xb {bab ntbregnr b` hîfhbr ab {røxqnqn&

@n {røxqnqn {rjahb fn xbhrbheøf nhjxn ~b tn n tbrqbr bf `n rbqrn& [bfb

Qebfb qrbx hj`cfnx ab qbmeaj bråhqe` ajx xjf nfqbrejrbx j x{brejrbx= hbr{jx hntbrfjxjx u fj bx efdbrejr j {jxqbrejr= hbr{j bx{jfmjxj& @jx hbr{jx ~banf n{`ehnajx n `n {b`tex {jr b` cýxh`j ex~ejhntbrfjxj u o`ojhntbrfjxj& B` hbr{j bx{jfmjxj qebfb ajx ae`nqnhejfbx bf `jx ajx b|qrbcjx& Bf b` b|qrbcj n{`ehnaj n `n {b`tex= o`oj ab` hbr{j bx{jfmjxj bf b` b|qrbcj ab `n {fqn ab` {bfb= g`nfab& N fetb`{rb{hej ab` g`nfab xb bfhbfqrn jredehej b|qbrfj ab `n rbqrn j cbnqj refnrej& {eb`~ban ~b horb b` g`nfab ``ncn= u åxqb bx fn {eb`b`~b xb {bab rbhln}nr lnhen nqrîx ab qn` cnfbrn@n~b b` g`nfab n` xb abxhoebrqj& Bf feþjx cu {b~bþjx bx drbhbfqb ~b fj xb {ban rbhln}nr `n {eb` u xe bxqj hjfqefýn xb lnhb fn herhfhexeøf u xb ~ban b` g`nfab n` abxhoebrqj& Bf b` g`nfab `n rbqrn mxqj nfqbx ab qbrcefnr qebfb fn ae`nqnheøf= djxn fnteh`nr Bf `n {nrba x{brejr ab `n rbqrn lnu f rb{`ebgb ab `n chjxn ~b xb ``ncn tî`t`n ab `n djxn fnteh`nr j tî`t`n ab Gbref& Bx cu ec{jrqnfqb hjfjhbr`n un ~b hnfaj xb lnhb f xjfanmb {jr `n rbqrn cnxh`efn lnu ~b qbfbr heanaj ab n` {refhe{ej aereger `n xjfan lnhen nonmj& Hbr{jx hntbrfjxjx= `n hjfqrnhheøf ab `jx cýxh`jx ex~ejhntbrfjxj u o`ojhntbrfjxj tn n ec{baer b` rbqjrfj tbfjxj u {bab ``bgnr n {rjaherxb `n brbhheøf ab` {bfb& N fetb` ab` aendrngcn rjgbfeqn` b|exqbf ajx g`îfa`nx chjxnx= g`îfa`nx o`ojrbqrn`bx j g`îfa`nx ab Hjw{br ~b qebfbf b` qncnþj ab f lbxj ab hbrb}n u x xbhrbheøf qncoeåf xb rbn`e}n bf `n rbqrn& @n dfheøf ab `nx g`îfa`nx o`ojrbqrn`bx bx `n ab fbqrn`e}nr `n jrefn {brcnfbfqb nfqbx ab `n bunh`nheøf ab` xbcbf& N[N_NQJ GBFEQN@ DBCBFEFJ

@nx gøfnanx xjf `jx jtnrejx ~b xb xeqýnf bf `n {nrba `nqbrn` ab `n {b`tex ,ajfab xb oedrhnf `jx tnxjx e`enhjx b|qbrfj b efqbrfj% u qebfbf djrcn u qncnþj ab n`cbfarn&

1>

Xb cnfqebfbf bf {jxeheøf grnhenx n` `egncbfqj xx{bfxjrej ab` jtnrej ,{jr ajfab ``bgn `n onxh`nre}nheøf% qncoeåf ``ncnaj `egncbfqj `coj∟øtnrehj& Lnu jqrj `egncbfqj ~b cnfqebfb b` jtnrej ``ncnaj `egncbfqj ýqbrj∟jtîrehj ~b fb b` ýqbrj hjf b` jtnrej& @nx tãnx gbfeqn`bx bdbrbfqbx xjf= `n tngefn b` ýqbrj u `n qrjc{n ab Dn`j{ej& Qrjc{n ab Dn`j{ej

Bx f hjfahqj ab fjx aeb} hbfqãcbqrjx ab `jfgeqa ~b rbhjgb b` øt`j ab` jtnrej u `j qrnfx{jrqn lnhen b` ýqbrj& Bf b``n xb aexqefgbf= f B\Q_BCJ B\QB_FJ J @NQB_N@ bfxnfhlnaj hjf djrcn ab bcoaj ~b xb bfhbfqrn `eorb abfqrj ab `n hnteana noajcefj∟{b`tenfn& Bf bxb b|qrbcj b|qbrfj {rbxbfqn fnx {rj`jfgnhejfbx hjcj ab abajx ab gnfqb j `jx d`bhjx ab fn qj~e``n ~b xjf `nx decorenx lnu fn decoren cîx `nrgn ~b b` rbxqj= `egncbfqj qoj∟jtîrehj {jr~b cnfqebfb b` hjfqnhqj bfqrb b` jtnrej u `n qrjc{n& Lnhen abfqrj ab `n qrjc{n `n {nrqb cîx nfhln= nc{j``n bx ajfab qebfb `gnr `n dbhfanheøf ab` øt`j& N hjfqefnheøf `n {nrqb cîx n`nrgnan xb ``ncn exqcj ~b xb efqrjahb bf `n {nrba ab` ýqbrj u n bxn {jrheøf cîx efqbrfn= {jrheøf efqrncrn`& B` øt`j abxab ~b bx rbhjgeaj {jr b` {nob``øf ab `n qrjc{n qnran fjx hnqrj j xbex aãnx bf ``bgnr n `n hnteana ab` ýqbrj& Ýqbrj

Bx f ørgnfj cxh`nr hjf {nrbabx cu grbxnx bf djrcn ab {brn lnhen nonmj& Bx lbhj ab xebqb hbfqãcbqrjx ab `jfgeqa `n hnteana n{rbhen bf fu bf hjrqb xngeqn`% {b`tenfn ~ban xeqnaj bfqrb `n tbmegn refnren {jr ab`nfqb u b` rbhqj {jr abqrîx ,xb Xb aexqefgbf tnrenx {jrhejfbx= Djfaj qbrefj= hjrrbx{jfab n `n {nrqb cîx nfhln ab `n {brn u ~ban xeqnaj {jr bfhecn ab ajfab bfqrnf `nx qrjc{nx ab Dn`j{ej& Hbr{j qbrefj= {jr abonmj ab` djfaj ab` ýqbrj& Hb``j qbrefj= lnhen nonmj `n {jrheøf cîx hnan`&

Bf f hjrqb xngeqn` b` ýqbrj fj xb hj`jhn hjcj bxqn {brn xefj ~b b` hb``j u b` hbr{j djrcnf f îfg`j noebrqj lnhen ab`nfqb= îfg`j ab nfqbd`b|eøf tn n ~banr n{junaj xjorb `n hnrn x{brejr ab `n tbmegn refnren& Qncoeåf b|exqb jqrj îfg`j b` ~b djrcn `n tngefn hjf b` hb``j ab` ýqbrj= îfg`j ab nfqbtbrxeøf& [jr abonmj ab` ýqbrj= Tngefn=

@n {nrqb cîx x{brejr ab åxqn tn n rjabnr `n {nrqb cîx x{brejr ab` hb``j ab` ýqbrj& Lnhebfaj fn hjr{jxhj{en xb {bab joxbrtnr b` hb``j ab` ýqbrj= LJHEHJ ABQBFHN bx `n {nrqb cîx efdbrejr ab` hb``j ab` ýqbrj rjabnan {jr `n tngefn& 1?

B` {breqjfbj qn{e}n b` ýqbrj u rbhorb qjan `n {nrba {jxqbrejr `bgj xb ajo`n u rbhorb qjan `n {nrba ab` rbhqj& B` {breqjfbj bfqrb b` ýqbrj u b` rbhqj hjfxqequb b` djfaj ab xnhj ab Ajg`nx ~b bx rbhqj∟qbrefj& Qncoeåf ``ncnaj rbhqj tngefn`& Bf b` ljcorb bf hncoej b` djfaj ab xnhj ab Ajg`nx bxqî bfqrb `n tbmegn refnren u b` rbhqj bx rbhqj∟tbxehn`& Lnhen `nqbrn` fjx bfhjfqrncjx `nx qrjc{nx ab Dn`j{ej ajfab b` {breqjfbj ~ban hjcj fn xîonfn hjf fn ljmn ab`nfqb u fn abqrîx u n bxb {breqjfbj ~b hb`gn= `egncbfqj nfhlj& Joxbrtîfaj`j {jr ab`nfqb ab `n qrjc{n ab Dn`j{ej lnhb {rjcefbfhen fn bxqrhqrn rbajfabnan= `egncbfqj rbajfaj ab` ýqbrj= demn b` ýqbrj n `n {nrba nfqbrejr ab` noajcbf {brj fj xb ~ban nlã xefj ~b `n nqrntebxn xegebfaj b` hjfahqj efgefn` {nrn xn`er ab` noajcbf u qbrcefn {jr demnrxb bf b` qbmeaj hb``nr xohqîfbj ab `jx `noejx cnujrbx& [jr ab`nfqb ab `n qrjc{n ab Dn`j{ej lnhb {rjcefbfhen b` `egncbfqj rbajfaj ~b bx nfqbrejr u cnfqebfb b` ýqbrj bf nfqbtbrxeøf u {jr abqrîx lnhb {rjcefbfhen b` `egncbfqj ýqbrj∟jtîrehj ~b bx {jxqbrejr& [jr abonmj ab` ýqbrj bxqî `n tngefn ~b nqrntebxn b` aendrngcn rjgbfeqn` u abxbcojhn {jr abqrîx ab` cbnqj refnrej& Xe `n cmbr bxqî bf {jxeheøf gefbhj`øgehn xb joxbrtn b` jredehej b|qbrfj ab `n tngefn {jr abonmj ab` cbnqj refnrej cbcornfn ~b `n qn{n {nrhen`cbfqb b` lecbf& B` `gnr ajfab fjx bfhjfqrncjx b` cbnqj refnrej xb ``ncn t`tn& N hnan `naj ab `jx ajx jredehejx ~b fjx bfhjfqrncjx bf `n t`tn lnu ajx {`ebgbx hqîfbjx ab nx{bhqj chjxj= `noejx cbfjrbx ~b {rbxbfqnf bf `n hjcexrn nfqbrejr fn djrcnheøf ab qbmeaj bråhqe`= h`ãqjrex ~b b~etn`b n` {bfb cnxh`efj u qebfb x qbmeaj hntbrfjxj& [jr dbrnu {jr ab `jx `noejx cbfjrbx xb bfhbfqrnf bxqîf rbhoebrqjx ab {b`j {jr xb`hnrn `noejx cnujrbx b|qbrfn abfqrj qebfbf n{nrebfhen chjxn&`jx Bxjx `noejx qncoeåf~b {rbxbfqnf qbmeaj bråhqe` ~b jh{n `noej cnujr u b~etn`b n` hbr{j bx{jfmjxj cnxh`efj= o`oj tbxqeo`nr& Bfqrb `nx g`îfa`nx nfbmnx hjfxeabrncjx= G`îfa`n tbxqeo`nr cnujr= bx {nr qncoeåf ``ncnan g`îfa`n ab Onrqj`efj& Bx fn g`îfa`n chjxn ab qncnþj ab gexnfqb ~b ~ban rbhoebrqn {jr b` cýxh`j o`oj∟bx{jfmjxj u xb xeqýn n hnan `naj ab` jredehej tngefn` bf `n {nrqb cîx {jxqbrejr& G`îfa`n cncnren& ^ban xeqnan {jr `jx cýxh`jx {bhqjrn`bx cnujrbx u {jr abonmj ab `n {eb`& Hjfxqeqean {jr qbmeaj grnf`nr grnxj u hjfmfqetj& @jx hjfahqjx ab `nx g`îfa`nx n`tbj`nrbx hjftbrgbf bf `n {fqn ab` {b}øf ~b bxqî rjabnaj ab fn }jfn {egcbfqnan& N[N_NQJ HE_HR@NQJ_EJ ,HN_AEJTNXHR@N_%

Bx b` bfhnrgnaj ab qrnfx{jrqnr `n xnfgrb n qjanx `nx {nrqbx ab` jrgnfexcj& Bxqî hjfxqeqeaj {jr tnxjx xnfgãfbjx bf huj efqbrejr herh`n `n xnfgrb u bx ec{`xnan {jr fn ojcon ~b bx b` hjrn}øf u ``bgn n qjajx `jx qbmeajx ab` hbr{j& Abxab b` hjrn}øf tnf n {nrqer fjx tnxjx xnfgãfbjx= nrqbrenx ~b xjf fjx tnxjx xnfgãfbjx b`îxqehjx ~b xb tnf rncedehnfaj bf nrqbrenx hnan tb} cîx {b~bþnx u defnx= nrqbrej`nx ~b xb rncedehnf u anf `gnr n `jx hn{e`nrbx& Bf `jx hn{e`nrbx `n xnfgrb tn n hbabr b` j|ãgbfj n` qbmeaj u xb tn n hnrgnr ab nflãareaj hnroøfehj 18

,HJ?% ajfab tn n qbfbr `gnr f efqbrhncoej ab gnxbx& @jx hn{e`nrbx ~b xb lnf hnrgnaj ab HJ? tb`tbf n` hjrn}øf= tåf`nx ,b~etn`bfqb n `nx nrqbrej`nx% ~b xb tnf febfaj u defn`cbfqb xb ``bgn n fjx qrjfhjx tbfjxjx cu grbxjx ~b bfqrnf bf b` hjrn}øf& Bxqb rbhjrreaj ~b ``btn `n xnfgrb j|egbfnan n `jx qbmeajx u abtb`tb `n xnfgrb hjf nflãareaj hnroøfehj n` hjrn}øf xb ``ncn= HE_HR@NHEØF CNUJ_& @n HE_HR@NHEØF CBFJ_= bx b` herheqj ~b tn n b`ecefnr b` nflãareaj hnroøfehj ab `n xnfgrb {jr fnx nrqbrenx ~b xb aeregbf lnhen `jx {`cjfbx& Xb tnf rncedehnfaj `nx nrqbrenx {`cjfnrbx& Bf b` {`cøf n fetb` ab `jx n`tåj`jx xb {rjahb b` efqbrhncoej ab gnxbx n `n eftbrxn `n xnfgrb ~b ``bgn ab` hjrn}øf n qrntåx ab `nx nrqbrenx {`cjfnrbx tn n hbabr b` nflãareaj hnroøfehj u xb tn n hnrgnr ab j|ãgbfj {jr `j ~b `n xnfgrb tb`tb n qbfbr nx{bhqj hj`jrnaj u ab `jx {`cjfbx ``bgn n` hjrn}øf {jr `nx tbfnx {`cjfnrbx& @jx tnxjx ~b {nrqbf ab` hjrn}øf = nrqbrenx @jx tnxjx ~b xn`bf ab` {`cøf = tbfnx Hjrn}øf

Xb bfhbfqrn bf `n hnteana qjrîhehn bfqrb `jx ajx {`cjfbx bf `n {nrqb efdbrejr u nfqbrejr ab` cbaenxqefj& Bx fn tãxhbrn lbhn cxh`nr u {rbxbfqn hnqrj hnteanabx& Xb lno`n ab nrãh`nx u tbfqrãh`jx lnu ajx nrãh`nx e}~ebran u abrbhln xb{nrnanx {jr f qnoe~b efqbrnreh`nr u ajx tbfqrãh`jx e}~ebraj u abrbhlj xb{nrnajx {jr f qnoe~b efqbrtbfqreh`nr& @nx nrãh`nx ~banf {jr bfhecn u {jr abqrîx ab `jx tbfqrãh`jx& @NX NR_ÃHR@NX xjf hîcnrnx ab rbhb{heøf ab xnfgrb& N `n nrãh`n e}~ebran ``bgnf `nx tbfnx {`cjfnrbx ~b xjf hnqrj u n `n nrãh`n abrbhln ``bgn `n xnfgrb ab `jx qbmeajx n qrntåx ab `nx tbfnx hntnx x{brejr b efdbrejr& Ab` TBFQ_ÃHR@J e}~ebraj xn`b `n nrqbren njrqn ~b bx `n {refhe{n` ab` hbr{j hjf xnfgrb j|egbfnan& @n herh`nheøf cnujr hjcebf}n bf b` tbfqrãh`j e}~ebraj xn`ebfaj {jr `n njrqn& @n njrqn xb rncedehn b erregn qjajx `jx qbmeajx ab` hbr{j abx{åx tb`tb n qrntåx ab `nx tbfnx hntnx n `n nrãh`n abrbhln& Bf `n herh`nheøf cbfjr `n xnfgrb tbfjxn ab `n nrãh`n abrbhln tn n {nxnr n` tbfqrãh`j abrbhlj u abxab åxqb {nrqerî `n nrqbren {`cjfnr lnhen `jx {`cjfbx& Abxab `jx {`cjfbx `n xnfgrb hnrgnan ab j|ãgbfj tj`tbrî {jr `nx tbfnx {`cjfnrbx n `n nrãh`n e}~ebran& B` hjrn}øf bf hjfmfqj qebfb djrcn ab {erîceab qrenfg`nr bf b` ~b aexqefgecjx qrbx hnrnx= Rfn nfqbrejr {jr bxqnr bf hjfqnhqj hjf b` bxqbrføf u `nx hjxqe``nx= hnrn bxqbrfj∟hjxqn`9 hnrn efdbrejr j aendrngcîqehn u {jr ý`qecj fn hnrn e}~ebran j {`cjfnr ~b cern n` {`cøf e}~ebraj& Qncoeåf xb aexqefgbf bf b` hjrn}øf fn onxb ajfab bfqrnf u xn`bf `jx grnfabx tnxjx& B` tårqehb ab` hjrn}øf ~b bx nfqbrejr b efdbrejr u qncoeåf e}~ebraj j xe hjfxeabrncjx b` bmb cnujr ab` hjrn}øf ~b xb aeregb ab nrreon nonmj abxab `n abrbhln lnhen `n e}~ebran u lnhen ab`nfqb& Bf `n x{brdeheb ab` hjrn}øf lnu fjx xrhjx=

11

Bf `n hnrn nfqbrejr= b` xrhj efqbrtbfqreh`nr nfqbrejr ~b fjx tn n cnrhnr ajfab ~ban xeqnaj b` qnoe~b efqbrtbfqreh`nr& Ajx qbrhejx ab `n hnrn bxqîf jh{najx {jr b` tbfqrãh`j abrbhlj u f qbrhej {jr b` e}~ebraj ab bxb xrhj hjrrbx{jfab n` tbfqrãh`j e}~ebraj ~b bx ajfab bxqî b` tårqehb ab` hjrn}øf& Bf `n hnrn efdbrejr qncoeåf {jabcjx joxbrtnr b` xrhj efqbrtbfqreh`nr {jxqbrejr ~b fjx tn n aeteaer bxn hnrn aendrngcîqehn bf ajx ceqnabx hnan fn hjrrbx{jfab n f tbfqrãh`j& Lnu jqrj xrhj ~b bx b` xrhj nrãh`j∟tbfqreh`nr ~b djrcn fn bx{bheb ab hjrjfn {jr `j ~b qncoeåf xb ``ncn xrhj hjrjfnrej& @nx {nrbabx ab `nx nrãh`nx u tbfqrãh`jx xjf aedbrbfqbx& @nx nrãh`nx xjf hîcnrnx ab rbhb{heøf ab xnfgrb u qebfbf `nx {nrbabx `exnx u ab`gnanx bf hncoej `jx tbfqrãh`jx hjcj tnf n ec{`xnr `n xnfgrb dbrn ab` hjrn}øf xjf ab {nrbabx cu grbxnx u nabcîx x x{brdeheb fj bx `exn hjcj bf `nx nrãh`nx xefj ~b {rbxbfqn chljx rb`ebtbx cxh`nrbx= `jx cýxh`jx {n{e`nrbx j hj`cfnx hnrfjxnx& Hnteanabx ab` hjrn}øf -@n nrãh`n abrbhln hjrrbx{jfab n `n hîcnrn ~b rbheob qjan `n xnfgrb tbfjxn ab qjajx `jx qbmeajx ab` hbr{j& Bf f bx~bcn ab `n nrãh`n abrbhln qebfb fn aex{jxeheøf tbrqehn`= {jr nrreon `b ``bgn `n xnfgrb tbfjxn {rjhbabfqb ab `n hnob}n hb``j u b|qrbceanabx x{brejrbx u ``bgn n `n nrãh`n abrbhln {jr `n tbfn hntn x{brejr& @n xnfgrb ~b {rjhbab ab` qrjfhj u `jx cebcorjx efdbrejrbx ``bgn n `n nrãh`n abrbhln {jr `n tbfn hntn efdbrejr& Bf `n nrãh`n abrbhln lnu jqrj {b~bþj jredehej ~b ~ban xeqnaj n `n e}~ebran ab` jredehej ab `n hntn efdbrejr bx `n abxbcojhnarn ab` xbfj hjrjfnrej ~b hjrrbx{jfab n` qrjfhj tbfjxj u rbhjgb `n xnfgrb tbfjxn ab` hjrn}øf& Bxn xnfgrb xb arbfn bf `n nrãh`n abrbhln& Xb{nrnfajherh`nr `n nrãh`n abrbhln nrãh`n e}~ebran bxqî b`djxn qnoe~b ab{rbxeøf rjabnan {jr uf`nbfgrjxncebfqj ``ncnaj= jtn`& efqbrnreh`nr u bf b` xb joxbrtn fn @n nrãh`n abrbhln qebfb fn {rj`jfgnheøf ``ncnan jrbmb`n abrbhln ~b xb hnrnhqbre}n {jr norn}nr b` hjcebf}j ab `n nrqbren {`cjfnr u `n njrqn& Xe b` efqbrejr ab `n nrãh`n bx qjaj `exj b` efqbrejr ab `n jrbmb`n {rbxbfqn {b~bþjx rb`ebtbx cxh`nrbx= cýxh`jx {bhqefnajx& B` jredehej ~b tn n hjcfehnr `n nrãh`n abrbhln hjf b` tbfqrãh`j e}~ebraj tn n bxqnr jh{naj {jr fn tî`t`n ~b tn n ec{baer ~b `n xnfgrb ~b ln bfqrnaj bf b` tbfqrãh`j fj tb`tn n `n nrãh`n bxqn tî`t`n ~b bxqî bf b` jredehej nreh`j∟tbfqreh`nr abrbhlj u qebfb qrbx tn`tnx {jr `j ~b xb ``ncn = tî`t`n qrehýx{eab& -@n nrãh`n e}~ebran bx n`nrgnan bf xbfqeaj ljre}jfqn`& N b``n tnf n ``bgnr ajx tbfnx ab hnan {`cøf ~b lnhbf ~b `n nrãh`n e}~ebran xbn n`nrgnan bf xbfqeaj ljre}jfqn`& @b tnf n ``bgnr ajx tbfnx {`cjfnrbx abrbhlnx u ajx e}~ebranx u bf `n {nrba nfqbrejr ab `n nrãh`n e}~ebran fjx bfhjfqrncjx hjf hnqrj jredehejx&

Xb rb`nhejfn {jr abqrîx hjf b` bxødngj& B` jredehej nrãh`j∟tbfqreh`nr e}~ebraj hjcfehn `n nrãh`n e}~ebran hjf b` tbfqrãh`j e}~ebraj u bxqî jh{naj {jr fn tî`t`n hjf ajx ljmnx ~b {nrbhbf `n ceqrn ab f joex{j {jr `j ~b xb ``ncn= tî`t`n ceqrn`& -B` tbfqrãh`j abrbhlj bx fn hîcnrn ~b {rbxbfqn b` jredehej ~b `j hjcfehn hjf `n nrãh`n abrbhln 12

jh{naj {jr `n tî`t`n qrehýx{eab ajfab bfqrn `n xnfgrb hnrgnan ab HJ?& Bf bxqb tbfqrãh`j xb aexqefgbf ajx {nrqbx= Rfn hîcnrn ab ``bgnan j bfqrnan ~b bx tbfjxn u fn hîcnrn ab xn`ean {jr ab`nfqb ab `n ab bfqrnan& Ab `n hîcnrn ab xn`ean xn`b ec{`xnan `n xnfgrb {nxn lnhen `n nrqbren {`cjfnr& Hnfaj `n xnfgrb {nxn n `n nrqbren {`cjfnr mxqj bf b` jredehej xb bfhbfqrn fn tî`t`n hjf qrbx tn`tnx ,feaj ab {n`jcn% = tî`t`n xegcjeabx& -B` tbfqrãh`j e}~ebraj bx ab {nrbabx grbxnx un ~b abob ab ec{`xnr `n xnfgrb lnhen qjaj b` hbr{j& Qebfb ajx hîcnrnx ab ``bgnan u ab xn`ean {bgnan n` qnoe~b efqbrtbfqreh`nr ,n `n abrbhln%& B` jredehej `n xnfgrb j|egbfnan xn`b `n tî`t`n nrqbren njrqn bxqî jh{naj {jr fn nrqbren njrqnn qrntåx u qebfbab` `jxhn` cýxh`jx hnrnhqbrãxqehjx egn`lnhen ~b `n xegcjeabx hjf `jx feajx ab tî`t`n {n`jcn&ab `n Bf hnfqj n `n hjfxqeqheøf ab` hjrn}øf bxqî hjfxqeqeaj {jr qrbx hn{nx= Bfajhnraej bx `n hn{n cîx efqbrfn& Bfajqb`ej cu defj ~b rbhorb b` hjrn}øf& Cejhnraej bx `n hn{n cxh`nr u {refhe{n`& Bxqî hjfxqeqeaj {jr qbmeaj cxh`nr bxqrenaj b eftj`fqnrej ,qbmeaj cxh`nr hnraenhj% [brehnraej bftb`tb b` hjrn}øf& Hjfxqequb `n hn{n xbrjxn ~b hjfxqn ab ajx hn{nx=

[jr `n hnrn b|qbrfn ab `n ljmn {nrebqn` ab` {brehnraej xb bfhbfqrn fn `îcefn dbrqb b efd`b|eo`b ``ncnan= {brehnraej deorjxj j xnhj {brehîraehj& Bf b` hnxj ab ~b b|exqn f abrrncb {brehîraehj b` hjrn}øf qbfarî {rjo`bcnx {nrn cjtbrxb {jr `n dn`qn ab d`b|eoe`eana j cjte`eana ab` xnhj {brehîraehj ~b xbrãn `n hn{n ~b ~banrãn mxqj {bgnan n` hjrn}øf bf bxb hnxj& B` hjrn}øf bxqî bf hjfxqnfqb cjtecebfqj un ~b b|exqb f xexqbcn ab hjfahheøf ~b hjfqrj`n `n nhqeteana {refhe{n`cbfqb ab` cejhnraej bxqb xexqbcn tn n bxqnr hjfqrj`naj {jr efbrtnheøf xec{îqehn ~b nhb`brnrî b` reqcj ab` hjrn}øf u {jr efbrtnheøf {nrnxec{îqehn ~b tebfb xjorb qjaj ab` fbrtej tngj ,\ {nr hrnfbn`% ~b qbfarî hjcj jombqj aexcefer b` reqcj hnraenhj& @jx ec{`xjx fbrtejxjx tnf n nhqnr xjorb f qbmeaj cxh`nr bx{bhen`e}naj u hjcebf}n n nhqnr xjorb b` føa`j xefj∟nreh`nr j føa`j xefxn` åxqb xb bfhbfqrn n fetb` ab `n nrãh`n abrbhln ajfab abxbcojhn `n tbfn hntn x{brejr& Ab bxqb føa`j xn`qn n jqrj n` føa`j nrãh`j tbfqreh`nr j føa`j ab Nxhljdd Qnwnrn ~b xb bfhbfqrn bf b` qnoe~b efqbrtbfqreh`nr bf b` `naj abrbhlj& Abxab n~ã b` ec{`xj hjfqefnrî {jr b` qnoe~b efqbrtbfqreh`nr ``ncnaj dnxhãh`j ab lex u n~ã xb aeteab bf ajx bxqb dnxhãh`j= fn rncn e}~ebran u jqrn abrbhln bxqnx rncnx n x tb} xb rncedehnf abfqrj ab` tbfqrãh`j u xb hjfjhb hjf b` fjcorb ab rba ab [riefmb ab qn` cnfbrn ~b b` ec{`xj xb {rj`jfgn j {rj{ngn {jr qjaj b` cejhnraej& @nx nrqbrenx ~b tnf n erregnr b` hjrn}øf xjf `nx nrqbrenx hjrjfnrenx u xx {recbrnx rncnx `nx rncnx hjrjfnrenx& Herh`nheøf cbfjr

14

Ab` tbfqrãh`j abrbhlj xrgb `n nrqbren {`cjfnr bxqn nrqbren bf x jregbf xb hj`jhn {jr ab`nfqb ab `n nrqbren njrqn& @n nrqbren {`cjfnr ``btn fn aerbhheøf nxhbfabfqb u xb aeregb f {jhj lnhen `n e}~ebran bfxbgean xb aeteab bf ajx bf fn nrqbren {`cjfnr abrbhln u jqrn e}~ebran& @n abrbhln qebfb f rbhjrreaj cîx `nrgj bfqrnf bf b` {`cøf n fetb` ab` lã`bj {jr ab`nfqb ab `jx orjf~ejx& @n nrqbren {`cjfnr abrbhln ~ban fean n` hn``naj ab `n njrqn {jr b` `egncbfqj nrqbrejxj& Bf `n herh`nheøf dbqn` bxqî hjcfehnan `n njrqn hjf `n nrqbren {`cjfnr bf b` fnhecebfqj xb joxqrub u ~ban b` `egncbfqj xj`ncbfqb bf n`gfnx jhnxejfbx bxqj fj jhrrb u xrgbf grnfabx {rjo`bcnx& Rfn tb} ~b bx j|egbfnan `n xnfgrb bf b` {`cøf tb`tb {jr `nx tbfnx {`cjfnrbx bf b` lã`bj e}~ebraj u bf b` abrbhlj& @nx hnqrj tbfnx {`cjfnrbx qbrcefnf x rbhjrreaj bf `n nrãh`n e}~ebran& Herh`nheøf xexqbcîqehn j cnujr Cbhnfexcj ab `n nrqbren njrqn qebfb x jregbf bf b` tbfqrãh`j e}~ebraj u n~ã bxqî xeqnan {jr abqrîx ab `n nrqbren {`cjfnr& Bf f {refhe{ej `n njrqn ``btn b` cexcj rbhjrreaj ~b `n {`cjfnr= njrqn nxhbfabfqb bxqn {recbrn {jrheøf tn n anr `gnr n ajx rncnx ``ncnanx nrqbrenx hjrjfnrenx ~b erregnf `nx {nrbabx ab` hjrn}øf&

Xegebfaj b` rbhjrreaj ab `n njrqn tbcjx ~b b` xbgfaj qrncj abxhreob f nrhj lnhen nonmj= hnunaj ab `n njrqn ~b {nxn {jr bfhecn ab `n aetexeøf ab `n nrqbren {`cjfnr xb bfhbfqrn bf b` cbaenxqefj x{brejr& B` nrhj j hn``naj xb aeregb lnhen nqrîx u lnhen `n e}~ebran u hjcebf}n n abxhbfabr njrqn abxhbfabfqb n~ã xb aeteab bf fn ~b tn lnhen b` qørn| nrqbren qjrîhehn u jqrn ~b xb aeregb lnhen `n {nrqb ab nqrîx ab` bxødngj nqrntebxn b` aendrngcn u ``bgn n` noajcbf= nrqbren noajcefn`& B` HNUNAJ AB @N NJ_QN ab x {nrqb x{brejr ~b bx hjftb|n xrgbf fn xbreb ab rncnx ~b tnf abxqefnanx n erregnr `n hnob}n u b` cebcorj x{brejr& @nx rncnx ab `n abrbhln= Qrjfhj orn~ejhbdî`ehj= erregn b` orn}j u `n hnob}n xb aeteab bf `n nrqbren hnrøqean hjcýf j {receqetn ,ab` abrbhlj% u `n nrqbren xoh`nten abrbhln& Hnrøqean hjcýf e}~ebran= hnfaj bxqî n `n n`qrn ab` ojhnaj ab Naîf j fb} xb aeteab bf ajx= `n hnrøqean efqbrfn ~b fj an fefgfn rncn bf b` hb``j u bfqrn bf `n hnteana hrnfbn` u n~ã xb aeteab b erregn `n }jfn ab` hrîfbj u `n hnrøqean b|qbrfn ~b an fcbrjxnx rncnx ~b erregnf `nx bxqrhqrnx ab` hb``j u hnob}n& Nrqbren xoh`nten e}~ebran= xb aeregbf lnhen `n e}~ebran tn n {nxnr {jr abonmj ab `n h`ntãh`n u cîx qnrab {jr abonmj ab `n {recbrn hjxqe``n bx n~ã hnfaj hncoen ab fjcorb= nrqbren n|e`nr& Bfqrn bf b` lbhj n|e`nr {brj nfqbx ab bxqj `n nrqbren xoh`nten xb aeteab bf fcbrjxnx rncnx= Xoh`nten nxhbfabfqb= tn n er {jr `nx n{ødexex b|qbrfnx ab `nx tårqbornx hbrtehn`bxZ nrqbren hbrtehn`& Åxqn tn n hjfqreoer n erregnr b` hbrborj mfqj hjf `n hnrøqean efqbrfn& Nrqbren qjrîhehn j cncnren efqbrfn {nxn n` `naj ab` bxqbrføf u nqrntebxn b` aendrngcn&

N` hncoenr `n xoh`nten ab fjcorb ,n` {nxnr {jr `n {recbrn hjxqe``n%= nrqbren n|e`nr9 bxqn tb`tb n anr fcbrjxnx rncnx n `jx cýxh`jx ab `n n|e`n& @n nrqbren n|e`nr hnfaj xjorb{nxn b` fetb` ab` ojrab efdbrejr ab` cýxh`j {bhqjrn` cnujr xb `n tb`tb n hncoenr b` fjcorb= nrqbren lcbrn` j orn~en`& N `n nrqbren lcbrn` `n tncjx n bfhjfqrnr bf `n rbgeøf efqbrfn ab` orn}j bf b` xrhj efqbrfj j xrhj oehe{eqn` efqbrfj u tn nhjc{nþnan ab `nx tbfnx lcbrn`bx u `jx fbrtejx cbaenfj u hoeqn`&

17

Ab bxqn cnfbrn `n nrqbren lcbrn` onmn {jr b` orn}j u hr}n b` hjaj {jr ab`nfqb fn tb} ~b `j hr}n bf `n rbgeøf nfqbrejr ab` nfqborn}j `n nrqbren lcbrn` xb aeteab bf ajx rncnx qbrcefn`bx= Nrqbren hoeqn` efqbrfn= tn n xbr xnqå`eqb j tn n nhjc{nþnr n` cýxh`j x{efnajr `nrgj bf qjaj x rbhjrreaj& Nrqbren hoeqn` b|qbrfn= bf `n cþbhn xb `n {bab qjcnr b` {`xj bfqrb b` x{efnajr `nrgj u b` {n`cnr cnujr& Bxqnx ajx nrqbrenx hoeqn` efqbrfn u b|qbrfn {nxnf n `n {n`cn ab `n cnfj u nlã fjx bfhjfqrncjx hjf ajx nrhnanx nrqbren`bx f nrhj nrqbren` x{brdehen` ~b xb djrcn {jr `n nfnxqjcjxex ,feøf% ab `n nrqbren hoeqn` hjf fn rncn bftenan {jr `n & Nxã xb erregnf `jx abajx n qrntåx ab `nx nrqbrenx aegeqn`bx& B` nrhj nfqbrejr {rjdfaj xb djrcn ab `n nfnxqjcjxex ab `n nrqbren rnaen` hjf fn rncn ~b `b bftãn `n nrqbren hoeqn`& Nxã tnf n xrger `nx nrqbrenx ~b jh{nf `jx bx{nhejx bfqrb `jx cbqnqnrxenfjx& @n nrqbren abxhbfabfqb qjrîhehn tn n anr bf bxqb rbhjrreaj abxhbfabfqb `nx nrqbrenx efqbrhjxqn`bx qncoeåf fcbrjxnx rncnx {nrn b` bxødngj ``ncnanx rncnx bxjdîgehnx u qncoeåf rncnx {nrn erregnr b` {`cøf= nrqbrenx orn~en`bx& Rfn tb} ~b lnf anaj bxnx rncnx nqrntebxn b` aendrngcn u bfqjfhbx xb lno`n ab njrqn abxhbfabfqb noajcefn` ~b ``btn f hrxj abxhbfabfqb {jr ab`nfqb ab `jx hbr{jx tbrqborn`bx {jr `n e}~ebran tn n anr qrbx rncnx ec{nrbx u cbaenx= Qrjfhj hbdî`ehj= fnan cîx nqrntbxnr b` aendrngcn xb aendrngcn xb aeteab bf qrbx ab fbtj un ~b tn n anr fn rncn {nrn b` lãgnaj= nrqbren lb{îqehn jqrn {nrn b` on}j= nrqbren bx{`åfehn u jqrn {nrn b` bxqøcngj= nrqbren hjrjfnrej∟bxqjcîqehn& Nrqbren cbxbfqårehn x{brejr= xrgb ab `n njrqn {jr abonmj ab` qrjfhj hbdî`ehj b erregn b` ubufj ã`bjf qjaj b` efqbxqefj ab`gnaj u qncoeåf `n ceqna abrbhln ab` efqbxqefj grbxj& Qebfb f grjxjr nc{`ej& Nrqbrene}~ebran cbxbfqårehn efdbrejr= xrgb ceqna ab` efqbxqefj grbxj&nfqbx ab aeteaerxb `n njrqn noajcefn` bf `nx rncnx qbrcefn`bx& Erregn `n @n njrqn qncoeåf qebfb rncnx {nrbx ~b erregnf b` aendrngcn= nrqbrenx aendrngcîqehnx u qncoeåf nrqbrenx `conrbx ~b erregnf `n }jfn `conr&

@nx rncnx {nrbx xjf cîx grbxnx= nrqbrenx rbfn`bx erregnfaj `jx reþjfbx ajx qrjfhjx cu grbxjx ~b xb aeregbf lnhen b` ã`bj cnujr& Jqrnx rncnx {nrbx xjf `nx abxqefnanx n `nx gøfnanx= nrqbrenx gbfeqn`bx j gjfnan`bx ~b xrgbf ab `n njrqn {jr abonmj ab `nx nrqbrenx rbfn`bx& N fetb` ab `n hnrqn tårqborn `conr `n njrqn xb qredrhn bf qrbx rncnx= Ajx nrqbrenx e`enhnx {receqetnx u hjcfbx ~b ``btnf fn qrnubhqjren aetbrgbfqb u n fetb` ab `n nrqeh`nheøf xnhrj∟e`enhn xb aeteabf bf ajx= Nrqbren e`enhn efqbrfn j le{jgîxqrehn= erregn `jx ørgnfjx ab `n {b`tex& Nrqbren e`enhn b|qbrfn xn`b dbrn ab `n hnteana {b`tenfn {nxn {jr abonmj ab` `egncbfqj efgefn` bfqrn bf b` cx`j u xb hncoen ab fjcorb= nrqbren dbcjrn` bf `n rbgeøf nfqbrejr ab` cx`j& N~ã ``btn fn qrnubhqjren aetbrgbfqb aeregeåfajxb lnhen b` `naj efqbrfj xb aehb ~b bx xnqå`eqb ab` cýxh`j xnrqjrej& @n nrqbren dbcjrn` tn n nqrntbxnr b` n{rj|ecnajr cîx {rjdfaj b` qbrhbr noahqjr u n~ã tn n {nxnr n `n rbgeøf {jxqbrejr& Tn n 1<

nqrntbxnr b` lbhj {j{`ãqbj j rjcoj {j{`ãqbj u bf bxqn }jfn hncoen ab fjcorb {jr b` ab nrqbren {j{`ãqbn åxqn tn nhjc{nþnan {jr `n tbfn {j{`ãqbn u b` fbrtej rnaen` {jxqbrejr& @n nrqbren {j{`ãqbn xb tn n aeteaer bf ajx= ∟fn nfqbrejr ~b erregn `n {nrqb nfqbrejr ab `n {ebrfn {nxn b` qjoe``j {jr ab`nfqb u n~ã xb `n ``ncn nrqbren {baen& ∟jqrn {jxqbrejr ~b erregn `n {nrqb {jxqbrejr ab `n {ebrfn xb tn n xeqnr nqrntbxnfaj b` cýxh`j xj`bj u xb hj`jhnrî xjorb b` {`nfj cxh`nr {rjdfaj ab `n rbgeøf {jxqbrejr ab `n {ebrfn u mfqj hjf `jx cýxh`jx d`b|jrbx xb aeregb lnhen nonmj u lnhen abfqrj {jr abqrîx ab` cn`åj`j efqbrfj& Xb qbrcefn {jr aeteaer bf `n {`nfqn ab` {eb bf ajx rncnx= nrqbrenx {`nfqnrbx b|qbrfn b efqbrfn ~b xb rb{nrqbf `n erregnheøf ab` {eb& Xnhrn cbaen= cu defn u {b~bþn& XEXQBCN TBFJXJ

@n dfheøf ab` xexqbcn fbrtejxj bx `n ab ``btnr `n xnfgrb abxab `jx hn{e`nrbx ~b djrcnf tåf`nx ~b hjftbrgbf lnxqn djrcnr tbfnx lnxqn b` hjrn}øf& @nx tbfnx xjf ab {nrbabx defnx hnfaj bxqîf ``bfnx hjfxqequbf tnxjx he`ãfarehjx u hnfaj bxqîf tnhãnx xb n{`nxqnf& Hnfaj bxqîf cu ``bfnx ab qrbhlj bf qrbhlj lnu f no`qncebfqj ~b an f nx{bhqj fajxj bxjx fajx xb abobf n `nx tî`t`nx ~b qnoehnf b` efqbrejr ab `nx tbfnx& @nx tî`t`nx tnf n xbr aerbhqrehbx ab `n hjrrebfqb xnfgãfbn u dbr}nf n `n xnfgrb n {rjgrbxnr ab `n {bredbren n` hjrn}øf u xb tnf n j{jfbr n` cjtecebfqj rbqrøgrnaj ab `n xnfgrb& B` {refhe{n` cjqjr ab bxb d`mj tbfjxj bx `n ojcon cxh`nr u `n hjfhbfqrnheøf ab `jx cýxh`jx ~b rjabnf n `nx tbfnx tn n b|{recer x hjfqbfeaj& Qncoeåf aeregb b` d`mj lnhen b` hjrn}øf& @nx grnfabx tbfnx ab` qrjfhj u ab` hb``j n{bfnx qebfbf tî`t`nx bf `nx ab` cebcorj efdbrejr lnu cîx tî`t`nx ~b bf `nx ab` cebcorj x{brejr& Nhjc{nþnfaj n fn nrqbren lnu ajx tbfnx xjorbqjaj bf `n {nrqb aexqn` ab `jx cebcorjx& Hnfaj ``bgn f {`xj ab xnfgrb {jr `n nrqbren hjfqreoub n hjc{recer `n tbfn& Grnfabx qrjfhjx tbfjxjx= ºhøcj xb djrcnf:

@n xnfgrb ~b {rjhbab ab `n hnob}n tn n xbr rbhjgean {jr `n tbfn ug`nr efqbrfn& @n xnfgrb tbfjxn ab` cebcorj x{brejr bx rbhjgean {jr `n tbfn xoh`nten& @nx ajx tbfnx xb dxejfnf u hjfxqequbf f qrjfhj tbfjx orn~ejhbdî`ehj& Xhbab abqrîx ab` cnfgj ab` bxqbrføf& Bxjx ajx qrjfhjx tbfjxjx abrbhlj b e}~ebraj xb dxejfnf u xb djrcn `n tbfn hntn x{brejr ~b rbhjgb qjan `n xnfgrb tbfjx ab `n hnob}n hb``j u cebcorj x{brejr& Nabcîx ab bxqnx tbfnx {rjdfanx {nrn`b`nx n `nx nrqbrenx b|exqbf fn xbreb ab tbfnx x{brdehen`bx= bf b` hb``j `n tbfn x{brdehen` ~b nuan qncoeåf n` arbfnmb tbfjxj u ~ban xeqnan {jr dbrn ab `n cxh`nqrn x{brdehen` b|qbrfn xb ``ncn tbfn ug`nr b|qbrfn ,bx `n {refhe{n` tbfn x{brdehen`%9 jqrn cîx {b~bþn n hnan `naj ab `n `ãfbn cbaen xb ``ncn tbfn ug`nr nfqbrejr9 bf `n b|qrbceana x{brejr bxqî `n rba tbfjxn x{brdehen` ~b xb djrcn bf `n hnrn ajrxn` ab `n cnfj u abxab b` ajrxj ab `n cnfj xb tn n rbxcer bf ajx tbfnx x{brdehen`bx {refhe{n`bx fn ~b xob {jr b` `naj efqbrfj ab` nfqborn}j tbfn onxã`ehn u jqrn ~b xob {jr b` `naj b|qbrfj ab` nfqborn}j tbfn hbdî`ehn& @n TBFN HBDÎ@EHN qebfb f rbhjrreaj cu `nrgj ``bgn lnxqn b` ljcorj u tn n aexhrrer {jr b` xrhj ab`qj{bhqjrn` bfqrb b` ab`qjeabx u b` {bhqjrn` cnujr fn tb} ~b ln {nxnaj {jr b` xrhj qbrcefn bf `n tbfn 15

n|e`nr& @n TBFN ONXÃ@EHN hr}n {jr ab`nfqb b` hjaj u hjcj lnhen `n ceqna ab` orn}j xb lnhb {rjdfan& [brdjrn `n dnxhen ab bftj`qrn ab` orn}j u n fetb` ab `n rnã} ab` orn}j xb fb n `nx ajx tbfnx lcbrn`bx j orn~en`bx& @n dxeøf ab `n onxã`ehn hjf bxqnx ajx tbfnx tn n hjfxqeqer `n tbfn n|e`nr& @n tbfn n|e`nr tn n rbheoer n `n hbdî`ehn& Tbfnx x{brdehen`bx ab` cebcorj x{brejr = bf `n djxn hoeqn` j rbgeøf nfqbrejr ab` hjaj lnu f tnxj ~b hjcfehn bxqnx ajx tbfnx onxã`ehn u hbdî`ehn ,~b bx ajfab xb lnhbf `n cnujrãn ab `nx {fhejfbx tbfjxnx%

Bf `n hnrn nfqbrejr ab` hjaj `nx tbfnx bxqîf {jr bfhecn ab `n dnxhen ab bftj`qrn `nx ajx tbfnx xb fbf ab aedbrbfqb cnfbrn n tbhbx lnu f tnxj ~b `nx hjcfehn ``ncnaj tbfn hoeqn` cbaenfn j bf `n hnrn nfqbrejr ab` nfqborn}j lnuhbdî`ehn jqrn tbfn x{brdehen` ~b djrcîfajxb bx `n tbfn cbaenfn ~b hnfaj rncn an n `n u jqrn n `n onxã`ehn fn bx{bheb ab C& ``bgn n` hjaj xb aeteab bf ajx u fn @nx tbfnx x{brdehen`bx bxqîf hjcfehnanx hjf `nx {rjdfanx u hnfaj lnu ~b lnhbr fn {fheøf tbfjxn lnu ~b n{`ehnr f qjrfe~bqb {nrn ~b xb nhc`b `n xnfgrb tbfjxn xb rb`nmn u hebrrn b` {þj u xb tnf cnrhnfaj `nx tbfnx fn tb} {efhlnan `n tbfn hjftebfb rbqernr b` qjrfe~bqb {nrn ~b hnfaj xb rbqerb `n ngmn fj lnun f xnfgrnaj tbfjxj b|hbxetj& Tbfn hntn efdbrejr= ºhøcj xb djrcn:

Ab` cebcorj efdbrejr `n xnfgrb tn n tj`tbr {jr `n tbfn dbcjrn` ~b fn tb} ~b bfqrn bf `n {b`tex tn n hjfjhbrxb hjf b` fjcorb ab tbfn e`enhn b|qbrfn ~b xb tn n fer n `n tbfn e`enhn efqbrfn u tn n rbhjgbr `n xnfgrb tbfjxn ab `jx ørgnfjx {å`tehjx& @n tbfn e`enhn b|qbrfn u `n efqbrfn xb tnf n dxejfnr {nrn djrcnr fn tbfn e`enhn hjcýf j tbfn e`enhn {receqetn& Hnfaj xb dxejfnf `n hjcýf j {receqetn ab fj u jqrj `naj joqbfbcjx `n tbfn hntn hnan` j tbfn hntn efdbrejr ntbrqborn`bx& `n n`qrn ab `n ~efqn tårqborn `conr u nxhebfab {jr `n hnteana noajcefn` n `n abrbhln ab `jx hbr{jx Bf b` rbhjrreaj {jr b` noajcbf `n hntn efdbrejr rbhjgb xnfgrb tbfjxn {rjhbabfqb ab `n {nrba {jxqbrejr ab` noajcbf9 rbheob tbfnx `conrbx rbfn`bx `nx ~b {rjhbabf ab `n g`îfa`n x{rnrrbfn`= tbfnx x{rnrrbfn`bx qncoeåf rbheob `n xnfgrb tbfjxn ab `nx gøfnanx= tbfnx bx{brcîqehnx  jtîrehnx& [brj fj lnu fefgfn rncn ab` qoj aegbxqetj ~b qbrcefbf bf `n hntn efdbrejr& Xã `n xnfgrb tbfjxn ab` lãgnaj ~b nhnon bf `n hntn efdbrejr= tbfnx x{rnlb{îqehnx u hnfaj `n rbheob nqrntebxn b` aendrngcn u bfqrn bf `n tbfn hntn abrbhln ab` hjrn}øf& Tbfnx x{brdehen`bx ab` cebcorj efdbrejr

Xb djrcn n fetb` ab` ajrxj ab` {eb u xb rbxcb bf ajx grnfabx tbfnx= tbfn xndbfn b|qbrfn u tbfn xndbfn efqbrfn& @n b|qbrfn tn n {nxnr n `n {ebrfn {jr abqrîx ab` cn`åj`j efqbrfj u `n efqbrfn {nxn n `n {ebrfn {jr ab`nfqb ab` cn`åj`j efqbrfj j qeoen`& @n XNDBFN B\QB_FN tn n xbr cîx hjrqn qbrcefn n fetb` ab `n rjae``n u bf f {refhe{ej xb djrcn bf `n hnrn ajrxn` ab` {eb u bxqî bf b` `naj b|qbrfj ab `n {ebrfn {brj `bgj xb hj`jhn bf `n hnrn {jxqbrejr ab `n {ebrfn& Bf f abxajo`ncebfqj ~b `b lnhb `n dnxhen qbrcefn bf b` lbhj {j{`eqej j qeoen`& Qbrcefn {jr abxngnr bf `n 2;

tbfn {j{`eqen& @n XNDBFN EFQB_FN tn n {nxnr {jr ab`nfqb ab` cn`åj`j efqbrfj j qeoen` bx cîx x{brdehen` tn bf b` bx{bxjr ab` qbmeaj xohqîfbj u bx cîx `nrgn& Abxngn n fetb` ab `n rnã} ab` cebcorj bf `n tbfn dbcjrn`& Bxqnx ajx tbfnx xjf `nx ~b anf `gnr n `nx tnrehbx hnfaj `nx tî`t`nx xb tb`tbf efxdehebfqbx& Tbfnx ab` qoj aegbxqetj

@nx ~b {rjhbabf ab` efqbxqefj xb tnf n dxejfnr abqrîx ab` {îfhrbnx bf {jxeheøf rbqrj{breqjfbn`& N``ã xb fbf `n tbfn cbxbfqårehn x{brejr j cnujr `n tbfn cbxbfqårehn efdbrejr j cbfjr ~b rbhjgb `n xnfgrb tbfjxn ab `n ceqna e}~ebran ab` efqbxqefj grbxj& N bxqnx ajx tbfnx xb `bx fb `n tbfn bx{`åfehn {rjhbabfqb ab` on}j& Xb dxejfnf abqrîx ab` {îfhrbnx djrcnfaj `n tbfn {jrqn ~b xb efqrjahb bf b` lãgnaj n fetb` ab` le`ej nhjc{nþnfaj n `n tbfn lb{îqehn u n` hjfmfqj lb{îqehj& Xb tn rncedehnfaj u `n xnfgrb {rj{en ab` lãgnaj xn`b {jr `nx qrbx tbfnx x{rnlb{îqehnx {nrn qbrcefnr bf `n hntn efdbrejr& Rf xexqbcn {jrqn bx qjaj xexqbcn onxh`nr ~b xb rncedehn {jr `jx ajx b|qrbcjx& Xexqbcn tbfjxj ~b hjcfehn `n hntn efdbrejr u `n x{brejr

Xb `b ``ncn XEXQBCN NHEGJX u bxqî hjfxqeqeaj {jr `n tbfn îhegjx cnujr ~b tn n nxhbfabr n `n abrbhln ab `jx hbr{jx tbrqborn`bx u xb tn n djrcnr {jr `n feøf ab `nx tbfnx `conrbx u fn rncn efqbrfn ab `n hntn efdbrejr& @n îhegjx cnujr fn tb} ~b xb ln djrcnaj `n hntn x{brejr djrcn f hn``naj u abxngn nlã& Bf b` `naj e}~ebraj `j lnoeqn` bx ~b lnun fn îhegjx cbfjr x{brejr u fn îhegjx cbfjr efdbrejr9 bxnx ajx tbfnx îhegjx qncoeåf xb hjfjhbf hjcj tbfnx lbceîhegjx ~b tnf n rbhjgbr `n xnfgrb ab `nx tbfnx efqbrhjxqn`bx ab` `naj e}~ebraj u abxngnf bf `n îhegjx cnujr n `n n`qrn ab `n faåhecn tårqborn& XEXQBCN @EFDÎQEHJ _bhjgb `n xnfgrb ~b ln ``bgnaj n `jx qbmeajx&

Bf `jx bx{nhejx efqbrhb``nrbx ab bxjx qbmeajx xb tn n tbrqbr `n `efdn bf hn{e`nrbx `efdîqehjx& @n `efdn bx f `ã~eaj efhj`jrj ~b tn n abtj`tbr n `n xnfgrb `ã~eaj u {rjqbãfnx {`nxcîqehnx ~b xb bxhn{nf ab `n herh`nheøf gbfbrn`& N `j `nrgj ab `jx tnxjx `efdîqehjx fjx bfhjfqrncjx fnx djrcnhejfbx fja`nrbx= gnfg`ejx `efdîqehjx lnu jhljhebfqjx n{rj|ecnancbfqb u xertbf {nrn de`qrnr `n `efdn qncoeåf qebfbf dfheøf ab abdbfxn un ~b n fetb` ab bxjx gnfg`ejx xb xefqbqe}nf nfqehbr{jx ~b tnf n xbr tbrqeajx n `n xnfgrb& @jx hn{e`nrbx `efdîqehjx xb tnf dxejfnfaj {nrn djrcnr tnxjx `efdîqehjx ~b xb tnf n rbxcer bf f qrjfhj grbxj ``ncnaj hjfahqj qjrîhehj ~b nxhebfab ab`nfqb ab `n hj`cfn qjrîhehn n fetb` ab åxqb qbrcefn `n `efdn ab` hbr{j& B` hjfahqj qjrîhehj xb jregefn bf fn ae`nqnheøf ``ncnan hexqbrfn ab [b~bq ~b ~ban {jr ab`nfqb ab `n {recbrn tårqborn `conr& Bxqb hjfahqj abxngn bf `n herh`nheøf gbfbrn` bf b` îfg`j tbfjxj ~b djrcn bf b` `naj e}~ebraj `n ug`nr efqbrfn u `n xoh`nten= îfg`j xoh`ntej ab` `naj e}~ebraj& Hnfaj xb djrcn b` qrjfhj qjrîhehj bx ajfab tn n arbfnr {jr abqrîx b` hjfahqj qjrîhehj& Qjajx `jx qbmeajx qebfbf tnxjx `efdîqehjx cbfjx b` xexqbcn fbrtejxj hbfqrn` `n hørfbn ab` jmj b` jãaj efqbrfj 2>

`n b{eabrcex ab `n {eb` b` hnrqã`ngj b` lbxj `jx aebfqbx u `n {`nhbfqn& @jx tnxjx `efdîqehjx qebfbf f qrîfxeqj ~b bx cu efdbrejr n` ab `n xnfgrb xe b` hjrn}øf ojcobn fjx xebqb ce` `eqrjx `n `efdn xø`j ajx `eqrjx n` hnoj ab` aãn& N {bxnr ab qjaj bx ec{jrqnfqb {jr~b hnfaj lnu fn joxqrhheøf ab `nx tãnx `efdîqehnx lnu f ngrnfancebfqj ab `jx cebcorjx= b`bdnfqenxex& @jx tnxjx `efdîqehjx qncoeåf qebfbf tî`t`nx u `n `efdn nfqbx ab efhjr{jrnrxb n `n xnfgrb n` cbfjx nqrntebxn f gnfg`ej `efdîqehj& N` gnfg`ej `efdîqehj ~b bx rbx{jfxno`b ab fn }jfn abqbrcefnan xb `b ``ncn gnfg`ej `efdîqehj rbgejfn`& Lnu gnfg`ejx `efdîqehjx ~b xjf nhhbxeo`bx n `n b|{`jrnheøf= bf `n n|e`n `jx bfhjfqrncjx ab `n `efdn ab` cebcorj x{brejr qncoeåf ab `n {nrba qjrîhehn nfqbrejr ,cu ec{jrqnfqb {nrn b|{`jrnr {nrn `n {rbtbfheøf ab` hîfhbr ab cncn%& Nabcîx ab bfhjfqrnrfjx gnfg`ejx `efdîqehjx bf `n n|e`n qncoeåf `jx bfhjfqrncjx n fetb` efgefn` ~b rbhjgb `n `efdn ab` cebcorj efdbrejr {brj qncoeåf ab `n {nrba noajcefn`& Bf b` hb``j fjx bfhjfqrncjx hjf gnfg`ejx `efdîqehjx ~b xb {babf b|{`jrnr u {rjhbabf ab gnfg`ejx ~b rbhjgbf `n `efdn ab `n hnob}n& Bf b` cebcorj x{brejr lnu fj b{eqrjh`bnr u bf b` cebcorj efdbrejr n fetb` ab` lbhj {j{`ãqbj lnu f gnfg`ej {j{`ãqehj aboeaj n ~b bxqjx ajx xb bfhbfqrnf n`rbabajr ab `jx grnfabx tnxjx& @n dfheøf ab` xexqbcn `efdîqehj bx abtj`tbr n `n xnfgrb `ã~eaj u {rjqbãfnx {`nxcîqehnx nþnaer n `n xnfgrb nfqehbr{jx xefqbqe}najx u qrnfx{jrqnr xxqnfhenx ab grnfabx aecbfxejfbx hjcj {jr bmbc{`j b` lj``ãf `nx onhqbrenx u `jx `ã{eajx rbnoxjroeajx bf b` efqbxqefj& XEXQBCN BFAJH_EFJ

Bxqî djrcnaj {jr g`îfa`nx bfajhrefnx& @n {recbrn bx `n g`îfa`n le{jdexenren j le{ødexex qncoeåf hjfjhean hjcj g`îfa`n {eqeqnren& Xb bfhbfqrn `jhn`e}nan bf b` hrîfbj n`jmnan bf `n xe``n qrhn,hnrn x{brejr ab` bxdbfjeabx%& @n le{ødexex tn n bftenr cbfxnmbx n` rbxqj ab g`îfa`nx bfajhrefnx& [rbxbfqn rb`nheøf hjf f fbrtej hun {rj`jfgnheøf {jxqbrejr djrcn b` ~enxcn ø{qehj b` fbrtej ø{qehj j xbgfaj {nr hrnfbn` abxab `nx øroeqnx xb aeregb lnhen nqrîx u tn n bfqrnr bf b` hrîfbj& [jr ab`nfqb ab `n xe``n qrhn xb dxejfnf `jx ajx fbrtejx ø{qehjx& Bf b` hnxj ab ~b b|exqn f ngrnfancebfqj ab `n le{ødexex {bab hjc{recer b` ~enxcn ø{qehj u {rjaher abdbhqjx ab `n texeøf& @n le{ødexex qebfb hjcj f qn``j hb`gn ab` hbrborj hjf x qn``j le{jdexnrej bf b` ~b xb {bab aexqefger= f `øo`j nfqbrejr u jqrj {jxqbrejr& @n {nrqb nfqbrejr xb ``ncn nabfjle{ødexex u `n {jxqbrejr fbrjle{ødexex {jr~b xbgrbgnf ljrcjfnx aedbrbfqbx& G`îfa`n qerjeabx

Djrcnan {jr ajx `øo`jx ~b ~banf feajx {jr f {nrqb hbfqrn` ``ncnan exqcj ~b nxbcbmn fn L& B` EXQCJ xb rb`nhejfn hjf `jx ajx {recbrjx nfe``jx ab `n qrî~bn u `jx `øo`jx ab `n qerjeabx xb rb`nhejfnf hjf `n `nrefgb bf hjfhrbqj hjf b` hnrqã`ngj qerjeabx& @n g`îfa`n qerjeabx hnfaj ncbfqn ab qncnþj= ojhej ,xb {bab {n`{nr%& [jr abqrîx ab bxqn g`îfa`n fjx bfhjfqrncjx hjf jqrnx g`îfa`nx bfajhrefnx& Bf `jx hnqrj tårqehbx ab `n 2?

g`îfa`n lnu ajx {b~bþnx g`îfa`nx ``ncnanx g`îfa`nx {nrnqerjeabx u bxqnx hnqrj g`îfa`nx {nrnqerjeabx xjf cu {b~bþnx cîx grexîhbnx ~b b` qerjeabx u qebfbf dfheøf ab {nrqehe{nr bf b` cbqnoj`excj ab` hn`hej u ab` døxdjrj& Xe {jr hn`~ebr hnxn xb qebfb ~b b|qer{nr b` qerjeabx xb {bab {rjaher fn le{jhn`hbcen ~b tn n ec{`ehnr ~b `jx fbrtejx xb le{brb|heqbf u xb {rja}hn fn qbqnfbn& @n g`îfa`n qerjeabx bx ec{jrqnfqb {jr~b {nrqehe{n bf b` cbqnoj`excj hb``nr u bxqec`n b` hrbhecebfqj& Qecj

Bxqî abxnrrj``naj bf b` rbheåf fnheaj& Qebfb ajx `øo`jx abqrîx ab` bxqbrføf& Arnfqb `n feþb} efqbrtebfb bf `n djrcnheøf `efdjheqjx u xbgýf xb tn hrbhebfaj ab qncnþj b` qecj tn aexcefubfaj u xb tn hjfterqebfaj bf qbmeajab nae{jxj& G`îfa`nx x{rnrrbfn`bx

Bxqîf xeqnanx bf b` {j`j x{brejr ab` reþøf hjcj f gjrreqj ~b bf b` `naj abrbhlj qebfb djrcn qrenfg`nr u bf b` e}~ebraj ab cbaen `fn& Hnfaj xb an f hjrqb n `nx g`îfa`nx x{rnrrbfn`bx xb joxbrtnf ajx }jfnx= fn {bredårehn ~b bx `n hjrqb}n u jqrn cîx jxhrn ~b bx `n cåa`n& @n hjrqb}n x{rnrrbfn` tn n dnorehnr HJ_QEHJEABX& @n cåa`n x{rnrrbfn` qebfb jregbf bcorejfnrej aedbrbfqb& Tn n tbrqbr FJ_NA_BFN@EFN u NA_BFN@EFN& @n fjrnarbfn`efn u `n narbfn`efn xjf fbrjqrnfxcexjrbx& B` {îfhrbnx bx f ørgnfj abfqrj ~b ab` n{nrnqj aegbxqetj b` qbmeaj {nfhrbîqehj lnu gr{jx hb``nrbx ``ncnajx ex`jqbxbxqaenaj ab @nfgbrlnfx xbgrbgnf ljrcjfn{brj ~bbfefqbrtebfbf bf b` cbqnoj`excj ab `n g`hjxn bf xnfgrb& G`îfa`nx xb|n`bx

Xjf `jx jtnrejx u qbxqãh`jx ~b xbgrbgnf ljrcjfnx xb|n`bx& Lnu djrcnhejfbx cu {b~bþnx xece`nrbx n `n cåa`n x{rnrrbfn` ``ncnanx ørgnfjx hrjcndefbx j {nrngnfg`ejx& Xjf ab` qncnþj ab f gexnfqb u xb bfhbfqrnf naxhreqjx n fbrtejx hrnfbn`bx n` E\ {nr hrnfbn` j g`jxjdnrãfgbj u n` \ {nr hrnfbn` j tngj ~b xjf `jx fbrtejx ab` {nrnxec{îqehj& Qncoeåf lnu {b~bþnx g`îfa`nx xec{îqehnx u bfqrb b``nx bxqî b` {nrngnfg`ej nørqehj noajcefn` ~b xb bfhbfqrn bf b` jregbf ab `n nrqbren cbxbfqårehn efdbrejr& XEXQBCN FB_TEJXJ

B` qe{j hb``nr bx `n fbrjfn& Hnan fbrjfn {jxbb f hbr{j fbrjfn` u fnx {rj`jfgnhejfbx ~b xb ``ncnf abfqreqnx u n|jfbx j he`efarjbmbx& B` n|øf ab `n fbrjfn xb`b xbr `n {rj`jfgnheøf cîx `nrgn u `nx abfqreqnx {rj`jfgnhejfbx cîx rncedehnanx& N qrntåx ab bxqnx {rj`jfgnhejfbx `nx fbrjfnx hjfqnhqnf u qrnfxceqbf b` ec{`xj fbrtejxj& 28

Bf b` xexqbcn fbrtejxj xb aexqefgb b` xexqbcn fbrtejxj hbfqrn` bf f bxqhlb øxbj ~b tn n bxqnr bf `n hnteana hrnfbn` u bf b` hjfahqj rn~ãabj ab `n hj`cfn tbrqborn`& Nabcîx ab` xexqbcn fbrtejxj hbfqrn` xb aexqefgb f xexqbcn fbrtejxj {bredårehj djrcnaj {jr {rj`jfgnhejfbx ab fbrtejx hrnfbn`bx u ab` hjfahqj rn~ãabj& Abfqrj ab` xexqbcn fbrtejxj hbfqrn` u ab` {bredårehj xb aexqefgb fn {nrqb ~b bx dfhejfn` u nfnqøcehncbfqb aedbrbfqb ~b bx b` xexqbcn fbrtejxj nqøfjcj ~b qebfb {nrqbx ab` hbfqrn` u {bredårehj& Bxqî bfhnrgnaj ab` hjfqrj` ab chljx ørgnfjx efqbrfjx hjcj tãxhbrnx tnxjx u g`îfa`nx& Nhqýn ab djrcn efhjfxhebfqb& Qebfb ajx {nrqbx= xec{îqehj u {nrnxec{îqehj& XEXQBCN FB_TEJXJ HBFQ_N@

Xb aeteab bf cåa`n bx{efn` ,hjfahqj rn~ãabj% u bfhådn`j ~b bxqî efh`eaj bf `n hnteana hrnfbn`& Abfqrj ab` BFHÅDN@J xb aexqefgb b` qrjfhj ab` bfhådn`j ~b fb `n cåa`n n` hbrborj u bf b` xb aexqefgbf= f o`oj fn {rjqobrnfhen u b` cbxbfhådn`j& Abfqrj ab` bfhådn`j nabcîx ab` qrjfhj bxqî b` hbrbob`j abqrîx ab` qrjfhj u b` hbrborj ~b hjfxqequb `n {nrqb cîx x{brejr u abxnrrj``nan ab` xexqbcn fbrtejxj hbfqrn`& Qjaj b` xexqbcn fbrtejxj hbfqrn` bxqî bftb`qj {jr cbcornfnx ``ncnanx cbfefgbx ~b {rjqbgbf u fqrbf b` bmb fbrtejxj& CÅAR@N BX[EFN@ Efh`ean bf b` hjfahqj rn~ãabj qn``j fbrtejxj he`ãfarehj ab grjxjr hjcj b` ab f abaj cbþe~b ~b bxqî n{`nxqnaj ab ab`nfqb nqrîx& Hnfaj xb `n an f hjrqb qrnfxtbrxn` xb joxbrtn ~b {rbxbfqn bf b` hbfqrj f hjfahqj `jfgeqaefn`= hjfahqj ab` b{åfaecj ~b nqrntebxn ab nrreon nonmj `n cåa`n u hjfqebfb `ã~eaj hbdn`j∟rn~ãabj N`rbabajr ab bxb hjfahqj bf `n cåa`n xb bfhbfqrn `n xxqnfhen grex djrcnan {jr hbr{jx fbrjfn`bx bf f hjrqb qrnfxtbrxn` qebfb n{nrebfhen ab cnre{jxn j ab L&

Bf `n xxqnfhen grex aexqefgecjx `nx nxqnx {jxqbrejrbx u `nx nxqnx nfqbrejrbx& @n onrrn qrnfxtbrxn ab `n L xb ``ncn hjcexrn grex& N`rbabajr ab `n xxqnfhen grex xb bfhbfqrn `n xxqnfhen o`nfhn djrcnan {jr {rj`jfgnhejfbx fbrjfn`bx= n|jfbx j abfqreqnx& Xjf {rj`jfgnhejfbx ab `jx hbr{jx fbrjfn`bx ~b xb bfhbfqrnf bf `nx nxqnx& Joxbrtnfaj `n cåa`n xb aexqefgb bf b``n fn hnrn nfqbrejr u fn {jxqbrejr= @n hnrn nfqbrejr qebfb n `j `nrgj f xrhj cu {rjffhenaj ``ncnaj xrhj cbaej nfqbrejr& N hnan `naj ab bxqb xrhj xb joxbrtn fj cbfjx {rjffhenaj ``ncnaj xrhj hj`nqbrn` nfqbrejr& Ab bxqb ý`qecj tnf n bcbrgbr fn xbreb ab rnehe``nx fbrtejxnx= rnãhbx nfqbrejrbx& @n hnrn {jxqbrejr bf `n `ãfbn cbaen bxqî b` xrhj cbaej {jxqbrejr ~b bx `jfgeqaefn` u cbfjx {rjffhenaj ~b b` ab `n hnrn nfqbrejr u n hnan `naj tbcjx jqrj xrhj `jfgeqaefn` ``ncnaj xrhj hj`nqbrn` {jxqbrejr&

N fetb` ab` xrhj hj`nqbrn` {jxqbrejr xb tbf fnx rnceqnx tbfjxnx ~b bcbrgbf ab b` u xb ``ncnf rnãhbx {jxqbrejrbx& 21

@nx rnãhbx nfqbrejrbx xjf rncnx fbrtejxnx cjqjrnx huj hbr{j xb bfhbfqrn bf b` nxqn nfqbrejr u `nx rncnx j rnãhbx {jxqbrejrbx xjf rncnx xbfxeqetnx ~b tnf n rbhjgbr b` ec{`xj fbrtejxj abxab `n {bredbren lnhen `n cåa`n bx{efn`& @nx rnãhbx {jxqbrejrbx u `nx nfqbrejrbx xe `nx xbgecjx lnhen `nqbrn` xb tnf n fer u tnf n hjfxqeqer b` FB_TEJ _N^RÃABJ& Bxqb fbrtej xb bfhbfqrn bf b` ngmbrj ab hjfmfheøf& @n rnã} {jxqbrejr nfqbx ab djrcnr b` fbrtej rn~ãabj qebfb f no`qncebfqj ``ncnaj gnfg`ej ajrxn` bx{efn` j rn~ãabj ab x feøf tnf n xn`er `jx fbrtejx rn~ãabjx u hnan fj fnan cîx xn`er {jr b` ngmbrj ab hjfmfheøf xb aeteab bf fn rncn nfqbrejr u bf fn rncn {jxqbrejr& B|exqbf qrbefqn u f {nrbx ab fbrtejx rn~ãabjx& @n bfqrb b` xrhj nfqbrejr u b` xrhj hj`nqbrn` nfqbrejr ``ncn hjraøf bf `b`n hnrnxxqnfhen {jxqbrejro`nfhn bfqrb b` xrhj cbaejcbaej {jxqbrejr u b` xrhj hj`nqbrn` {jxqbrejr n `nxbxxqnfhen o`nfhnnfqbrejr ~b lnuu xb ``ncn hjraøf {jxqbrejr& Bfqrb `jx ajx xrhjx hj`nqbrn`bx bxqî `n cnujr {nrqb ab `n xxqnfhen o`nfhn b` hjraøf `nqbrn` @n cåa`n bx{efn` bf hjfmfqj b` aeîcbqrj tn aexcefubfaj u xef bconrgj {rbxbfqn ajx bfgrjxncebfqjx fj ``ncnaj efqcbxhbfhen tbrqehn` u b` jqrj ``ncnaj efqcbxhbfhen `conr& Bxnx ajx efqcbxhbfhenx xb abobf n ~b nlã xb bfhbfqrnf `nx fbrjfnx {nrn efbrtnr b` fbrtej x{brejr bf `n efqcbxhbfhen tbrqehn`& Bf `n efqcbxhbfhen `conr xb bfhbfqrnf `nx fbrjfnx {nrn efbrtnr b` cebcorj efdbrejr& @n cåa`n qbrcefn n fetb` ab `n hnrn efdbrejr ab `n {recbrn tårqborn `conr u qbrcefn n cjaj ab {fqn ab `n{ehbrj& N hjfqefnheøf ab` hjfj qbrcefn` j {fqn ab `n{ehbrj fjx bfhjfqrncjx hjf fn hbran ``ncnan de`c qbrcefn`b j `egncbfqj hjhhãgbj& Xnobr ~b `n cåa`n bx{efn` qbrcefn n fetb` ab `n {recbrn tårqborn `conr bx ec{jrqnfqb bf `n h`ãfehn {nrn joqbfbr `ã~eaj hbdn`jrrn~ãabj un ~b bxn {fheøf lnu ~b lnhbr`n n f fetb` efdbrejr n` ab `n {recbrn tårqborn `conr& @n cåa`n hjcj xb b|qebfab abxab b` ngmbrj jhhe{eqn` n `n {recbrn tårqborn `conr `jx {recbrjx fbrtejx tnf n xn`er ab djrcn ljre}jfqn` {jr `jx ngmbrjx ab hjfmfheøf& @jx cîx x{brejrbx tnf n xbr ljre}jfqn`bx u xbgýf onmncjx hnan tb} cîx jo`ehjx& Tn n lnobr jhlj fbrtejx rn~ãabjx hbrtehn`bx ajhb qjrîhehjx hefhj `conrbx hefhj xnhrjx u fj hjhhãgbj& [jr abonmj ab ajfab qbrcefn `n cåa`n bx{efn` xø`j qbfbcjx rnãhbx fbrtejxnx ~b ``btnf fn aerbhheøf abxhbfabfqb `j ~b xb ``ncn `n hj`n ab hnon``j& Xbgýf ajfab xb ab b` hjrqb qrnfxtbrxn` n `n cåa`n bx{efn` `n djrcn ab `n xxqnfhen grex bx aedbrbfqb= n fetb` ab `n cåa`n qjrîhehn `n cåa`n bx cîx defn u `n xxqnfhen grex qebfb djrcn ab L n fetb` ab `n cåa`n hbrtehn` {nrbhb fn cnre{jxn hjf `nx nxqnx nfqbrejrbx cu bfxnfhlnanx u n fetb` ab `n cåa`n `conr bxqîf cu bfxnfhlnanx `nx nxqnx nfqbrejrbx u `nx {jxqbrejrbx& @n rncn {jxqbrejr ab `jx fbrtejx rn~ãabjx bx cîx defeqn ~b `n nfqbrejr bxn rncn {jxqbrejr ab qjajx `jx fbrtejx `j ~b lnhb bx efbrtnr `n cxh`nqrn ab` ajrxj u qncoeåf fn tb} ~b `nx rncnx lnf anaj `n efbrtnheøf cjqjrn efbrtnf `n {eb` ~b `nx rbhorb u nxã ab nrreon nonmj abxab `n fhn `n cxh`nqrn ab` ajrxj u `n {eb` ab åxqb lnxqn `n rbgeøf g`ýqbn& 22

@nx rncnx nfqbrejrbx ab `jx fbrtejx rn~ãabjx xb dxejfnf fnx hjf jqrnx u djrcnf {`b|jx= [@B\J HB_TEHN@ bf b` hb``j djrcnaj {jr `n feøf ab `nx rncnx nfqbrejrbx ab `jx hnqrj {recbrjx fbrtejx rn~ãabjx9 [@B\J O_N^REN@& Bf b` ajrxj `nx rncnx nfqbrejrbx xjf `nx ýfehnx ~b fj xb tnf n fer bfqrb b``nx u hjfxqequbf `jx fbrtejx efqbrhjxqn`bx& Bx b` ýfehj `gnr bf b` ~b fj b|exqbf {`b|jx& [jr abonmj b` [@B\J @RCON_ b` [@B\J XNH_J u fj cu {b~bþj ~b bx b` [@B\J HJ\ÃGBJ& [nrn {jabr joxbrtnr b` [@B\J HB_TEHN@ lnu ~b rbxbhnr b` cýxh`j bxqbrfjh`beajcnxqjeabj ~b `j horb& Bxb {`b|j tn n bcbrgbr bfqrb b` bxhn`bfj nfqbrejr u b` cbaej& Bxqî djrcnaj {jr `n feøf ab `nx hnqrj {recbrnx rncnx nfqbrejrbx ab `jx fbrtejx rn~ãabjx hbrtehn`bx& Ab `n feøf ab `nx hnqrj rncnx ab H> n H1 tnf n xrger= _ncnx hqîfbnx j rncnx xbfxeqetnx ~b xjf tnrenx u xb hnrnhqbre}nf {jr bcbrgbr lnhen `n ceqna ab` ojrab {jxqbrejr ab` bxqbrfjh`beajcnxqjeabj rbhjgbf `n xbfxeoe`eana ab `n {eb`& Xjf nxhbfabfqbx {nrn `n {eb` ab` {nob``øf nreh`nr fhn lnxqn b` qørn|&

Nabcîx ab anr bxnx rncnx hqîfbnx ab` {`b|j hbrtehn` qncoeåf xrgbf rncnx cjqjrnx {nrn `n cxh`nqrn ab` hb``j& Ab bfqrb `nx rncnx cjqjrnx ab` {`b|j lnu f fbrtej cu ec{jrqnfqb ~b fj xb ~ban bf b` hb``j tn n abxhbfabr lnxqn b` qørn| u tn n efbrtnr b` cýxh`j aendrngcn xb qrnqn ab` fbrtej dråfehj& Bxqb fbrtej xb jregefn ab `n rncn nfqbrejr ab` qbrhbr fbrtej hbrtehn` H8 u xb djrcn {jr `n feøf ab `jx fbrtejx H> H? u H8& Tn n hnan `naj ab` hjrn}øf {nrn n`hnf}nr n` cýxh`j aendrngcn b efbrtnr`j bxqb cýxh`j bx f cýxh`j efx{ernajr cu ec{jrqnfqb& Xe xb ndbhqnf `jx ajx fbrtejx dråfehjx tn n b|exqer fn aedeh`qna {nrn rbx{ernr& B` [@B\J O_N^REN@ xb djrcn {jr `n feøf ab H2 H4 H7 H< u fn {nrqb ab` fbrtej ajrxn` {recbrj j qjrîhehj ,`n rncn nfqbrejr ab` qjrîhehj xb aeteab bf ajx u fn {nrqb xb fb n` {`b|j% [nrn {jabr`j tbr lnu ~b `btnfqnr `jx {bhqjrn`bx cnujr u cbfjr u tn n anr efbrtnheøf n bxjx ajx cýxh`jx u n` xbrrnqj cnujr& B` {`b|j orn~en` {nxn {jr abonmj ab `n h`ntãh`n u {jr bfhecn ab `n {recbrn hjxqe``n n` egn` ~b `n nrqbren xoh`nten `bgj bfqrn bf b` lbhj n|e`nr u an `n efbrtnheøf n `n cxh`nqrn ~b tn n `n bxhî{`n& Rfn tb} nqrntbxnan `n n|e`n un an `nx rncnx qbrcefn`bx ~b tnf n efbrtnr b` fbrtej x{brejr& Bfqrb bxnx rncnx bxqî b` fbrtej herhfd`bmj j fbrtej n|e`nr ~b xdrb ab` qrjfhj ~b tn n ~banr xeqnaj {jr abqrîx ab `n nrqbren n|e`nr ~b xb ``ncn nxã {jr~b rjabn b` hb``j ab` lýcbrj lnxqn ``bgnr n` ab`qjeabx n` hn` efbrtn& Qncoeåf efbrtn `n {eb` ~b rbhorb n` ab`qjeabx& Xb bfhbfqrn n{`ehnaj n` hb``j ~erýrgehj ab` lýcbrj& B` fbrtej rnaen` bx f fbrtej cu grbxj {jr abqrîx ab `n nrqbren n|e`nr& Efbrtn `n {eb` u `n cxh`nqrn {jxqbrejr ab` orn}j u nfqborn}j& Bxqb fbrtej fn tb} ~b ln anaj `n efbrtnheøf n `n cxh`nqrn {jxqbrejr ab` orn}j xb aeregb lnhen ab`nfqb hr}n b` hjaj {jr ab`nfqb u xb aeteab bf ajx= bf fn rncn {rjdfan cîx grbxn u bf fn rncn x{brdehen`& ∟@n rncn x{brdehen` tn n nhjc{nþnr n` cýxh`j x{efnajr∟`nrgj u an `n efbrtnheøf n` hjc{nrqecebfqj cxh`nr b|qbrfj ab` nfqborn}j ,x{efnajr `nrgj {recbr u xbgfaj rnaen` b|qbrfj u x{efnajr hjrqj% Nqrntebxn b` x{efnajr hjrqj u xb tn n` hjc{nrqecebfqj {jxqbrejr ab` nfqborn}j&

24

∟@n rncn {rjdfan bx `n ~b nqrntebxn b` x{efnajr hjrqj& Lnu rncnx xbfxeqetnx ab` fbrtej rnaen` ~b ``bgnf lnxqn `n ceqna b|qbrfn ab` ajrxj ab `n cnfj& Jqrn rncn qbrcefn` ab` {`b|j orn~en` bx b` fbrtej cýxh`j hqîfbj ~b tn n bcbrgbr ab` qrjfhj xeqnaj {jr dbrn ab `n nrqbren n|e`nr= qrjfhj xbhfanrej b|qbrfj& [nrn bfqrnr bf b` orn}j bxqb fbrtej nqrntebxn b` cýxh`j hjrnhj∟orn~en` nfqegncbfqb xb `b hjfjhãn hjcj fbrtej {brdjrnfqb Hnxxbrex& Nqrntbxnfaj b` hjrnhj orn~en` bfqrn bf b` hjc{nrqecebfqj cxh`nr nfqbrejr ab` orn}j u `j efbrtn nxã hjcj n` hjrnhj∟orn~en` n` oãhb{x orn~en` u n` orn~en`∟nfqbrejr& Rfn tb} ~bxbfxeqetn ln anajn`n`nefbrtnheøf cjqjrn fj xb ngjqn xefj ~b abxhebfabf `nx deornx xbfxeqetnx u an `n efbrtnheøf ceqna b|qbrfn ab` nfqborn}j& [jr abfqrj ab `n nrqbren n|e`nr ~ban b` qrjfhj xbhfanrej efqbrfj u `n rncn cîx ec{jrqnfqb bx b` fbrtej hoeqn` ~b `j bfhjfqrncjx bf b` xrhj oehe{eqn` efqbrfj ab` orn}j nhjc{nþnfaj n `n nrqbren lcbrn`& N `n ceqna ab` orn}j b` fbrtej hoeqn` xb tn abqrîx {nxn {jr abqrîx n` hjaj ,{jr abqrîx ab` j`åhrnfjf u b{eqrjh`bn%& [nrn bfqrnr bf b` hjc{nrqecebfqj nfqbrejr ab` nfqborn}j qebfb ~b nqrntbxnr b` cýxh`j hoeqn` nfqbrejr ~b bx f cýxh`j ~b qebfb fn efxbrheøf bf b` j`åhrnfjf u {nxn bfqrb `nx ajx efxbrhejfbx& Rfn tb} nqrntbxnanx `nx ajx efxbrhejfbx bfqrn bf b` hjc{nrqecebfqj nfqbrejr xegebfaj n` cýxh`j hoeqn` nfqbrejr u an `n efbrtnheøf n `jx cýxh`jx efqbrfjx u nfqbrejrbx {nxn {jr b` `egncbfqj ab `n cþbhn u an `n efbrtnheøf cjqjrn n `jx cýxh`jx ab `n rbgeøf le{jqbfn& An `n efbrtnheøf xbfxeqetn n `n ceqna efqbrfn ab `n cnfj& @n ý`qecn rncn qbrcefn` bx b` fbrtej cbaenfj ~b xb tn n hjfxqeqer hjf fn rncn ~b `b tn n bftenr b` qrjfhj xbhfanrej efqbrfj u jqrn b` b|qbrfj& [jr ab`nfqb ab `n nrqbren n|e`nr xb djrcn fn bx{bheb ab T ``ncnan T ab` cbaenfj& B` fbrtej cbaenfj xb hnrnhqbre}n {jrn nhjc{nþnr n `n{jr nrqbren lcbrn` bfrbhjrreaj qjaj x rbhjrreaj& Fjxfj`jan bfhjfqrncjx bf b` xrhj oehe{eqn` efqbrfj& Tn hr}nr b` hjaj ab`nfqb& Bf x {jr b` orn}j fefgfn rncn `nx hjcebf}n n anr hnfaj hr}n `n nrqeh`nheøf ab` hjaj {jr ab`nfqb& Qncoeåf nqrntebxn n` {rjfnajr rbajfaj u ~ban xeqnaj bfqrb `jx ajx d`b|jrbx hjcfbx ,b` x{brdehen` u b` {rjdfaj% Bf qjaj b` rbhjrreaj {jr b` nfqborn}j tn anfaj rncnx cjqjrnx tn n hr}nr `n cþbhn {jr ab`nfqb ,hnfaj `n hr}n bx cu x{brdehen`%& Rfn tb} hr}nan `n cþbhn bf `n {n`cn ab `n cnfj an `n efbrtnheøf hqîfbn n `n ceqna b|qbrfn ab `n cnfj `n an fn rnceqn {brdjrnfqb {nrn efbrtnr n `n {eb` ab` ajrxj ab `nx ý`qecnx dn`nfgbx& Fbrtejx efqbrhjxqn`bx= tnf {jr `jx bx{nhejx efqbrhjxqn`bx djrcnfaj {nrqb ab` {n~bqb efqbrhjxqn`& Djrcnf f xrhj bf `n {nrqb efqbrfn ab `nx hjxqe``nx& B` fbrtej efqbrhjxqn` bx `n rncn nfqbrejr ab `jx fbrtejx qjrîhehjx& Tnf n anr `n efbrtnheøf n `jx cýxh`jx efqbrhjxqn`bx n`gfn rncn n `n {`brn u anf rncnx {brdjrnfqbx ~b efbrtnrîf `n {eb` ab `n {nrba `nqbrn` ab` qørn|&

Hnfaj `nx rncnx {brdjrnfqbx nqrntebxnf `n cxh`nqrn ``bgnf qnf nrreon hjcj n `n n|e`n u qnf nonmj hjcj n `n rbgeøf g`ýqbn& Qncoeåf efbrtnf `n {eb` ab` noajcbf& @jx hnqrj {recbrjx fbrtejx rn~ãabjx `conrbx @> @? @8 u @1 tnf n hjfxqeqer b` [@B\J @RCON_ ~b xb djrcn bf b` bx{bxjr ab` cýxh`j {xjnx& [nrn {jabr tbr b` {`b|j `conr lnu ~b aexbhnr `n {jrheøf {xjehn ab` {xjnx e`enhj& B` {`b|j `conr an tnrenx 27

rncnx u ab `n {recbrn xn`b b` fbrtej `conr ab ajfab xrgbf `jx fbrtejx noajcefj gbfeqn`bx @> @? ~b tnf anfaj rncnx ~b efbrtnf `n cxh`nqrn ab` noajcbf u nhnonf efbrtnfaj `jx gbfeqn`bx& Jqrn rncn ab` {`b|j `conr bx b` fbrtej dåcjrj∟hqîfbj ~b tn n efbrtnr `n {eb` `nqbrn` ab` cx`j& @nx rncnx cîx ec{jrqnfqbx ab` {`b|j `conr xjf ajx= fn bx b` fbrtej joqrnajr ~b tn n xn`er ab `n {b`tex {jr b` ngmbrj joqrnaj ,{jr `n {nrqb x{brejr ab åxqb% u xb aexqreoub {jr ab`nfqb u {jr abqrîx ab bxb cýxh`j u tn n efbrtnr bf b` cx`j b` hjc{nrqecebfqj cxh`nr efqbrfj& Bxjx cýxh`jx n{rj|ecnajrbx tnf n ~banr efbrtnajx {jr b` fbrtej joqrnajr& @n jqrn rncn {refhe{n` xn`b ab `n {b`tex mfqj hjf `jx tnxjx dbcjrn`bx& Onmj b` `egncbfqj efgefn` xn`arî b` fbrtej dbcjrn` j hrrn` ~b bx b` cîx grbxj ab bxqjx ajx bxb fbrtej hnfaj {nxn onmj b` `egncbfqj efgefn` bfqrn bf b` hjc{nrqecebfqj nfqbrejr ab` cx`j u ab lbhlj qjanx `nx rncnx cjqjrnx ~b an xjf {nrn b` cýxh`j hnarehb{x dbcjrn` u b` cýxh`j xnrqjrej ,b` cîx `nrgj ab` hbr{j% Qncoeåf an rncnx {brdjrnfqbx ~b efbrtnf `n {eb` ab` cx`j& An fn rncn hqîfbn ~b efbrtn bf `n {ebrfn `n {eb` bf b` `naj efqbrfj& @n _NCN HRQÎFBN n qrntåx ab `n ~b efbrtn `n {eb`= fbrtej xndbfj efqbrfj ~b bx xø`j xbfxeqetj efbrtn `n {eb` ab `n {ebrfn ``bgnfaj n` {eb& [jr abonmj ab` {`b|j `conr bxqî b` [@B\J XNH_J ~b xb hnrnhqbre}n {jr~b xb hjfxqequb {jr feøf ab `n rncn nfqbrejr ab` ~efqj fbrtej `conr u `jx qrbx {recbrjx xnhrjx X> X? X8& Bxb {`b|j xnhrj xb djrcn ab`nfqb ab` lbxj xnhrj ~b {jr `n hnrn nfqbrejr qebfb b` cýxh`j {erncean`& B` {`b|j xnhrj qebfb djrcn qrenfg`nr u b` tårqehb ab` qreîfg`j bx b` fbrtej heîqehj cnujr& Lnxqn ~b xb djrcn bxb fbrtej bf b` rbhjrreaj tn anfaj chlnx rnceqnx n `jx cýxh`jx g`ýqbjx n `jx {b`te∟qrjhnfqårehjx&&& B` fbrtej heîqehj fn tb} djrcnaj xn`b ab `n {b`tex xegebfaj b` ojrab efdbrejr ab bxb cýxh`j {erncean` ~b abxab `n hnrn nfqbrejr ab` xnhrj xb aeregb lnhen b` qrjhîfqbr cnujr& Bf jhnxejfbx b` fbrtej heîqehj xn`b aeteaeaj bf ajx {nrqbx u fn ab `nx {nrqbx xn`b {jr bfqrb `nx deornx ab` {erncean`9 n `nx {brxjfnx ~b `bx {nxn bxqj fn hjfqrnhqrn {erncean` {rjtjhn aj`jrbx heîqehjx& Xegebfaj b` ojrab nfqbrejr ab` {erncean` bfqrn bf b` hjc{nrqecebfqj nfqbrejr ab` cx`j u bf åxqb ``btn fn aerbhheøf abxhbfabfqb xegebfaj b` bmb cnujr u tn n ~banr bfqrb b` oãhb{x dbcjrn` {jr dbrn u {jr abfqrj ab` xbcecbcornfjxj u xbceqbfaefjxj& Bf bxb rbhjrreaj tn anfaj rncnx n bxjx qrbx cýxh`jx& Hnfaj ``bgncjx n` rjcoj {j{`ãqbj b` fbrtej heîqehj xb tn n aeteaer bf ajx rncnx qbrcefn`bx `n ~b xegb lnhen nonmj= fbrtej qeoen` j heîqehj∟{j{`ãqbj efqbrfj& Nlã xb aeteab bf ajx b` fbrtej heîqehj& @n jqrn rncn bx b` fbrtej {brjfbj hjcýf j fbrtej heîqehj∟{j{`ãqbj b|qbrfj ~b xb aeregb xegebfaj b` `naj b|qbrfj ab` rjcoj {j{`ãqbj lnhen dbrn& B` FB_TEJ QEOEN@ nqrntebxn ab nrreon nonmj b` rjcoj {j{`ãqbj bx `n rncn cîx grbxn& Hnfaj ``bgncjx n `n {nrqb efdbrejr ab` rjcoj {j{`ãqbj ~ban bfqrb `jx ajx gbcb`jx b|qbrfj b efqbrfj& Bxqb fbrtej qeoen` {nxn bfqrb `jx gbcb`jx u `bgj nqrntebxn b` nfe``j ab` cýxh`j xø`bj& Rfn tb} ~b ln nqrntbxnaj bxqb nfe``j xb hj`jhn xjorb b` {`nfj cxh`nr {rjdfaj xjorb `jx d`b|jrbx `nrgjx ,hjcýf u {rj{ej ab `jx abajx u {rj{ej ab` abaj gjraj% u `jx nhjc{nþn lnhen b` cn`åj`j efqbrfj lnhen nonmj u f {jhj lnhen abfqrj9 {nxn {jr abqrîx ab` cn`åj`j efqbrfj u bfqrn bf `n {`nfqn ab` {eb ajfab xb aeteab bf = fbrtej {`nfqnr efqbrfj u fbrtej {`nfqnr b|qbrfj efbrtnfaj qjan `n cxh`nqrn {`nfqnr ab` {eb& 2<

B@ FB_TEJ HEÎQEHJ∟[J[@ÃQBJ B\QB_FJ J FB_TEJ [B_JFBJ HJCÝF xb aeregb lnhen dbrn xegebfaj b` oãhb{x& _jabn `n hnob}n ab` {brjfå u xb aeteab bf ajx= fbrtej {brjfbj x{brdehen` j fbrtej cýxh`j hqîfbj ~b efbrtn n `jx cýxh`jx {brjfbjx `nqbrn`bx bxqb fbrtej nabcîx ab efbrtnr bxqjx cýxh`jx f {jhj {jr bfhecn ab` qjoe``j nqrntebxn `n dnxhen ab bftj`qrn u xb lnhb cîx x{brdehen` tn n efbrtnr `n {eb ab` ajrxj ab` {eb& @n jqrn rncn ab` {brjfbj hjcýf bx b` fbrtej {brjfbj {rjdfaj j fbrtej qeoen` nfqbrejr ~b bfqrn bf b` hjc{nrqecebfqj nfqbrejr ab `n {ebrfn u an `n efbrtnheøf cjqjrn n `jx cýxh`jx ab` hjc{nrqecebfqj nfqbrejr ab `n {ebrfn& B` qeoen` nfqbrejr {nxn mfqj hjf `n nrqbren qeoen` nfqbrejr u bf b` {eb efbrtn fn }jfn bfqrb b` {recbr u xbgfaj abaj& B` fbrtej qeoen` nfqegncbfqb xb ``ncnon fbrtej heîqehj {j{`ãqbj efqbrfj åxqb hnfaj nqrntebxn b` nfe``j ab` xø`bj xb ``ncn fbrtej qeoen` {jxqbrejr& B` rbxqj ab efbrtnheøf ab` cebcorj efdbrejr ab{bfab ab` heîqehj hnfaj bxqb fbrtej xb erreqn tn n anr f aj`jr ~b xegb `n {nrqb {jxqbrejr ab` cx`j {ebrfn u abaj gjraj& Q_JFHJ AB@ BFHÅDN@J

Rfb `n cåa`n bx{efn` n` hbrborj& Abfqrj ab` qrjfhj aexqefgecjx b` o`oj rn~ãabj j cåa`n jo`jfgnan ~b hnfaj xb joxbrtn {jr `n hnrn nfqbrejr xb aedbrbfhen ab `j ~b bx cåa`n bx{efn`& Bf bxn hnrn nfqbrejr lnu fn xbþn` ~b `j xb{nrn ab `n cåa`n bx{efn` ~b xb ``ncn abhxnheøf ab `nx {erîceabx ~b xb joxbrtn bf `n `ãfbn cbaen hjcj f hrhb ab deornx& [jr abqrîx tn n djrcnr {nrqb ab fn {nrba ab fn hnteana ~b lnu bf b` qrjfhj ab` bfhådn`j= hnrqj tbfqrãh`j& [jr bfhecn ab` o`oj rn~ãabj bxqî b` {bfqb ab Tnrj`ej j {rjqobrnfhen nf`nr xb{nrnaj {jr f xrhj ljre}jfqn`& Bf bxqn hnrn nfqbrejr nabcîx xb joxbrtn f xrhj ajfab xb tn n n{junr `n nrqbren onxe`nr ~b xb djrcn {jr `n dxeøf ab `nx nrqbrenx hbrborn`bx& [jr abqrîx ab` qrjfhj ab` bfhådn`j tn n hjfqreoer n djrcnr b` xb`j ab` hnrqj tbfqrãh`j [jr bfhecn ab `n {rjqobrnfhen nf`nr bxqî b` cbxbfhådn`j ~b {jr ab`nfqb bxqî djrcnaj {jr `jx {baýfh`jx hbrborn`bx ~b qncoeåf bxqîf xb{nrnajx ab `n {rjqobrnfhen {jr f xrhj ljre}jfqn` u aetbrgbf nxã= Ab bxjx xrhjx ljre}jfqn`bx tnf n bcbrgbr fbrtejx hrnfbn`bx= [jr `n hnrn nfqbrejr {jr bfhecn ab `n {rjqobrnfhen b` cbxbfhådn`j bxqî hjfxqeqeaj {jr `jx {baýfh`jx hbrborn`bx u {jr abqrîx {jr `n `îcefn hnaregåcefn ~b {rbxbfqn hnqrj no`qncebfqjx ``ncnajx qoårh`jx hnaregåcefjx ~b xjf ajx x{brejrbx u ajx efdbrejrbx u qncoeåf xb ``ncnf hj`ãh`jx& Abqrîx ab` qrjfhj ab` bfhådn`j bxqî b` HB_BOB@J Bf fn texeøf x{brejr nxbcbmn fn bc{nfnae``n qncoeåf xb aehb ~b hb`gn ab` qrjfhj ab` bfhådn`j hjcj fn cjhle`n& Aexqefgecjx= [J_HEØF HBFQ_N@ J TB_CEX u AJX LBCEXDB_EJX @NQB_N@BX n hnan `naj ab `n tbrcex& N` egn` ~b bf b` hbrborj `n xxqnfhen grex bf b` hbrbob`j xb bfhbfqrn bf `n {bredbren u hjfxqequb `n hjrqb}n 25

hbrbob`jxn ~b xb bfhbfqrn {`bgnan ab djrcn hnrnhqbrãxqehn u bxjx {`ebgbx {nrbhbf hjcj ljmeqnx {jr `j ~b xb abfjcefn dj`en&

Hnfaj xb an f hjrqb n` hbrbob`j aboeaj n bxb {`bgncebfqj xb abfjcefn îroj` ab `n tean {jr~b bf `n {nrqb hbfqrn` xb aex{jfb `n xxqnfhen o`nfhn u abfqrj ab `n xxqnfhen o`nfhn lnu {b~bþjx fýh`bjx ab xxqnfhen grex& Bf `n hnrn nfqbrejr ab` hbrbob`j xb aexqefgbf `jx {baýfh`jx hbrbob`jxjx n qrntåx ab b``jx b` hbrbob`j ~ban feaj n `n cåa`n bx{efn` n` o`oj rn~ãabj n `n {rjqobrnfhen u n` cbxbfhådn`j& B` hnrqj tbfqrãh`j hjfqreoerî n hbrrnr b` hbrbob`j {jr abqrîx& Bxqb tbfqrãh`j bx fn ae`nqnheøf ab` hjfahqj ab` b{åfaecj ab `n cåa`n bx{efn`&& HB_BO_J {jr bfhecn ab` qrjfhj ab` bfhådn`j&

Aexqefgecjx fn {nrqb cbaen u hbfqrn`= AEBFHÅDN@J u n hnan `naj ab åxqb `jx LBCEXDB_EJX HB_BO_N@BX& B` AEBFHÅDN@J xø`j bx texeo`b bf `n hnrn efdbrejr ab` hbrborj {jr ab`nfqb ~ban `eceqnaj {jr b` ~enxcn ø{qehj& Bf grnf {nrqb b` aebfhådn`j bxqî ab`eceqnaj {jr `jx qî`ncjx ø{qehjx ~b xjf ajx cnxnx ab xxqnfhen grex& Bf bxqn hnrn efdbrejr xb joxbrtn fn {rj`jfgnheøf aeregean lnhen nonmj ~b bxqî fean n `n le{ødexex= efdfaão`j& [jr abqrîx tbcjx fn hnteana n{`nxqnan ab f `naj n jqrj ~b bx b` qbrhbr tbfqrãh`j ,hnteana tbfqreh`nr ab` aebfhådn`j% bfqrb `jx ajx qî`ncjx ø{qehjx {jr bfhecn ab` hnrqj tbfqrãh`j& @jx LBCEXDB_EJX rbhorbf b` aebfhådn`j hnxe bf x qjqn`eana& Xjf ajx lbcexdbrejx hbrborn`bx u fj ab` jqrj bxqîf xb{nrnajx {jr fn lbfaearn cu {rjdfan ab aerbhheøf xngeqn` ``ncnan lbfaearn efqbrlbcexdårehn ~b xb{nrn `jx ajx lbcexdbrejx& @n xxqnfhen xb bfhbfqrn xb{nrnajx {jrgrex xrhjx j hexrnx&bf `n {bredbren {`bgnan bxjx {`ebgbx xb ``ncnf herhftj`hejfbx u ~banf [nrn bxqaenr `jx xrhjx j hexrnx bf `n x{brdeheb ab` hbrborj xb aexqefgb bf hnan lbcexdbrej fn hnrn b|qbrfn efdbrejr b efqbrfn= Xrhjx {refhe{n`bx bf `n {nrn b|qbrfn= b` ~b onmn tbrqehn`cbfqb abxab b` ojrab x{brejr xb ``ncn xrhj hbfqrn` u hjrrbx{jfab bf `n hnrn b|qbrfn n` xrhj tbrqehn`& Qncoeåf xb ``ncn hexrn ab _j`nfaj& B` xrhj ~b ``btn bxn aerbhheøf ljre}jfqn` xb ``ncn hexrn ab Xe`tej& Bxqjx ajx grnfabx xrhjx j hexrnx fjx xb{nrnf b` `øo`j drjfqn` xeqnaj {jr ab`nfqb ab` xrhj hbfqrn` ab` `øo`j {nrebqn` ,xeqnaj {jr abqrîx%& @n hexrn ab Xe`tej xb{nrn bf `n hnrn b|qbrfn b` `øo`j drjfqn` u b` {nrebqn` ab` `øo`j qbc{jrn`,{jr nonmj5 B` `øo`j jhhe{eqn` {nrn {jabr aexqefger`j lnu f xrhj cu cn` ab`eceqnaj ``ncnaj hexrn {br{bfaeh`nr b|qbrfn ~b qebfb fn {b~bþn lbfaearn ~b bx `n ýfehn xbþn` texeo`b u tn n xb{nrnr b` `øo`j {nrebqn` u b` qbc{jrn` ab` jhhe{eqn`& Bf `n hnrn efdbrejr ab` hbrborj `n hexrn ab Xe`tej xb{nrn b` `øo`j drjfqn` ab` qbc{jrn`& N` joxbrtnr `n hnrn efqbrfn xb tb fn djrcnheøf ab xxqnfhen o`nfhn hjrqnan ~b fb `jx ajx lbcexdbrejx hbrborn`bx u qebfb nx{bhqj ab cbaen `fn= hbr{j hn``jxj djrcnaj {jr deornx&

4;

[jr bfhecn ab bxqn djrcnheøf n aexqnfhen fjx bfhjfqrncjx fn hexrn cu oebf cnrhnan= hexrn hn``jxj cnrgefn`& Nabcîx ab bxn hexrn bf `n hnrn efqbrfn xb aexqefgbf jqrnx ajx hexrnx fn ~b bx `n hexrn {br{bfaeh`nr efqbrfn ~b tn n ab`eceqnr `n xxqnfhen grex ~b ~ban {jr abqrîx u hjrrbx{jfab n` `øo`j jhhe{eqn`& Åxqb `øo`j xb ab`eceqn {jr nonmj hjf `n hexrn hn`hnrãnf& Bf b` hbrborj n` egn` ~b bf b` hbrbob`j abfqrj ab `n xxqnfhen o`nfhn b|exqbf fýh`bjx ab xxqnfhen grex bf hjfmfqj bxn xxqnfhen grex xb `b ``ncn hbr{j bxqrenaj abfqrj ab` lbcexdbrej hbrborn`& N` lno`nr ab fýh`bjx grexbx efh`ub b` qî`ncj ø{qehj& Bf `jx lbcexdbrejx hbrborn`bx qncoeåf lnu fn hnteana ~b hjcfehn hjf b` qbrhbr tbfqrãh`j ~b xb ``ncn tbfqrãh`j `nqbrn`& FB_TEJX J [N_BX H_NFBN@BX

Qebfbf x jregbf j bf b` qrjfhj ab` bfhådn`j j n fetb` ab `jx lbcexdbrejx hbrborn`bx& Xjf {nrbx lnu fj n hnan `naj& Tnf n nqrntbxnr `jx ngmbrjx ab `n onxb ab` hrîfbj u {jr `j gbfbrn` tnfn n qbrcefnr bf `jx ørgnfjx ab `n hnob}n j ab` hb``j& @jx fbrtejx hrnfbn`bx xjf ajhb {nrbx u xb `bx fjcorn ab` E n` \EE& B` E {nr hrnfbn` bx b` fbrtej j`dnqjrej ~b bx b` bfhnrgnaj ab rbhjgbr `jx bxqãc`jx ab `n j`dnhheøf& Qebfb x jregbf bf `n hnteana fnxn` bf `nx {nrbabx `nqbrn`bx ab `n djxn fnxn` ,efqbrfn j b|qbrfn%& Bxjx fbrtejx j`dnqjrejx tnf n nqrntbxnr b` qbhlj ab `nx djxnx bf hjfhrbqj `n djrcnan {jr b` lbxj bqcjeabx= `îcefn hreojxn ab` bqcjeabx& Nhnon bf fn djrcnheøf bfhecn ab bxn `îcefn ``ncnan o`oj j`dnqjrej ~b xb bfhbfqrn bf `n hnrn efdbrejr ab` `øo`j drjfqn` ab` hbrborj& Lnhen nqrîx b` o`oj xb hjfqefýn hjcj hefqe``n j`dnqjren ~b ``btnrî `n efdjrcnheøf lnhen b` `øo`j qbc{jrn` ab` hbrborj bf fn {nrqb ``ncnan RFHRX ajfab qbrcefn `n tãn j`dnqjren& B` EE {nr hrnfbn` j fbrtej ø{qehj bx b` bfhnrgnaj ab rbhjgbr `jx bxqãc`jx texn`bx& Bxqî {jr abqrîx ab` {recbr {nr hrnfbn`& Qebfb x jregbf bf `n rbqefn ab` g`joj jh`nr j hn{n fbrtejxn& Abxab `n rbqefn xb hjfxqequbf b` fbrtej ø{qehj ~b bfqrn bf `n hnteana hrnfbn` {jr b` ngmbrj ø{qehj& Bfxbgean {nrqb ab xx deornx xb hr}nf n` `naj hjfqrnrej= ~enxcn ø{qehj `nx deornx ~b {rjhbabf ab` `naj b|qbrfj ab `n rbqefn hjfqefýnf x hncefj n` cexcj `naj u `nx ab` `naj efqbrfj xb bfqrbhr}nf n` fetb` ab bxqb ~enxcn& Abxab b` ~enxcn lnhen nqrîx xb lno`n ab hefqe``n ø{qehn ~b ``btnrî `n efdjrcnheøf texn` lnxqn `n hjrqb}n texn` bf b` `øo`j jhhe{eqn`& B` EEE {nr hrnfbn` j fbrtej cjqjr jh`nr hjcýf qebfb x jregbf bf `n hnrn nfqbrejr ab` qrjfhj ab` hbrborj bfqrj `jx ajx {baýfh`jx hbrborn`bx& Abxab bxb jregbf xb aeregb lnhen ab`nfqb u tn n bfqrnr bf `n øroeqn ajfab tn n efbrtnr hnxe qjajx `jx cýxh`jx ab `n øroeqn ~b cbtbf b` g`joj jh`nr& Qncoeåf nhqýn xjorb b` cýxh`j b`btnajr ab` {îr{naj x{brejr& Hnfaj xb `bxejfn bxqb fbrtej b` {îr{naj xb hnb u `n cernan xb abxtãn lnhen dbrn u lnhen nonmj qncoeåf {rbxbfqnrî cearenxex ,ae`nqnheøf ab `n {{e`n% B` ET {nr hrnfbn` bx b` fbrtej {nqåqehj j qrjh`bnr u bx b` ýfehj ~b fj bcbrgb ab `n hnrn nfqbrejr xefj ab `n {jxqbrejr ab` qrjfhj ab` bfhådn`j& [jr abonmj ab `n `îcefn hnaregåcefn& _jabn qjan `n hnrn `nqbrn` ab` qrjfhj ab` bfhådn`j bfqrn bf `n øroeqn b efbrtn b` cýxh`j jo`ehj x{brejr ab `n øroeqn& Bx cu defeqj {jr~b efbrtn f cýxh`j cu {b~bþj& B` TE {nr hrnfbn` j fbrtej cjqjr jh`nr b|qbrfj qebfb x jregbf bf `n hnrn nfqbrejr ab` qrjfhj ab` bfhådn`j bf b` xrhj bfqrb b` o`oj u {rjqobrnfhen n hnan `naj ab `n `ãfbn cbaen& 4>

Qncoeåf bx cu defeqj u xø`j efbrtn n` cýxh`j rbhqj b|qbrfj ab `n øroeqn  bxqb cýxh`j xb jregefn bf b` djfaj ab `n øroeqn u hnfaj xb hjfqrnb ``btn `n cernan lnhen dbrn& Xe xb `bxejfn `n cernan xb ``btn lnhen cbaen` `j ~b bx f qe{j ab bxqrnoexcj& B` T {nr hrnfbn` bx b` fbrtej qregåcefj ~b xb jregefn bf `n hnrn nfqbrejr ab` qrjfhj ab` bfhådn`j bf `n {nrqb cîx `nqbrn` ab `n {rjqobrnfhen u abxab nlã xb aeregb lnhen ab`nfqb& Bxqb fbrtej xdrb f bfgrjxncebfqj ~b bx b` gnfg`ej ab` qregåcefj j gnfg`ej ab Gnxxbr ~b xb bfhbfqrn abfqrj ab `n hnteana hrnfbn` u abxab bxb gnfg`ej b` fbrtej qregåcefj xb aeteab bf qrbx& @n {recbrn rncn bx b` FB_TEJ JDQÎ@CEHJ `n xbgfan rncn bx b` FB_TEJ CN\E@N_ u `n qbrhbrn bx b` FB_TEJ CNFAEOR@N_& B` qregåcefj tn n rbhjgbr qjan `n xbfxeoe`eana ab `n hnrn u qncoeåf ``btn deornx cjqjrnx {nrn `jx cýxh`jx cnxqehnajrbx& B` TEE {nr hrnfbn` bx b` fbrtej dnhen` u xb jregefn bf b` xrhj o`oj∟{rjqobrnfhen` {jr dbrn ab` TEE {nr hrnfbn`& Xb aeregerî lnhen ab`nfqb xn`b ab` hrîfbj cu hbrhn ab `n g`îfa`n xn`etn` {nrøqean u bx bf bxn g`îfa`n ajfab tn n anr xx rncnx qbrcefn`bx& Bx f fbrtej cjqjr tn n ``btnr `n efbrtnheøf cjqjrn n `jx cýxh`jx ab `n cãcehn& B` TEEE {nr hrnfbn` 3 fbrtej naeqetj bxqnqj∟nhýxqehj j tbxqão`jhjh`bnr qncoeåf qebfb x jregbf bf b` xrhj o`oj∟{rjqobrnfhen` {jr dbrn ab` dnhen`& Bxqb fbrtej tn n rbhjgbr bxqãc`jx nhýxqehjx u bxqãc`jx ~b cnfqebfbf b` b~e`eorej abxab b` jãaj efqbrfj& B` hnrnhj` bx b` ørgnfj bfhnrgnaj ab `n naeheøf& E\ {nr hrnfbn` j fbrtej g`jxjdnrãfgbj& Xb jregefn bf `n hnrn `nqbrn` ab` o`oj rn~ãabj xbrãn `n hjfqefnheøf lnhen nrreon ab` xrhj hj`nqbrn` {jxqbrejr u xb aeregb lnhen dbrn& Bx f fbrtej ce|qj {jr~b rbhjgb xbfxeoe`eana u nabcîx ``btn deornx cjqjrnx n `n dnrefgb& Qncoeåf qebfb deornx ~b ``bgnf n `n onxb ab `n `bfgn u xb bfhnrgnf ab rbhjgbr b` xbfqeaj ab` gxqj& Qncoeåf ``btn deornx ab` xexqbcn fbrtejxj nqøfjcj abxqefnanx n `n g`îfa`n xn`etn` {nrøqean= deornx {nrnxec{îqehnx& \ {nr hrnfbn` j fbrtej tngj xb jregefn bf b` xrhj hj`nqbrn` {jxqbrejr u xn`b {jr b` jredehej j ngmbrj ug`nr& Rfn tb} ~b xn`b ab` hrîfbj tn n qbfbr fn aexqreoheøf cu nc{`en nqrntebxn b` hb``j u b` qørn|& [nxn {jr b` noajcbf nqrntebxn b` cýxh`j aendrngcn mfqj n` bxødngj hjf fn rncn {jr ab`nfqb u jqrn {jr abqrîx& Bx f fbrtej ce|qj {brj xjorbqjaj ``btn deornx {nrnxec{îqehnx& B` \E {nr hrnfbn` bx b` fbrtej nhhbxjrej j bx{efn`& Qncoeåf xb jregefn bf b` xrhj hj`nqbrn` {jxqbrejr bf b` o`oj abonmj ab` tngj u xn`b {jr b` jredehej ug`nr& Qebfb rnehe``nx ~b xb jregefnf bf `n {nrqb x{brejr ab `n cåa`n bx{efn`& Bxnx rnehe``nx xb aeregbf lnhen nrreon u xn`bf {jr b` jredehej ug`nr ajfab xb aeteab bf ajx= rnã} hrnfbn` ~b xb fb n` tngj u rnã} cba`nr bx{efn` j rn~ãabn ~b an efbrtnheøf cjqjrn n` bxqbrfjh`beajcnxqjeabj u n` qrn{bhej&

\EE {nr hrnfbn` j fbrtej le{jg`jxj& Xb jregefn bf `n hnrn nfqbrejr ab` o`oj& Rfn tb} ~b xn`b ab` hrîfbj xb aeregb lnhen `n `bfgn ajfab tn n anr `n efbrtnheøf cjqjrn n `jx cýxh`jx ab `n `bfgn& @n efbrtnheøf gxqnqetn tn qrntåx ab qrbx fbrtejx= `n {nrqb nfqbrejr ~b bx `n {fqn ab `n `bfgn `n efbrtn b` TEE {nr hrnfbn` `n onxb b` g`jxjdnrãfgbj u `n {nrqb cîx {jxqbrejr b` tngj& B` xnojr NHEAJ bxqî bf `jx ojrabx ab `n `bfgn B` XN@NAJ bf `jx ojrabx u bf `n {fqn b` AR@HB bf `n {fqn u b` NCN_GJ bf `n onxb ab `n `bfgn& CBFEFGBX AB@ XEXQBCN FB_TEJXJ HBFQ_N@

4?

Bftj`tebfaj b` xexqbcn fbrtejxj hbfqrn` lnu qrbx ljmnx ab qbmeaj hjfmfqetj `n cîx b|qbrfn bx `n arncnarb ~b bx `n cîx grbxn u qncoeåf xb `n hjfjhb hjf b` fjcorb ab {n~ecbfefgb& Qn{e}îfaj`n {jr abfqrj xb bfhbfqrn `n nrnhfjeabx {jr~b {nrbhb hjcj fn qb`n ab nrnþn u ~ban n{`ehnan xjorb `n qbrhbrn cbfefgb ~b bx `n {encnarb ~b bxqî n{`ehnan n` qbmeaj fbrtejxj& Bf b` bx{nhej bfqrb nrnhfjeabx u {encnarb bfhjfqrncjx b` `ã~eaj hbdn`jrrn~ãabj bf b` bx{nhej xonrnhfjeabj& Bxqb `ã~eaj bx cu qrnfx{nrbfqb u {rjqbgb n` xexqbcn fbrtejxj hbfqrn`& Hjfqreoub n fqrer n` qbmeaj fbrtejxj& Bf b` hjfahqj rn~ãabj b` lbxj bxqî qn{e}naj {jr b` {brejxqej& Bfqrb b` {brejxqej u arncnarb lnu f bx{nhej b{earn` {jr dbrn ab `n arncnarb ~b {rbxbfqn qbmeaj hb``nr grnxj u {`b|jx tbfjxjx ,nlã xb {jfb `n nfbxqbxen b{earn`%& Xø`j b|exqb bf b` hjfahqj rn~ãabj bf b` hrîfbj b` {brejxqej u arncnarb bxqîf dxejfnajx djrcnfaj fn ljmn ýfehn& Bf `jx tbfqrãh`jx `nqbrn`bx ab `jx lbcexdbrejx hbrborn`bx bf b` qbrhbr tbfqrãh`j ab` aebfhådn`j u bf b` hnrqj tbfqrãh`j ab` qrjfhj ab` bfhådn`j b|exqbf ngr{nhejfbx hn{e`nrbx rbtbxqeanx ab hå``nx b{bfaecnrenx nlã bx ajfab xb tn n xbgrbgnr b` `ã~eaj hbdn`jrrn~ãabj& N fetb` ab `jx tbfqrãh`jx `nqbrn`bx qncoeåf bf b` hnrqj tbfqrãh`j fjx bfhjfqrncjx hjf `jx {`b|jx hjrjeabjx ajfab bxqî b` `ã~eaj hbdn`jrrn~ãabj ~b tn n herh`nr n`rbabajr ab` hbrbob`j u tn n {nxnr n` hjfahqj b{bfaecnrej& B` @E^REAJ HBDN@J__N^RÃABJ {nxn n qrntåx ab fjx jredehejx ~b b|exqbf bf `jx îfg`jx ab` hnrqj tbfqrãh`j n` bx{nhej xonrnhfjeabj bx rbnoxjroeaj n fetb` ab fnx tb``jxeanabx hjrjeabnx ~b nqrntebxnf `n arncnarb u abmnf `n ec{rjfqn bf `jx lbxjx ab` hrîfbj& N fetb` ab bxnx tb``jxeanabx hjrjeabnx {nxnf n xnfgrb tbfjxn& @jx xbfjx tbfjxjx bxqîf hjfxqeqeajx {jr f abxajo`ncebfqj bfqrb b` {brejxqej u arncnarb& Xb {bab joqbfbr fn cbxqrn ab` `ã~eaj hbdn`jrrn~ãabj n qrntåx ab fn {fheøf `conr& @nx cbfefgbx ~b rjabnf n `n cåa`n bx{efn`& @n {encnarb bx `n cîx defn u qebfb fnx djrcnhejfbx bx{bhen`bx fn bx hjcj f nfh`n ab `n cåa`n bx{efn` u xb ``ncn `egncbfqj abfqnaj&

@n tnxh`nre}nheøf ab `n cåa`n bx{efn` {rjhbab ab `nx nrqbrenx tbrqborn`bx ~b xjf rncnx ab `n nrqbren xoh`nten& Hnfaj xb dxejfnf lnhen nrreon djrcnf `n nrqbren onxe`nr u nfqbx ab ~b xb dxejfbf tnf n anr fn rnceqn ~b tn n abxhbfabr u ~b qncoeåf xb dxejfn `j ~b hjfxqequb `n nrqbren bx{efn` nfqbrejr ~b tn n aexhrrer {jr b` xrhj cbaej nfqbrejr ab `n cåa`n bx{efn`& Ab `nx nrqbrenx tbrqborn`bx ~b tnf n xrger lnu ajx rncnx ~b fj xb dxejfnf bfqrb xã u hjfxqequbf `nx nrqbrenx bx{efn`bx {jxqbrejrbx ~b aexhrrbf {jr `jx xrhjx hj`nqbrn`bx {jxqbrejrbx& [nrqebfaj ab `nx nrqbrenx efqbrhjxqn`bx j ab `nx nrqbrenx `conrbx tnf n xrger rncnx= fn bx `n ajrxj∟bx{efn` ~b bx `n ~b xb aexqreoub {jr `n cåa`n bx{efn` xb tn nþnaebfaj n `n nrqbren bx{efn` nfqbrejr u n `nx ajx {jxqbrejrbx ~b erregnf n `n cåa`n bx{efn`& B` A_BFNMB TBFJXJ ab `n cåa`n bx{efn` tn n qbrcefnr bf f {`b|j tbfjxj ~b ~ban xeqnaj n`rbabajr ab `n cåa`n& Bxqb {`b|j tbfjxj xb xeqýn bf b` bx{nhej b{earn` u abxab nlã tn n arbfnr bf `nx tbfnx efqbrhjxqn`bx xe bxqncjx bf `n hj`cfn tbrqborn` u `nx tbfnx tbrqborn`bx xe bxqncjx bf b` hb``j& B` {`b|j fbrtejxj {brecba`nr fj qebfb tî`t`nx `j ~b lnhb ~b `nx efdbhhejfbx u `n aexbcefnheøf hnfhbrjxn xbn cîx dîhe`&

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@n E__EGNHEØF N_QB_EN@ LNHEN B@ BFHÅDN@J xb abob n ajx nrqbrenx tbrqborn`bx ~b djrcnf `n nrqbren onxe`nr ~b bx `n ~b xb n{jun xjorb b` {bfqb ab Tnrj`ej& @n nrqbren onxe`nr n fetb` ab `n {rjqobrnfhen an tnrenx rncnx ~b tnf n erregnr b` qrjfhj ab` bfhådn`j fn ab `nx rncnx {rjqobrnfhen`bx bx cu {b~bþeqn u xb ``ncn nrqbren naeqetn efqbrfn j `nobrãfqehn ~b erregn b` jãaj efqbrfj j `nobrefqj& Xe xb joxqrub bxn nrqbren {bab anr chljx {rjo`bcnx ab tårqegj j ab aådeheqx ab naeheøf& Xef bconrgj `n aetexeøf {refhe{n` ab `n nrqbren onxe`nr xb aeteab bf ajx rncnx {refhe{n`bx= nrqbrenx hbrborn`bx {jxqbrejrbx ~b xb aeregbf lnhen nqrîx b erregnf b` {j`j {jxqbrejr u `nx nrqbrenx `øo`j jhhe{eqn`bx ~b qncoeåf erregnf bf {nrqb b` `øo`j qbc{jrn`& B` rbxqj ab lbcexdbrejx x erregnheøf ab{bfab nfqbrejr ab `n nrqbren ~bcbaen bx rncn efqbrfn hnrøqean hjcýf u an ajxhbrborn`bx rncnx {refhe{n`bx= fn hbrborn` u jqrnhnrøqean lnhen dbrn hbrborn` ~babxb`n efqrjahb bf `n hexrn ab Xe`tej& @n hbrborn` nfqbrejr {jr ab`nfqb ab` ~enxcn ø{qehj xb aeregb lnhen ab`nfqb& [J@ÃGJFJ AB WE@@EX& Bx f hãrh`j nrqbren` `j hebrrnf ab `n hnrøqean efqbrfn n `n hbrborn` {jxqbrejr& Lnu fn nrqbren hjcfehnfqb {jxqbrejr bfqrb åxqnx u bfqrb `nx ajx hbrborn`bx nfqbrejrbx lnu f {bfqb ~b bx `n nrqbren hjcfehnfqb nfqbrejr& Bf b` lbcexdbrej hbrborn` abrbhlj b` d`mj ab `n nrqbren hjcfehnfqb bx cu {b~bþj& A_BFNMB FB_TEJXJ AB@ HB_BO_J

Bx n{rj|ecnancbfqb {nrn`b`j n `n erregnheøf nrqbren` {brj {rbxbfqn {nrqeh`nreanabx& Nfqbx lnu ~b hjfjhbr hjcj xb aex{jfb `n arncnarb= Bx `n cbfefgb grbxn bftb`tb hjfmfqj n hbrborn`bx `jx lbcexdbrejx hbrborn`bx {brjHB_BO_J {rbxbfqn qnoe~bx f qnoe~b ~b xb cîx efqrjahb bfqrb `jx ajxbflbcexdbrejx ``ncnaj LJ] AB@ {jr~b &`nLnu `îcefn deorjxn qebfb djrcn ab lj} u {rbxbfqn f {ehj ~b xb demn bf b` lbxj bqcjeabx& @n `îcefn {br{bfaeh`nr n` bqcjeabx qebfb fn hnob}n n{ødexex hrexqngn`e ajfab xb demn n `n lj}& @n lj} qebfb f ojrab nalbrbfqb ~b xb demn n `n oøtban ab` hrîfbj u f ojrab `eorb ,b` efdbrejr% xeqnaj xjorb b` hbr{j hn``jxj& @n {nrqb nfhln ab `n lj} ab` hbrborj ``bgnfaj n` lbxj jhhe{eqn` bf `n hnrn efqbrfn xb abx{`ebgn bf ajx n`nx u n hnan `naj ab `n lj} xrgbf ajx `îcefnx ~b xb{nrnf b` {j`j {jxqbrejr ab` hbrborj bxqnx `îcefnx xb ``ncnf QEBFAN AB@ HB_BOB@J& Lnu jqrn {b~bþn `ncefe``n ab arncnarb ~b xb{nrn `jx ajx lbcexdbrejx `nqbrn`bx ab` hbrbob`j bx `n LJ] AB@ HB_BOB@J ~b bx cîx {b~bþn ~b `n ab` hbrborj u ~banrãn {jr abonmj ab ajfab xb abx{`ebgn `n qebfan ab` hbrbob`j bf `n `ãfbn cbaen& Bf b` ojrab nalbrbfqb u bf b` `eorb aexhrrbf fjx hnfn`bx tbfjxjx ``ncnajx xbfjx tbfjxjx u `n xnfgrb tbfjxn ab` hbrborj qbrcefn bf b``jx& Ab ab`nfqb nqrîx bxqî= b` xbfj `jfgeqaefn` x{brejr n fetb` ab` ojrab `eorb u qncoeåf bxqî b` xbfj `jfgeqaefn` efdbrejr& Bxjx xbfjx tbfjxjx xb djrcnf {jr~b `n arncnarb xb abx{`ebgn bf bxjx `gnrbx bf b` `jfgeqaefn` x{brejr xb xb{nrn b` {brejxqej ab `n arncnarb u bf b` qbrcefn `n xnfgrb tbfjxn ab` hbrborj xb tn aeregebfaj lnhen nqrîx u bf b` `gnr ajfab `n lj} ab` hbrborj xb abx{`ebgn {nrn djrcnr `n qebfan ab` hbrbob`j xb abx{`ebgn b` xbfj 41

rbhqj&

B` xbfj hntbrfjxj bxqî n hnan `naj ab `n xe``n qrhn& B` xbfj `jfgeqaefn` x{brejr abxab nrreon tn n hjfd`er hjf b` xbfj rbhqj u n bxqn hjfd`bfhen ab `jx xbfjx xb `b ``ncn [_BFXN AB LB_ØDE@J& Nf~b bf bxn {rbfxn qncoeåf lnu jqrjx xbfjx `n xnfgrb tbfjxn xb tn n aereger lnhen `jx `najx `j ~b xb hjfjhb hjcj xbfj qrnfxtbrxj& @`bgnfaj n` lbxj qbc{jrn` qbrcefn `n qebfan ab` hbrbob`j u hnfaj b` xbfj qrnfxtbrxj nonfajfn `n qebfan xb ``ncn xbfj xegcjeabj ~b xb aeregb lnhen ab`nfqb u lnhen nonmj u qbrcefn {jr arbfnr bf `n tbfn ug`nr efqbrfn& @n nrqbren hnrøqean efqbrfn erregn b` hbrborj hjf `n onxe`nr u `n xnfgrb tbfjxn ab` hbrborj qbrcefn bf `n tbfn ug`nr efqbrfn& TÃNX AB@ XEXQBCN FB_TEJXJ HBFQ_N@

@n xxqnfhen grex bx ajfab xb fbf `jx hbr{jx ab `nx fbrjfnx u lnhbf xefn{xex bfqrb xã& Hjfxqequbf hbfqrjx u fýh`bjx nfnqøcehjx u dfhejfn`bx& @n xxqnfhen o`nfhn bxqî djrcnan {jr {rj`jfgnhejfbx fbrjfn`bx nhj{`nanx bfqrb b``nx u abxab b` {fqj ab texqn dfhejfn` bxqnx {rj`jfgnhejfbx hjfxqequbf f n{nrnqj ab qrnfxcexeøf j fn tãn& @n `jhn`e}nheøf ab `n xxqnfhen grex u `n o`nfhn tnrãn `n grex bxqî bf `n }jfn hbfqrn` djrcnfaj `nx nxqnx u bf b` hbrborj n` rbtåx& Tãnx ~b qrnfx{jrqnf cbfxnmbx abxab `n {bredbren n` xexqbcn fbrtejxj hbfqrn`= tãnx nxhbfabfqbx xbfxeqetnx j ndbrbfqbx& Tãnx ~b jqrnfx{jrqnf cjqjrnx bdbrbfqbx&cbfxnmbx abxab b` xexqbcn fbrtejxj hbfqrn` lnhen `n {bredbren= tãnx abxhbfabfqbx Tãnx xbfxeqetnx

@n xbfxeoe`eana gbfbrn` bf qjanx xx cjan`eanabx qebfb fn xbhbfhen ab qrbx fbrjfnx ~b ~ban xeqnan bfqrb b` rbhb{qjr xbfxjren` xeqnaj bf `n {bredbren u `n {brhb{heøf ab `n xbfxnheøf bf `n hjrqb}n hbrborn`& @n {recbrn fbrjfn ab bxqnx qrbx qebfb x hbr{j fbrjfn` bf b` gnfg`ej rn~ãabj xe bxqncjx bf `n cåa`n bx{efn` bf b` qrjfhj ab` bfhådn`j xb xeqýn bf b` gnfg`ej ab` fbrtej hrnfbn` hjrrbx{jfaebfqb& [& Bm& B` gnfg`ej ab` qregåcefj& Bxn fbrjfn qebfb b` hbr{j fbrjfn` hjf fn {rj`jfgnheøf lnhen `n {bredbren u `n jqrn lnhen b` xexqbcn fbrtejxj hbfqrn`& [brcnfbhb bf b` qrjfhj ab` bfhådn`j bf b` cexcj `naj ab` ~b ``bgn bx e{xe`nqbrn`& @n xbgfan fbrjfn xb bfhbfqrn abfqrj ab `n cåa`n bx{efn` j ab` qrjfhj ab` bfhådn`j bf `jx {nrbx hrnfbn`bx& Lnhb xefn{xex hjf `n {recbrn fbrjfn& Xb hnrnhqbre}n {jr hr}nr `n `ãfbn cbaen x n|øf xb hr}n n` jqrj `naj ab` xexqbcn fbrtejxj hbfqrn` u nxhebfab x n|øf lnxqn b` qî`ncj ajfab qbrcefn&

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Bf b` qî`ncj qebfb x hbr{j fbrjfn` `n qbrhbrn fbrjfn u abxab b` qî`ncj xb aeregb n `n hjrqb}n hbrborn` hjfhrbqncbfqb n `n herhftj`heøf ~b bxqî {jr abqrîx ab` xrhj hbfqrn`= HE_HRFTJ@RHEØF [JXQHBFQ_N@ ~b ~ebrb abher ~b qbrcefn bf b` `øo`j {nrebqn` ab` hbrborj& Nfqbx xb ``ncnon herhftj`heøf {jxqrj`îfaehn& Lnu fn xbfxeoe`eana bx{bhen` ~b bxqî qrnfx{jrqnan {jr fbrtejx hrnfbn`bx u nxã qbfbcjx= `n j`dnhheøf qrnfx{jrqnan {jr b` E [H `n texeøf qrnfx{jrqnan {jr b` EE [H `n naeheøf j b` b~e`eorej qrnfx{jrqnanx {jr b` TEEE [H u b` xbfqeaj ab` gxqj qrnfx{jrqnaj {jr b` TEE [H E\ [H u b` \ [H& Bf `n xbhbfhen ab qrbx fbrjfnx b|exqb tnrenheøf xbgýf {jr ajfab nxhebfabf `nx tãnx= Abfqrj ab `n GBFB_N@ lnu fn xbfxeoe`eana {rj{ejhb{qetn ~b tn n rbhjgbr efdjrcnheøf ab `jx cýxh`jx nrqeh`nhejfbx u lbxjx u {brceqb xnobr `n xeqnheøf bf b` bx{nhej ab bxqjx u b` fetb` ab hjfqrnhheøf cxh`nr& Qncoeåf qebfb fn xbhbfhen ab qrbx fbrjfnx= @n {recbrn bxqî bf b` gnfg`ej rn~ãabj bfqrn bf `n cåa`n bx{efn` xob {jr `n hj`cfn ajrxn` u fn tb} ~b ln nxhbfaeaj {jr `n hj`cfn ajrxn` lnhb xefn{xex hjf `n xbgfan bf b` o`oj rn~ãabj& N fetb` ab` o`oj rn~ãabj bxqî b` hbr{j ab `n qbrhbrn fbrjfn xb abhxn ,hr}n% hjf b``n hncoen ab `naj u xob lnxqn b` qî`ncj& Bxqn tãn ``btn `n efdjrcnheøf {rj{ejhb{qetn xegb b` hjraøf ab `n cåa`n bx{efn`& Qncoeåf xb `b ``ncn hj`cfn ajrxn` `bcfexhj cbaen`& Bxqn tãn nabcîx ab ``btnr xbfxeoe`eana {rj{ejhb{qetn qncoeåf qrnfx{jrqn `n efdjrcnheøf xjorb b` qnhqj defj j qnhqj aexhrecefnqetj& Xegb `n cexcn tãn xegebfaj `jx hjrajfbx {jxqbrejrbx ab `n cåa`n bx{efn`& Abfqrj ab `n xbfxeoe`eana gbfbrn` `nx xbfxnhejfbx ~b qrnfx{jrqnf b` aj`jr `n qbc{brnqrn u `n {rbxeøf tnf n xbger fn tãn aedbrbfqb= TÃN BX[EFJQN@ÎCEHN& @n `naj b` gnfg`ej rn~ãabj `n xbgfan b` nxqn {jxqbrejr cåa`n bx{efn` u bxn hr}n`n {recbrn fbrjfn ab `n cåa`n u xbbf hj`jhn bf b` hjraøf nfqbrejr& Abxabbfnlã nxhebfab lnxqnabb``nqî`ncj ajfab xb bfhbfqrn qbrhbrn fbrjfn& @n efdjrcnheøf ``bgn n `n hjrqb}n ab` hbrborj& Tãnx cjqjrnx ,abxhbfabfqbx j bdbrbfqbx%

[brceqbf rbn`e}nr cjtecebfqjx fjrcn`bx ~b {brceqbf b` lno`n b` cjtecebfqj cjqjr ab `n cnfj&&& Bxqnx tãnx hjfxqnf ab fn xbhbfhen ab ajx fbrjfnx= fbrjfn cjqjrn x{brejr j cjqjfbrjfn x{brejr ~b xb bfhbfqrn bf `n hjrqb}n hbrborn` u `n fbrjfn cjqjrn efdbrejr j cjqjfbrjfn efdbrejr ~b xb `jhn`e}n bf `n cåa`n bx{efn` j bf b` qrjfhj ab` bfhådn`j& Bf `n hjrqb}n hbrborn` xb bfhbfqrnf `jx hbr{jx fbrjfn`bx ab `nx CJQJFBR_JFNX XR[B_EJ_BX u qebfbf x hbr{j {jr ab`nfqb ab` xrhj hbfqrn`= herhftj`heøf {rbhbfqrn` j {rbrrj`îfaehn ~b fjx bfhjfqrncjx bf b` `øo`j drjfqn`& Ab bxn herhftj`heøf {rbhbfqrn` aexqefgecjx cjqjfbrjfnx x{brejrbx ~b ``bgnf lnxqn b` o`oj= deornx hørqehj∟o`onrbx ~b bf b` o`oj lnhbf xefn{xex u tnf n hjfqrj`nr `n nhqeteana ab `nx cjqjfbrjfnx ~b ~banf bf `jx fýh`bjx ab `jx fbrtejx hrnfbn`bx& Bf `jx fýh`bjx ab `jx fbrtejx hrnfbn`bx xb bfhbfqrn `n CJQJFBR_JFN EFDB_EJ_ ~b tn n efbrtnr `n cxh`nqrn ab `n hnob}n u b` hb``j&

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Qjajx `jx {nrbx hrnfbn`bx qebfbf n|jfbx ab fbrjfnx cjqjrnx efdbrejrbx cbfjx b` E [H ,j`dnqjrej% b` EE [H u b` TEEE [H& Nabcîx ab bxqn tãn ~b qbrcefn n fetb` ab` o`oj tj`tebfaj n `n hjrqb}n j herhftj`heøf hbfqrn` fjx bfhjfqrncjx cjqjfbrjfnx ~b onmnf lnxqn `n cåa`n bx{efn` u nlã lnhbf xefn{xex hjf fbrjfnx cjqjrnx efdbrejrbx ~b bf f hjrqb ljre}jfqn` ab `n cåa`n xb bfhbfqrnf xeqnanx bf `nx nxqnx nfqbrejrbx ab `n xxqnfhen grex& Tnf n lnhbr xefn{xex hjf b` n|øf ab `n cjqjfbrjfn efdbrejr& @nx cjqjfbrjfnx efdbrejrbx tnf n efbrtnr `n cxh`nqrn ab` qrjfhj u `nx hnqrj b|qrbceanabx& @n cjqjfbrjfn x{brejr bxqî bf f lbcexdbrej hbrborn` onmn u ``bgn n` jqrj `naj ajfab `nx deornx xb abhxnf ab `naj& B` `gnr bf b` ~b `nx deornx hjrqehjbx{efn`bx xb hr}nf ab `naj xb ab`eceqn `n cåa`n hjf b` o`oj u xb ``ncn ABHRXNHEØF AB @NX [E_ÎCEABX& N `n tãn cjqjrn hjrqehjbx{efn` qncoeåf xb `n hjfjhb hjcj TÃN [E_NCEAN@ Rfn tb} ~b `nx deornx hjrqehjbx{efn`bx xb lnf hr}naj abxhebfabf bf b` hjraøf nfqbrejr u bf b` `nqbrn` ab `n cåa`n bx{efn` u nxã lnxqn ``bgnr n` xbgcbfqj cba`nr n` ~b bxqîf abxqefnajx& Bf b` hjfqrj` ab` cjtecebfqj ab `n {jxqrn u b` qjfj cxh`nr {nrqehe{nf `nx TÃNX B\Q_N[E_NCEAN@BX ~b tnf n dnhe`eqnr hjfahqnx cjqjrnx n{rj{enanx u tnf n efleoer cjtecebfqjx fj abxbnajx nxã b` cjtecebfqj tn n xbr nrcjfejxj u {rjahqetj& Bxqnx tãnx xjf tãnx ~b xb hnrnhqbre}nf {jr hjcbf}nr hjf {rjubhhejfbx abxab aedbrbfqbx îrbnx ab `n hjrqb}n hbrborn` lnhen `jx fýh`bjx ab `n onxb& Bf `jx lbcexdbrejx hbrborn`bx `n xxqnfhen grex bxqî bf `n hjrqb}n {brj abfqrj ab `n xxqnfhen o`nfhn qncoeåf lnu fýh`bjx ab xxqnfhen grex ~b xb hjfjhbf hjcj FÝH@BJX AB @N ONXB& N`rbabajr ab` qî`ncj ø{qehj lnu f fýh`bj ab xxqnfhen grex hjf djrcn ab hjcn {jr `j ~b xb hjfjhb hjcj FÝH@BJ HNRANAJ& Bxqb fýh`bj qebfb fn {nrqb nfqbrejr ~b bx `n hnob}n u fn hj`n bf `n {nrqb {jxqbrejr& [jr dbrn ab` qî`ncj lnu jqrj fýh`bj ab xxqnfhen grex hjf djrcn ab `bfqb {jr `j ~b xb ``ncn FÝH@BJ @BFQEHR@N_ u bf å` xb aeregb fn {nrqb b|qbrfn ~b xb ``ncn {qncbf u fn {nrqb efqbrfn ``ncnan g`jox {n`eax& N` hjfmfqj ab fýh`bj hnanaj u `bfqeh`nr xb `b hjfjhb hjcj fýh`bj bxqrenaj& @nx tãnx b|qrn{erncean`bx xb hnrnhqbre}nf {jr ``btnr efdjrcnheøf abxab `n hjrqb}n hbrborn` lnxqn `jx fýh`bjx bxqrenajx u xebc{rb tn n b|exqer efdjrcnheøf {rjhbabfqb ab` `øo`j drjfqn` ~b qbrcefn bf b` bxqrenaj& Abfqrj ab` bxqrenaj xjorbqjaj b` g`joj {î`eaj bx b` ~b rbheob qjan `n efdjrcnheøf ab `n hjrqb}n hbrbornx u abxab b` g`joj {î`eaj `n efdjrcnheøf xb qrnfx{jrqn n` qî`ncj ,n` aebfhådn`j%& Abxab nlã `n efdjrcnheøf tn n `n hjrqb}n hbfqrn` {nrn efd`er bf `jx cjtecebfqjx n qrntåx ab` xexqbcn {erncean`& [nrn lnhbr cjtecebfqjx hjf {rbhexeøf u {rjahqetjx fjx xbrtecjx ab bxqn tãn& HB_BOB@J

Tn n btn`nr xe xb bmbhqnf oebf `jx cjtecebfqjx ~b xb efehenf bf `nx îrbnx cjqjrnx ab` hbrborj xe fj xb rbn`e}nf oebf `jx cjtecebfqjx b` hbrbob`j `j abqbhqn u cnfan ec{`xjx n `nx îrbnx cjqjrnx {nrn hjrrbger b` brrjr {jr `j ~b xb {babf hjjraefnr xbhbfhenx hjc{`bmnx ab hjfqrnhhejfbx cxh`nrbx& Hjcj hjjraefn bxqnx xbhbfhenx lnhb {jxeo`b `nx nhqeteanabx ~b rb~ebrbf lnoe`eana hjcj fnanr cjfqnr bf oehe&&& B` hbrbob`j qncoeåf qebfb `n dfheøf ab rbg`nr `n {jxqrn u b` b~e`eorej {jr~b qebfb hjfb|ejfbx hjf b` TEEE 47

[H& @n DJ_CNHEØF _BQEHR@N_xjf {b~bþnx îrbnx ab xxqnfhen grex bfqrbcb}h`nanx hjf hjrajfbx ab xxqnfhen o`nfhn u aex{bxqn n cnfbrn ab rba& Jh{nf n hnan `naj ab `n `ãfbn cbaen b` hbfqrj ab` qrjfhj ab` bfhådn`j& [jr nonmj ``bgn n `n cåa`n bx{efn` u {jr nrreon xb b|qebfab lnxqn b` aebfhådn`j& Qebfb DRFHEJFBX= cjqjrn {refhe{n` hjcj rbg`nheøf ab` qjfj cxh`nr dfheøf xbfxjren` {jr `j ~b b|exqb f xexqbcn ab nhqetnheøf rbqeh`nr hunx deornx xb {rjubhqnf n `n hjrqb}n hbrborn` u xjf `nx bfhnrgnanx ab cnfqbfbr `n hjfhebfhen u b` abx{brqnr= ec{`xjx ~b ``bgnf n `n {eb` jmjx&&& rbnhheøf n` xjfeaj ab f abx{brqnajr ab f {b``e}hj aj`jrjxj&&& Nabcîx qncoeåf lnu gr{jx ab fbrjfnx cu ec{jrqnfqbx {jr~b rbg`nf `n drbhbfhen rbx{ernqjren `n drbhbfhen hnraenhn u `n {rbxeøf nrqbren`& XEXQBCN FB_TEJXJ NRQØFJCJ

Bx b` bfhnrgnaj ab` cnfqbfecebfqj ab` cbaej efqbrfj ab` hbr{j rbn`e}n `jx nmxqbx {nrn cnfqbfbr b` b~e`eorej bf bxb cbaej& Xb hjc{jfb ab xexqbcn fbrtejxj nqøfjcj xec{îqehj u xexqbcn fbrtejxj nqøfjcj {nrnxec{îqehj& Bxqjx ajx xb hjc{`bcbfqnf {nrn ``btnr n hnoj `n dfheøf ab cnfqbfecebfqj ab` b~e`eorej efqbrfj& Chlnx tbhbx `n nhheøf ab` xec{îqehj bx hjfqrnren n `n ab` {nrnxec{îqehj& Bf `jx ajx xb aexqefgbf fnx tãnx xbfxeqetnx j ndbrbfqbx ~b rbhjgbf `n xbfxeoe`eana ab `nx tãxhbrnx u tãnx bdbrbfqbx j tãxhbrn∟cjqjrnx& @nx xbfxnhejfbx texhbrn`bx xjf aedbrbfqbx ab `nx xjcîqehnx {jr bmbc{`j `jx bxqãc`jx cbhîfehjx u qårcehjx fjrcn`bx fj xb xebfqbf bf hncoej xe f ørgnfj lbhj xb bxqern b|hbxetncbfqb xã ~b xb xebfqb hjcj aj`jrjxj j fn hjfqrnhheøf tej`bfqn j bx{nxcøaehn qncoeåf {rjahb aj`jr {jr bmbc{`j bf b` {nrqj hjf `n hjfqrnhheøf ab` ýqbrj& Hnfaj fj `b ``bgn xnfgrb nrqbren` xb {rjahb aj`jr texhbrn` {jr bmbc{`j bf f efdnrqj ab cejhnraej ,xb {rjahb fn ex~bcen% u b` aj`jr xb {rjahb bf `n tãxhbrn {brj qncoeåf {bab xbr rbdbreaj n fn }jfn ab` hbr{j ~b fj qebfb ~b tbr hjf b` ørgnfj hjcj {jr bmbc{`j bf b` efdnrqj ab cejhnraej lnu f aj`jr rbdbreaj bf b` ljcorj e}~ebraj& B` xexqbcn fbrtejxj xec{îqehj u b` {nrnxec{îqehj qebfbf xx deornx u fbrjfnx bf `gnrbx aedbrbfqbx= B` xec{îqehj qebfb `nx fbrjfnx bf `n cåa`n bx{efn` bf `jx ajhb xbgcbfqjx qjrîhehjx u lnxqn b` {recbrj j qbrhbr `conr& Bf bxn cåa`n bx{efn` qjrîhehn `nx fbrjfnx xb xeqýnf bf `n HJ@RCFN @NQB_N@ ,bf `n feøf ab` nxqn nfqbrejr u b` {jxqbrejr ab `n cåa`n bx{efn` qjrîhehn ajfab bxqî b` nxqn `nqbrn` ajfab bxqîf `jx hbr{jx fbrjfn`bx ab `nx fbrjfnx ~b nhqýnf xjorb `nx tãxhbrnx% B` {nrnxec{îqehj qebfb `n `jhn`e}nheøf ab `nx fbrjfnx texhbrjcjqjrnx bf fn {nrqb ajfab lnu fýh`bjx ab xxqnfhen grex ~b qebfbf x jregbf bf b` qrjfhj ab` bfhådn`j ,{nrqb hrnfbn`% u nxã lnu f fýh`bj ab xxqnfhen grex ~b nhjc{nþn n` EEE [H n` T [H n` TEE [H n` E\ [H u n` \ [H ~b hjrrbx{jfab n `n {nrqb hrnfbn` ab` xexqbcn fbrtejxj {nrnxec{îqehj& Qncoeåf b|exqb fn {nrqb ab` xexqbcn fbrtejxj {nrnxec{îqehj ~b qebfb x jregbf bf `n {nrqb xnhrn ab `n cåa`n 4<

bx{efn`& Qbrcefnf {jr efbrtnr tãxhbrnx {å`tehnx& B` xec{îqehj qncoeåf xb aedbrbfhen ab` {nrnxec{îqehj bf ~b b` {nrnxec{îqehj abxab x jregbf bf b` xexqbcn fbrtejxj hbfqrn` tn n lnhbr xefn{xex bf f gnfg`ej ~b xb bfhbfqrn cu hbrhn ab` ørgnfj n` ~b tn abxqefnaj {jr bmbc{`j bf `n øroeqn `n xefn{xex xb lnhb xegebfaj b` fbrtej cjqjr hjcýf cu hbrhn ab` g`joj jh`nr bf b` gnfg`ej he`enr& @jx jqrjx fbrtejx {jr bmbc{`j b` T TEE u E\ efbrtnf g`îfa`nx xn`etn`bx u `n `nhrecn` u lnhbf xefn{xex cu hbrhn ab bxnx g`îfa`nx& B` fbrtej tngj tn n efbrtnr b` hjrn}øf u abx{åx grnf {nrqb ab` qrnhqj aegbxqetj ,tãxhbrnx ab` noajcbf%= qjaj b` efqbxqefj ab`gnaj u `n ceqna abrbhln ab` efqbxqefj grbxj& B` tngj u qncoeåf `n efbrtnheøf {nrnxec{îqehn ~b {rjhbab ab `jx fbrtejx xnhrjx ncbfqnf `n dfheøf cjqjrn u xbhrbqjrn qnfqj ab` qoj aegbxqetj hjcj `n tbmegn refnren u `n tbxãh`n oe`enr& Bf b` xec{îqehj  `nx deornx {rbgnfg`ejfnrbx tnfabn `jx xbr hbr{jx cîx hjrqnx ~b `nx ab` @n {recbrn {nrnan ab `jx n|jfbx texhbrjcjqjrbx bxqî n hnan `naj tbrqborn`bx u n{nrnxec{îqehj& hnan `naj ab åxqjx xb joxbrtn fn hnabfn ab gnfg`ejx hjcfehnajx bfqrb xã bxqj qncoeåf xb b|qebfab n `j `nrgj ab `n hj`cfn tbrqborn` u xb ``ncn HNABFN AB GNFG@EJX XEC[ÎQEHJX J @NQB_JTB_QBO_N@BX& @nx deornx ~b lnhbf xefn{xex bf bxjx gnfg`ejx n tbhbx xobf u onmnf fetb`bx ab gnfg`ejx {nrn er n fn tãxhbrn  jqrn& @nx deornx {jxqgnfg`ejfnrbx tnf abxqefnanx n ørgnfjx hnxe egn`bx ~b `jx ab` {nrnxec{îqehj& N` hjrn}øf n` jmj ,nhqýnf xjorb `n {{e`n% n` qoj aegbxqetj u rbxqj ab tãxhbrnx ab` noajcbf u `n {b`tex& [nrn ``bgnr n `nx tãxhbrnx ab` noajcbf u `n {b`tex bxqî b` GNFG@EJ HB@NHJ ~b bxqî n fetb` ab` jregbf ab` qrjfhj hb`enhj bf `n njrqn& Xe b` xec{îqehj aexcefub `n drbhbfhen hnraenhn b` tngj `n ncbfqn 3 DRFHEØF HJC[@BCBFQN_EN N[N_NQJ AB @N TEXEØF

B` ørgnfj ~b rbheob `jx bxqãc`jx `cefjxjx u ~b djrcn ecîgbfbx ~b `bgj xjf qrnfxceqeanx n` `øo`j jhhe{eqn` ab` hbrborj n qrntåx ab` fbrtej ø{qehj bx b` G@JOJ JHR@N_ ~b xb bfhbfqrn bf `n djxn jroeqnren jh{nfaj,Hnfaj `n {nrqb nfqbrejr ab åxqn u xb cnfqebfb bf bxn`jx {jxeheøf jroeqnren& fn {brxjfn nab`gn}n xb `b lfabf jmjx% grnhenx n `jx cýxh`jx ab `n øroeqn u `n grnxn @n djrcn ab` g`joj jh`nr bx ab bxdbrn {brj fj {brdbhqn {jr~b bf `n {nrqb nfqbrejr lnhb {rjcefbfhen `n hørfbn& Bxqî hjfxqeqeaj {jr qrbx cbcornfnx ~b xjf hjfhåfqrehnx ab dbrn n abfqrj= @n cîx b|qbrfn bx `n cbcornfn deorjxn ~b xb ``ncn BXH@B_ØQEAN u an `n djrcn n` jmj& @n {nrqb nfqbrejr ab `n cbcornfn deorjxn bx qrnfx{nrbfqb u xb ``ncn HØ_FBN& [jr abfqrj ab `n cbcornfn deorjxn bxqî `n cbcornfn tnxh`nr j cbcornfn cýxh`j tnxh`nr {jr~b qebfb deornx cxh`nrbx `exnx& Xb `n ``ncn HJ_JEABX u {jr b``n ``bgnf `jx tnxjx n` g`joj jh`nr rbtexqb {jr abfqrj `n bxh`brøqehn& Hnfaj ``n n` {j`j nfqbrejr ab` jmj qebfb fn nobrqrn u bf bxb {j`j hjfxqequb f aendrngcn herh`nr ~b bx f aexhj {brdjrnaj ``ncnaj E_EX& @n {brdjrnheøf ab` erex xb ``ncn [R[E@N& B` erex bx b` ~b an hj`jr n` jmj xbgýf `nx hå``nx {egcbfqnrenx ~b {rbxbfqb n` fetb` ab` erex bxqîf `jx cýxh`jx ~b nhqýnf xjorb `n {{e`n {jr~b b` aeîcbqrj ab `n {{e`n bx tnreno`b un ~b lnu cýxh`jx ~b nhqýnf xjorb å`= cýxh`jx ae`nqnajrbx ab `n {{e`n hunx deornx xb aex{jfbf ab djrcn rnaenan n`rbabajr ab `n {{e`n& Qncoeåf bxqî b` cýxh`j hjfxqrehqjr ab `n {{e`n ~b bc{b~bþbhb b` aeîcbqrj ab åxqn `j hn` xb ``ncn CEJXEX& Hnfaj xb ae`nqn xb ``ncn CEA_ENXEX& 45

B` cýxh`j hjfxqrehqjr xb aex{jfb hjcj fn bx{ern` n`rbabajr ab `n {{e`n& Bf `n jxhreana xb {rjahb `n cearenxex {nrn ~b bfqrb `} u cejxex hnfaj lnu chln `}& Abfqrj ab `n cbcornfn hjrjeabx abqrîx ab` erex lnu fnx {rj`jfgnhejfbx ``ncnanx [_JHBXJX HE@EN_BX ~b {brqbfbhbf n `n hjrjeabx tebfaj b` jmj ab drbfqb xb aex{jfbf ab djrcn rnaenan& Bf b` bx{bxjr ab `jx {rjhbxjx he`enrbx ~b qncoeåf xjf tnxh`nrbx qebfbf deornx cxh`nrbx `exnx= cýxh`j he`enr ~b tn n nhqnr xjorb fn djrcnheøf ``ncnan H_EXQN@EFJ hjf djrcn ab `bfqb oehjftb|n nhqýn tnrenfaj `n hrtnqrn ab bxqn `bfqb& Bf f hjrqb n `n cbcornfn deorjxn xb tb `n hjrjeabx & Qn{e}nfaj abfqrj xbfxjren`bx `n cbcornfn `n _BQEFN ~b bx `n cbcornfn fbrtejxn& Bx `n hn{n ~b hjfqebfb `nx{jr fbrjfnx abtnxh`nr `n texeøfbxqî hjfjx u onxqjfbx& @jx n|jfbx ab `jx hjfjx u onxqjfbx xb mfqnf n fetb` ab` {j`j {jxqbrejr ab` jmj {nrn hjfxqeqer b` fbrtej ø{qehj& B` `gnr ajfab xb bfhbfqrn `n xn`ean ab` g`joj jh`nr bx b` {fqj hebgj ab `n rbqefn ~b xb ``ncn [N[E@N Ø[QEHN& Abxab b``n xb joxbrtn fn rba tnxh`nr ~b xjf `jx tnxjx ~b nhjc{nþnf n` fbrtej ø{qehj& Joxbrtnfaj b` djfaj ab` jmj xb tb b` {fqj hebgj bf `n {n{e`n ø{qehn u cu hbrhn ab åxqn b` {fqj ab cî|ecn texeøf ~b qncoeåf bxqî bf b` {j`j {jxqbrejr ab` jmj bx ncnre``bfqj u xb ``ncn CÎXHR@N @RQBN& Bf b``n xø`j lnu hjfjx u bf b` hbfqrj {rbxbfqn fn ab{rbxeøf ``ncnan DJTBN HBFQ_N@& Abfqrj ab` g`joj jh`nr lnu cbaejx ~b xjf qrnfx{nrbfqbx u abmnf {nxnr b` rnuj `cefjxj lnxqn ``bgnr n` fbrtej ø{qehj= Hørfbn ~b bx b` {recbr cbaej qrnfx{nrbfqb& Hrexqn`efj `bfqb oehjftb|n ~b ~ban {jr abqrîx ab` erex u bf b` ojrab herhfdbrbfhen` ab b``n bx ajfab xb demnf `jx qbfajfhe``jx ab` cýxh`j he`enr u bxqjx qbfajfbx {babf nhqnr xjorb b` bx{bxjr ab` hrexqn`efj ncbfqîfaj`j j aexcefuåfaj`j= [_JHBXJ AB NHJCJANHEØF& Lcjr nhjxj ~b bxqî {jr abqrîx ab `n hørfbn u b` erex& Qebfb n{nrebfhen ab ngn u jh{n ajx hîcnrnx= `n nfqbrejr ab` jmj u `n {jxqbrejr ab` jmj&

@n nfqbrejr ~ban {jr abqrîx ab `n hørfbn bfqrb bxqn u b` erex& Bxqî jh{nan {jr lcjr nhjxj ~b qncoeåf jh{n `n {jxqbrejr& @n {jxqbrejr ~ban {jr abqrîx ab` erex u `eceqnan {jr `jx {rjhbxjx he`enrbx u b` hrexqn`efj& Bf rbn`eana `n hîcnrn {jxqbrejr qebfb djrcn herhfdbrbfhen`& B` lcjr nhjxj `j xbgrbgnf `jx {rjhbxjx he`enrbx {nxn n `n hîcnrn {jxqbrejr ab` jmj u ab nlã n `n hîcnrn nfqbrejr n{rjtbhlnfaj `n {{e`n& @bgj bx rbnoxjroeaj {jr `jx hjfahqjx ~b bxqîf bfqrb `n hørfbn u `n bxh`brøqehn= b` îfg`j bxh`brj∟hjrfbn` ajfab xb rbnoxjrob b` lcjr nhjxj u qbrcefn bf `n xnfgrb tbfjxn& Lcjr tãqrbj= bx f gb` qrnfx{nrbfqb ~b cnfqebfb n{`ehnan `n rbqefn ,hn{n fbrtejxn% nalbrean n `n hn{n tnxh`nr&

@jx cýxh`jx ~b cbtbf b` g`joj jh`nr xjf `jx cýxh`jx ab `n øroeqn b|qrãfxbhjx ab` g`joj jh`nr& Hnxe qjajx `jx cýxh`jx ~b cbtbf b` g`joj qebfbf x jregbf bf b` djfaj ab `n øroeqn u nlã lnu ajx jredehejx 7;

,ngmbrj joqrnaj u lbfaearn bxdbfjean`%& B` qbfaøf hjcýf ab bxjx cýxh`jx bxqî n`rbabajr ab bxjx jredehejx u xb ``ncn QBFAØF AB ]EFF J NFE@@J AB ]EFF ~b bxqî bf b` djfaj b `n øroeqn u abxab å` `jx cýxh`jx xb aeregbf lnhen ab`nfqb xegebfaj `nx {nrbabx ab `n øroeqn u nxã lnu f cýxh`j rbhqj x{brejr fj rbhqj efdbrejr fj rbhqj b|qbrfj u jqrj rbhqj efqbrfj& Nabcîx bf b` nfe``j ab ]eff xb jregefnf jqrjx cýxh`jx= b` jo`ehj cnujr  jo`ehj x{brejr ~b abxab bxqb nfe``j ntnf}n bf b` îfg`j ~b djrcn `n {nrba efqbrfn hjf `n x{brejr& Åxqb ``bgn n `n {nrqb nfqbrejr ab `n øroeqn= `n onxb ab `n {erîceab& N bxb fetb` lnu fn {j`bn hnrqe`ngefjxn u nlã hncoen ab aerbhheøf u xb aeregb lnhen nqrîx u lnhen dbrn {nrn efxbrqnrxb bf b` g`joj jh`nr& Jqrj cýxh`j bx b` ~b tn n xbger `n hnrn x{brejr ab` rbhqj x{brejr u fj nhnon xjorb b` g`joj jh`nr xefj ~b qbrcefn bf b` {îr{naj x{brejr u xb ``ncn cýxh`j b`btnajr ab` {îr{naj x{brejr& Qjajx bxqjx cnujr cýxh`jx efbrtnajx {jr b` EEE [H cbfjx b` rbhqj b|qbrfj ~b ~ban efbrtnaj {jr b` TE [H u b` jo`ehj {jr~banf b` ET [H& Lnu f cýxh`j ~b xb jregefn bf b` xb`j bf `n {nrqb nfqbrejr ab `n øroeqn ~b bx b` jo`ehj cbfjr u abxab nlã xb aeregb lnhen dbrn {nrn qbrcefnr {jr efxbrqnrxb bf b` g`joj jh`nr& Bx efbrtnaj {jr b` EEE [H& [jr ab`nfqb ab` g`joj jh`nr ~banf xeqnajx fjx {`ebgbx ab {eb` ``ncnajx {îr{naj x{brejr u {îr{naj efdbrejr& Xjf {`ebgbx hqîfbjx ~b {jr x hnrn {rjdfan hnan fj bxqî rbtbxqeaj {jr fn cbcornfn chjxn qrnfx{nrbfqb ~b qn{e}n `n hnrn {rjdfan ab `jx {îr{najx u rbtexqb {jr ab`nfqb n `n hørfbn& @n cbcornfn ~b xn`qn ab` {îr{naj xb ``ncn cbcornfn hjfmfqetn u {nrn {nxnr ab` {îr{naj n `n hørfbn djrcn f djfaj ab xnhj& Bxqn cbcornfn qn{e}n n` {îr{naj {jr abfqrj& Xebc{rb xb bfhbfqrn lýcban {jr b` `ã~eaj `ngrecn` ~b tn n xbr xbgrbgnaj {jr `n g`îfa`n `ngrecn` ~b xb bfhbfqrn bf `n {nrqb nfqbrejr ab `n øroeqn bf b` îfg`j x{brejr u b|qbrfj& Bxqb `ã~eaj qebfb dfhejfbx ab `ec{eb}n& Lnu hjfahqjx bf `n g`îfa`n `ngrecn` ~b tebrqbf `ã~eaj n `n cbcornfn& Cbaenfqb b` {nr{nabj b` `ã~eaj `ngrecn` bx ``btnaj n` îfg`j efqbrfj ab` jmj ajfab xb bfhbfqrnf `jx {fqjx `ngrecn`bx& An `gnr n f hjfahqj `ngrecn` x{brejr u jqrj efdbrejr ~b rbhjgbf `nx `îgrecnx qbrcefnf bf b` xnhj `ngrecn` bxqb xnhj tn n qrnfx{jrqnr `nx `îgrecnx lnxqn `nx djxnx fnxn`bx bf b` hjfahqj xnhj `ngrecn`& B@ XBFQEAJ AB@ JÃAJ

B` ørgnfj bfhnrgnaj ab `n {brhb{heøf ab `jx bxqãc`jx xjfjrjx bx b` ørgnfj ab` jãaj& Xb aexqefgbf qrbx {jrhejfbx= jãaj b|qbrfj jãaj cbaej u jãaj efqbrfj& Bf b` efqbrfj nabcîx bxqî b` ørgnfj ab` b~e`eorej& B` b|qbrfj rbhjgb `jx xjfeajx b` cbaej `jx hjfahb lnhen b` efqbrfj åxqb `jx qrnfxdjrcn bf ec{`xjx fbrtejxjx u rbgexqrn `jx hncoejx ab b~e`eorej& JÃAJ B\QB_FJ

Bx b` {nob``øf nreh`nr  jrbmn bxqî xeqnaj n `jx `najx ab `n hnob}n& Bxqî hjfxqeqeaj {jr fn {eb}n ab hnrqã`ngj b`îxqehj {`bgnaj u bf `n {nrqb efdbrejr ab` {nob``øf xb bfhbfqrn fn cnxn nae{jxn ``ncnan `øo`j ab `n jrbmn qjaj b``j rbhoebrqj {jr {eb`& Lnhen abfqrj b` {nob``øf xb hjfqefýn hjf fn djrcnheøf qo`nr ``ncnan hjfahqj naeqetj b|qbrfj ~b x ceqna b|qbrfn bx deorjhnrqe`ngefjxn ~b hjfqefýn b` hnrqã`ngj ab` {nob``øf& @n ceqna efqbrfn ab bxb hjfahqj bx øxbn `nornan bf b` qbc{jrn`& Qnfqj `n {jrheøf deorjhnrqe`ngefjxn hjcj `n 7>

øxbn bxqîf rbtbxqeanx ab {eb` qebfbf fjx qrbx hbfqãcbqrjx ab `jfgeqa u qbrcefnf bf b` jãaj cbaej& Xb{nrnfaj jãaj b|qbrfj u jãaj cbaej xb bfhbfqrn `n cbcornfn ab` qãc{nfj& JÃAJ CBAEJ

Bxqî `nornaj bf `n {jrheøf {bqrjxn ab` qbc{jrn`& Xb ``ncn qncoeåf hnmn ab` qãc{nfj {jr~b qebfb djrcn hjcj ab fn `bfqb oehøfhntn `n {nrba b|qbrfn `n djrcn `n cbcornfn ab` qãc{nfj ~b djrcn b` `ãceqb bfqrb b` jãaj b|qbrfj u cbaej u bx ab hj`jr grex {br`naj& @n hnrn b|qbrfn bxqî rbtbxqean {jr {eb` u `n efqbrfn {jr chjxn ,hnfaj lnu fn jqeqex cbaen xb joxbrtn efqrjahebfaj f jqjxhj{ej u xb tb ~b bxn cbcornfn bxqî ab hj`jr rjme}j% @n {nrba efqbrfn tn n hjcfehnr hjf b` jãaj efqbrfj u {nrn bxj qebfb f jredehej hjf djrcn ab ojhn ab ljrfj ~b xb ``ncn tbfqnfn jtn`& Bf bxn `bfqb oehøfhntn xb abxhreob fn {nrba nfqbrejr ~b {rbxbfqn f jredehej {jr b` ~b b` jãaj cbaej hjcfehn hjf `n fnxjdnrefgb ~b bx `n nobrqrn ab `n qrjc{n ab Bxqn~ej j qrjc{n naeqetn& @n {nrba {jxqbrejr ab `n `bfqb oehjftb|n {rbxbfqn f jredehej ``ncnaj bfqrnan n` nfqrj cnxqjeabj b` nfqrj cnxqjeabj xjf hb`ae``nx øxbnx rbtbxqeanx ab chjxn& @n {nrba x{brejr bxqî rbtbxqean ab cbfefgbx& Bxqb jãaj cbaej qebfb dbrn lnhen abfqrj qrbx lbxbhe``jx= b` cîx b|qbrfj bxqî n{`ehnaj n `n cbcornfn ab` qãc{nfj u xb ``ncn CN_QE@@J& Qebfb x cnfgj n{`ehnaj n `n cbcornfn ab` qãc{nfj& X hnob}n xb nrqeh`n hjf b` URF^RB ~b {jxbb ajx {nqnx `n cîx grbxn xb aeregb lnhen nqrîx u bx `n ~b xb n{jun bf `n bfqrnan n` nfqrj cnxqjeabj& @n jqrn {nqn ab` uf~b xb aeregb lnhen nonmj u qbrcefn bf fn {b~bþn hnobheqn ~b xb nrqeh`nrî hjf b` BXQ_EOJ ,{nrbhb b` bxqreoj ab fnucjfqrn ab hnon``j%& x{brejr ab`abbxqreoj fn x{brdeheb nrqeh`nr {nrn b` uf~b `nx rncnx `n {`nhn ~b xb n{jun@nbf{nrqb `n {nrba efqbrfn `n hnmn{rbxbfqn ab` qãc{nfj bf `n tbfqnfn jtn`& Hnfaj {nxnf `jx xjfeajx xb bfhnmn j abxbfhnmn ab bxn tbfqnfn& Xjorb b` cnrqe``j nhqýn b` cýxh`j ab` cnrqe``j ~b bx cu {b~bþj u xjorb b` bxqreoj b` cýxh`j ab` bxqreoj& @jx bxqãc`jx xjfjrjx xjf hjfaheajx {jr `n hnabfn ab lbxbhe``jx u xjf cja`najx {jr bxjx cýxh`jx& JEAJ EFQB_FJ

Hjfxqeqeaj {jr f xexqbcn ab hntbrfnx u qýfb`bx ~b bxqîf `nornajx bf b` {bþnxhj j {jrheøf {bqrjxn ab` qbc{jrn`& N b` hjfmfqj ab hntbrfnx j qýfb`bx xb `b ``ncn `nobrefqj øxbj ~b hjc{rbfab fn hnteana hbfqrn` ``ncnan tbxqão`j {jr bfhecn u {jr dbrn ab b``n xb bfhbfqrnf qrbx hjfahqjx bf djrcn ab lbrrnarn xbceherh`nrbx abfqrj ab` tbxqão`j bxqî f hjfahqj bfrj``naj bf djrcn ab hnrnhj` ``ncnaj hnrnhj` øxbj& Qncoeåf xb bfhbfqrn f `nobrefqj cbcornfjxj bf b` ~b `jx hjfahqjx xbceherh`nrbx xjf cbcornfjxjx b` hnrnhj` bx cbcornfjxj u bf b` tbxqão`j lnu ajx tbxãh`nx cbcornfjxnx= qrãh`j ~b bx jtjeabn u xîh`j ~b bx rbajfaeqn& B` hjfahqj cbcornfjxj jh{n fn {b~bþn {nrqb ab` hjfahqj øxbj& [jr abfqrj ab` `nobrefqj cbcornfjxj 7?

xb bfhbfqrn `n BFAJ@EFDN ~b bx f `ã~eaj {jr dbrn bxqî jh{naj {jr `n [B_E@EFDN ~b qncoeåf bx f `ã~eaj& B` ørgnfj ab` b~e`eorej xb bfhbfqrn bf b` qrãh`j u bf `jx hjfahqjx xbceherh`nrbx& Bf b` hnrnhj` cbcornfjxj bxqî b` ørgnfj ab `n naeheøf  ørgnfj ab Hjrqe& @N [EB@

[bxn bf hjfmfqj bfqrb 12 u 2 ie`jgrncjx& [rjqbgb `n efqbgreana dãxehn u oej~ãcehn ab` hbr{j cnfqebfb hjfxqnfqb `n qbc{brnqrn hjr{jrn` hjfqebfb `jx rbhb{qjrbx xbfxjren`bx {nrn {rj{jrhejfnrfjx efdjrcnheøf xbfxjren`& [nrqehe{n bf `n xãfqbxex ab teqncefn A bf `n b`ecefnheøf ab ngn u b`bhqrj`eqjx& Bf fn {brxjfn ~b fj abxnrrj``n fefgfn nhqeteana xb {ebrabf fjx ?;; c` ab ngn n` aãn& N qrntåx ab b``j xb joqebfbf xxqnfhenx `e{jxj`o`bx hjcj {jr bmbc{`j `nx teqncefnx I N A u B& B` j|ãgbfj b` nflãareaj hnroøfehj u `nx xxqnfhenx qø|ehnx hjcj xn`bx ab cbrhrej u {`jcj nxã hjcj `nx qj|efnx qncoeåf nqrntebxnf `n {eb`& Qebfb f îrbn ab hnxe ? cbqrjx hnarnajx& B` grjxjr ab `n {eb` bx cu aedbrbfqb ab fnx n jqrnx }jfnx {jr bmbc{`j bf `jx {îr{najx ceab >2 cc u bf `n {`nfqn ab `jx {ebx bfqrb ? u 1 cc& Lnu ajx qe{jx ab {eb`= defn u grbxn& @n G_RBXN xb bfhbfqrn n fetb` ab `n {`nfqn ab `jx {ebx u bf `n {n`cn ab `nx cnfjx& Fj qebfb g`îfa`nx xboîhbnx ~b xeb|exqbf b|exqbfrbhb{qjrbx bf `n defn& xbfxjren`bx& Lnu fcbrjxnx cnfqebfbf lýcban n`n`n{n`cn ab g`îfa`nx xajrã{nrnx `n cnfj ajfab B` qbfbr `n {n`cn ab `n cnfj~b lýcban bx ec{jrqnfqb ljrn ab `jx ngnrrbx& @n {eb` qncoeåf bx cu ec{jrqnfqb bf `n qbrcjrrbg`nheøf u hjfxqn ab ajx bxqrnqjx `n b{eabrcex u `n abrcex& @n AB_CEX bxqî hjfxqeqean {jr qbmeaj hjfmfqetj& Bf b``n xb bfhbfqrnf chljx tnxjx xnfgãfbjx ~b hjfqebfbf ab` < n` >;" ab `n xnfgrb ab` hbr{j bf f na`qj bf rb{jxj u {jr qnfqj xertb ab rbxbrtjrej ab xnfgrb& Hnfaj xb lnhb f bmbrhehej cxh`nr efqbfxj `jx tnxeqjx ab `n abrcex xb hjfqrnbf u `n xnfgrb bx abxtenan lnhen `jx cýxh`jx bx~b`åqehjx ~b xb bxqîf hjfqrnubfaj {jr `j ~b `n {eb` fj {bab {brabr hn`jr u ncbfqn `n qbc{brnqrn hjr{jrn`& @n LE[JAB_CEX qncoeåf ``ncnan QBMEAJ HB@R@N_ XROHRQÎFBJ bx ajfab bxqî `n grnxn u `jx hjr{ýxh`jx ~b rbhjgbf `n {rbxeøf& @nx g`îfa`nx xajrã{nrnx qncoeåf xb bfhbfqrnf bf `n le{jabrcex& @n abrcex qebfb b`btnhejfbx n` hjfqnhqnr hjf `n b{eabrcex xb ``ncnf {n{e`nx ~b xjf rbhoebrqnx {jr `n b{eabrcex& Bf `n {n`cn ab `n cnfj xb nan{qn cu oebf n bxnx {n{e`nx  bfqjfhbx `nx {n{e`nx abqbrcefnf lb``nx anhqe`nrbx& Hncoejx ab hj`jrnheøf ab `n {eb`=

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Xe `n xnfgrb fj hn{qn xdehebfqb j|ãgbfj `n {eb` xb {jfb ab hj`jr N]R@ `j hn` xb tb bf {nhebfqbx n fetb` ab `nx chjxnx {jr bmbc{`j bf `jx `noejx u bf `jx `bhljx ab `nx þnx& Xhbab {jr~b `n lbcjg`joefn xef j|ãgbfj na~ebrb f hj`jr n}` {r{ýrbj cu jxhrj& Qncoeåf xb {bab {jfbr ncnre``bfqn `j ~b {bab xbr aboeaj n ~b b` xmbqj lnun qjcnaj chlnx }nfnljrenx bxqj `j aedbrbfhencjx ab `n ehqbrehen {jr~b bf bxqb hnxj ncbfqn `n oe`erroefn u qncoeåf xb qeþb `n bxh`brøqehn ab` g`joj jh`nr&

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