Análisis de Sílabo (Matemática Discreta) UPC - EPE

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GHÇID\D\ AKI \ÅIGMB AK EGQKEÇQDLG AD\L]KQG K_K #EG77<$

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\bm}k ki pk}`di p}b`k|dbhgi ak ig Lg}}k}g ak Dhjkhdk}åg ak \d|qkeg| t ki pk}`di pb} lbepkqkhldg| aki Ç}kg ak Ldkhldg|

Ig| lbepkqkhldg| aki pk}`di p}b`k|dbhgi ak ig Lg}}k}g ak Dhjkhdk}åg ak \d|qkeg| #K_K$ }kaglqgag| kh ki =??1 |dj{kh |dkhab djkhqk| 7 t cgh |dab qbegag| lbeb mg|k aki ghçid|d| ak k|qg g|djhgq{}g( Ki pk}`di pb} lbepkqkhldg| ak Ldkhldg| k| {h pk}`di ak|g}}biigab pkh|ghab kh gi{ehb| ak p}kj}gab = t `{k }kaglqgab kh {h ebekhqb kh ki l{gi ig pbmigldüh ak K_K k}g pkw{k÷g t edhb}dqg}dg( Kh ki p}k|khqk g÷b =??3 ig pbmigldüh ak K_K k| e{t j}ghak t |djhd`dlgqdg) t g{hw{k hb ksd|qk {h abl{ekhqb ak pk}`di ak lbepkqkhldg| k|pkldgiekhqk }kaglqgab pg}g k|qg ebagidaga #K_K$) lbh|dak}geb| w{k agab w{k ki qåq{ib w{k ig [_L bqb}jg g ib| k|q{adghqk ak Dhjkhdk}åg ak \d|qkeg| #K_K$ k| ki ak Dhjkhdk}b) hb akmk}åg ksd|qd} {hg ad`k}khldg |{|qghldgi(

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Akmdab g w{k kh ki åqke g}qdl{igldüh }kqbeg}keb| ib| }k|{iqgab| bmqkhdab| kh ki Q}gmgnb J}{pgi> K|qgab ak ig Lg}}k}g ak Dhjkhdk}åg ak \d|qkeg| “ K_K #|kjþh ki ebakib ak Cg}akh$ ekhldbhg}keb| {h pg} ak lgqkjb}åg| w{k n{|qgekhqk |bh g ig| w{k g h{k|q}b n{dldb ig g|djhgq{}g ak Egqkeçqdlg Ad|l}kqg K_K k|qg dhl{igag(

L{}}ål{ig mg|gag kh g|djhgq{}g| 1 _kiag÷b DP> Dhli{|düh #ghdagedkhqb$ Kh k|qk pkiag÷b hb| glk}lgeb| {h pblb g ig dhqkj}gldüh l{}}dl{ig}( Kh k|qk pkiag÷b ki p}b`k|b} gp{hqg gi ak|g}}biib #dhli{|düh$ akhq}b ak {hg akqk}edhgag g|djhgq{}g ak cgmdidagak| #b ak|q}k~g|$ }k`k}dag| g bq}g| g|djhgq{}g|( Ib| p}b`k|b}k| ghgid~gh ig| ekqg| ak ig| g|djhgq{}g| pb} |kpg}gab k dakhqd`dlgh lgedhb| kh ib| w{k ldk}qg| cgmdidagak| #b ak|q}k~g|$ jkhä}dlg| p{kakh |k} lbepikqgag| t eknb}gag| kh ki lbhn{hqb ak ig| g|djhgq{}g| ksd|qkhqk|( Kh k|qk lg|b ig| g|djhgq{}g| }klbhblkh ib| }k|{iqgab| l{}}dl{ig}k| eç| gepidgekhqk w{k ib| |{tb| p}bpdb| t |k gakl{gh g ib| ed|eb|( Ig kh|k÷gh~g |dh kemg}jb |dj{k mg|gag kh g|djhgq{}g| t ki |kj{dedkhqb aki l{}|b t |{ kgi{gldüh |dj{kh pk}qkhkldkhab g lgag {hg( 7 = < 1

Khq}kpd|qg }kgid~gag b} Gimk}qb Eknåg ki =: ak n{hdb ak =??3 gi Dhj( ]{mäh Tbhj glq{gi Ad}klqb} ak ig Lg}}k}g ak Dhjkhdk}åg ak \d|qkeg| #K_K$) lg}}k}g g}g ig l{gi |k deg}qk ig g|djhgq{}g ghgid~gag #Egqkeçqdlg Ad|l}kqg “ K_K$ Khq}kpd|qg }kgid~gag b} Gimk}qb Eknåg ki =: ak n{hdb ak =??3 gi Dhj( Egh{ki Jg}låg%Hg}ghnb Ad}klqb} aki Ç}kg ak Ldkhldg|) Ç}kg }k|bh|gmik ak deg}qd} ig g|djhgq{}g ghgid~gag #Egqkeçqdlg Ad|l}kqg % K_K$ Cg}akh ]E( Qck dhqkj}gqdbh igaak}> g qbbi `b} l{}}dl{i{e ighhdhj gha kpgi{gqdbh( Eka Ka{l =???6 <1> ;;7%;;: @{hagldüh Ka{lgldüh Eäadlg( D\\H 7;:;%737< pk}|düh de}k|g #ksq}gåab ak \LDKIB K|g÷g$( Nk|þ| @( K|lghk}b Eg}läh( Akg}qgekhqb ak @g}eglbibjåg t @d|dbibjåg( @gl{iqga ak Ekadldhg( [hdpk}|daga ak ^g}gjb~g(

L{}}ål{ig mg|gag kh g|djhgq{}g| lbh glqddagak| dhqkj}gag| ; _kiag÷b PDD> Lb}}kigldüh #p}bj}geg akebl}çqdlb$ Ki äh`g|d| |k pbhk kh w{k ib| l{}|b| w{k lbh`b}egh ig egtb} pg}qk aki l{}}dl{i{e pb|kkh {hg kh|k÷gh~g mg|gag kh g|djhgq{}g|) eç| w{k {hg kh|k÷gh~g dhqkj}gab}g( \dh kemg}jb) |k dhlb}pb}gh |k|dbhk| ak dhqkj}gldüh lbh {h pk|b }kigqdb |dedig} gi ak ig| |k|dbhk| qkeçqdlg|( 7(<(

\bm}k ig| Ebagidagak| #_}k|khldgi t \kedp}k|khldgi$

K|qg g|djhgq{}g ig depg}qb ak|ak ki |kek|q}k =??0 “ ?7) t ak|ak {h p}dhldpdb ek g|djhg}bh |{ lbb}adhgldüh( G pg}qd} ak k|g `klcg p{kab addad} ki ak|g}}biib ak Egqkeçqdlg Ad|l}kqg #K_K$ kh ab| pk}dbab|>

_k}dbab =??0 “ ?7 gi =??: “ ?7 Kh ki p}dek}b ki kw{dpb ak p}b`k|b}k| |k lbhlkhq}b kh ak|g}}biig} ig p}dek}g pg}qk aki pb}qg`bidb ak ig g|djhgq{}g|) k| akld} ib| abl{ekhqb| }kigldbhgab| lbh ig> • • • • • •

Egq}d~ ak Cgmdidagak| Dhadlgab}k| ak Ibj}b Ad|k÷b| Dh|q}{lldbhgik| ]k|þekhk| qkü}dlb| kh _bzk}_bdhq G}egab aki G{ig Pd}q{gi 0 Jkhk}gldüh ak {h Mghlb ak Kgi{gldbhk| pg|gag| #dhli{tkhab ib| l}dqk}db| ak lgid`dlgldüh lb}}k|pbhadkhqk|$

K|qk pk}dbab |k dhdldg kh ki =??0 “ ?7 t qk}edhg ki =??: “ ?7) kh k|b| 1 |kek|q}k| |k b}akhgh t ad|k÷gh ib| egqk}dgik| ak q}gmgnb dhadlgab|) pkh|ghab kh w{k kh gijþh ebekhqb ig| akeghag| ak l}kldedkhqb ak ig g|djhgq{}g ib akeghag}ågh( K|qg depg}qdldüh |k lg}glqk}d~b pb} |k} kedhkhqkekhqk p}k|khldgi t hb}egiekhqk |k lbhqgmgh lbh ab| b eçsdeb q}k| |klldbhk|( Ki hþek}b ak cb}g| pb} |keghg k| ak ; cb}g| iklqdg| ak|g}}biigag| kh ab| |k|dbhk| |keghgik|) {hg ak < cb}g| t bq}g ak = cb}g|(

_k}dbab =??: “ ?= gi =??3 “ ?7 Kh k|qk |kj{hab pk}dbab |k dhdldg ig depg}qdldüh ak ig g|djhgq{}g kh ebagidaga |kedp}k|khldgi( Ak qbag ig b`k}qg ak |klldbhk| gmdk}qg pg}g ib| k|q{adghqk| ksd|qk {hg |klldüh l{tg depg}qdldüh |k ak|g}}biig kh ebagidaga |kedp}k|khldgi( _g}g kiib |k q{b w{k }kad|k÷g} ki pigh lgikhag}db t ig| |k|dbhk| ak lig|k lbh ig dakg ak depg}qd} ki l{}|b gcb}g kh ab| |k|dbhk|) ig p}dek}g p}k|khldgi ak < cb}g| kh abhak mç|dlgekhqk |k ak|g}}biigh glqddagak| ak Ebqdgldüh t Gaw{d|dldüh t {hg |kj{hag |k|düh |kedp}k|khldgi kh abhak |k ak|g}}biigh glqddagak| ak Q}gh|`k}khldg t Kgi{gldüh( _g}g kiib |k q{dk}bh w{k ak|g}}biig} ig| |dj{dkhqk| glqddagak|> •

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Egq}d~ ak Cgmdidagak| #|k {|b ig mg|k ghqk}db} pb}w{k ki lbhqkhdab aki l{}|b hb cgmåg lgemdgab$

@{hagldüh Ka{lgldüh Eäadlg( D\\H 7;:;%737< pk}|düh de}k|g #ksq}gåab ak \LDKIB K|g÷g$( Nk|þ| @( K|lghk}b Eg}läh( Akg}qgekhqb ak @g}eglbibjåg t @d|dbibjåg( @gl{iqga ak Ekadldhg( [hdpk}|daga ak ^g}gjb~g( Lbh ki G{ig Pd}q{gi ak k|qg g|djhgq{}g |k jghb ki Lbhl{}|b ’G{ig Pd}q{gi eç| lbhklqgag― kh K_K b}jghd~gab b} QDLK

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Dhadlgab}k| ak Ibj}b #ib| ed|eb| w{k |k cgmågh {|gab cg|qg k|k ebekhqb) ig ad`k}khldg k}g w{k gij{hg| cgmdidagak| |k}dgh ekadag| lbh qg}kg| glgaäedlg| khlg}jgag| t bq}g| g q}gä| ak kgi{gldbhk| kh iåhkg$ Ad|k÷b| Dh|q}{lldbhgik| #`{k}bh }kb}jghd~gab| pg}g bpqded~g} ib| qdkepb| k dhli{d} glqddagak| p}k|khldgik| ak Ebqdgldüh t Gaw{d|dldüh$ ]k|þekhk| qkü}dlb| kh _bzk}_bdhq #|k gj}kjb g k|qb| egqk}dgik|) ib| iigegab| gp{hqk| ak lig|k w{k lbhqkhågh knk}ldldb| }k|{kiqb|$ G}egab aki G{ig Pd}q{gi : #kh k|qk lg|b |k q{b w{k gm}d} {h GP Ebbaik pg}gikig) k| akld} {hg k}g {|gag pb} ig g|djhgq{}g kh ebagidaga p}k|khldgi t ig bq}g pb} ig g|djhgq{}g kh ebagidaga |kedp}k|khldgi) gakeç| ak cglk} {|b ak bq}b| }kl{}|b| t ck}}gedkhqg| ad|pbhdmik| kh ki GP Ebbaik$ Jkhk}gldüh ak {h Mghlb ak Kgi{gldbhk| pg|gag| #dhli{tkhab ib| l}dqk}db| ak lgid`dlgldüh lb}}k|pbhadkhqk|$ Jkhk}g} {h Mghlb ak _}kj{hqg| lbh ig| l{gik| `b}e{ig} kgi{gldbhk| kh iåhkg w{k |bh pg}qk ak ig hbqg |{egqdg( Ak|g}}biib ak j{åg| dh|q}{lldbhgik| mg|gag| kh ki idm}b ak qksqb ak ig g|djhgq{}g(

Lbeb |k p{kak gp}kldg} kh ig| khl{k|qg| w{k |k p}k|khqgh kh ig |klldüh ak }k|{iqgab| ki depglqb aki igh~gedkhqb ak k|qg g|djhgq{}g kh |{ ebagidaga |kedp}k|khldgi cg dab ak ekhb| g eç|( Kh ig p}dek}g khl{k|qg aki |kek|q}k =??3 “ ?7 bm|k}geb| w{k ki p{hqgnk kh ig |klldüh K1?7 #mgnb ig ebagidaga |kedp}k|khldgi$ k| ak 4)74) edkhq}g| w{k ki p{hqgnk pbhak}gab ak Ldkhldg| K_K k| ak 3);= t ki p{hqgnk pbhak}gab [_L k| ak 3)0?( K| akld} ki dhadlgab} ak ig |klldüh k|qg pb} khldeg ak ib| dhadlgab}k| p}bekadb ak Ldkhldg| K_K t ak [_L( G pk|g} ak kiib pkh|geb| w{k g pg}qd} ak k|qk q}gmgnb ckeb| ak|l{mdk}qb g}dg| ç}kg| ak eknb}g w{k |k akmkh |kj{d} q}gmgnghab lbh ig dakg ak gilgh~g} giqb| k|qçhag}k| mgnb ki ebakib [_L(

=( Bmnkqdb|> Hb| pighqkgeb| mç|dlgekhqk ab|>

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Ki p}dek}b k| gpidlg} ib gp}khadab kh ki Eüa{ib aki Adpibegab kh {h lg|b lbhl}kqb kh ig [_L) kh {h l{}|b kh pg}qdl{ig} w{k lbh|dak}geb| w{k qbagåg qdkhk e{lcg| bpb}q{hdagak| ak eknb}g( Kh |kj{hab i{jg} i{kjb ak dakhqd`dlgag| k|g| ç}kg| ak eknb}g g q}gä| aki ghçid|d| }kgid~gab) k|qgmiklk} eknb}g| lbhl}kqg| w{k hb| pk}edqgh gj}kjg} gib} gi l{}|b |kiklldbhgab) kikekhqb k|q}gqäjdlb g pg}qd} aki l}kldedkhqb ak K_K(

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Lbh ki G{ig Pd}q{gi ak k|qg g|djhgq{}g |k jghb ki Lbhl{}|b ’G{ig Pd}q{gi eç| lbhklqgag― kh K_K b}jghd~gab b} QDLK

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<( G}qdl{igldüh> <(7(

Iåhkg L{}}dl{ig}> Ldkhldg| Egqkeçqdlg| #|kjþh Cg}akh$

Kh ki lg|b ak egqkeçqdlg ksd|qk {h lbb}adhgab} ak iåhkg pg}g K_K( K| ki }k|pbh|gmik ak ig g}qdl{igldüh khq}k ib| ad|qdhqb| lbhqkhdab| ak ig| ad`k}khqk| g|djhgq{}g|( Ig| p}dek}g| g|djhgq{}g| kh |k} l}kgag| `{k}bh Qüpdlb| ak Egqkeçqdlg 7 t Egqkeçqdlg Ad|l}kqg) lgag {hg ak kiig| lbh|dak}gh {hg |k|düh dhqkj}gab}g p}kdg g lgag {hg ak ig| kgi{gldbhk|( Kh k|qg| |k|dbhk| |k m{|lg w{k ki k|q{adghqk dhqkj}k ib| lbhbldedkhqb| ak|g}}biigab| kh ig| |k|dbhk| p}kdg| t w{k i{kjb `b}egh pg}qk ak ig| kgi{gldbhk|( Kh gemb| lg|b| ib| lbb}adhgab}k| ak g|djhgq{}g }kgid~gh lbb}adhgldbhk| |keghgik| lbh ki kw{dpb ak p}b`k|b}k|) pg}g {hd`b}ed~g} ig depg}qdldüh) ig kgi{gldüh t ib| egqk}dgik| g {qdid~g} kh lgag {hg ak ig| |klldbhk|( Ig qgmig e{k|q}g ki pkiag÷b kh ki w{k |k khl{khq}g ig g|djhgq{}g ak Egqkeçqdlg Ad|l}kqg #khq}k bq}b| l{}|b|$ ak gl{k}ab g |{ hdki ak g}qdl{igldüh |kjþh Cg}akh 3

Iåhkg l{}}dl{ig} Ldkhldg| Egqkeçqdlg|

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Egqkeçqdlg 7 Egqkeçqdlg = Qüpdlb| ak Egqkeçqdlg 7

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Egiig L{}}dl{ig}> Dhjkhdk}åg ak \d|qkeg| #G}qdl{igldüh$

I{kjb ak }kd|g} ig Egiig L{}}dl{ig} ckeb| dakhqd`dlgab w{k ki |digmb ak ig g|djhgq{}g ak Egqkeçqdlg Ad|l}kqg #K_K$ k|qg }kigldbhgab lbh ib| |åigmb| ak ig| |dj{dkhqk| g|djhgq{}g| kh egtb} b ekhb} j}gab>

G|djhgq{}g| \D:3 > G}w{dqklq{}g ak Lbep{qgab}k| t ]kak| D\?; > Mg|k ak Agqb| D\?= > K|q}{lq{}g ak Agqb| D\?: > _}bj}gegldüh hb _}blka{}gi D\71 > \d|qkeg| Kspk}qb| D\7? > \d|qkeg| Bpk}gqdb| 3

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Lbhqkhdab aki \åigmb Ç}mbik| Ebakib ]kigldbhgi “ ]kigldbhk| ]kl{}|ddaga) Id|qg|) Ç}mbik|) J}g`b|) Gijb}dqeb| _}bj}gegldüh iüjdlg) ]kl{}|ddaga) Id|qg|) Ç}mbik| Iüjdlg%Egqkeçqdlg Iüjdlg%Egqkeçq dlg Gijb}dqeb|

Qbegab ak K|qgab ak ig Lg}}k}g ak Dhjkhdk}åg ak \d|qkeg| “ K_K #|kjþh ki ebakib ak Cg}akh$ K( C{gegh) ]( Pdiigh{kg) G(

Eknåg Kh k|qg g|djhgq{}g |k ak|g}}biigh |k|dbhk| dhqkj}gab}g| w{k m{|lgh dhqkj}g} ib| lbhqkhdab| deg}qdab| a{}ghqk ig| |k|dbhk| qkü}dlb t"b }çlqdlg|( K|qg| |k|dbhk| |k ak|g}}biigh kh ig| |keghg| <) 0) :) 77) 7< t 71( Kh k|qg g|djhgq{}g |k ak|g}}biigh |k|dbhk| dhqkj}gab}g| w{k m{|lgh dhqkj}g} ib| lbhqkhdab| deg}qdab| a{}ghqk ig| |k|dbhk| qkü}dlb t"b }çlqdlg|( K|qg| |k|dbhk| |k ak|g}}biigh kh ig| |keghg| <) 0) :) 77) 7< t 71(

\D:3 > G}w{dqklq{}g ak Lbep{qgab}k| t ]kak| D\?: > _}bj}gegldüh hb _}blka{}gi

D\71 > \d|qkeg| Kspk}qb|

Egqkeçqdlg Ad|l}kqg #K_K$ EG77<

[hdaga ?7 Lbhn{hqb|) \{lk|dbhk|) Add|düh kh ib| khqk}b| t Egq}dlk| Mbbikghg|

D\?; > Mg|k ak Agqb|

[hdaga ?= Iüjdlg k Dha{lldüh Egqkeçqdlg #Gijb}dqeb|$

[hdaga ?< ]kigldbhk| t Eghdp{igldüh ak ]kigldbhk|

[hdaga ?1 77 @{hldbhk|

[hdaga ?0 [hdaga ?: 7= K|q}{lq{}g| ak Ç}mbik| Ad}djdab| B}akh “ Çijkm}g| Ç}mbik| hb ak Mbbik Ad}djdab|

D\?= > K|q}{lq{}g ak Agqb|

D\7? > \d|qkeg| Bpk}gqdb|

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Ig [hdaga ?; k| {hg {hdaga ak kpgi{gldüh aki g}khad~gnk #Ebakib ak \digmb [hd`dlgab [_L$ Ig g|djhgq{}g k|qg lbe{k|qg b} ?3 {hdagak|) ig [hdaga ?3 qgemdäh q gemdäh k| {hg {hdaga ak kpgi{gldüh aki g}khad~gnk #Ebakib ak \digmb [hd`dlgab [_L$

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]kigldüh ak ig g|djhgq{}g ak Egqkeçqdlg Ad|l}kqg K_K lbh ig| lbepkqkhldg| aki _k}`di Jkhk}gi ak ig [_L(

Ibj}b ak ig g|djhgq{}g ak Egqkeçqdlg Ad|l}kqg #EG77<$ Ghgid~g t kspidlg ib| lbhlkpqb| ak egqkeçqdlg ad|l}kqg t k| }dj{}b|b kh ig gpidlgldüh gpidlgldüh ak adlcb| lbhlkpqb| kh ig |bi{ldüh ak p}bmikeg| p}bmikeg| ak Dhjkhdk}åg ak \d|qkeg|( Lbepkqkhldg| aki _k}`di Jkhk}gi ak ig [_L Akqgiik Ki pkh|gab} l}åqdlb k| gw{ki w{k }k`iksdbhg t \djhd`dlg w{k ak|g}}biig ebakib| egqkeçqdlb| pg}g ghgid~g}) |de{ig} t p}kakld} kgiþg |{| p}bpdb| pkh|gedkhqb| t ib| ak ki lbepb}qgedkhqb ak lbepbhkhqk|) kw{dpb| t |d|qkeg| ak |{ k|pkldgidaga( bq}b|) g|å lbeb lbhbldedkhqb|) cklcb|) b ]kp}k|khqg egqkeçqdlgekhqk p}bmikeg| ak dhjkhdk}åg pg}g ig mþ|w{kag t _kh|gedkhqb `khüekhb| aki khqb}hb) ak eghk}g pighqkgedkhqb ak |bi{ldbhk| üpqdeg|( L}åqdlb lbh|q}{lqdg t iüjdlg pg}g b`}klk} {h lbhn{hqb ak }g~bhk| b ak p}{kmg| kh gpbtb ak {hg lbhli{|düh(

;( \digmb pb} Lbepkqkhldg| ;(7(

\digmb _b} Lbepkqkhldg|

Ibj}b ak ig g|djhgq{}g ak Egqkeçqdlg Ad|l}kqg #EG77<$ Ghgid~g t kspidlg ib| lbhlkpqb| ak egqkeçqdlg ad|l}kqg t k| }dj{}b|b kh ig gpidlgldüh gpidlgldüh ak adlcb| lbhlkpqb| kh ig |bi{ldüh ak p}bmikeg| p}bmikeg| ak Dhjkhdk}åg ak \d|qkeg|( Ibj}b “ Lbepkqkhldg _k}`di _}b`k|dbhgi “ Lbepkqkhldg _k}`di Jkhk}gi “ [hdaga Hbem}k [hdaga ]k|{iqgab K|pk}gab #kgi{gldüh$ Ibj}b> • Ghgid~g t kspidlg ig qkb}åg ak lbhn{hqb| gpidlghab }dj{}b|gekhqk lbhlkpqb| ak |{lk|dbhk|) add|düh kh ib| khqk}b| kh ig |bi{ldüh ak p}bmikeg|( Lbepkqkhldg _k}`di _}b`k|dbhgi> ]kp}k|khqg egqkeçqdlgekhqk p}bmikeg| ak dhjkhdk}åg pg}g ig mþ|w{kag t pighqkgedkhqb ak |bi{ldbhk| üpqdeg|( • Ebakig p}bmikeg| |khldiib| }kigldbhgab| lbh |{ k|pkldgidaga) dhqkj}ghab adk}|b| lbhlkpqb| t p}bpdkagak| ak ig egqkeçqdlg b ak ig k|qgaå|qdlg) w{k ik pk}edqkh g}}dmg} |bi{ldbhk| üpqdeg| t p}kld|g|( • \{|qkhqg kh `b}eg b}gi b k|l}dqg ki ghçid|d| ak adk}|b| lg|b| p}çlqdlb|) p}k|khqghab kh `b}eg b}akhgag) lig}g t |dhqäqdlg ib| p}dhldpdb| egqkeçqdlb| b k|qgaå|qdlb| w{k lbha{lkh g ig |bi{ldüh Lbepkqkhldg _k}`di Jkhk}gi> •

?7

Lbhn{hqb|) \{lk|dbhk|) \{lk|dbhk|) Add|düh kh ib| khqk}b| t Egq}dlk| Mbbikghg|

1(=(

]kigldüh ak ig g|djhgq{}g ak Egqkeçqdlg Ad|l}kqg K_K lbh ig| lbepkqkhldg| aki _k}`di Jkhk}gi ak ig [_L(

Ibj}b ak ig g|djhgq{}g ak Egqkeçqdlg Ad|l}kqg #EG77<$ Ghgid~g t kspidlg ib| lbhlkpqb| ak egqkeçqdlg ad|l}kqg t k| }dj{}b|b kh ig gpidlgldüh gpidlgldüh ak adlcb| lbhlkpqb| kh ig |bi{ldüh ak p}bmikeg| p}bmikeg| ak Dhjkhdk}åg ak \d|qkeg|( Lbepkqkhldg| aki _k}`di Jkhk}gi ak ig [_L Akqgiik Ki pkh|gab} l}åqdlb k| gw{ki w{k }k`iksdbhg t \djhd`dlg w{k ak|g}}biig ebakib| egqkeçqdlb| pg}g ghgid~g}) |de{ig} t p}kakld} kgiþg |{| p}bpdb| pkh|gedkhqb| t ib| ak ki lbepb}qgedkhqb ak lbepbhkhqk|) kw{dpb| t |d|qkeg| ak |{ k|pkldgidaga( bq}b|) g|å lbeb lbhbldedkhqb|) cklcb|) b ]kp}k|khqg egqkeçqdlgekhqk p}bmikeg| ak dhjkhdk}åg pg}g ig mþ|w{kag t _kh|gedkhqb `khüekhb| aki khqb}hb) ak eghk}g pighqkgedkhqb ak |bi{ldbhk| üpqdeg|( L}åqdlb lbh|q}{lqdg t iüjdlg pg}g b`}klk} {h lbhn{hqb ak }g~bhk| b ak p}{kmg| kh gpbtb ak {hg lbhli{|düh(

;( \digmb pb} Lbepkqkhldg| ;(7(

\digmb _b} Lbepkqkhldg|

Ibj}b ak ig g|djhgq{}g ak Egqkeçqdlg Ad|l}kqg #EG77<$ Ghgid~g t kspidlg ib| lbhlkpqb| ak egqkeçqdlg ad|l}kqg t k| }dj{}b|b kh ig gpidlgldüh gpidlgldüh ak adlcb| lbhlkpqb| kh ig |bi{ldüh ak p}bmikeg| p}bmikeg| ak Dhjkhdk}åg ak \d|qkeg|( Ibj}b “ Lbepkqkhldg _k}`di _}b`k|dbhgi “ Lbepkqkhldg _k}`di Jkhk}gi “ [hdaga Hbem}k [hdaga ]k|{iqgab K|pk}gab #kgi{gldüh$ Ibj}b> • Ghgid~g t kspidlg ig qkb}åg ak lbhn{hqb| gpidlghab }dj{}b|gekhqk lbhlkpqb| ak |{lk|dbhk|) add|düh kh ib| khqk}b| kh ig |bi{ldüh ak p}bmikeg|( Lbepkqkhldg _k}`di _}b`k|dbhgi> ]kp}k|khqg egqkeçqdlgekhqk p}bmikeg| ak dhjkhdk}åg pg}g ig mþ|w{kag t pighqkgedkhqb ak |bi{ldbhk| üpqdeg|( • Ebakig p}bmikeg| |khldiib| }kigldbhgab| lbh |{ k|pkldgidaga) dhqkj}ghab adk}|b| lbhlkpqb| t p}bpdkagak| ak ig egqkeçqdlg b ak ig k|qgaå|qdlg) w{k ik pk}edqkh g}}dmg} |bi{ldbhk| üpqdeg| t p}kld|g|( • \{|qkhqg kh `b}eg b}gi b k|l}dqg ki ghçid|d| ak adk}|b| lg|b| p}çlqdlb|) p}k|khqghab kh `b}eg b}akhgag) lig}g t |dhqäqdlg ib| p}dhldpdb| egqkeçqdlb| b k|qgaå|qdlb| w{k lbha{lkh g ig |bi{ldüh Lbepkqkhldg _k}`di Jkhk}gi> •

?7

Lbhn{hqb|) \{lk|dbhk|) \{lk|dbhk|) Add|düh kh ib| khqk}b| t Egq}dlk| Mbbikghg|

•

_kh|gedkhqb L}åqdlb> Ki pkh|gab} l}åqdlb k| gw{ki w{k }k`iksdbhg t kgiþg |{| p}bpdb| pkh|gedkhqb| t ib| ak bq}b|) bq}b|) g|å lbeb lbhbldedkhqb|) cklcb|) cklcb|) b `khüekhb| aki khqb}hb) ak eghk}g lbh|q}{lqdg t iüjdlg pg}g b`}klk} {h lbhn{hqb ak }g~bhk| b ak p}{kmg| kh gpbtb gpb tb ak {hg lbhli{|düh(

²Lüeb |k kgiþg2 • _}çlqdlg| kh g{ig #lbhlkpqb|) lçil{ib t ebakigldüh$ “ |üib ebagidaga p}k|khldgi( • Qg}kg| khlg}jgag| pg}g lg|g) lbh khq}kjg lgid`dlgag “ |üib ebagidaga |kedp}k|khldgi( \k lbhq}g|qg |{| }k|p{k|qg| lbhq}g ig |bi{ldüh lb}}klqg p}bpb}ldbhghab {h `kkamglf pg}g ig kgi{gldüh |{egqdg( g{ig #lbhlkpqb|) lçil{ib lçil{ib t ebakigldüh$ ebakigldüh$ “ ebagidaga p}k|khldgi p}k|khldgi t • Ksçekhk| kh g{ig |kedp}k|khldgi( • Kgi{gldbhk| kh Iåhkg “ |üib ebagidaga |kedp}k|khldgi( • K|pgldb| pg}g g{qbkgi{gldüh “ |üib ebagidaga |kedp}k|khldgi Ibj}b> gijb}dqeb| l{dagab|gekhqk l{dagab|gekhqk {|ghab ak`dhdldbhk| ak`dhdldbhk| t p}bpdkagak| ak ib| • Kgiþg gijb}dqeb| lbhklqdb| iüjdlb| t ib| l{ghqd`dlgab}k|( Lbepkqkhldg _k}`di _}b`k|dbhgi> ]kp}k|khqg egqkeçqdlgekhqk p}bmikeg| ak dhjkhdk}åg pg}g ig mþ|w{kag t pighqkgedkhqb ak |bi{ldbhk| üpqdeg|( • Gpidlg ig| p}bpdkagak| t ck}}gedkhqg| egqkeçqdlg| b k|qgaå|qdlg| w{k ik pk}edqkh }k|bik} adk}|g| bpk}gldbhk| ak lçil{ib) ghgid~ghab ig lbck}khldg ak |{| }k|{iqgab|( • \{|qkhqg kh `b}eg b}gi b k|l}dqg ki ghçid|d| ak adk}|b| lg|b| p}çlqdlb|) p}k|khqghab kh `b}eg b}akhgag) lig}g t |dhqäqdlg ib| p}dhldpdb| egqkeçqdlb| b k|qgaå|qdlb| w{k lbha{lkh g ig |bi{ldüh Lbepkqkhldg _k}`di Jkhk}gi> • _kh|gedkhqb L}åqdlb> Ki pkh|gab} l}åqdlb k| gw{ki w{k }k`iksdbhg t kgiþg |{| p}bpdb| pkh|gedkhqb| t ib| ak bq}b|) bq}b|) g|å lbeb lbhbldedkhqb|) cklcb|) cklcb|) b `khüekhb| aki khqb}hb) ak eghk}g lbh|q}{lqdg t iüjdlg pg}g b`}klk} {h lbhn{hqb ak }g~bhk| b ak p}{kmg| kh gpbtb gpb tb ak {hg lbhli{|düh( •

?=

Iüjdlg k Dha{lldüh Egqkeçqdlg #Gijb}dqeb|$

²Lüeb |k kgiþg2 • _}çlqdlg| kh g{ig #lbhlkpqb|) lçil{ib t ebakigldüh$ “ |üib ebagidaga p}k|khldgi( • Qg}kg| khlg}jgag| pg}g lg|g) lbh khq}kjg lgid`dlgag “ |üib ebagidaga |kedp}k|khldgi( \k lbhq}g|qg |{| }k|p{k|qg| lbhq}g ig |bi{ldüh lb}}klqg p}bpb}ldbhghab {h `kkamglf pg}g ig kgi{gldüh |{egqdg( g{ig #lbhlkpqb|) lçil{ib lçil{ib t ebakigldüh$ ebakigldüh$ “ ebagidaga p}k|khldgi p}k|khldgi t • Ksçekhk| kh g{ig

•

_kh|gedkhqb L}åqdlb> Ki pkh|gab} l}åqdlb k| gw{ki w{k }k`iksdbhg t kgiþg |{| p}bpdb| pkh|gedkhqb| t ib| ak bq}b|) bq}b|) g|å lbeb lbhbldedkhqb|) cklcb|) cklcb|) b `khüekhb| aki khqb}hb) ak eghk}g lbh|q}{lqdg t iüjdlg pg}g b`}klk} {h lbhn{hqb ak }g~bhk| b ak p}{kmg| kh gpbtb gpb tb ak {hg lbhli{|düh(

²Lüeb |k kgiþg2 • _}çlqdlg| kh g{ig #lbhlkpqb|) lçil{ib t ebakigldüh$ “ |üib ebagidaga p}k|khldgi( • Qg}kg| khlg}jgag| pg}g lg|g) lbh khq}kjg lgid`dlgag “ |üib ebagidaga |kedp}k|khldgi( \k lbhq}g|qg |{| }k|p{k|qg| lbhq}g ig |bi{ldüh lb}}klqg p}bpb}ldbhghab {h `kkamglf pg}g ig kgi{gldüh |{egqdg( g{ig #lbhlkpqb|) lçil{ib lçil{ib t ebakigldüh$ ebakigldüh$ “ ebagidaga p}k|khldgi p}k|khldgi t • Ksçekhk| kh g{ig |kedp}k|khldgi( • Kgi{gldbhk| kh Iåhkg “ |üib ebagidaga |kedp}k|khldgi( • K|pgldb| pg}g g{qbkgi{gldüh “ |üib ebagidaga |kedp}k|khldgi Ibj}b> gijb}dqeb| l{dagab|gekhqk l{dagab|gekhqk {|ghab ak`dhdldbhk| ak`dhdldbhk| t p}bpdkagak| ak ib| • Kgiþg gijb}dqeb| lbhklqdb| iüjdlb| t ib| l{ghqd`dlgab}k|( Lbepkqkhldg _k}`di _}b`k|dbhgi> ]kp}k|khqg egqkeçqdlgekhqk p}bmikeg| ak dhjkhdk}åg pg}g ig mþ|w{kag t pighqkgedkhqb ak |bi{ldbhk| üpqdeg|( • Gpidlg ig| p}bpdkagak| t ck}}gedkhqg| egqkeçqdlg| b k|qgaå|qdlg| w{k ik pk}edqkh }k|bik} adk}|g| bpk}gldbhk| ak lçil{ib) ghgid~ghab ig lbck}khldg ak |{| }k|{iqgab|( • \{|qkhqg kh `b}eg b}gi b k|l}dqg ki ghçid|d| ak adk}|b| lg|b| p}çlqdlb|) p}k|khqghab kh `b}eg b}akhgag) lig}g t |dhqäqdlg ib| p}dhldpdb| egqkeçqdlb| b k|qgaå|qdlb| w{k lbha{lkh g ig |bi{ldüh Lbepkqkhldg _k}`di Jkhk}gi> • _kh|gedkhqb L}åqdlb> Ki pkh|gab} l}åqdlb k| gw{ki w{k }k`iksdbhg t kgiþg |{| p}bpdb| pkh|gedkhqb| t ib| ak bq}b|) bq}b|) g|å lbeb lbhbldedkhqb|) cklcb|) cklcb|) b `khüekhb| aki khqb}hb) ak eghk}g lbh|q}{lqdg t iüjdlg pg}g b`}klk} {h lbhn{hqb ak }g~bhk| b ak p}{kmg| kh gpbtb gpb tb ak {hg lbhli{|düh( •

?=

Iüjdlg k Dha{lldüh Egqkeçqdlg #Gijb}dqeb|$

²Lüeb |k kgiþg2 • _}çlqdlg| kh g{ig #lbhlkpqb|) lçil{ib t ebakigldüh$ “ |üib ebagidaga p}k|khldgi( • Qg}kg| khlg}jgag| pg}g lg|g) lbh khq}kjg lgid`dlgag “ |üib ebagidaga |kedp}k|khldgi( \k lbhq}g|qg |{| }k|p{k|qg| lbhq}g ig |bi{ldüh lb}}klqg p}bpb}ldbhghab {h `kkamglf pg}g ig kgi{gldüh |{egqdg( g{ig #lbhlkpqb|) lçil{ib lçil{ib t ebakigldüh$ ebakigldüh$ “ ebagidaga p}k|khldgi p}k|khldgi t • Ksçekhk| kh g{ig

• •

|kedp}k|khldgi( Kgi{gldbhk| kh Iåhkg “ |üib ebagidaga |kedp}k|khldgi( K|pgldb| pg}g g{qbkgi{gldüh “ |üib ebagidaga |kedp}k|khldgi

Ibj}b> • Ghgid~g t }kp}k|khqg l{dagab|gekhqk ig| }kigldbhk| kh `b}eg ak lbhn{hqb) j}ç`dlg t egq}dldgi( Lbepkqkhldg _k}`di _}b`k|dbhgi> Gpidlg ig| p}bpdkagak| t ck}}gedkhqg| egqkeçqdlg| b k|qgaå|qdlg| w{k ik pk}edqkh }k|bik} adk}|g| bpk}gldbhk| ak lçil{ib) ghgid~ghab ig lbck}khldg ak |{| }k|{iqgab|( • \{|qkhqg kh `b}eg b}gi b k|l}dqg ki ghçid|d| ak adk}|b| lg|b| p}çlqdlb|) p}k|khqghab kh `b}eg b}akhgag) lig}g t |dhqäqdlg ib| p}dhldpdb| egqkeçqdlb| b k|qgaå|qdlb| w{k lbha{lkh g ig |bi{ldüh Lbepkqkhldg _k}`di Jkhk}gi> • _kh|gedkhqb L}åqdlb> Ki pkh|gab} l}åqdlb k| gw{ki w{k }k`iksdbhg t kgiþg |{| p}bpdb| pkh|gedkhqb| t ib| ak bq}b|) bq}b|) g|å lbeb lbhbldedkhqb|) cklcb|) cklcb|) b `khüekhb| aki khqb}hb) ak eghk}g lbh|q}{lqdg t iüjdlg pg}g b`}klk} {h lbhn{hqb ak }g~bhk| b ak p}{kmg| kh gpbtb gpb tb ak {hg lbhli{|düh( •

?<

]kigldbhk| t Eghdp{igldüh ak ]kigldbhk|

²Lüeb |k kgiþg2 • _}çlqdlg| kh g{ig #lbhlkpqb|) lçil{ib t ebakigldüh$ “ |üib ebagidaga p}k|khldgi( • Qg}kg| khlg}jgag| pg}g lg|g) lbh khq}kjg lgid`dlgag “ |üib ebagidaga |kedp}k|khldgi( \k lbhq}g|qg |{| }k|p{k|qg| lbhq}g ig |bi{ldüh lb}}klqg p}bpb}ldbhghab {h `kkamglf pg}g ig kgi{gldüh |{egqdg( g{ig #lbhlkpqb|) lçil{ib lçil{ib t ebakigldüh$ ebakigldüh$ “ ebagidaga p}k|khldgi p}k|khldgi t • Ksçekhk| kh g{ig |kedp}k|khldgi( • Kgi{gldbhk| kh Iåhkg “ |üib ebagidaga |kedp}k|khldgi( • K|pgldb| pg}g g{qbkgi{gldüh “ |üib ebagidaga |kedp}k|khldgi Ibj}b> • Ghgid~g t kspidlg l{dagab|gekhqk ig| `{hldbhk| kh `b}eg j}g`dlg t ghgiåqdlg( ?1

@{hldbhk|

Lbepkqkhldg _k}`di _}b`k|dbhgi> Ebakig p}bmikeg| |khldiib| }kigldbhgab| lbh |{ k|pkldgidaga) dhqkj}ghab adk}|b| lbhlkpqb| t p}bpdkagak| ak ig egqkeçqdlg b ak ig k|qgaå|qdlg) w{k ik pk}edqkh g}}dmg} |bi{ldbhk| üpqdeg| t p}kld|g|( • \{|qkhqg kh `b}eg b}gi b k|l}dqg ki ghçid|d| ak adk}|b| lg|b| p}çlqdlb|) p}k|khqghab kh `b}eg b}akhgag) lig}g t |dhqäqdlg ib| p}dhldpdb| egqkeçqdlb| b k|qgaå|qdlb| w{k lbha{lkh g ig |bi{ldüh •

• •

|kedp}k|khldgi( Kgi{gldbhk| kh Iåhkg “ |üib ebagidaga |kedp}k|khldgi( K|pgldb| pg}g g{qbkgi{gldüh “ |üib ebagidaga |kedp}k|khldgi

Ibj}b> • Ghgid~g t }kp}k|khqg l{dagab|gekhqk ig| }kigldbhk| kh `b}eg ak lbhn{hqb) j}ç`dlg t egq}dldgi( Lbepkqkhldg _k}`di _}b`k|dbhgi> Gpidlg ig| p}bpdkagak| t ck}}gedkhqg| egqkeçqdlg| b k|qgaå|qdlg| w{k ik pk}edqkh }k|bik} adk}|g| bpk}gldbhk| ak lçil{ib) ghgid~ghab ig lbck}khldg ak |{| }k|{iqgab|( • \{|qkhqg kh `b}eg b}gi b k|l}dqg ki ghçid|d| ak adk}|b| lg|b| p}çlqdlb|) p}k|khqghab kh `b}eg b}akhgag) lig}g t |dhqäqdlg ib| p}dhldpdb| egqkeçqdlb| b k|qgaå|qdlb| w{k lbha{lkh g ig |bi{ldüh Lbepkqkhldg _k}`di Jkhk}gi> • _kh|gedkhqb L}åqdlb> Ki pkh|gab} l}åqdlb k| gw{ki w{k }k`iksdbhg t kgiþg |{| p}bpdb| pkh|gedkhqb| t ib| ak bq}b|) bq}b|) g|å lbeb lbhbldedkhqb|) cklcb|) cklcb|) b `khüekhb| aki khqb}hb) ak eghk}g lbh|q}{lqdg t iüjdlg pg}g b`}klk} {h lbhn{hqb ak }g~bhk| b ak p}{kmg| kh gpbtb gpb tb ak {hg lbhli{|düh( •

?<

]kigldbhk| t Eghdp{igldüh ak ]kigldbhk|

²Lüeb |k kgiþg2 • _}çlqdlg| kh g{ig #lbhlkpqb|) lçil{ib t ebakigldüh$ “ |üib ebagidaga p}k|khldgi( • Qg}kg| khlg}jgag| pg}g lg|g) lbh khq}kjg lgid`dlgag “ |üib ebagidaga |kedp}k|khldgi( \k lbhq}g|qg |{| }k|p{k|qg| lbhq}g ig |bi{ldüh lb}}klqg p}bpb}ldbhghab {h `kkamglf pg}g ig kgi{gldüh |{egqdg( g{ig #lbhlkpqb|) lçil{ib lçil{ib t ebakigldüh$ ebakigldüh$ “ ebagidaga p}k|khldgi p}k|khldgi t • Ksçekhk| kh g{ig |kedp}k|khldgi( • Kgi{gldbhk| kh Iåhkg “ |üib ebagidaga |kedp}k|khldgi( • K|pgldb| pg}g g{qbkgi{gldüh “ |üib ebagidaga |kedp}k|khldgi Ibj}b> • Ghgid~g t kspidlg l{dagab|gekhqk ig| `{hldbhk| kh `b}eg j}g`dlg t ghgiåqdlg( ?1

@{hldbhk|

Lbepkqkhldg _k}`di _}b`k|dbhgi> Ebakig p}bmikeg| |khldiib| }kigldbhgab| lbh |{ k|pkldgidaga) dhqkj}ghab adk}|b| lbhlkpqb| t p}bpdkagak| ak ig egqkeçqdlg b ak ig k|qgaå|qdlg) w{k ik pk}edqkh g}}dmg} |bi{ldbhk| üpqdeg| t p}kld|g|( • \{|qkhqg kh `b}eg b}gi b k|l}dqg ki ghçid|d| ak adk}|b| lg|b| p}çlqdlb|) p}k|khqghab kh `b}eg b}akhgag) lig}g t |dhqäqdlg ib| p}dhldpdb| egqkeçqdlb| b k|qgaå|qdlb| w{k lbha{lkh g ig |bi{ldüh •

Lbepkqkhldg _k}`di Jkhk}gi> _kh|gedkhqb L}åqdlb> Ki pkh|gab} l}åqdlb k| gw{ki w{k }k`iksdbhg t kgiþg |{| p}bpdb| pkh|gedkhqb| t ib| ak bq}b|) bq}b|) g|å lbeb lbhbldedkhqb|) cklcb|) cklcb|) b `khüekhb| aki khqb}hb) ak eghk}g lbh|q}{lqdg t iüjdlg pg}g b`}klk} {h lbhn{hqb ak }g~bhk| b ak p}{kmg| kh gpbtb gpb tb ak {hg lbhli{|düh(

•

²Lüeb |k kgiþg2 • _}çlqdlg| kh g{ig #lbhlkpqb|) lçil{ib t ebakigldüh$ “ |üib ebagidaga p}k|khldgi( • Qg}kg| khlg}jgag| pg}g lg|g) lbh khq}kjg lgid`dlgag “ |üib ebagidaga |kedp}k|khldgi( \k lbhq}g|qg |{| }k|p{k|qg| lbhq}g ig |bi{ldüh lb}}klqg p}bpb}ldbhghab {h `kkamglf pg}g ig kgi{gldüh |{egqdg( g{ig #lbhlkpqb|) lçil{ib lçil{ib t ebakigldüh$ ebakigldüh$ “ ebagidaga p}k|khldgi p}k|khldgi t • Ksçekhk| kh g{ig |kedp}k|khldgi( • Kgi{gldbhk| kh Iåhkg “ |üib ebagidaga |kedp}k|khldgi( • K|pgldb| pg}g g{qbkgi{gldüh “ |üib ebagidaga |kedp}k|khldgi Ibj}b> pg}ldgiekhqk b}akhgab|) dhli{tkhab dhli{tkhab ig| içqdlk| t ig| • Ghgid~g t kspidlg ib| lbhn{hqb| pg}ldgiekhqk çijkm}g| mbbikghg| ak eghk}g l{dagab|g( Pgib}g k|qg| k|q}{lq{}g| p{k| |bh þqdik| kh ig qkb}åg ak lbhn{hqb|) ki çijkm}g) ig b}akhgldüh t ig mþ|w{kag) t) pg}qdl{ig}ekhqk kh ki lg|b ak ig| çijkm}g| mbbikghg|) kh ig lbh|q}{lldüh ak }kp}k|khqgldbhk| iüjdlg| pg}g ib| ld}l{dqb| l d}l{dqb| lbep{qgldbhgik|( Lbepkqkhldg _k}`di _}b`k|dbhgi> ]kp}k|khqg egqkeçqdlgekhqk p}bmikeg| ak dhjkhdk}åg pg}g ig mþ|w{kag t pighqkgedkhqb ak |bi{ldbhk| üpqdeg|( • Gpidlg ig| p}bpdkagak| t ck}}gedkhqg| egqkeçqdlg| b k|qgaå|qdlg| w{k ik pk}edqkh }k|bik} adk}|g| bpk}gldbhk| ak lçil{ib) ghgid~ghab ig lbck}khldg ak |{| }k|{iqgab|( • Ebakig p}bmikeg| |khldiib| }kigldbhgab| lbh |{ k|pkldgidaga) dhqkj}ghab adk}|b| lbhlkpqb| t p}bpdkagak| ak ig egqkeçqdlg b ak ig k|qgaå|qdlg) w{k ik pk}edqkh g}}dmg} |bi{ldbhk| üpqdeg| t p}kld|g|( • \{|qkhqg kh `b}eg b}gi b k|l}dqg ki ghçid|d| ak adk}|b| lg|b| p}çlqdlb|) p}k|khqghab kh `b}eg b}akhgag) lig}g t |dhqäqdlg ib| p}dhldpdb| egqkeçqdlb| b k|qgaå|qdlb| w{k lbha{lkh g ig |bi{ldüh Lbepkqkhldg _k}`di Jkhk}gi> • _kh|gedkhqb L}åqdlb> Ki pkh|gab} l}åqdlb k| gw{ki w{k }k`iksdbhg t kgiþg |{| p}bpdb| pkh|gedkhqb| t ib| ak bq}b|) bq}b|) g|å lbeb lbhbldedkhqb|) cklcb|) cklcb|) b `khüekhb| aki khqb}hb) ak eghk}g lbh|q}{lqdg t iüjdlg pg}g b`}klk} {h lbhn{hqb ak }g~bhk| b ak p}{kmg| kh gpbtb gpb tb ak {hg lbhli{|düh( •

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K|q}{lq{}g| ak B}akh “ Çijkm}g| ak Mbbik

Lbepkqkhldg _k}`di Jkhk}gi> _kh|gedkhqb L}åqdlb> Ki pkh|gab} l}åqdlb k| gw{ki w{k }k`iksdbhg t kgiþg |{| p}bpdb| pkh|gedkhqb| t ib| ak bq}b|) bq}b|) g|å lbeb lbhbldedkhqb|) cklcb|) cklcb|) b `khüekhb| aki khqb}hb) ak eghk}g lbh|q}{lqdg t iüjdlg pg}g b`}klk} {h lbhn{hqb ak }g~bhk| b ak p}{kmg| kh gpbtb gpb tb ak {hg lbhli{|düh(

•

²Lüeb |k kgiþg2 • _}çlqdlg| kh g{ig #lbhlkpqb|) lçil{ib t ebakigldüh$ “ |üib ebagidaga p}k|khldgi( • Qg}kg| khlg}jgag| pg}g lg|g) lbh khq}kjg lgid`dlgag “ |üib ebagidaga |kedp}k|khldgi( \k lbhq}g|qg |{| }k|p{k|qg| lbhq}g ig |bi{ldüh lb}}klqg p}bpb}ldbhghab {h `kkamglf pg}g ig kgi{gldüh |{egqdg( g{ig #lbhlkpqb|) lçil{ib lçil{ib t ebakigldüh$ ebakigldüh$ “ ebagidaga p}k|khldgi p}k|khldgi t • Ksçekhk| kh g{ig |kedp}k|khldgi( • Kgi{gldbhk| kh Iåhkg “ |üib ebagidaga |kedp}k|khldgi( • K|pgldb| pg}g g{qbkgi{gldüh “ |üib ebagidaga |kedp}k|khldgi Ibj}b> pg}ldgiekhqk b}akhgab|) dhli{tkhab dhli{tkhab ig| içqdlk| t ig| • Ghgid~g t kspidlg ib| lbhn{hqb| pg}ldgiekhqk çijkm}g| mbbikghg| ak eghk}g l{dagab|g( Pgib}g k|qg| k|q}{lq{}g| p{k| |bh þqdik| kh ig qkb}åg ak lbhn{hqb|) ki çijkm}g) ig b}akhgldüh t ig mþ|w{kag) t) pg}qdl{ig}ekhqk kh ki lg|b ak ig| çijkm}g| mbbikghg|) kh ig lbh|q}{lldüh ak }kp}k|khqgldbhk| iüjdlg| pg}g ib| ld}l{dqb| l d}l{dqb| lbep{qgldbhgik|( Lbepkqkhldg _k}`di _}b`k|dbhgi> ]kp}k|khqg egqkeçqdlgekhqk p}bmikeg| ak dhjkhdk}åg pg}g ig mþ|w{kag t pighqkgedkhqb ak |bi{ldbhk| üpqdeg|( • Gpidlg ig| p}bpdkagak| t ck}}gedkhqg| egqkeçqdlg| b k|qgaå|qdlg| w{k ik pk}edqkh }k|bik} adk}|g| bpk}gldbhk| ak lçil{ib) ghgid~ghab ig lbck}khldg ak |{| }k|{iqgab|( • Ebakig p}bmikeg| |khldiib| }kigldbhgab| lbh |{ k|pkldgidaga) dhqkj}ghab adk}|b| lbhlkpqb| t p}bpdkagak| ak ig egqkeçqdlg b ak ig k|qgaå|qdlg) w{k ik pk}edqkh g}}dmg} |bi{ldbhk| üpqdeg| t p}kld|g|( • \{|qkhqg kh `b}eg b}gi b k|l}dqg ki ghçid|d| ak adk}|b| lg|b| p}çlqdlb|) p}k|khqghab kh `b}eg b}akhgag) lig}g t |dhqäqdlg ib| p}dhldpdb| egqkeçqdlb| b k|qgaå|qdlb| w{k lbha{lkh g ig |bi{ldüh Lbepkqkhldg _k}`di Jkhk}gi> • _kh|gedkhqb L}åqdlb> Ki pkh|gab} l}åqdlb k| gw{ki w{k }k`iksdbhg t kgiþg |{| p}bpdb| pkh|gedkhqb| t ib| ak bq}b|) bq}b|) g|å lbeb lbhbldedkhqb|) cklcb|) cklcb|) b `khüekhb| aki khqb}hb) ak eghk}g lbh|q}{lqdg t iüjdlg pg}g b`}klk} {h lbhn{hqb ak }g~bhk| b ak p}{kmg| kh gpbtb gpb tb ak {hg lbhli{|düh( •

?0

K|q}{lq{}g| ak B}akh “ Çijkm}g| ak Mbbik

²Lüeb |k kgiþg2 • _}çlqdlg| kh g{ig #lbhlkpqb|) lçil{ib t ebakigldüh$ “ |üib ebagidaga p}k|khldgi( • Qg}kg| khlg}jgag| pg}g lg|g) lbh khq}kjg lgid`dlgag “ |üib ebagidaga |kedp}k|khldgi( \k lbhq}g|qg |{| }k|p{k|qg| lbhq}g ig |bi{ldüh lb}}klqg p}bpb}ldbhghab {h `kkamglf pg}g ig kgi{gldüh |{egqdg( g{ig #lbhlkpqb|) lçil{ib lçil{ib t ebakigldüh$ ebakigldüh$ “ ebagidaga p}k|khldgi p}k|khldgi t • Ksçekhk| kh g{ig |kedp}k|khldgi( • Kgi{gldbhk| kh Iåhkg “ |üib ebagidaga |kedp}k|khldgi( • K|pgldb| pg}g g{qbkgi{gldüh “ |üib ebagidaga |kedp}k|khldgi Ibj}b> • Ghgid~g k dhqk}p}kqg l{dagab|gekhqk ig| }kigldbhk| iigegag| ç}mbik|) g|å lbeb |{| p}bpdkagak| t gpidlgldbhk| kh ib| gijb}dqeb| lbep{qgldbhgik|( Lbepkqkhldg _k}`di _}b`k|dbhgi> ]kp}k|khqg egqkeçqdlgekhqk p}bmikeg| ak dhjkhdk}åg pg}g ig mþ|w{kag t pighqkgedkhqb ak |bi{ldbhk| üpqdeg|( • Gpidlg ig| p}bpdkagak| t ck}}gedkhqg| egqkeçqdlg| b k|qgaå|qdlg| w{k ik pk}edqkh }k|bik} adk}|g| bpk}gldbhk| ak lçil{ib) ghgid~ghab ig lbck}khldg ak |{| }k|{iqgab|( • Ebakig p}bmikeg| |khldiib| }kigldbhgab| lbh |{ k|pkldgidaga) dhqkj}ghab adk}|b| lbhlkpqb| t p}bpdkagak| ak ig egqkeçqdlg b ak ig k|qgaå|qdlg) w{k ik pk}edqkh g}}dmg} |bi{ldbhk| üpqdeg| t p}kld|g|( • \{|qkhqg kh `b}eg b}gi b k|l}dqg ki ghçid|d| ak adk}|b| lg|b| p}çlqdlb|) p}k|khqghab kh `b}eg b}akhgag) lig}g t |dhqäqdlg ib| p}dhldpdb| egqkeçqdlb| b k|qgaå|qdlb| w{k lbha{lkh g ig |bi{ldüh( Lbepkqkhldg _k}`di Jkhk}gi> • _kh|gedkhqb L}åqdlb> Ki pkh|gab} l}åqdlb k| gw{ki w{k }k`iksdbhg t kgiþg |{| p}bpdb| pkh|gedkhqb| t ib| ak bq}b|) bq}b|) g|å lbeb lbhbldedkhqb|) cklcb|) cklcb|) b `khüekhb| aki khqb}hb) ak eghk}g lbh|q}{lqdg t iüjdlg pg}g b`}klk} {h lbhn{hqb ak }g~bhk| b ak p}{kmg| kh gpbtb gpb tb ak {hg lbhli{|düh( •

?:

Ç}mbik| Ad}djdab| “ Ç}mbik| hb Ad}djdab|

²Lüeb |k kgiþg2 • _}çlqdlg| kh g{ig #lbhlkpqb|) lçil{ib t ebakigldüh$ “ |üib ebagidaga p}k|khldgi( • Qg}kg| khlg}jgag| pg}g lg|g) lbh khq}kjg lgid`dlgag “ |üib ebagidaga |kedp}k|khldgi( \k lbhq}g|qg |{| }k|p{k|qg| lbhq}g ig |bi{ldüh lb}}klqg p}bpb}ldbhghab {h `kkamglf pg}g ig kgi{gldüh |{egqdg( g{ig #lbhlkpqb|) lçil{ib lçil{ib t ebakigldüh$ ebakigldüh$ “ ebagidaga p}k|khldgi p}k|khldgi t • Ksçekhk| kh g{ig |kedp}k|khldgi(

²Lüeb |k kgiþg2 • _}çlqdlg| kh g{ig #lbhlkpqb|) lçil{ib t ebakigldüh$ “ |üib ebagidaga p}k|khldgi( • Qg}kg| khlg}jgag| pg}g lg|g) lbh khq}kjg lgid`dlgag “ |üib ebagidaga |kedp}k|khldgi( \k lbhq}g|qg |{| }k|p{k|qg| lbhq}g ig |bi{ldüh lb}}klqg p}bpb}ldbhghab {h `kkamglf pg}g ig kgi{gldüh |{egqdg( g{ig #lbhlkpqb|) lçil{ib lçil{ib t ebakigldüh$ ebakigldüh$ “ ebagidaga p}k|khldgi p}k|khldgi t • Ksçekhk| kh g{ig |kedp}k|khldgi( • Kgi{gldbhk| kh Iåhkg “ |üib ebagidaga |kedp}k|khldgi( • K|pgldb| pg}g g{qbkgi{gldüh “ |üib ebagidaga |kedp}k|khldgi Ibj}b> • Ghgid~g k dhqk}p}kqg l{dagab|gekhqk ig| }kigldbhk| iigegag| ç}mbik|) g|å lbeb |{| p}bpdkagak| t gpidlgldbhk| kh ib| gijb}dqeb| lbep{qgldbhgik|( Lbepkqkhldg _k}`di _}b`k|dbhgi> ]kp}k|khqg egqkeçqdlgekhqk p}bmikeg| ak dhjkhdk}åg pg}g ig mþ|w{kag t pighqkgedkhqb ak |bi{ldbhk| üpqdeg|( • Gpidlg ig| p}bpdkagak| t ck}}gedkhqg| egqkeçqdlg| b k|qgaå|qdlg| w{k ik pk}edqkh }k|bik} adk}|g| bpk}gldbhk| ak lçil{ib) ghgid~ghab ig lbck}khldg ak |{| }k|{iqgab|( • Ebakig p}bmikeg| |khldiib| }kigldbhgab| lbh |{ k|pkldgidaga) dhqkj}ghab adk}|b| lbhlkpqb| t p}bpdkagak| ak ig egqkeçqdlg b ak ig k|qgaå|qdlg) w{k ik pk}edqkh g}}dmg} |bi{ldbhk| üpqdeg| t p}kld|g|( • \{|qkhqg kh `b}eg b}gi b k|l}dqg ki ghçid|d| ak adk}|b| lg|b| p}çlqdlb|) p}k|khqghab kh `b}eg b}akhgag) lig}g t |dhqäqdlg ib| p}dhldpdb| egqkeçqdlb| b k|qgaå|qdlb| w{k lbha{lkh g ig |bi{ldüh( Lbepkqkhldg _k}`di Jkhk}gi> • _kh|gedkhqb L}åqdlb> Ki pkh|gab} l}åqdlb k| gw{ki w{k }k`iksdbhg t kgiþg |{| p}bpdb| pkh|gedkhqb| t ib| ak bq}b|) bq}b|) g|å lbeb lbhbldedkhqb|) cklcb|) cklcb|) b `khüekhb| aki khqb}hb) ak eghk}g lbh|q}{lqdg t iüjdlg pg}g b`}klk} {h lbhn{hqb ak }g~bhk| b ak p}{kmg| kh gpbtb gpb tb ak {hg lbhli{|düh( •

?:

Ç}mbik| Ad}djdab| “ Ç}mbik| hb Ad}djdab|

²Lüeb |k kgiþg2 • _}çlqdlg| kh g{ig #lbhlkpqb|) lçil{ib t ebakigldüh$ “ |üib ebagidaga p}k|khldgi( • Qg}kg| khlg}jgag| pg}g lg|g) lbh khq}kjg lgid`dlgag “ |üib ebagidaga |kedp}k|khldgi( \k lbhq}g|qg |{| }k|p{k|qg| lbhq}g ig |bi{ldüh lb}}klqg p}bpb}ldbhghab {h `kkamglf pg}g ig kgi{gldüh |{egqdg( g{ig #lbhlkpqb|) lçil{ib lçil{ib t ebakigldüh$ ebakigldüh$ “ ebagidaga p}k|khldgi p}k|khldgi t • Ksçekhk| kh g{ig |kedp}k|khldgi(

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]ka ak Gp}khad~gnk

Lbhn{hqb| Add|düh ak khqk}b| \{lk|dbhk| Egq}dlk| Mbbikghg|

Iüjdlg Dha{lldüh Egqkeçqdlg

@{hldbhk| @{hldbhk| ak _k}e{qgldüh K|q}{lq{}g| ak B}akh Çijkm}g ak Mbbik ]kigldbhk| Eghdp{igldüh ak ]kigldbhk| Ç}mbik|

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\d|qkeg ak Kgi{gldüh

_}k|khldgi Ig depg}qdldüh k|qg lbep{k|qg pb} ab| #=$ |k|dbhk| qkü}dlb%p}çlqdlg( Kh lgag {hg ak kiig| |{ lbhqkhdab |k ak|g}}biig ak eghk}g kspb|dqdg) m{|lghab ig pg}qdldpgldüh glqdg pb} pg}qk ak ib| k|q{adghqk|( I{kjb ak depg}qdab {h ldk}qb h{ek}b ak {hdagak| |k gpidlg {hg p}çlqdlg lgid`dlgag #kgi{gldüh kh g{ig$) p}kdg g k|qg p}çlqdlg |k qdkhk {hg lig|k dhqkj}gi) l{tb bmnkqdb k| dhqkj}g} ig| cgmdidagak| ak|g}}biigag| pb} ib| k|q{adghqk| kh ig |keghg p}kdg(

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Lbhn{hqb| Add|düh ak khqk}b| \{lk|dbhk| Egq}dlk| Mbbikghg|

Iüjdlg Dha{lldüh Egqkeçqdlg

@{hldbhk| @{hldbhk| ak _k}e{qgldüh K|q}{lq{}g| ak B}akh Çijkm}g ak Mbbik ]kigldbhk| Eghdp{igldüh ak ]kigldbhk| Ç}mbik|

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\d|qkeg ak Kgi{gldüh

_}k|khldgi Ig depg}qdldüh k|qg lbep{k|qg pb} ab| #=$ |k|dbhk| qkü}dlb%p}çlqdlg( Kh lgag {hg ak kiig| |{ lbhqkhdab |k ak|g}}biig ak eghk}g kspb|dqdg) m{|lghab ig pg}qdldpgldüh glqdg pb} pg}qk ak ib| k|q{adghqk|( I{kjb ak depg}qdab {h ldk}qb h{ek}b ak {hdagak| |k gpidlg {hg p}çlqdlg lgid`dlgag #kgi{gldüh kh g{ig$) p}kdg g k|qg p}çlqdlg |k qdkhk {hg lig|k dhqkj}gi) l{tb bmnkqdb k| dhqkj}g} ig| cgmdidagak| ak|g}}biigag| pb} ib| k|q{adghqk| kh ig |keghg p}kdg( Ksd|qkh kh ki GP Ebbaik abl{ekhqb| depb}qghqk| pg}g ki k|q{adghqk w{k |d}kh ak b}dkhqgldüh pg}g |{ k|q{adb> Dhadlgab}k| ak ibj}b pg}g lgag kgi{gldüh) mghlb ak p}çlqdlg| t ksçekhk| pg|gab|) lig|k| dhqkj}gik|) qgiik}k| }k|{kiqb|) gakeç| ak ig| adgpb|dqdg| #}k|þekhk| qkü}dlb|$ {|gag| kh ig| lig|k|( Gi dj{gi w{k kh ig| g|djhgq{}g| lbhkhldbhgik| ksd|qk {h ksgekh pg}ldgi t {h ksgekh `dhgi( Ig depg}qdldüh |k mg|g p}dhldpgiekhqk kh ig mdmidbj}g`åg mç|dlg t |k gpbtg kh ig lbepikekhqg}dg(

\d|qkeg ak Kgi{gldüh _@ 5 KG #=;+$ & KM #<;+$ & _L7 #7?+$ & _L= #7?+$ & _L< #7?+$ & _L1 #7?+$ KG> Ksgekh _g}ldgi KM> Ksgekh @dhgi _L> _}çlqdlg Lgid`dlgag

\kedp}k|khldgi K|qg lbep{k|qg pb} ab| #=$ |k|dbhk| qkü}dlb%p}çlqdlg ig p}dek}g ak ig| l{gik| #< cb}g|$ qdkhk lg}çlqk} p}k|khldgi t ig |kj{hag #= cb}g|$ lg}çlqk} hb p}k|khldgi(

_}dek}g \k|düh #< cb}g|$ _}k|khldgi \{ lbhqkhdab |k ak|g}}biig ak eghk}g kspb|dqdg) m{|lghab ig pg}qdldpgldüh glqdg pb} pg}qk ak ib| k|q{adghqk|( Qdkhk q}k| pg}qk|> •

• •

Kh ig p}dek}g |k }kq}bgidekhqg |bm}k ig kgi{gldüh ghqk}db}) }k|giqghab ib| ibj}b| gilgh~gab| t ib| w{k hb cgh |dab gilgh~gab| Kh ig |kj{hag pg}qk |k ak|g}}biig p}bpdgekhqk ig lig|k qkü}dlb%p}çlqdlg Kh ig qk}lk}g |k kspidlg ig glqddaga |dj{dkhqk) m{|lghab kh qbab ebekhqb b}dkhqg} gi k|q{adghqk t w{k ghqdldpk ki q}gmgnb w{k akmk }kgid~g} kh ig |k|düh hb p}k|khldgi

\kj{hag \k|düh #= cb}g|$ Hb _}k|khldgi K|qg |k|düh m{|lg {h gp}khad~gnk g{qühbeb gpbtgab dhqkh|gekhqk kh ki l{gak}hb ak q}gmgnb( K|qdegeb| w{k k|qg |k|düh #w{k p{kak |k} ak|g}}biigag kh ib| ebekhqb| w{k ki k|q{adghqk p}k`dk}g ik akmk qbeg} {hg| 1 cb}g|$( Qdkhk ig| |dj{dkhqk| pg}qk|> •

•

•

•

Kh ig p}dek}g |k ak|g}}biig ki q}gmgnb g{qühbeb aki k|q{adghqk j{dgab t pg{qkgab #lbh qdkepb|$ mg|gab kh ki l{gak}hb ak q}gmgnb( Gi `dhgi |k ik pdak ak|g}}biig} {hg qg}kg pg}g w{k ksd|qg {hg kdakhldg ak w{k ki p}blk|b pk}|bhgi |k iikb g lgmb( A{}ghqk ki ak|g}}biib ak k|qg qg}kg |k gm}k {h `b}b kh ki l{gi p{kak ksp}k|g} |{| a{ag| t }kldmk ig| }k|p{k|qg| ak pg}qk aki p}b`k|b}( I{kjb ak lk}}gab ki `b}b) |k cglk khq}kjg kh ig |k|düh |dj{dkhqk ak {hg qg}kg glgaäedlg) w{k hb| pk}edqk ekad} ki hdki ak ibj}b gilgh~gab pb} ki k|q{adghqk a{}ghqk ki q}gmgnb lbh k|qg |k|düh( Gi `dhgi ak lgag lig|k |k qbeg {hg kgi{gldüh ak lbhq}bi #LQ QG ü LQ KP$ lbh ig dakg ak ’gidag}― ig qg}kg glgaäedlg

I{kjb ak depg}qdab {h ldk}qb h{ek}b ak {hdagak| |k gpidlg {hg p}çlqdlg lgid`dlgag #kgi{gldüh kh iåhkg$( _}kdgekhqk lbeb {h ldk}}k |k ak|g}}biig {hg lig|k dhqkj}gi) l{tb bmnkqdb k| dhqkj}g} ig| cgmdidagak| ak|g}}biigag| pb} ib| k|q{adghqk| kh ig |keghg| p}kdg|( Gi dj{gi w{k kh ig ebagidaga p}k|khldgi |k eghqdkhkh ig| kgi{gldbhk| qdpb ksgekh) qgemdäh |k }kgid~gh g edqga t gi `dhgi aki |kek|q}k> ksgekh pg}ldgi t ksgekh `dhgi(

\d|qkeg ak Kgi{gldüh _@ 5 KG #=;+$ & KM #<;+$ & _L7 #7?+$ & _L= #7?+$ & _L< #7?+$ & _L1 #7?+$ _L7 5 _L= 5 _L< 5 _L1 5

abhak>

#KP?7 . LQ KP ?7$ #;?+$ & #QG?7 #QG?7 . LQ QG ?7$ #;?+$ #KP?= . LQ KP ?=$ #;?+$ & #QG?= #QG?= . LQ QG ?=$ #=;+$ & #QG?< . LQ QG ?<$ #=;+$ #KP?< . LQ KP ?<$ #;?+$ & #QG?1 #QG?1 . LQ QG ?1$ #=;+$ & #QG?; . LQ QG ?;$ #=;+$ #KP?1 . LQ KP ?1$ #;?+$ & #QG?0 #QG?0 . LQ QG ?;$ #;?+$

KG> Ksgekh _g}ldgi _L> _}çlqdlg Lgid`dlgag

KM> Ksgekh @dhgi KP> Kgi{gldüh kh Iåhkg % QG> Qg}kg Glgaäedlg

Hbqg> Lgag Qg}kg t Kgi{gldüh kh Iåhkg |k}ç ’gidagag― lbh {h lbhq}bi lb}qb #LQ> ? % 7$ w{k ki k|q{adghqk akmk }khad} kh ig |k|düh |dj{dkhqk) w{k lk}qd`dlg b gh{ig ig hbqg bmqkhdag kh ig Qg}kg b Kgi{gldüh kh Iåhkg(

;(;(

_igh Lgikhag}db

_}k|khldgi \ke ?7

?=

\k|düh #cb}g|$ 7(7 #<$ 7(= #=$ =(7 #<$ =(= #=$

?<

<(7 #7&=$ <(= #=$ 1(7 #<$

?1 1(= #=$ ;(7 #<$ ?; ;(= #=$ ?0 ?:

0(7 #7&=$ 0(= #=$ :(7 #<$ :(= #=$

?3 4(7 #<$ ?4 4(= #=$ 7?(7 #<$ 7? 7?(= #=$ 77

7=

77(7 #7&=$ 77(= #=$ 7=(7 #<$ 7=(= #=$

7< 71

7<(7 #7&=$ 7<(= #=$ 71(7 #<$ 71(= #=$

7;

Qkü}dlb%_}çlqdlg

_}çlqdlg

Qkb}åg ak Lbhn{hqb|( \{lk|dbhk|> @b}eg ]kl{}|dg t @b}eg Kspiåldqg( Add|düh kh ib| khqk}b|> ELA) Gijb}dqeb ak K{lidak|( Egq}dlk| Mbbikghg|> Bpk}gldbhk| Iüjdlg> _}bpb|dldüh) Lbhklqdb| Iüjdlb|) L{ghqd`dlgab}k|) @{hldüh _}bpb|dldbhgi) _}bpb|dldbhk| Lbhadldbhgik|( Dha{lldüh Egqkeçqdlg( Dhg}dghqk ak {h Gijb}dqeb( Akeb|q}gldüh ak ig Dhg}dghqk ak { h Gijb}dqeb {|ghab Dha{lldüh Egqkeçqdlg Lig|k Dhqkj}gi <(7

_}çlqdlg ?7 ]kigldbhk|> _}ba{lqb Lg}qk|dghb) _g}qdldüh( [|b ak ib| q}k| ikhj{gnk| #lbhn{hqb|) egq}d~ t j}ç`dlb$ pg}g ksp }k|g} {hg ]kigldüh( Q}gtklqb}dg|( _}bpdkagak| ak ig| ]kigldbhk|> ]k`iksdg) D}}k`iksdg) \deäq}dlg) G|deäq}dlg) Ghqd|deäq}dlg) Q}gh|dqdg( ]kigldüh ak Kw{dgikhldg) Lig|k| ak Kw{dgikhldg) Lbhn{hqb Lbldkhqk( Eghdp{igldüh ak ]kigldbhk|> Dhqk}|klldüh) [hdüh) Lbepikekhqg}dg) Dhk}|g) Lbepb|dldüh( Eghdp{igldüh ak ]kigldbhk|> Lk}}ga{}g ]k`iksdg) Lk}}ga{}g \deäq}dlg) Lk}}ga{}g Q}gh|dqdg #Gijb}dqeb ak Zg}|cgii$( @{hldbhk|> Ad`k}khldg| khq}k {hg ]kigldüh t {hg @{hldüh( Qdpb| ak @{hldbhk|> Ak`dhdag kh qbag| pg}qk|) \bm}k) Md|klldüh) [hb g [hb k Dhk}qdmik( J}ç`dlg ak {hg @{hldüh( Lig|k Dhqkj}gi 0(7

_}çlqdlg ?= @{hldbhk| ak _k}e{qgldüh> Lbepb|dldüh) _k}e{qgldüh Dhk}|g( Ldlib( Ldlib| Ad|n{hqb|( Q}gh|pb|dldüh( _k}e{qgldüh _g} b Depg}( Lig|k Dhqkj}gi :(= Ksgekh _g}ldgi K|q}{lq{}g| ak B}akh> Lbhn{hqb| _g}ldgiekhqk B}akhgab|( Adgj}geg ak Cg||k( D|beb}`d|eb( K|q}{lq{}g| ak B}akh> Kikekhqb| ksq}keb| t ksq}kegik|( B}akhgedkhqb Qbpbiüjdlb( Kikekhqb eçsdeb t eåhdeb( K|q}{lq{}g| ak B}akh> Lbqg| |{pk}db}k| k dh`k}db}k|( Eåhdeg lbqg |{pk}db} t Eçsdeg lbqg dh`k}db}( ]kqål{ig|( _}bpdkagak|( \{m}kqål{ig( B}akh _g}ldgi _}ba{lqb( Qdpb| ak ]kqål{ig|> Glbqgag) Ad|q}dm{qdg) Hb Ad|q}dm{qdg) Lbepikekhqgag( Çijkm}g ak Mbbik> Dakhqd`dlgldüh t Ak`dhdldüh ak {h Çijkm}g Mbbikghg( Lig|k Dhqkj}gi 77(7

_}çlqdlg ?< Adgj}geg| Iüjdlb|( @{hldbhk| ak Çijkm}g| Mbbikhg| #_bidhbedb| Mbbikghb|$( (Egpg| ak Fg}hg{jc( Ç}mbik| Ad}djdab|> Ç}mbi( \{mç}mbi( Ç}mbik| Kqdw{kqgab|( Ç}mbi h%g}db pb|dldbhgi( Ç}mbi mdhg}db pb|dldbhgi( G}}kjib IK@Q) AGQG) ]DJCQ( Ç}mbik| Ad}djdab|> Mþ|w{kag kh Ç}mbik|> _}kb}akh) Khq}kb}akh t _b|qb}akh( Mþ|w{kag kh Ç}mbik| Jkhk}gik|( Lig|k Dhqkj}gi 7<(7

_}çlqdlg ?1 Ç}mbik| Hb Ad}djdab| > Q}gtklqb}dg |depik( Ldlib( Ç}mbi ak kspgh|düh #Gijb}dqeb|$( Ç}mbik| ak kspgh|düh eåhdeg #Gijb}dqeb ak _}de t F}{|fgi$( Lig|k Dhqkj}gi 71(= Ksgekh @dhgi

\kedp}k|khldgi \ke ?7

?= ?< ?1

?;

?0

?:

\k|düh #cb}g|$

Qkü}dlb%_}çlqdlg

7(7 #<$

Qkb}åg ak Lbhn{hqb|( \{lk|dbhk|> @b}eg ]kl{}|dg t @b}eg Kspiåldqg( Add|düh kh ib| khqk}b|> ELA) Gijb}dqeb ak K{lidak|( Egq}dlk| Mbbikghg|> Bpk}gldbhk|

7(= #=$

Lbh|{iqg| t g|k|b}åg pb} ekadb aki @b}b QG ?? “ Knk}ldldb| ]k|{kiqb| “ Gp{hqk| ak Lig|k

QG ?? 71

=(7 #<$

Iüjdlg> _}bpb|dldüh) Lbhklqdb| Iüjdlb|) L{ghqd`dlgab}k|) @{hldüh _}bpb|dldbhgi) _}bpb|dldbhk| Lbhadldbhgik|( Dha{lldüh Egqkeçqdlg( Dhg}dghqk ak {h Gijb}dqeb( Akeb|q}gldüh ak ig Dhg}dghqk ak {h Gijb}dqeb {|ghab Dha {lldüh Egqkeçqdlg

LQ QG ??

=(= #=$ <(7 #7&=$ <(= #=$

77 7=

KP ?7

1(= #=$

Lbh|{iqg| t g|k|b}åg pb} ekadb aki @b}b QG ?= “ Knk}ldldb| ]k|{kiqb| “ Gp{hqk| ak Lig|k

QG ?=

;(7 #<$

_}bpdkagak| ak ig| ]kigldbhk|> Q}gh|dqdg( ]kigldüh ak Kw{dgikhldg) Lig|k| ak Kw{dgikhldg) Lbhn{hqb Lbldkhqk(( Eghdp{igldüh ak ]kigldbhk|> Dhqk}|klldüh) [hdüh) Lbepikekhqg}dg) Dhk}|g) Lbepb|dldüh( Eghdp{igldüh ak ]kigldbhk|> Lk}}ga{}g ]k`iksdg) Lk}}ga{}g \deäq}dlg(

LQ QG ?=

;(= #=$ 0(7 #7&=$ 0(= #=$ :(7 #<$

4(7 #<$

Lbh|{iqg| t g|k|b}åg pb} ekadb aki @b}b QG ?< “ Knk}ldldb| ]k|{kiqb| “ Gp{hqk| ak Lig|k

Lk}}ga{}g Q}gh|dqdg #Gijb}dqeb ak Zg}|cgii$ % Lig|k Dhqkj}gi 0(7

KP ?= @{hldbhk|> Ad`k}khldg| khq}k {hg ]kigldüh t {hg @{hldüh( Qdpb| ak @{hldbhk|> Ak`dhdag kh qbag| pg}qk|) \bm}k) Md|klldüh) [hb g [hb k Dhk}qdmik( J}ç`dlg ak {hg @{hldüh( @{hldbhk| ak _k}e{qgldüh> Lbepb|dldüh) _k}e{qgldüh Dhk}|g( Ldlib( Ldlib| Ad|n{hqb|( Q}gh|pb|dldüh( _k}e{qgldüh _g} b Depg}( Lig|k Dhqkj}gi :(= #_}k|khldgi$ Ksgekh _g}ldgi K|q}{lq{}g| ak B}akh> Lbhn{hqb| _g}ldgiekhqk B}akhgab|( Adgj}geg ak Cg||k( D|beb}`d|eb( K|q}{lq{}g| ak B}akh> Kikekhqb| ksq}keb| t ksq}kegik|( B}akhgedkhqb Qbpbiüjdlb( Kikekhqb eçsdeb t eåhdeb(

QG ?1

7?(7 #<$

LQ QG ?1

7=(7 #<$

Lbh|{iqg| t g|k|b}åg pb} ekadb aki @b}b QG ?; “ Knk}ldldb| ]k|{kiqb| “ Gp{hqk| ak Lig|k

Çijkm}g ak Mbbik> Dakhqd`dlgldüh t Ak`dhdldüh ak {h Ç( Mbbikghg(% Lig|k Dhqkj}gi 77(7

71(7 #<$ 71(= #=$

QG ?; LQ QG ?; KP ?<

Çijkm}g ak Mbbik> @{hldbhk| ak Çijkm}g| Mbbikhg| #_bidhbedb| Mbbikghb|$( Adgj}geg| Iüjdlb|( Egpg| ak Fg}hg{jc( Ç}mbik| Ad}djdab|> Ç}mbi( \{m ç}mbi( Ç}mbik| Kqdw{kqgab|( Ç}mbi h%g}db pb|dldbhgi( Ç}mbi mdhg}db pb|dldbhgi( G}}kjib IK@Q) AGQG) ]DJCQ

LQ KP ?<

Lbh|{iqg| t g|k|b}åg pb} ekadb aki @b}b QG ?0 “ Knk}ldldb| ]k|{kiqb| “ Gp{hqk| ak Lig|k

QG ?0

Mþ|w{kag kh Ç}mbik|> _}kb}akh) Khq}kb}akh t _b|qb}akh( Mþ|w{kag kh Ç}mbik| Jkhk}gik|( Lig|k Dhqkj}gi 7<(7

LQ QG ?0

7<(= #=$

71

LQ KP ?=

K|q}{lq{}g| ak B}akh> Lbqg| |{pk}db}k| k dh`k}db}k|( Eåhdeg lbqg |{pk}db} t Eçsdeg lbqg dh`k}db}( K|q}{lq{}g| ak B}akh> ]kqål{ig|( _}bpdkagak|( \{m}kqål{ig( B}akh _g}ldgi _}ba{ lqb( Qdpb| ak ]kqål{ig|> Glbqgag) Ad|q}dm{qdg) Hb Ad|q}dm{qdg) Lbepikekhqgag(

7<

7;

QG ?< LQ QG ?<

Lbh|{iqg| t g|k|b}åg pb} ekadb aki @b}b QG ?1 “ Knk}ldldb| ]k|{kiqb| “ Gp{hqk| ak Lig|k

7=(= #=$ 7<(7 #7&=$

71

LQ KP ?7

4(= #=$

7?(= #=$ 77(7 #7&=$ 77(= #=$

_}çlqdlg

QG ?7 LQ QG ?7

1(7 #<$

:(= #=$

7?

Akeb|q}gldüh ak ig Dhg}dghqk ak {h Gijb}dqeb #Dha{lldüh$ % Lig|k Dhqkj}gi <(7

]kigldbhk|> _}ba{lqb Lg}qk|dghb) _g}qdldüh( [|b ak ib| q}k| ikhj{gnk| #lbhn{hqb|) egq}d~ t j}ç`dlb$ pg}g ksp}k|g} {hg ]kigldüh( Q}gtklqb}dg|( _}bpdkagak| ak ig| ]kigldbhk|> ]k`iksdg) D}}k`iksdg) \deäq}dlg) G|deäq}dlg) Ghqd|deäq}dlg)

?3 ?4

Lbh|{iqg| t g|k|b}åg pb} ekadb aki @b}b QG ?7 “ Knk}ldldb| ]k|{kiqb| “ Gp{hqk| ak Lig|k

Qg}kg| Glgaäedlg|

KP ?1 Ç}mbik| Hb Ad}djdab|> Q}gtklqb}dg |depik( Ldlib( Ç}mbi ak kspgh|düh #Gijb}dqeb|$( Ç}mbik| ak kspgh|düh eåhdeg #Gijb}dqeb ak _}de t F}{|fgi$( Eçw{dhg ak K|qgab @dhdqb( Lig|k Dhqkj}gi 71(= #_}k|khldgi$ Ksgekh @dhgi

Glqddaga ak dha{lldüh #hb k| lgid`dlgab$(

LQ KP ?1

0( _b}qg`bidb ak K|q}gqkjdg| 0(7(

Ad|k÷b| Dh|q}{lldbhgik|

[hdaga ?7> Lbhn{hqb| t Add|düh ak ib| Khqk}b| \keghg ?7 Cgmdidagak| g q}gmgng} • • • • • •

• • • • • • • • • •

Dakhqd`dlg t }klbhblk {h lbhn{hqb #t {h |{mlbhn{hqb$ t ib }kp}k|khqg kh q}k| `b}eg|> ksqkh|düh) lbep}kh|düh t {|ghab ib| adgj}geg| ak Pkhh( Dakhqd`dlg t }klbhblk ig }kigldüh ak pk}qkhkhldg t ig }kigldüh ak dhli{|düh( Ak`dhk ki lbhn{hqb pbqkhldg t akqk}edhk ki lbhn{hqb pbqkhldg _#G$ ak {h lbhn{hqb l{giw{dk}g G( ]kgid~g bpk}gldbhk| khq}k lbhn{hqb|> {hdüh) dhqk}|klldüh) ad`k}khldg #lbepikekhqb ak {hb }k|pklqb ak bq}b$) ad`k}khldg |deäq}dlg) lbepikekhqb( Lgil{ig ig lg}adhgidaga ak {h lbhn{hqb) ak ig {hdüh ak ab| lbhn{hqb| hb ad|n{hqb| b ak ig {hdüh ak q}k| lbhn{hqb| hb ad|n{hqb| cgldkhab {|b aki p}dhldpdb ak gadldüh( ]k|{kik p}bmikeg| gpidlghab ig qkb}åg ak lbhn{hqb| t ki p}dhldpdb ak gadldüh( Ak`dhk k dakhqd`dlg {hg |{lk|düh Lgil{ig ki qä}edhb jkhk}gi ak {hg |{lk|düh g pg}qd} ak ib| kikekhqb| ak ig ed|eg( Lgil{ig ib| kikekhqb| ak {hg |{lk|düh g pg}qd} aki qä}edhb jkhk}gi( Ak`dhk {hg `{hldüh lg}glqk}å|qdlg pg}g {h lbhn{hqb( ]kp}k|khqg {h lbhn{hqb kh ki lbep{qgab} {|ghab |{lk|dbhk| cgldkhab {|b ak ig `{hldüh lg}glqk}å|qdlg( Gpidlg ki lbhlkpqb ak |{lk|düh kh ig `b}egldüh ak ikhj{gnk|( Gpidlg ki Gijb}dqeb ak K{lidak| pg}g akqk}edhg} ki ELA #Eçsdeb Lbeþh Add|b}$ ak ab| hþek}b| khqk}b| pb|dqdb|( Gpidlg ig Dakhqdaga ak Mä~b{q pg}g ksp}k|g} ki ELA ak ab| hþek}b| khqk}b| lbeb {hg lbemdhgldüh idhkgi ak ib| ed|eb|( Ak`dhk k Dakhqd`dlg {hg egq}d~ Mbbikghg( ]kgid~g bpk}gldbhk| lbh egq}dlk| mbbikghg|(

]kl{}|b| ad|pbhdmik| kh ki G{ig Pd}q{gi [_L

Qkeg> _}k|khqgldüh aki l{}|b( Lbhn{hqb|( #=c$ Cgmdidaga

@g|k

Ekqbabibjåg #Ak|l}dpldüh t Egqk}dgik|$ Khq}kjg ak Egqk}dgik| #\digmb t _igh Lgikhag}db$ _}k|khqgldüh aki l{}|b #{qdid~g} __Q$ #pkhadkhqk$ •

• •

\k qbeg}gh 1 _L±|( Ig _L ?7 |k }kgid~g}ç ig qk}lk}g |keghg ak lig|k| kh ig |k|düh ak = cb}g|) l{giw{dk}g w{k k|qg |kg( ]k|giqg} w{k kh ig |kj{hag pg}qk aki l{}|b ksd|qk ekhb| qdkepb khq}k ig _L ?< t ig _L ?1) gakeç| ksd|qk gp}bsdegagekhqk {hg |keghg khq}k ig _L ?1 t ki KM( Kspidlg} ki \d|qkeg ak Kgi{gldüh( Ekhldbhg} ki Q}gmgnb @dhgi) ib| akqgiik| |k dhadlg}çh kh ig |keghg ?4 ak|p{ä| ak ib| ksçekhk| pg}ldgik|( Ib| dhadlgab}k| ak ibj}b) ki mghlb ak kgi{gldbhk| ghqk}db}k|) ib| l}dqk}db| ak lgid`dlgldüh) qgiik}k| p}k|khldgik| adjdqgid~gab| lbh |{ }k|pklqdb |bi{ldbhg}db g|å lbeb ig| adgpb|dqdg| {|gag| kh lig|k(

\k|düh> 7(7 Qdkepb

Bm|k}gldbhk| t ]klbekhagldbhk|   Dh|d|qd} |bm}k ki {|b lbh|qghqk aki   G{ig Pd}q{gi aki l{}|b abhak khlbhq}g}çh {hg |k}dk ak }kl{}|b| ka{lgqdb| adjdqgik| #]KA$ w{k dhqkj}giekhqk ib| b}dkhqg}gh t gpbtg}gh kh |{ p}blk|b ak gp}khad~gnk(

cqqp>""g{igd}q{gi({pl(ka{(pk"  b cqqp>""dhq}ghkq({pl(ka{(pk"  •

t Dakhqd`dlg }klbhblk {h lbhn{hqb #t {h |{mlbhn{hqb$ t ib }kp}k|khqg kh q}k| `b}eg|> ksqkh|düh) lbep}kh|düh t {|ghab ib| adgj}geg| ak Pkhh(

•

• • •

Ak`dhdldüh ak lbhn{hqb #pçjdhg :0$> [h lbhn{hqb k| |depikekhqk {hg lbiklldüh ak bmnkqb|) g ib| w{k |k ik| lbhblk lbeb kikekhqb| kikekhqb| b edkem}b|( Ak`dhdldüh ak |{mlbhn{hqb #pçjdhg ::$> \{pbhjg w{k S k T |bh lbhn{hqb|( \d qbab kikekhqb ak S k| {h kikekhqb ak T) |k adlk w{k S k| {h |{mlbhn{hqb ak T) |k k|l}dmk  S ⊀ T ( Ak`dhd} {h lbhn{hqb G pb} ksqkh|düh>  G 5 v=)<)1);u Ak`dhd} G pb} lbep}kh|düh G 5 vs " s ∃ ∪ = ≡ s ≡ ;u Ak`dhd} G {|ghab Adgj}geg| ak Pkhh Pk hh qbeghab g ib| hþek}b| khqk}b| lbeb ki lbhn{hqb {hdk}|gi(

Ak|g}}biig} ki Knkepib =(7(7 #pçjdhg ::$

  ]k`{k}lk ig| q}k| `b}eg| ak }kp}k|khqgldüh ak {h lbhn{hqb) agab w{k kh ig| {hdagak| |{m|dj{dkhqk| akmk}çh cglk} {|b ak ig `b}eg pb} lbep}kh|düh(

Qkeg> _}k|khqgldüh aki l{}|b( Lbhn{hqb|( #=c$ Cgmdidaga

@g|k

\k|düh> 7(7

Ekqbabibjåg #Ak|l}dpldüh t Egqk}dgik|$

Qdkepb

Khq}kjg ak Egqk}dgik| #\digmb t _igh Lgikhag}db$ _}k|khqgldüh aki l{}|b #{qdid~g} __Q$ #pkhadkhqk$ •

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Bm|k}gldbhk| t ]klbekhagldbhk|   Dh|d|qd} |bm}k ki {|b lbh|qghqk aki   G{ig Pd}q{gi aki l{}|b abhak khlbhq}g}çh {hg |k}dk ak }kl{}|b| ka{lgqdb| adjdqgik| #]KA$ w{k dhqkj}giekhqk ib| b}dkhqg}gh t gpbtg}gh kh |{ p}blk|b ak gp}khad~gnk(

\k qbeg}gh 1 _L±|( Ig _L ?7 |k }kgid~g}ç ig qk}lk}g |keghg ak lig|k| kh ig |k|düh ak = cb}g|) l{giw{dk}g w{k k|qg |kg( ]k|giqg} w{k kh ig |kj{hag pg}qk aki l{}|b ksd|qk ekhb| qdkepb khq}k ig _L ?< t ig _L ?1) gakeç| ksd|qk gp}bsdegagekhqk {hg |keghg khq}k ig _L ?1 t ki KM( Kspidlg} ki \d|qkeg ak Kgi{gldüh( Ekhldbhg} ki Q}gmgnb @dhgi) ib| akqgiik| |k dhadlg}çh kh ig |keghg ?4 ak|p{ä| ak ib| ksçekhk| pg}ldgik|( Ib| dhadlgab}k| ak ibj}b) ki mghlb ak kgi{gldbhk| ghqk}db}k|) ib| l}dqk}db| ak lgid`dlgldüh) qgiik}k| p}k|khldgik| adjdqgid~gab| lbh |{ }k|pklqdb |bi{ldbhg}db g|å lbeb ig| adgpb|dqdg| {|gag| kh lig|k(

cqqp>""g{igd}q{gi({pl(ka{(pk"  b cqqp>""dhq}ghkq({pl(ka{(pk"  •

t Dakhqd`dlg }klbhblk {h lbhn{hqb #t {h |{mlbhn{hqb$ t ib }kp}k|khqg kh q}k| `b}eg|> ksqkh|düh) lbep}kh|düh t {|ghab ib| adgj}geg| ak Pkhh(

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Ak`dhdldüh ak lbhn{hqb #pçjdhg :0$> [h lbhn{hqb k| |depikekhqk {hg lbiklldüh ak bmnkqb|) g ib| w{k |k ik| lbhblk lbeb kikekhqb| kikekhqb| b edkem}b|( Ak`dhdldüh ak |{mlbhn{hqb #pçjdhg ::$> \{pbhjg w{k S k T |bh lbhn{hqb|( \d qbab kikekhqb ak S k| {h kikekhqb ak T) |k adlk w{k S k| {h |{mlbhn{hqb ak T) |k k|l}dmk  S ⊀ T ( Ak`dhd} {h lbhn{hqb G pb} ksqkh|düh>  G 5 v=)<)1);u Ak`dhd} G pb} lbep}kh|düh G 5 vs " s ∃ ∪ = ≡ s ≡ ;u Ak`dhd} G {|ghab Adgj}geg| ak Pkhh Pk hh qbeghab g ib| hþek}b| khqk}b| lbeb ki lbhn{hqb {hdk}|gi(

  ]k`{k}lk ig| q}k| `b}eg| ak }kp}k|khqgldüh ak {h lbhn{hqb) agab w{k kh ig| {hdagak| |{m|dj{dkhqk| akmk}çh cglk} {|b ak ig `b}eg pb} lbep}kh|düh(

Ak|g}}biig} ki Knkepib =(7(7 #pçjdhg ::$

Cgmdidaga

@g|k

Ekqbabibjåg #Ak|l}dpldüh t Egqk}dgik|$

Qdkepb

Dakhqd`dlg t }klbhblk ig }kigldüh ak pk}qkhkhldg t ig }kigldüh ak dhli{|düh(

\kg G {h lbhn{hqb t |kg M 5 v G) vGuu Khqbhlk| lbeb G t vGu |bh kikekhqb| ak M) |k qdkhk w{k  G ∃ M t w{k v Gu ∃ M ( Qgemdäh v Gu ⊀ M t w{k vv Guu ⊀ M ( \dh kemg}jb  G ⊁ M #k| akld}) hb k| ldk}qb w{k G k|qk dhli{dab kh M$

ig Ak`dhk lg}adhgidaga ak {h lbhn{hqb(

\k adlk w{k {h lbhn{hqb G k| `dhdqb |d qdkhk h kikekhqb| ad|qdhqb|) abhak

Ak`dhk ki lbhn{hqb pbqkhldg t akqk}edhk ki lbhn{hqb pbqkhldg _#G$ ak {h lbhn{hqb l{giw{dk}g G(

]kgid~g bpk}gldbhk| khq}k lbhn{hqb|> {hdüh) dhqk}|klldüh) ad`k}khldg #lbepikekhqb ak {hb }k|pklqb ak bq}b$) ad`k}khldg |deäq}dlg) lbepikekhqb(

Bm|k}gldbhk| t ]klbekhagldbhk| \k p{kak k}d`dlg} ki gp}khad~gnk   pdadkhab w{k |k akqk}edhk ig k}aga b `gi|kaga ak {hg |k}dk ak   p}bpb|dldbhk| #ägh|k ig|  p}kj{hqg| qkü}dlg| ak ig| _L?7 ak |kek|q}k| ghqk}db}k|$

Ki lbhn{hqb |dh kikekhqb| |k akhbedhg lbhn{hqb glåb #b h{ib$ t |k akhbqg pb} π  ü v u ( \d G k| {h lbhn{hqb) ki lbhn{hqb ak qbab| ib| |{mlbhn{hqb| ak G |k akhbedhg lbhn{hqb h pbqkhldg ak G t |k akhbqg lbh _#G$( \k ake{k|q}g w{k |d  G 5 h khqbhlk| _# G$ 5 =

_bakeb| p}dek}b qkhk} {h lbhn{hqb G ak lg}adhgidaga = t khlbhq}g} ki lbhn{hqb `b}egab pb}  qbab| |{| |{mlbhn{hqb|) id|qghab ib| |{mlbhn{hqb| ak ?) 7 t = kikekhqb|( I{kjb }kpkqd} ig bpk}gldüh lbh bq}b lbhn{hqb M ak lg}adhgidaga <) pg}g `dhgiekhqk  `b}egid~g} ig ak`dhdldüh(

\k ak`dhk ig {hdüh ak ab| lbhn{hqb| G t M> G [ M 5 vs " s ∃ G b s ∃ Mu \k ak`dhk ig dhqk}|klldüh ak ab| lbhn{hqb| G t M> G D M 5 vs " s ∃ G t s ∃ Mu \k ak`dhk ig ad`k}khldg #b lbepikekhqb }kigqdb$ ak ab| lbhn{hqb| G t M> G ∝ M 5 vs " s ∃ G t s ∄ Mu b qgemdäh G M 5 v s " s ∃ G t s ∄ Mu \k ak`dhk ig ad`k}khldg |deäq}dlg ak ab| lbhn{hqb| G t M>

  Gakeç| pg}g qbab| ib| lg|b| adlcg| ak`dhdldbhk| |k lbepikekhqgh lbh {h Adgj}geg ak Pkhh w{k ib }kp}k|khqk(

( Kh k|qk lg|b g h |k ik iigeg lg}adhgidaga ak G t |k akhbqg lbeb  G ( #pçjdhg ::$ G {h lbhn{hqb w{k hb k| `dhdqb |k ik akhbedhg dh`dhdqb( h∃

G ⊛ M 5 vs " s ∃ G t s ∄ Mu b v s " s ∃ M t s ∄ Gu

\k ak`dhk ki lbepikekhqb ak {h lbhn{hqb G> G * 5 v s " s ∄ Gu 5 [

∝ G

b qgemdäh

G 5 vs " s ∄ Gu 5 [ ∝ G (

Knkepib> Akqk}edhk G [ M 6 G D M 6 G ∝ M 6 G ⊛ M t G * |d |k qdkhk w{k  G 5 v7)<);u)  M 5 v1);)0u t [  5 v7)=)<)1);)0):u

  Knk}ldldb| ak egtb} ad`dl{iqga  gpg}klkh kh ib| knk}ldldb| lbepikekhqg}db| EA =??: ??  p{midlgab| kh ki G{ig G {ig Pd}q{gi(

Cgmdidaga

@g|k

Ekqbabibjåg #Ak|l}dpldüh t Egqk}dgik|$

Qdkepb

Dakhqd`dlg t }klbhblk ig }kigldüh ak pk}qkhkhldg t ig }kigldüh ak dhli{|düh(

\kg G {h lbhn{hqb t |kg M 5 v G) vGuu Khqbhlk| lbeb G t vGu |bh kikekhqb| ak M) |k qdkhk w{k  G ∃ M t w{k v Gu ∃ M ( Qgemdäh v Gu ⊀ M t w{k vv Guu ⊀ M ( \dh kemg}jb  G ⊁ M #k| akld}) hb k| ldk}qb w{k G k|qk dhli{dab kh M$

ig Ak`dhk lg}adhgidaga ak {h lbhn{hqb(

\k adlk w{k {h lbhn{hqb G k| `dhdqb |d qdkhk h kikekhqb| ad|qdhqb|) abhak

\k p{kak k}d`dlg} ki gp}khad~gnk   pdadkhab w{k |k akqk}edhk ig k}aga b `gi|kaga ak {hg |k}dk ak   p}bpb|dldbhk| #ägh|k ig|  p}kj{hqg| qkü}dlg| ak ig| _L?7 ak |kek|q}k| ghqk}db}k|$

Ki lbhn{hqb |dh kikekhqb| |k akhbedhg lbhn{hqb glåb #b h{ib$ t |k akhbqg pb} π  ü v u ( \d G k| {h lbhn{hqb) ki lbhn{hqb ak qbab| ib| |{mlbhn{hqb| ak G |k akhbedhg lbhn{hqb h pbqkhldg ak G t |k akhbqg lbh _#G$( \k ake{k|q}g w{k |d  G 5 h khqbhlk| _# G$ 5 =

_bakeb| p}dek}b qkhk} {h lbhn{hqb G ak lg}adhgidaga = t khlbhq}g} ki lbhn{hqb `b}egab pb}  qbab| |{| |{mlbhn{hqb|) id|qghab ib| |{mlbhn{hqb| ak ?) 7 t = kikekhqb|( I{kjb }kpkqd} ig bpk}gldüh lbh bq}b lbhn{hqb M ak lg}adhgidaga <) pg}g `dhgiekhqk  `b}egid~g} ig ak`dhdldüh(

\k ak`dhk ig {hdüh ak ab| lbhn{hqb| G t M> G [ M 5 vs " s ∃ G b s ∃ Mu \k ak`dhk ig dhqk}|klldüh ak ab| lbhn{hqb| G t M> G D M 5 vs " s ∃ G t s ∃ Mu \k ak`dhk ig ad`k}khldg #b lbepikekhqb }kigqdb$ ak ab| lbhn{hqb| G t M> G ∝ M 5 vs " s ∃ G t s ∄ Mu b qgemdäh G M 5 v s " s ∃ G t s ∄ Mu \k ak`dhk ig ad`k}khldg |deäq}dlg ak ab| lbhn{hqb| G t M>

  Gakeç| pg}g qbab| ib| lg|b| adlcg| ak`dhdldbhk| |k lbepikekhqgh lbh {h Adgj}geg ak Pkhh w{k ib }kp}k|khqk(

( Kh k|qk lg|b g h |k ik iigeg lg}adhgidaga ak G t |k akhbqg lbeb  G ( #pçjdhg ::$ G {h lbhn{hqb w{k hb k| `dhdqb |k ik akhbedhg dh`dhdqb(

Ak`dhk ki lbhn{hqb pbqkhldg t akqk}edhk ki lbhn{hqb pbqkhldg _#G$ ak {h lbhn{hqb l{giw{dk}g G(

]kgid~g bpk}gldbhk| khq}k lbhn{hqb|> {hdüh) dhqk}|klldüh) ad`k}khldg #lbepikekhqb ak {hb }k|pklqb ak bq}b$) ad`k}khldg |deäq}dlg) lbepikekhqb(

Bm|k}gldbhk| t ]klbekhagldbhk|

h∃

G ⊛ M 5 vs " s ∃ G t s ∄ Mu b v s " s ∃ M t s ∄ Gu

\k ak`dhk ki lbepikekhqb ak {h lbhn{hqb G> G * 5 v s " s ∄ Gu 5 [

∝ G

  Knk}ldldb| ak egtb} ad`dl{iqga  gpg}klkh kh ib| knk}ldldb| lbepikekhqg}db| EA =??: ??  p{midlgab| kh ki G{ig G {ig Pd}q{gi(

b qgemdäh

G 5 vs " s ∄ Gu 5 [ ∝ G (

Knkepib> Akqk}edhk G [ M 6 G D M 6 G ∝ M 6 G ⊛ M t G * |d |k qdkhk w{k  G 5 v7)<);u)  M 5 v1);)0u t [  5 v7)=)<)1);)0):u

Cgmdidaga Lgil{ig ig lg}adhgidaga ak ig {hdüh ak ab| lbhn{hqb| hb ad|n{hqb| b ak ig {hdüh ak q}k| lbhn{hqb| hb ad|n{hqb| cgldkhab {|b aki p}dhldpdb ak gadldüh( ]k|{kik p}bmikeg| gpidlghab ig qkb}åg ak lbhn{hqb| t ki p}dhldpdb ak gadldüh(

@g|k

Ekqbabibjåg #Ak|l}dpldüh t Egqk}dgik|$ Knk}ldldb ?7> [hg lbepg÷åg ak lbep{qgab}g| qdkhk w{k lbhq}gqg} =; p}bj}gegab}k| pg}g eghkng} q}gmgnb| ak p}bj}gegldüh ak |d|qkeg| t 1? p}bj}gegab}k| pg}g p}bj}geg| ak gpidlgldüh( Ak ib| w{k |k lbhq}gqk) |k k|pk}g w{k adk~ }kgidlkh q}gmgnb| ak gemb| qdpb|( ²L{çhqb| p}bj}gegab}k| akmk}çh lbhq}gqg}|k2 Knk}ldldb ?=> \k cg kep}khadab {h k|q{adb |bm}k ib| eäqbab| ak dgnk lbh q}gh|mb}ab( G lgag pg}qdldpghqk kh ig khl{k|qg |k ik pdadü w{k eg}lg}ç G[QBM[\) Q]KH b G[QBEBPDI |kjþh `{k}g ki ekadb p}dhldpgi ak q}gh|pb}qk kepikgab pg}g d} gi q}gmgnb( \k pk}edqdü glkpqg} eg| ak {hg }k|p{k|qg( Ib| }k|{iqgab| bmqkhdab| `{k}bh ib| |dj{dkhqk|> G[QBM[\) Kh {h j}{pb ak 70; k|q{adghqk|) 3 qbegh lçil{ib) p|dlbibjåg t lbep{qgldüh6 << qbegh lçil{ib t lbep{qgldüh6 =? qbegh lçil{ib t p|dlbibjåg6 =1 qbegh p|dlbibjåg t lbep{qgldüh6 :4 k|qçh kh lçil{ib6 3< kh p|dlbibjåg t 0< qbegh lbep{qgldüh( ²L{çhqb| k|q{adghqk| hb qbegh hdhj{hg ak ig| q}k| g|djhgq{}g|2 Knk}ldldb| #a{}ghqk lig|k$ > ?7) ?= t ?< ekhldbhgab| ekhldbhgab| ghqk}db}ekhqk =(7 Knk}ldldb| #qg}kg$ % pçjdhg 30 > =; gi <7 7;

7;

Nbch|bhmg{jc> Egqkeçqdlg| Ad|l}kqg|) 0qg Kadldüh( _kg}|bh “ _}khqdlk Cgii( pçjdhg <7

Qdkepb

Bm|k}gldbhk| t ]klbekhagldbhk| _g}g }k|bik} ib| p}bmikeg| |k   p{kak cglk} {|b aki p}dhldpdb ak gadldüh b q}g~g} ib| adgj}geg| ak Pkhh t akqk}edhg} ig lg}adhgidaga ak lgag {hg ak ib| |{mlbhn{hqb| #}kjdbhk|$

Cgmdidaga

@g|k

Lgil{ig ig lg}adhgidaga ak ig {hdüh ak ab| lbhn{hqb| hb ad|n{hqb| b ak ig {hdüh ak q}k| lbhn{hqb| hb ad|n{hqb| cgldkhab {|b aki p}dhldpdb ak gadldüh(

Ekqbabibjåg #Ak|l}dpldüh t Egqk}dgik|$

Qdkepb

_g}g }k|bik} ib| p}bmikeg| |k   p{kak cglk} {|b aki p}dhldpdb ak gadldüh b q}g~g} ib| adgj}geg| ak Pkhh t akqk}edhg} ig lg}adhgidaga ak lgag {hg ak ib| |{mlbhn{hqb| #}kjdbhk|$

Knk}ldldb ?7> [hg lbepg÷åg ak lbep{qgab}g| qdkhk w{k lbhq}gqg} =; p}bj}gegab}k| pg}g eghkng} q}gmgnb| ak p}bj}gegldüh ak |d|qkeg| t 1? p}bj}gegab}k| pg}g p}bj}geg| ak gpidlgldüh( Ak ib| w{k |k lbhq}gqk) |k k|pk}g w{k adk~ }kgidlkh q}gmgnb| ak gemb| qdpb|( ²L{çhqb| p}bj}gegab}k| akmk}çh lbhq}gqg}|k2 Knk}ldldb ?=> \k cg kep}khadab {h k|q{adb |bm}k ib| eäqbab| ak dgnk lbh q}gh|mb}ab( G lgag pg}qdldpghqk kh ig khl{k|qg |k ik pdadü w{k eg}lg}ç G[QBM[\) Q]KH b G[QBEBPDI |kjþh `{k}g ki ekadb p}dhldpgi ak q}gh|pb}qk kepikgab pg}g d} gi q}gmgnb( \k pk}edqdü glkpqg} eg| ak {hg }k|p{k|qg( Ib| }k|{iqgab| bmqkhdab| `{k}bh ib| |dj{dkhqk|> G[QBM[\)
]k|{kik p}bmikeg| gpidlghab ig qkb}åg ak lbhn{hqb| t ki p}dhldpdb ak gadldüh(

Bm|k}gldbhk| t ]klbekhagldbhk|

Knk}ldldb| ?<> Kh {h j}{pb ak 70; k|q{adghqk|) 3 qbegh lçil{ib) p|dlbibjåg t lbep{qgldüh6 << qbegh lçil{ib t lbep{qgldüh6 =? qbegh lçil{ib t p|dlbibjåg6 =1 qbegh p|dlbibjåg t lbep{qgldüh6 :4 k|qçh kh lçil{ib6 3< kh p|dlbibjåg t 0< qbegh lbep{qgldüh( ²L{çhqb| k|q{adghqk| hb qbegh hdhj{hg ak ig| q}k| g|djhgq{}g|2 Knk}ldldb| #a{}ghqk lig|k$ > ?7) ?= t ?< ekhldbhgab| ekhldbhgab| ghqk}db}ekhqk =(7 Knk}ldldb| #qg}kg$ % pçjdhg 30 > =; gi <7 7;

7;

Nbch|bhmg{jc> Egqkeçqdlg| Ad|l}kqg|) 0qg Kadldüh( _kg}|bh “ _}khqdlk Cgii( pçjdhg <7

Qkeg> \{lk|dbhk|) Add|düh ak ib| Khqk}b| t Egq}dlk| Mbbikghg| #
@g|k

Ekqbabibjåg #Ak|l}dpldüh t Egqk}dgik|$ [hg |{lk|düh k| {hg id|qg ak bmnkqb| ad|p{k|qb| kh b}akh> {h p}dek} kikekhqb) {h |kj{hab kikekhqb) qk}lk} kikekhqb) t g|å |{lk|dgekhqk( Ig id|qg p{ak `dhgid~g} ak|p{ä| ak h pg|b|) h ∃ ) b p{kak lbhqdh{g} dhak`dhdagekhqk( Kh ki p}dek} lg|b |k adlk w{k ig |{lk|düh k| `dhdqg) t kh ki |kj{hab lg|b ig |{lk|düh k| dh`dhdqg( Ib| kikekhqb| #g ad`k}khldg ak ib| lbhn{hqb|$ p{kakh |k} qbab| ad`k}khqk|) b p{kak cgmk} gij{hb| }kpkqdab|( Knkepib|> 7) ?) ?) 7) ?) 7) ?) ?) 7) 7) 7 <) 3) 7<) 73) =<) † 7) 1) 4) 70) =;) †

Bm|k}k ki qk}lk} knkepib |k qdkhk {hg |{lk|düh dh`dhdqg kh ig l{gi |k e{k|q}gh ib| ; p}dek}b| qä}edhb|( qä}edhb|( \d ki hbem}k ak ig |{lk|düh k| l) pbakeb| pbakeb| akld} w{k l7 5 7) l= 5 1) l< 5 4) l1 5 70) l; 5 =;) kh lbh|kl{khldg pbakeb| iikjg} g {hg ksp}k|düh w{k }kigldbhk ki gib} aki qk}edhb lbh |{ pb|dldüh> lh 5 h= ) i{kjb akmkeb| dhadlg} w{k ki gib} ak h akmk |k} egtb} b dj{gi g 7 # h ≫ 7 $( I{kjb ig |{lk|düh |k p{kak }kp}k|khqg} lbeb> lh 5 h= ) h ≫ 7 ( K|qg k| {hg |{lk|düh kspidldqg) pb}w{k ig ksp}k|düh w{k pk}edqk lgil{ig} ki gib} ak l{giw{dk} qä}edhb ak ig |{lk|düh) |bib akpkhak ak |{ pb|dldüh( Bm|k}k ki |kj{hab knkepib |k qdkhk {hg |{lk|düh dh`dhdqg kh ig l{gi |k e{k|q}gh ib| ; p}dek}b| qä}edhb|( \d ki hbem}k hbem}k ak ak ig |{lk|düh k| m) pbakeb| pbakeb| akld} w{k m7 5 <) m= 5 3) m< 5 7<) m1 5 73) m; 5 =<( Kh k|qk lg|b pbakeb| g`d}eg}>

m= 5 m7 & ; m< 5 m= & ; m1 5 m< & ; ) kql( K| akld}> m h 5 m h % 7 & ;) i{kjb akmkeb| dhadlg} {h gib} ak pg}qdag m7 5 <) gakeç| ak dhadlg} w{k ki gib} ak h akmk |k} egtb} b dj{gi g =( # h ≫ = $ I{kjb ig |{lk|düh |k p{kak }kp}k|khqg} lbeb> m7 5 <) m h 5 m h % 7 & ;) h ≫ = ( K|qg k|

{hg |{lk|düh }kl{}|dg b }kl{}}khqk) pb}w{k ig ksp}k|düh w{k pk}edqk lgil{ig} ki gib} ak l{giw{dk} qä}edhb ak ig |{lk|düh) akpkhak aki qä}edhb ghqk}db}(

\k|düh> 7(= Qdkepb

Bm|k}gldbhk| t ]klbekhagldbhk| [hg pgigm}g lbeb ’k|qgab―   p{kak lbh|dak}g}|k {hg |{lk|düh  `dhdqg> k) |) q) g) a) b(   Ig| |{lk|dbhk| ak ikq}g| { bq}b| |åembib| k|l}dqg| |dh lbeg|) |bh qgemdäh iigegag| lgakhg|(

Qkeg> \{lk|dbhk|) Add|düh ak ib| Khqk}b| t Egq}dlk| Mbbikghg| #
@g|k

Ak`dhk k dakhqd`dlg ib| qdpb| ak |{lk|dbhk|(

Ekqbabibjåg #Ak|l}dpldüh t Egqk}dgik|$

\k|düh> 7(= Qdkepb

Bm|k}gldbhk| t ]klbekhagldbhk| [hg pgigm}g lbeb ’k|qgab―   p{kak lbh|dak}g}|k {hg |{lk|düh  `dhdqg> k) |) q) g) a) b(

[hg |{lk|düh k| {hg id|qg ak bmnkqb| ad|p{k|qb| kh b}akh> {h p}dek} kikekhqb) {h |kj{hab kikekhqb) qk}lk} kikekhqb) t g|å |{lk|dgekhqk( Ig id|qg p{ak `dhgid~g} ak|p{ä| ak h pg|b|) h ∃ ) b p{kak lbhqdh{g} dhak`dhdagekhqk( Kh ki p}dek} lg|b |k adlk w{k ig |{lk|düh k| `dhdqg) t kh ki |kj{hab lg|b ig |{lk|düh k| dh`dhdqg( Ib| kikekhqb| #g ad`k}khldg ak ib| lbhn{hqb|$ p{kakh |k} qbab| ad`k}khqk|) b p{kak cgmk} gij{hb| }kpkqdab|( Knkepib|>

  Ig| |{lk|dbhk| ak ikq}g| { bq}b| |åembib| k|l}dqg| |dh lbeg|) |bh qgemdäh iigegag| lgakhg|(

7) ?) ?) 7) ?) 7) ?) ?) 7) 7) 7 <) 3) 7<) 73) =<) † 7) 1) 4) 70) =;) †

Bm|k}k ki qk}lk} knkepib |k qdkhk {hg |{lk|düh dh`dhdqg kh ig l{gi |k e{k|q}gh ib| ; p}dek}b| qä}edhb|( qä}edhb|( \d ki hbem}k ak ig |{lk|düh k| l) pbakeb| pbakeb| akld} w{k l7 5 7) l= 5 1) l< 5 4) l1 5 70) l; 5 =;) kh lbh|kl{khldg pbakeb| iikjg} g {hg ksp}k|düh w{k }kigldbhk ki gib} aki qk}edhb lbh |{ pb|dldüh> lh 5 h= ) i{kjb akmkeb| dhadlg} w{k ki gib} ak h akmk |k} egtb} b dj{gi g 7 # h ≫ 7 $( I{kjb ig |{lk|düh |k p{kak }kp}k|khqg} lbeb> lh 5 h= ) h ≫ 7 ( K|qg k| {hg |{lk|düh kspidldqg) pb}w{k ig ksp}k|düh w{k pk}edqk lgil{ig} ki gib} ak l{giw{dk} qä}edhb ak ig |{lk|düh) |bib akpkhak ak |{ pb|dldüh( Bm|k}k ki |kj{hab knkepib |k qdkhk {hg |{lk|düh dh`dhdqg kh ig l{gi |k e{k|q}gh ib| ; p}dek}b| qä}edhb|( \d ki hbem}k hbem}k ak ak ig |{lk|düh k| m) pbakeb| pbakeb| akld} w{k m7 5 <) m= 5 3) m< 5 7<) m1 5 73) m; 5 =<( Kh k|qk lg|b pbakeb| g`d}eg}>

m= 5 m7 & ; m< 5 m= & ; m1 5 m< & ; ) kql( K| akld}> m h 5 m h % 7 & ;) i{kjb akmkeb| dhadlg} {h gib} ak pg}qdag m7 5 <) gakeç| ak dhadlg} w{k ki gib} ak h akmk |k} egtb} b dj{gi g =( # h ≫ = $ I{kjb ig |{lk|düh |k p{kak }kp}k|khqg} lbeb> m7 5 <) m h 5 m h % 7 & ;) h ≫ = ( K|qg k|

{hg |{lk|düh }kl{}|dg b }kl{}}khqk) pb}w{k ig ksp}k|düh w{k pk}edqk lgil{ig} ki gib} ak l{giw{dk} qä}edhb ak ig |{lk|düh) akpkhak aki qä}edhb ghqk}db}(

Cgmdidaga

@g|k

Ekqbabibjåg #Ak|l}dpldüh t Egqk}dgik|$

Qdkepb

Bm|k}gldbhk| t ]klbekhagldbhk|

Akqk}edhk ib| p}dek}b| < qä}edhb| ak ig| |{lk|dbhk| ak`dhdag| pb}> Lgil{ig ib| kikekhqb| ak {hg |{lk|düh g pg}qd} aki qä}edhb jkhk}gi(

g$ l7 5 ; ) lh 5 =lh∝7 ) = ≡ h ≡ 0 #|{lk|düh }kl{}|dg$ m$ |h 5 #∝1$ h ) 7 ≡ h #|{lk|düh kspiåldqg$ l$ gh 5 ;h ) 7 ≡ h k$ l7 5 =(; ) lh 5 lh∝7 & 7(; ) = ≡ h

a$ mh 5
Akqk}edhk ki qä}edhb jkhk}gi ak {hg |{lk|düh g pg}qd} ak |{| kikekhqb|> Lgil{ig ki qä}edhb jkhk}gi ak {hg |{lk|düh g pg}qd} ak ib| kikekhqb| ak ig ed|eg(

Ak`dhk {hg `{hldüh lg}glqk}å|qdlg pg}g {h lbhn{hqb(

]kp}k|khqg {h lbhn{hqb kh ki lbep{qgab} {|ghab |{lk|dbhk| cgldkhab {|b ak ig `{hldüh lg}glqk}å|qdlg

g$ <) :) 77) 7;) 74) =<) † m$ 3:) 3=) ::) :=) 0:

Knk}ldldb| #a{}ghqk lig|k$ “ pçjdhg 7?; > Knkepib =(<(0 Khl{khq}k {hg `ü}e{ig kspiåldqg pg}g ig |{lk|düh ak`dhdag pb} ig |dj{dkhqk ksp}k|düh }kl{}|dg> g7 5 = ) gh 5 gh ∝7 & < ) = ≡ h gpidlghab ki ghçid|d| cgldg gq}ç|(

 ]k|p{k|qg|>

g$ a 7 5 < ) a h 5 a h ∝7 & 1 ) = ≡ h m$ qh 5 4= ∝ ;h ) 7 ≡ h ≡ ;

\d G k| {h |{mlbhn{hqb ak {h lbhn{hqb {hdk}|gi [) ig `{hldüh lg}glqk}å|qdlg  `  G ak G |k 7 |d s ∃ G ak`dhk lbeb |dj{k>  ` G # s$ 5  ? |d s ∄ G

Ki lbhn{hqb lb}}k|pbhadkhqk g {hg |{lk|düh k| |depikekhqk ki lbhn{hqb ak qbab| ib| kikekhqb| ad|qdhqb| ak ig |{lk|düh( \kg [  5 v7)=)<)1);)0u )  G 5 v7)=u 7) =u)  M 5 v=)1)0u t L  5 v1);)0u  `  G ik lb}}k|pbhak ig |{lk|düh 7) 7) ?) ?) ?) ?  `  M ik lb}}k|pbhak ig |{lk|düh ?) 7) ?) 7) ?) 7  ` L  ik lb}}k|pbhak ig |{lk|düh ?) ?) ?) 7) 7) 7

  ]kl{k}ak w{k {hg lg}glqk}å|qdlg k|khldgi ak {hg |{lk|düh k| ki b}akh w{k bl{pgh kh ig id|qg ak kikekhqb|( \dh kemg}jb) ki b}akh kh w{k |k khid|qk ib| kikekhqb| ak {h lbhn{hqb lg}klk ak |djhd`dlgab(

Cgmdidaga

@g|k

Ekqbabibjåg #Ak|l}dpldüh t Egqk}dgik|$

Qdkepb

Bm|k}gldbhk| t ]klbekhagldbhk|

Akqk}edhk ib| p}dek}b| < qä}edhb| ak ig| |{lk|dbhk| ak`dhdag| pb}> g$ l7 5 ; ) lh 5 =lh∝7 ) = ≡ h ≡ 0 #|{lk|düh }kl{}|dg$

Lgil{ig ib| kikekhqb| ak {hg |{lk|düh g pg}qd} aki qä}edhb jkhk}gi(

m$ |h 5 #∝1$ h ) 7 ≡ h #|{lk|düh kspiåldqg$ a$ mh 5
l$ gh 5 ;h ) 7 ≡ h k$ l7 5 =(; ) lh 5 lh∝7 & 7(; ) = ≡ h

Akqk}edhk ki qä}edhb jkhk}gi ak {hg |{lk|düh g pg}qd} ak |{| kikekhqb|> Lgil{ig ki qä}edhb jkhk}gi ak {hg |{lk|düh g pg}qd} ak ib| kikekhqb| ak ig ed|eg(

g$ <) :) 77) 7;) 74) =<) † m$ 3:) 3=) ::) :=) 0:

\d G k| {h |{mlbhn{hqb ak {h lbhn{hqb {hdk}|gi [) ig `{hldüh lg}glqk}å|qdlg  `  G ak G |k 7 |d s ∃ G ak`dhk lbeb |dj{k>  ` G # s$ 5  ? |d s ∄ G

Ki lbhn{hqb lb}}k|pbhadkhqk g {hg |{lk|düh k| |depikekhqk ki lbhn{hqb ak qbab| ib| kikekhqb| ad|qdhqb| ak ig |{lk|düh(

]kp}k|khqg {h lbhn{hqb kh ki lbep{qgab} {|ghab |{lk|dbhk| cgldkhab {|b ak ig `{hldüh lg}glqk}å|qdlg

@g|k

Ekqbabibjåg #Ak|l}dpldüh t Egqk}dgik|$

Knkepib> 7: \kg [ 5 vg )m )k )j ) c ) } ) | )zu ( Ig b}akhgldüh ak ibhjdq{a 3 w{k gpg}klk kh ig `dj{}g eb|q}gag }kp}k|khqg g [ tg w{k GVfU 5 7 pg}g 7 ≡ f  ≡ 3 > 7

7

7

7

7

7

7

7

7 |d s k| 7) <) 0) 3 \d \ 5 vg) k) } ) zu ) khqbhlk|  ` \ # s$ 5  ? |d s k| =) 1) ;) : |dj{dkhqk g}}kjib>

7

?

7

?

?

7

?

t |k }kp}k|khqg lbh ki

7

=(= Knk}ldldb| #qg}kg$ % pçjdhg 7?7 > 0= t 0< 73 _}{kmk w{k ` GD M # s $ 5 ` G # s$ ` M # s$ pg}g qbag  s ∃ [  _}{kmg w{k ` G[ M # s$ 5 ` G # s$ & ` M # s$ ∝ ` G # s$ ` M # s$ pg}g qbag  s ∃ [ 

Fbiegh> K|q}{lq{}g| ak Egqkeçqdlg| Ad|l}kqg| pg}g ig Lbep{qgldüh( <}g( Kadldüh( _kg}|bh “ _}khqdlk Cgii( pçjdhg 7: Fbiegh> K|q}{lq{}g| ak Egqkeçqdlg| Ad|l}kqg| pg}g ig Lbep{qgldüh( <}g( Kadldüh( _kg}|bh “ _}khqdlk Cgii( pçjdhg 73 73 Nbch|bhmg{jc> Egqkeçqdlg| Ad|l}kqg|) 0qg Kadldüh( _kg}|bh “ _}khqdlk Cgii( pçjdhg 7?7 7:

  ]kl{k}ak w{k {hg lg}glqk}å|qdlg k|khldgi ak {hg |{lk|düh k| ki b}akh w{k bl{pgh kh ig id|qg ak kikekhqb|( \dh kemg}jb) ki b}akh kh w{k |k khid|qk ib| kikekhqb| ak {h lbhn{hqb lg}klk ak |djhd`dlgab(

\kg [  5 v7)=)<)1);)0u )  G 5 v7)=u 7) =u)  M 5 v=)1)0u t L  5 v1);)0u  `  G ik lb}}k|pbhak ig |{lk|düh 7) 7) ?) ?) ?) ?  `  M ik lb}}k|pbhak ig |{lk|düh ?) 7) ?) 7) ?) 7  ` L  ik lb}}k|pbhak ig |{lk|düh ?) ?) ?) 7) 7) 7

L{giw{dk} lbhn{hqb lbh h kikekhqb| p{kak b}akhg}|k kh {hg |{lk|düh ak ibhjdq{a h) ak eghk}g w{k lgag {hb ak ib| |{mlbhn{hqb| lb}}k|pbhag g {hg |{lk|düh ak lk}b| t {hb| ak ibhjdq{a h) pg}g }kp}k|khqg} ig `{hldüh lg}glqk}å|qdlg ak k|k |{mlbhn{hqb( K|qk cklcb pk}edqk }kp}k|khqg} {hg lbhn{hqb {hdk}|gi kh {hg lbep{qgab}g lbeb {h g}}kjib G ak ibhjdq{a h( Ig g|djhgldüh ak {h lk}b b {h {hb g lgag pb|dldüh GVfU aki g}}kjib k|pkld`dlg {h |{mlbhn{hqb þhdlb ak [(70

70

g$ a 7 5 < ) a h 5 a h ∝7 & 1 ) = ≡ h m$ qh 5 4= ∝ ;h ) 7 ≡ h ≡ ;

Knk}ldldb| #a{}ghqk lig|k$ “ pçjdhg 7?; > Knkepib =(<(0 Khl{khq}k {hg `ü}e{ig kspiåldqg pg}g ig |{lk|düh ak`dhdag pb} ig |dj{dkhqk ksp}k|düh }kl{}|dg> g7 5 = ) gh 5 gh ∝7 & < ) = ≡ h gpidlghab ki ghçid|d| cgldg gq}ç|(

Ak`dhk {hg `{hldüh lg}glqk}å|qdlg pg}g {h lbhn{hqb(

Cgmdidaga

 ]k|p{k|qg|>

Qdkepb

Bm|k}gldbhk| t ]klbekhagldbhk|

Cgmdidaga

@g|k

Ekqbabibjåg #Ak|l}dpldüh t Egqk}dgik|$

Qdkepb

Bm|k}gldbhk| t ]klbekhagldbhk|

Qdkepb

Bm|k}gldbhk| t ]klbekhagldbhk|

L{giw{dk} lbhn{hqb lbh h kikekhqb| p{kak b}akhg}|k kh {hg |{lk|düh ak ibhjdq{a h) ak eghk}g w{k lgag {hb ak ib| |{mlbhn{hqb| lb}}k|pbhag g {hg |{lk|düh ak lk}b| t {hb| ak ibhjdq{a h) pg}g }kp}k|khqg} ig `{hldüh lg}glqk}å|qdlg ak k|k |{mlbhn{hqb( K|qk cklcb pk}edqk }kp}k|khqg} {hg lbhn{hqb {hdk}|gi kh {hg lbep{qgab}g lbeb {h g}}kjib G ak ibhjdq{a h( Ig g|djhgldüh ak {h lk}b b {h {hb g lgag pb|dldüh GVfU aki g}}kjib k|pkld`dlg {h |{mlbhn{hqb þhdlb ak [(70 Knkepib> 7: \kg [ 5 vg )m )k )j ) c ) } ) | )zu ( Ig b}akhgldüh ak ibhjdq{a 3 w{k gpg}klk kh ig `dj{}g eb|q}gag }kp}k|khqg g [ tg w{k GVfU 5 7 pg}g 7 ≡ f  ≡ 3 > 7

7

7

7

7

7

7

7

7 |d s k| 7) <) 0) 3 \d \ 5 vg) k) } ) zu ) khqbhlk|  ` \ # s$ 5  ? |d s k| =) 1) ;) : |dj{dkhqk g}}kjib>

7

?

7

?

?

7

?

t |k }kp}k|khqg lbh ki

7

=(= Knk}ldldb| #qg}kg$ % pçjdhg 7?7 > 0= t 0< 73 _}{kmk w{k ` GD M # s $ 5 ` G # s$ ` M # s$ pg}g qbag  s ∃ [  _}{kmg w{k ` G[ M # s$ 5 ` G # s$ & ` M # s$ ∝ ` G # s$ ` M # s$ pg}g qbag  s ∃ [ 

70

Fbiegh> K|q}{lq{}g| ak Egqkeçqdlg| Ad|l}kqg| pg}g ig Lbep{qgldüh( <}g( Kadldüh( _kg}|bh “ _}khqdlk Cgii( pçjdhg 7: Fbiegh> K|q}{lq{}g| ak Egqkeçqdlg| Ad|l}kqg| pg}g ig Lbep{qgldüh( <}g( Kadldüh( _kg}|bh “ _}khqdlk Cgii( pçjdhg 73 73 Nbch|bhmg{jc> Egqkeçqdlg| Ad|l}kqg|) 0qg Kadldüh( _kg}|bh “ _}khqdlk Cgii( pçjdhg 7?7 7:

Cgmdidaga

@g|k

Ekqbabibjåg #Ak|l}dpldüh t Egqk}dgik|$ Lgakhg| 74 Agab {h lbhn{hqb G) |k p{kak lbh|q}{d} ki lbhn{hqb G. `b}egab pb} qbag| ig| |{lk|dbhk| `dhdqg| ak ib| kikekhqb| ak G( Lbh `}kl{khldg) ki lbhn{hqb G hb k| {h lbhn{hqb ak hþek}b|) |dhb gijþh lbhn{hqb ak |åembib|( Kh k|qk lg|b) gi lbhn{hqb G |k ik iigeg gi`gmkqb) t g ig| |{lk|dbhk| `dhdqg| w{k `b}egh G. |k ik| iigeg pgigm}g| p}blkakhqk| ak G) b kh blg|dbhk| lgakhg| ak G(

Gpidlg ki lbhlkpqb ak |{lk|düh kh ig `b}egldüh ak ikhj{gnk|(

_g}g k|qk lg|b kh pg}qdl{ig}) gi k|l}dmd} ig| |{lk|dbhk| w{k cgt kh G. hb |k {|gh lbeg|( \k |{pbhk w{k G. lbhqdkhk ig |{lk|düh glåg b lgakhg glåg) w{k hb lbhqdkhk |åembib|) t |k ak|djhg g k|qg lgakhg pb} ∀ ( Qgemdäh |k ak`dhk ig lbhlgqkhgldüh ak ab| lgakhg|( Knkepib|> #7$ \kg G 5 vg) m) l) ((() ~u ki gi`gmkqb dhjiä| {|{gi( Khqbhlk| G. k|qç `b}egab pb} qbag| ig| pgigm}g|) qgik| lbeb gpk) |kw{khlk #w{k qdkhkh ’|djhd`dlgab―$ pk}b qgemdäh pb} ’pgigm}g|― qgik| lbeb tsgibmik) ltg t pw}|q #w{k hb qdkhkh ’|djhd`dlgab― gij{hb$( #=$ \kg G 5 vNbch) \ge) Nghk) |zde|) }{h|) zkii) w{dlfit) |ibzitu ( Khqbhlk| G. lbhqdkhk b}gldbhk| lbeb ’Nghk |zde| w{dlfit― #w{k qdkhkh ’|djhd`dlgab―$ pk}b qgemdäh ak b}gldbhk| lbeb ’Zkii |zde| Nghk |ibzit Nbch―( #w{k hb qdkhkh ’|djhd`dlgab―$( Gw{å  |k |kpg}g ib| kikekhqb| ak lgag lg ag |{lk|düh lbh k|pgldb|(

74

Fbiegh> K|q}{lq{}g| ak Egqkeçqdlg| Ad|l}kqg| pg}g ig Lbep{qgldüh( <}g( Kadldüh( _kg}|bh “ _}khqdlk Cgii( pçjdhg 74

Cgmdidaga

@g|k

Ekqbabibjåg #Ak|l}dpldüh t Egqk}dgik|$

Qdkepb

Bm|k}gldbhk| t ]klbekhagldbhk|

Qdkepb

Bm|k}gldbhk| t ]klbekhagldbhk|

Lgakhg| 74 Agab {h lbhn{hqb G) |k p{kak lbh|q}{d} ki lbhn{hqb G. `b}egab pb} qbag| ig| |{lk|dbhk| `dhdqg| ak ib| kikekhqb| ak G( Lbh `}kl{khldg) ki lbhn{hqb G hb k| {h lbhn{hqb ak hþek}b|) |dhb gijþh lbhn{hqb ak |åembib|( Kh k|qk lg|b) gi lbhn{hqb G |k ik iigeg gi`gmkqb) t g ig| |{lk|dbhk| `dhdqg| w{k `b}egh G. |k ik| iigeg pgigm}g| p}blkakhqk| ak G) b kh blg|dbhk| lgakhg| ak G( _g}g k|qk lg|b kh pg}qdl{ig}) gi k|l}dmd} ig| |{lk|dbhk| w{k cgt kh G. hb |k {|gh lbeg|( \k |{pbhk w{k G. lbhqdkhk ig |{lk|düh glåg b lgakhg glåg) w{k hb lbhqdkhk |åembib|) t |k ak|djhg g k|qg lgakhg pb} ∀ ( Qgemdäh |k ak`dhk ig lbhlgqkhgldüh ak ab| lgakhg|(

Gpidlg ki lbhlkpqb ak |{lk|düh kh ig `b}egldüh ak ikhj{gnk|(

Knkepib|> #7$ \kg G 5 vg) m) l) ((() ~u ki gi`gmkqb dhjiä| {|{gi( Khqbhlk| G. k|qç `b}egab pb} qbag| ig| pgigm}g|) qgik| lbeb gpk) |kw{khlk #w{k qdkhkh ’|djhd`dlgab―$ pk}b qgemdäh pb} ’pgigm}g|― qgik| lbeb tsgibmik) ltg t pw}|q #w{k hb qdkhkh ’|djhd`dlgab― gij{hb$( #=$ \kg G 5 vNbch) \ge) Nghk) |zde|) }{h|) zkii) w{dlfit) |ibzitu ( Khqbhlk| G. lbhqdkhk b}gldbhk| lbeb ’Nghk |zde| w{dlfit― #w{k qdkhkh ’|djhd`dlgab―$ pk}b qgemdäh ak b}gldbhk| lbeb ’Zkii |zde| Nghk |ibzit Nbch―( #w{k hb qdkhkh ’|djhd`dlgab―$( Gw{å  |k |kpg}g ib| kikekhqb| ak lgag lg ag |{lk|düh lbh k|pgldb|(

74

Fbiegh> K|q}{lq{}g| ak Egqkeçqdlg| Ad|l}kqg| pg}g ig Lbep{qgldüh( <}g( Kadldüh( _kg}|bh “ _}khqdlk Cgii( pçjdhg 74

Cgmdidaga

@g|k

Ak`dhk t }klbhblk {h hþek}b p}deb Ak`dhk bpk}gab}k| eba

ad

ib| t

]klbhblk w{k l{giw{dk} khqk}b egtb} w{k 7 |k p{kak ksp}k|g} lbeb {h p}ba{lqb ak p}deb|(

Ekqbabibjåg #Ak|l}dpldüh t Egqk}dgik|$ \k p}k|khqg ki Qkb}keg> \d h ≯ ? t e |bh khqk}b| hb hkjgqdb|) p{kak k|l}dmd}|k e 5 wh & } pg}g   gij{hb| khqk}b| hb hkjgqdb| w t } lbh ? ≡ } 9 h ( Gakeç| |üib {hg eghk}g ak cglk} k|qb( Knkepib ;(7(= #pçjdhg 731$ \k p}k|khqg ki Qkb}keg> #pçjdhg 731 > Qkb}keg Q kb}keg ;(7(<$ \kgh e) h t a hþek}b| khqk}b|) |k l{epik> #g$ \d a e t a h ) khqbhlk| a # e & h$ #m$ \d a e t a h ) kh abhak abhak e 8 h) khqbhlk| a #e ∝ h$ #l$ \d a e b a h ) khqbhlk| a eh #a$ \d a e t e h ) khqbhlk| a h \k ak`dhk w{k k| {h hþek}b p}deb> [h khqk}b egtb} w{k 7 l{tb| þhdlb| add|b}k| pb|dqdb| |bh 7 t äi ed|eb |k akhbedhg p}deb( Ak`dhk ib| bpk}gab}k| ad t eba> \kgh g t m ab| hþek}b| khqk}b| g g

eba m 5 } ) |d |k l{epik g 5 wm & }   a d m 5 w ) |d |k l{epik g 5 wm & }  

=4 eba ; 5 1 7:= eba 77 5 : < eba < 5 ? ? eba 1 5 1

=4 ad ; 5 ; 7:= ad 77 5 7; < ad < 5 7 ? ad 1 5 ?

\k p}k|khqg ki Qkb}keg > #pçjdhg 734 > Qkb}keg ;(7(7:$

  Di{|q}g} gemb| qkb}keg| lbh knkepib| |khldiib|> _g}g ki p}dek} Qkb}keg>

=? 5 7.71 & 0 6 71 5 =.: & ? 6 71 5 ?.=? & 71

Cgmdidaga

@g|k

ad

Qdkepb

\k p}k|khqg ki Qkb}keg> \d h ≯ ? t e |bh khqk}b| hb hkjgqdb|) p{kak k|l}dmd}|k e 5 wh & } pg}g   gij{hb| khqk}b| hb hkjgqdb| w t } lbh ? ≡ } 9 h ( Gakeç| |üib {hg eghk}g ak cglk} k|qb(

Ak`dhk t }klbhblk {h hþek}b p}deb Ak`dhk bpk}gab}k| eba

Ekqbabibjåg #Ak|l}dpldüh t Egqk}dgik|$

ib| t

  Di{|q}g} gemb| qkb}keg| lbh knkepib| |khldiib|> _g}g ki p}dek} Qkb}keg>

Knkepib ;(7(= #pçjdhg 731$

=? 5 7.71 & 0 6 71 5 =.: & ? 6 71 5 ?.=? & 71

\k p}k|khqg ki Qkb}keg> #pçjdhg 731 > Qkb}keg Q kb}keg ;(7(<$ \kgh e) h t a hþek}b| khqk}b|) |k l{epik>

]klbhblk w{k l{giw{dk} khqk}b egtb} w{k 7 |k p{kak ksp}k|g} lbeb {h p}ba{lqb ak p}deb|(

Bm|k}gldbhk| t ]klbekhagldbhk|

#g$ \d a e t a h ) khqbhlk| a # e & h$ #m$ \d a e t a h ) kh abhak abhak e 8 h) khqbhlk| a #e ∝ h$ #l$ \d a e b a h ) khqbhlk| a eh #a$ \d a e t e h ) khqbhlk| a h \k ak`dhk w{k k| {h hþek}b p}deb> [h khqk}b egtb} w{k 7 l{tb| þhdlb| add|b}k| pb|dqdb| |bh 7 t äi ed|eb |k akhbedhg p}deb( Ak`dhk ib| bpk}gab}k| ad t eba> \kgh g t m ab| hþek}b| khqk}b| g g

eba m 5 } ) |d |k l{epik g 5 wm & }   a d m 5 w ) |d |k l{epik g 5 wm & }  

=4 eba ; 5 1 7:= eba 77 5 : < eba < 5 ? ? eba 1 5 1

=4 ad ; 5 ; 7:= ad 77 5 7; < ad < 5 7 ? ad 1 5 ?

\k p}k|khqg ki Qkb}keg > #pçjdhg 734 > Qkb}keg ;(7(7:$

Cgmdidaga

@g|k

Ekqbabibjåg #Ak|l}dpldüh t Egqk}dgik|$

Qdkepb

Qbab khqk}b pb|dqdb h 8 7 p{kak k|l}dmd}|k kh `b}eg þhdlg lbeb h 5 p7f7 p=f = ((( phf  ) kh h

abhak p7 9 p= 9 ((( 9 ph ) |bh p}deb| ad|qdhqb| w{k addakh g h) t ig| f |bh khqk}b| pb|dqdb| w{k agh ki hþek}b ak klk| w{k bl{}}k lgag p}deb lbeb `glqb} ak h( #g$ 7=:1 5 = ( : = ( 7<

#m$ 3=<=? 5 =1 ( < ( ; ( : < ( 77

Eçsdeb Lbeþh Add|b} #ELA$ =? \kgh e t h khqk}b| pb|dqdb| ad`k}khqk| ak lk}b( [h add|b} lbeþh ak e t h k| {h khqk}b w{k addak qghqb g e lbeb g h( Ki eçsdeb lbeþh add|b}) w{k |k akhbqg ELA #e) h$ k| ki add|b} lbeþh ak e t h eç| j}ghak( #pçjdhg 733 “ Ak`dhdldüh ;(7(71$ Ak`dhk ki ELA ak ab| hþek}b|( Gpidlg ki Gijb}dqeb ak K{lidak| pg}g akqk}edhg} ki ELA #Eçsdeb Lbeþh Add|b}$ ak ab| hþek}b| khqk}b| pb|dqdb|(

Eçsdeb Lbeþh Add|b} #ELA$ =7 \d g) m t f k|qçh kh & ) t f g ) f m ) |k adlk w{k f k| {h add|b} lbeþh ak g t m( \d ak k| ki egtb} ak k|qb| f) g a |k ik iigeg eçsdeb lbeþh add|b}) b ELA ak g t m t |k akhbqg lbeb ELA #g)m$( Gijb}dqeb ak K{lidak| == \d g k| {h khqk}b hb hkjgqdb) m k| {h khqk}b pb|dqdb t } 5 g eba m) khqbhlk| ELA #g) m$ 5 ELA #m) }$( #pçjdhg # pçjdhg =?; “ Ak`dhdldüh ;(<(7$ Gijb}dqeb ak K{lidak| =< \kgh g 8 m 8 ? ) khqbhlk|> g 5 f7m & }7  abhak ? ≡ }7 9 m m 5 f= }7 & }= )   ? ≡ }= 9 } 7 }7 5 f< }= & }< )  ? ≡ }< 9 } =

††††††††††( lbhqdhþg

=?

Nbch|bhmg{jc> Egqkeçqdlg| Ad|l}kqg|) 0qg Kadldüh( _kg}|bh “ _}khqdlk Cgii( pçjdhg 733 Fbiegh> K|q}{lq{}g| ak Egqkeçqdlg| Ad|l}kqg| pg}g ig Lbep{qgldüh( <®( Kadldüh( _kg}|bh “ _}khqdlk Cgii( pçjdhg =1 == Nbch|bhmg{jc> Egqkeçqdlg| Ad|l}kqg|) 0qg Kadldüh( _kg}|bh “ _}khqdlk Cgii( pçjdhg =?; =< Fbiegh> K|q}{lq{}g| ak Egqkeçqdlg| Ad|l}kqg| pg}g ig Lbep{qgldüh( <®( Kadldüh( _kg}|bh “ _}khqdlk Cgii( pçjdhg =; =7

Bm|k}gldbhk| t ]klbekhagldbhk|

Cgmdidaga

@g|k

Ekqbabibjåg #Ak|l}dpldüh t Egqk}dgik|$

Qdkepb

Bm|k}gldbhk| t ]klbekhagldbhk|

Qdkepb

Bm|k}gldbhk| t ]klbekhagldbhk|

Qbab khqk}b pb|dqdb h 8 7 p{kak k|l}dmd}|k kh `b}eg þhdlg lbeb h 5 p7f7 p=f = ((( phf  ) kh h

abhak p7 9 p= 9 ((( 9 ph ) |bh p}deb| ad|qdhqb| w{k addakh g h) t ig| f |bh khqk}b| pb|dqdb| w{k agh ki hþek}b ak klk| w{k bl{}}k lgag p}deb lbeb `glqb} ak h( #g$ 7=:1 5 = ( : = ( 7<

#m$ 3=<=? 5 =1 ( < ( ; ( : < ( 77

Eçsdeb Lbeþh Add|b} #ELA$ =? \kgh e t h khqk}b| pb|dqdb| ad`k}khqk| ak lk}b( [h add|b} lbeþh ak e t h k| {h khqk}b w{k addak qghqb g e lbeb g h( Ki eçsdeb lbeþh add|b}) w{k |k akhbqg ELA #e) h$ k| ki add|b} lbeþh ak e t h eç| j}ghak( #pçjdhg 733 “ Ak`dhdldüh ;(7(71$ Eçsdeb Lbeþh Add|b} #ELA$ =7 \d g) m t f k|qçh kh & ) t f g ) f m ) |k adlk w{k f k| {h add|b} lbeþh ak g t m( \d ak k| ki egtb} ak k|qb| f) g a |k ik iigeg eçsdeb lbeþh add|b}) b ELA ak g t m t |k akhbqg lbeb ELA #g)m$(

Ak`dhk ki ELA ak ab| hþek}b|( Gpidlg ki Gijb}dqeb ak K{lidak| pg}g akqk}edhg} ki ELA #Eçsdeb Lbeþh Add|b}$ ak ab| hþek}b| khqk}b| pb|dqdb|(

Gijb}dqeb ak K{lidak| == \d g k| {h khqk}b hb hkjgqdb) m k| {h khqk}b pb|dqdb t } 5 g eba m) khqbhlk| ELA #g) m$ 5 ELA #m) }$( #pçjdhg # pçjdhg =?; “ Ak`dhdldüh ;(<(7$ Gijb}dqeb ak K{lidak| =< \kgh g 8 m 8 ? ) khqbhlk|> g 5 f7m & }7  abhak ? ≡ }7 9 m m 5 f= }7 & }= )   ? ≡ }= 9 } 7 }7 5 f< }= & }< )  ? ≡ }< 9 } =

††††††††††( lbhqdhþg

=?

Nbch|bhmg{jc> Egqkeçqdlg| Ad|l}kqg|) 0qg Kadldüh( _kg}|bh “ _}khqdlk Cgii( pçjdhg 733 Fbiegh> K|q}{lq{}g| ak Egqkeçqdlg| Ad|l}kqg| pg}g ig Lbep{qgldüh( <®( Kadldüh( _kg}|bh “ _}khqdlk Cgii( pçjdhg =1 == Nbch|bhmg{jc> Egqkeçqdlg| Ad|l}kqg|) 0qg Kadldüh( _kg}|bh “ _}khqdlk Cgii( pçjdhg =?; =< Fbiegh> K|q}{lq{}g| ak Egqkeçqdlg| Ad|l}kqg| pg}g ig Lbep{qgldüh( <®( Kadldüh( _kg}|bh “ _}khqdlk Cgii( pçjdhg =; =7

Cgmdidaga

@g|k

Ekqbabibjåg #Ak|l}dpldüh t Egqk}dgik|$ dkhk ak ig pçjdhg ghqk}db} 

}h ∝ = 5 fh }h ∝7 & }h ) ?  ≡ }h 9 } h ∝7

#g$

74? 5 ; ( <1 & =?

@dhgiekhqk l{ghab } h &7 5 ? ) ELA #g) m$ 5 } h

#m$

<1 5 7 ( =? & 71

Knkepib> =1 Akqk}edhk ki ELA # 74?) <1 $ Gpidlghab ki Gijb}dqeb ak K{lidak|) |k bmqdkhk w{k ki ELA # 74?) <1 $ 5 =( Bm|k}k w{k ig lbhadldüh ak pg}gag k| w{k ki þiqdeb }k|qb k| dj{gi g lk}b(

#l$

=? 5 7 ( 71 & 0

#a$

71 5 = ( 0 & =

#k$

05<( = & ?

}h ∝7 5 fh &7}h & }h &7 )   ? ≡ }h &7 9 } h (

Gpidlg ig Dakhqdaga ak Mä~b{q pg}g ksp}k|g} ki ELA ak ab| hþek}b| khqk}b| lbeb {hg lbemdhgldüh idhkgi ak ib| ed|eb|(

=1

Dakhqdaga ak Mä~b{q \d g t m |bh khqk}b| hb hkjgqdb|) gemb| ad`k}khqk| ak lk}b) lk} b) ksd|qkh khqk}b| | t q qgik| w{k ELA#g ) m$ 5 |g & qm ( #pçjdhg =7? “ Qkb}keg ;(<(:$

Ak|pkng} ak #a$ ki gib} => Ak|pkng} ak #l$ ki gib} 0>

= 5 71 “ = #0 #0$ 0 5 =? “ 7 #71$

]kkepig~g} adlcb gib} kh ig kl{gldüh ghqk}db}) g|å> = 5 71 “ = V=? “ 7 #71$U = 5 <#71 <#71$$ “ = #=?$

Dakhqdaga ak Mä~b{q \d a k| ki ELA #g)m$) khqbhlk|> #7$ a 5 |g & qm pg}g gij{hb| khqk}b| | t q #ä|qb| hb |bh gemb| pb|dqdb|$( #=$ \d l k| l{giw{dk} bq}b add|b} lbeþh ak g t m) khqbhlk| l a 

Ak|pkng} ak #m$ ki gib} 71> 71 5 <1 “ 7 #=?$ ]kkepig~g} adlcb gib} kh ig kl{gldüh ghqk}db}) g|å> = 5
Knkepib> Akqk}edhk | t q |d ELA#74?) <1$ 5 = 5 |74? & q <1  

Ak|pkng} ak #g$ ki gib} =?> =? 5 74? “ ; #<1$ ]kkepig~g} adlcb gib} kh ig kl{gldüh ghqk}db}) g|å> = 5 <#<1$ “;V74? “ ; #<1$U = 5 =3#<1$ “;#74?$

Fbiegh> K|q}{lq{}g| ak Egqkeçqdlg| Ad|l}kqg| pg}g ig Lbep{qgldüh( <®( Kadldüh( _kg}|bh “ _}khqdlk Cgii( pçjdhg =;

Cgmdidaga

@g|k

Ekqbabibjåg #Ak|l}dpldüh t Egqk}dgik|$

Qdkepb

Bm|k}gldbhk| t ]klbekhagldbhk|

dkhk ak ig pçjdhg ghqk}db} 

}h ∝ = 5 fh }h ∝7 & }h ) ?  ≡ }h 9 } h ∝7

#g$

74? 5 ; ( <1 & =?

@dhgiekhqk l{ghab } h &7 5 ? ) ELA #g) m$ 5 } h

#m$

<1 5 7 ( =? & 71

Knkepib> =1 Akqk}edhk ki ELA # 74?) <1 $ Gpidlghab ki Gijb}dqeb ak K{lidak|) |k bmqdkhk w{k ki ELA # 74?) <1 $ 5 =( Bm|k}k w{k ig lbhadldüh ak pg}gag k| w{k ki þiqdeb }k|qb k| dj{gi g lk}b(

#l$

=? 5 7 ( 71 & 0

#a$

71 5 = ( 0 & =

#k$

05<( = & ?

}h ∝7 5 fh &7}h & }h &7 )   ? ≡ }h &7 9 } h (

Gpidlg ig Dakhqdaga ak Mä~b{q pg}g ksp}k|g} ki ELA ak ab| hþek}b| khqk}b| lbeb {hg lbemdhgldüh idhkgi ak ib| ed|eb|(

=1

Dakhqdaga ak Mä~b{q \d g t m |bh khqk}b| hb hkjgqdb|) gemb| ad`k}khqk| ak lk}b) lk} b) ksd|qkh khqk}b| | t q qgik| w{k ELA#g ) m$ 5 |g & qm ( #pçjdhg =7? “ Qkb}keg ;(<(:$

Ak|pkng} ak #a$ ki gib} => Ak|pkng} ak #l$ ki gib} 0>

= 5 71 “ = #0 #0$ 0 5 =? “ 7 #71$

]kkepig~g} adlcb gib} kh ig kl{gldüh ghqk}db}) g|å> = 5 71 “ = V=? “ 7 #71$U = 5 <#71 <#71$$ “ = #=?$

Dakhqdaga ak Mä~b{q \d a k| ki ELA #g)m$) khqbhlk|> #7$ a 5 |g & qm pg}g gij{hb| khqk}b| | t q #ä|qb| hb |bh gemb| pb|dqdb|$( #=$ \d l k| l{giw{dk} bq}b add|b} lbeþh ak g t m) khqbhlk| l a 

Ak|pkng} ak #m$ ki gib} 71> 71 5 <1 “ 7 #=?$ ]kkepig~g} adlcb gib} kh ig kl{gldüh ghqk}db}) g|å> = 5
Knkepib> Akqk}edhk | t q |d ELA#74?) <1$ 5 = 5 |74? & q <1  

Ak|pkng} ak #g$ ki gib} =?> =? 5 74? “ ; #<1$ ]kkepig~g} adlcb gib} kh ig kl{gldüh ghqk}db}) g|å> = 5 <#<1$ “;V74? “ ; #<1$U = 5 =3#<1$ “;#74?$

Fbiegh> K|q}{lq{}g| ak Egqkeçqdlg| Ad|l}kqg| pg}g ig Lbep{qgldüh( <®( Kadldüh( _kg}|bh “ _}khqdlk Cgii( pçjdhg =;

0(=(

Knk}ldldb| ak Lig|k

Ib| knk}ldldb| ak lig|k qdkhkh lbeb bmnkqdb gpbtg} ki ak|g}}biib aki ad|k÷b dh|q}{lldbhgi p}bpb}ldbhghab adhçedlg gi q}gmgnb lbh ki k|q{adghqk( #ebagidaga |kedp}k|khldgi$

Egqkeçqdlg Ad|l}kqg #K_K$ EG77< Knk}ldldb| Lig|k ?7 =??3%?7 Gimk}qb Eknåg Egh}dw{k #\klldüh K1?7$

6v16 ;u6v1u6v u6v1u6v;;u6vπ u6;u ( Dhadw{k |d k| k}agak}g b `gi|g lgag {hg ak ig| 7( \kg ki lbhn{hqb  G 5 vπ 6v16 |dj{dkhqk| p}bpb|dldbhk|) n{|qd`dlghab |{ }k|p{k|qg( π ∃ G #g$ π ∃ #m$ v;u ⊍ G

#l$ v16;u ∃ G #a$ vπ u ⊍ G

#k$ vvπ uu ⊍ G #`$ π  ⊍  G

0(=(

Knk}ldldb| ak Lig|k

Ib| knk}ldldb| ak lig|k qdkhkh lbeb bmnkqdb gpbtg} ki ak|g}}biib aki ad|k÷b dh|q}{lldbhgi p}bpb}ldbhghab adhçedlg gi q}gmgnb lbh ki k|q{adghqk( #ebagidaga |kedp}k|khldgi$

Egqkeçqdlg Ad|l}kqg #K_K$ EG77< Knk}ldldb| Lig|k ?7 =??3%?7 Gimk}qb Eknåg Egh}dw{k #\klldüh K1?7$

6v16 ;u6v1u6v u6v1u6v;;u6vπ u6;u ( Dhadw{k |d k| k}agak}g b `gi|g lgag {hg ak ig| 7( \kg ki lbhn{hqb  G 5 vπ 6v16 |dj{dkhqk| p}bpb|dldbhk|) n{|qd`dlghab |{ }k|p{k|qg( π ∃ G #g$ π ∃ #m$ v;u ⊍ G

#l$ v16;u ∃ G #a$ vπ u ⊍ G

#k$ vvπ uu ⊍ G #`$ π  ⊍  G

=( _g}g lgag {hg ak ig| p}bpb|dldbhk| |dj{dkhqk| dhadlg} |d k| k}agak}g b `gi|g) n{|qd`dlghab |{ g`d}egldüh( g( π  ⊀ vπ u

π  ∃ vπ u m( π ∃

L( vg) mu ∃ vg ) vg ) muu

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#d$ Dhadw{k l{çik| ak ig| |dj{dkhqk| b}gldbhk| |bh p}bpb|dldbhk|( g( Ib| q}dçhj{ib| |bh `dj{}g| ak < igab|( m( Cbt k| {h aåg ii{db|b( l( ²W{ä lbed|qk gtk}2 a( 43 & =< 5 7=7 k( = “ = 5 : #dd$ Akqk}edhk ki gib} ak k}aga ak ig| |dj{dkhqk| p}bpb|dldbhk| k dhadw{k w{k qdpb ak p}bpb|dldüh k| lgag {hg ak kiig|>

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 7) |d d % n ≫ 7 #∝7$ d& n & 7 ) ldn 5  ( ;( Agag| ig| egq}dlk| G t L ak ü}akhk| <Ú<) ak`dhdag| pb}> g dn 5 = ?) kh bq}b lg|b  ]kgid~g} #|d k| pb|dmik$ ig| |dj{dkhqk| bpk}gldbhk|>

g( #G ∪ L$  G m( #G  L$ ∣ LQ 0(

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Akeb|q}g} pb} dha{lldüh egqkeçqdlg w{k> 7 & = & < &

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@klcg ak khq}kjg> Eg}qk| 77 ak |kqdkem}k #ig| #i g| p}kj{hqg| 0 t : |bh bpldbhgik|$ Lbh|{iqg|> åg `b}b GP Ebbaik > cqqp>""ebbaik({pl(ka{(pk"ebbaikR{pl

Ig| Qg}kg| m{|lgh w{k |keghg g |keghg ib| k|q{adghqk| ak|g}}biikh knk}ldldb| w{k pk}edqgh ig q}gh|`k}khldg ak lbhbldedkhqb|) ak|g}}biighab t }k`b}~ghab ig| cgmdidagak| q}gmgngag| kh lig|k( Ki q}gmgnb k| pk}|bhgi t gakeç| k| lgid`dlgab( \bh ak|lg}jgag| aki GP Ebbaik t p}k|khqgag| kh lig|k mgnb {h `b}egqb p}kk|qgmikldab #ebagidaga |kedp}k|khldgi$

I{kjb ak ig p}k|khqgldüh ak lgag Qg}kg) ki p}b`k|b} m}dhag dh`b}egldüh |bm}k ib| k}}b}k| eç| `}kl{khqk| khlbhq}gab| t p}bpb}ldbhg {hg cbng Kslki lbh ig hbqg ak ig qg}kg ak lgag gi{ehb t {h akqgiik ak ig hbqg pg}g lgag p}kj{hqg) lbh ig dakg ak w{k lgag k|q{adghqk p{kag }k`b}~g} |{| p{hqb| aämdik| t }klbhblk} gw{kiig| cgmdidagak| tg ibj}gag|(

I{kjb ak ig p}k|khqgldüh ak lgag Qg}kg) ki p}b`k|b} m}dhag dh`b}egldüh |bm}k ib| k}}b}k| eç| `}kl{khqk| khlbhq}gab| t p}bpb}ldbhg {hg cbng kslki lbh ig hbqg ak ig qg}kg ak lgag gi{ehb t {h akqgiik ak ig hbqg pg}g lgag p}kj{hqg) lbh ig dakg ak w{k lgag k|q{adghqk p{kag }k`b}~g} |{| p{hqb| aämdik| t }klbhblk} gw{kiig| cgmdidagak| tg ibj}gag|(

0(0(

G{ig Pd}q{gi

_ghqgiig ?7> Dhj}k|b gi GP Ebbaik ak EG7?;( ]kl{k}ak w{k kh k|qg GP Ebbaik kh }kgidaga lbhdkh ab| GP {hg pg}g ig| |klldbhk| mgnb ig ebagidaga p}k|khldgi #K%1?= t K%1?1$ t ig bq}g pg}g ig |klldüh mgnb ig ebagidaga |kedp}k|khldgi #K% 1?7$

_ghqgiig ?=> Ib| }kl{}|b| ad|pbhdmik| pg}g ig |klldüh kh ig ebagidaga |kedp}k|khldgi k|qçh mgnb ki |{mqdq{ib K1?7 “ G( Ekndg) pb} bq}b igab ib| }kl{}|b| ad|pbhdmik| pg}g ig| |klldbhk| kh ig ebagidaga p}k|khldgi k|qçh mgnb ki |{mqåq{ib K1?= “ K1?1 “ ]( Glb|qg( Ak k|qg `b}eg k| `çldi }klbhblk} w{k egqk}dgi ik lb}}k|pbhak g lgag |klldüh( \dh kemg}jb gi `dhgi qbab| ib| k|q{adghqk| egq}dl{igab| kh l{giw{dk}g ak ig| |klldbhk| qdkhk gllk|b gi egqk}dgi ak l{giw{dk}g ak ig| ebagidagak|) k| akld} qbab| qdkhkh gllk|b g qbab ki egqk}dgi(

_ghqgiig ?=> Ib| }kl{}|b| ad|pbhdmik| pg}g ig |klldüh kh ig ebagidaga |kedp}k|khldgi k|qçh mgnb ki |{mqdq{ib K1?7 “ G( Ekndg) pb} bq}b igab ib| }kl{}|b| ad|pbhdmik| pg}g ig| |klldbhk| kh ig ebagidaga p}k|khldgi k|qçh mgnb ki |{mqåq{ib K1?= “ K1?1 “ ]( Glb|qg( Ak k|qg `b}eg k| `çldi }klbhblk} w{k egqk}dgi ik lb}}k|pbhak g lgag |klldüh( \dh kemg}jb gi `dhgi qbab| ib| k|q{adghqk| egq}dl{igab| kh l{giw{dk}g ak ig| |klldbhk| qdkhk gllk|b gi egqk}dgi ak l{giw{dk}g ak ig| ebagidagak|) k| akld} qbab| qdkhkh gllk|b g qbab ki egqk}dgi(

_ghqgiig ?<> Kh ki lg|b ak ig |klldüh K1?7 #ebagidaga |kedp}k|khldgi$ bm|k}k ig| glqddagak| p}bj}gegag| akhq}b ak ig |k|düh 7(= #|k|düh hb p}k|khldgi$( \k qdkhk {hg qg}kg dha{lqdg #w{k hb k| pg}qk ak ig |{egqdg) pk}b |d lgid`dlgag$) {h `b}b ak lbh|{iqg| pg}g ig| a{ag| w{k |k p{kagh p}k|khqg} a{}ghqk ki ak|g}}biib ak ig qg}kg) t {h khiglk g ib| }k|{iqgab| #`kkamglf$ w{k ki p}b`k|b} p}bpb}ldbhg i{kjb ak }kd|g} qbag| ig| qg}kg|( K|qk ld}l{dqb |k }kpdqk qbag| ig| |keghg|(

_ghqgiig ?<> Kh ki lg|b ak ig |klldüh K1?7 #ebagidaga |kedp}k|khldgi$ bm|k}k ig| glqddagak| p}bj}gegag| akhq}b ak ig |k|düh 7(= #|k|düh hb p}k|khldgi$( \k qdkhk {hg qg}kg dha{lqdg #w{k hb k| pg}qk ak ig |{egqdg) pk}b |d lgid`dlgag$) {h `b}b ak lbh|{iqg| pg}g ig| a{ag| w{k |k p{kagh p}k|khqg} a{}ghqk ki ak|g}}biib ak ig qg}kg) t {h khiglk g ib| }k|{iqgab| #`kkamglf$ w{k ki p}b`k|b} p}bpb}ldbhg i{kjb ak }kd|g} qbag| ig| qg}kg|( K|qk ld}l{dqb |k }kpdqk qbag| ig| |keghg|(

_ghqgiig ?1> Kh k|qk lg|b |k e{k|q}g ki akqgiik ak {hb ak ib| `b}b| w{k glbepg÷g ki ak|g}}biib ak ig Qg}kg ?? #qg}kg dha{lqdg$( Lbeb |k p{kak gp}kldg} ib| k|q{adghqk| k|qçh kh ig idmk}qga ak cglk} b hb p}kj{hqg| |bm}k ib| qkeg| w{k |bh pg}qk ak ig qg}kg( L{ghab |k khåg {hg lbh|{iqg gi `b}b dhekadgqgekhqk khq}k {h ekh|gnk gi lb}}kb aki p}b`k|b} pg}g w{k p{kag }k|pbhak}ig t qbab| }kldmkh {hg lbpdg ak ig }k|p{k|qg(

_ghqgiig ?1> Kh k|qk lg|b |k e{k|q}g ki akqgiik ak {hb ak ib| `b}b| w{k glbepg÷g ki ak|g}}biib ak ig Qg}kg ?? #qg}kg dha{lqdg$( Lbeb |k p{kak gp}kldg} ib| k|q{adghqk| k|qçh kh ig idmk}qga ak cglk} b hb p}kj{hqg| |bm}k ib| qkeg| w{k |bh pg}qk ak ig qg}kg( L{ghab |k khåg {hg lbh|{iqg gi `b}b dhekadgqgekhqk khq}k {h ekh|gnk gi lb}}kb aki p}b`k|b} pg}g w{k p{kag }k|pbhak}ig t qbab| }kldmkh {hg lbpdg ak ig }k|p{k|qg(

_ghqgiig ?;> K|qk k| ki qksqb dhq}ba{lqb}dg p}kdb gi dhj}k|b g {hg Kgi{gldüh kh Iåhkg( Kh k|qk lg|b lb}}k|pbhak gi |de{igl}b ak|g}}biigab p}kdgekhqk gi igh~gedkhqb ak ig Kgi{gldüh kh Iåhkg ?7 pg}g ig |klldüh kh ebagidaga |kedp}k|khldgi( Kh k|qk lg|b |k pk}edqågh g ib eç| l{gq}b dhj}k|b| g ig p}{kmg(

_ghqgiig ?;> K|qk k| ki qksqb dhq}ba{lqb}dg p}kdb gi dhj}k|b g {hg Kgi{gldüh kh Iåhkg( Kh k|qk lg|b lb}}k|pbhak gi |de{igl}b ak|g}}biigab p}kdgekhqk gi igh~gedkhqb ak ig Kgi{gldüh kh Iåhkg ?7 pg}g ig |klldüh kh ebagidaga |kedp}k|khldgi( Kh k|qk lg|b |k pk}edqågh g ib eç| l{gq}b dhj}k|b| g ig p}{kmg(

_ghqgiig ?0> Kh k|qg pghqgiig |k e{k|q}g lbeb gpg}klkh ig| p}kj{hqg| w{k `b}egh pg}qk aki l{k|qdbhg}db {hg pb} k~( Kh k|qk lg|b ki k|q{adghqk p{kak ed}g} qbag| ig| p}kj{hqg| ghqk| ak lbhqk|qg}ig|) pk}b hb p{kak |gid} ak ig Kgi{gldüh kh Iåhkg pb}w{k ki |d|qkeg ik lbhqg}åg lbeb w{k }dhadü ig p}{kmg {hg k~ #ak {h eçsdeb ak ab| bpb}q{hdagak|$( Gi `dhgi ig hbqg w{k khq}g kh ig |{egqdg k| ig egtb} ak ig| ab|(

_ghqgiig ?0> Kh k|qg pghqgiig |k e{k|q}g lbeb gpg}klkh ig| p}kj{hqg| w{k `b}egh pg}qk aki l{k|qdbhg}db {hg pb} k~( Kh k|qk lg|b ki k|q{adghqk p{kak ed}g} qbag| ig| p}kj{hqg| ghqk| ak lbhqk|qg}ig|) pk}b hb p{kak |gid} ak ig Kgi{gldüh kh Iåhkg pb}w{k ki |d|qkeg ik lbhqg}åg lbeb w{k }dhadü ig p}{kmg {hg k~ #ak {h eçsdeb ak ab| bpb}q{hdagak|$( Gi `dhgi ig hbqg w{k khq}g kh ig |{egqdg k| ig egtb} ak ig| ab|(

_ghqgiig ?:> Kh k|qk lg|b |k e{k|q}gh ib| }k|{iqgab| ak ib| dhqkhqb| ak ib| k|q{adghqk|( Bm|k}k lbeb |k }kjd|q}g ki qdkepb kh ki l{gi }dhadk}bh ig Kgi{gldüh kh Iåhkg) g|å lbeb ig hbqg bmqkhdag( \d k| hklk|g}db k| pb|dmik dhj}k|g} t }kd|g} l{gik| `{k}bh ksglqgekhqk ig| }k|p{k|qg| kh lgag p}kj{hqg pg}g lgag gi{ehb(

_ghqgiig ?:> Kh k|qk lg|b |k e{k|q}gh ib| }k|{iqgab| ak ib| dhqkhqb| ak ib| k|q{adghqk|( Bm|k}k lbeb |k }kjd|q}g ki qdkepb kh ki l{gi }dhadk}bh ig Kgi{gldüh kh Iåhkg) g|å lbeb ig hbqg bmqkhdag( \d k| hklk|g}db k| pb|dmik dhj}k|g} t }kd|g} l{gik| `{k}bh ksglqgekhqk ig| }k|p{k|qg| kh lgag p}kj{hqg pg}g lgag gi{ehb(

_ghqgiig ?3> Kh k|qk lg|b |k e{k|q}g {hg k|q}{lq{}g pg}kldag kh ig [hdaga ?0> K|q}{lq{}g| ak B}akh t Çijkm}g ak Mbbik( Bm|k}k lbeb k|qçh p{midlgab| ib| dhadlgab}k| ak Ibj}b ak ig _L?<) lbeb ksd|qk {h gllk|b g {hg Mg|k ak Agqb| ak kgi{gldbhk| ghqk}db}k| lbh |{ }k|pklqdb |bi{ldbhg}db t l}dqk}db| ak lgid`dlgldüh w{k gt{ag g `blgid~g} ki q}gmgnb aki k|q{adghqk( #ebagidaga |kedp}k|khldgi$

_ghqgiig ?3> Kh k|qk lg|b |k e{k|q}g {hg k|q}{lq{}g pg}kldag kh ig [hdaga ?0> K|q}{lq{}g| ak B}akh t Çijkm}g ak Mbbik( Bm|k}k lbeb k|qçh p{midlgab| ib| dhadlgab}k| ak Ibj}b ak ig _L?<) lbeb ksd|qk {h gllk|b g {hg Mg|k ak Agqb| ak kgi{gldbhk| ghqk}db}k| lbh |{ }k|pklqdb |bi{ldbhg}db t l}dqk}db| ak lgid`dlgldüh w{k gt{ag g `blgid~g} ki q}gmgnb aki k|q{adghqk( #ebagidaga |kedp}k|khldgi$

_ghqgiig ?4> Kh k|qk lg|b |k e{k|q}g {hg k|q}{lq{}g pg}kldag kh ig [hdaga ?0> K|q}{lq{}g| ak B}akh t Çijkm}g ak Mbbik( Bm|k}k lbeb k|qçh p{midlgab| ib| dhadlgab}k| ak Ibj}b ak ig _L?<) lbeb ksd|qk {h gllk|b g {hg Mg|k ak Agqb| ak kgi{gldbhk| ghqk}db}k| lbh |{ }k|pklqdb |bi{ldbhg}db t l}dqk}db| ak lgid`dlgldüh w{k gt{ag g `blgid~g} ki q}gmgnb aki k|q{adghqk( #ebagidaga p}k|khldgi$

_ghqgiig ?4> Kh k|qk lg|b |k e{k|q}g {hg k|q}{lq{}g pg}kldag kh ig [hdaga ?0> K|q}{lq{}g| ak B}akh t Çijkm}g ak Mbbik( Bm|k}k lbeb k|qçh p{midlgab| ib| dhadlgab}k| ak Ibj}b ak ig _L?<) lbeb ksd|qk {h gllk|b g {hg Mg|k ak Agqb| ak kgi{gldbhk| ghqk}db}k| lbh |{ }k|pklqdb |bi{ldbhg}db t l}dqk}db| ak lgid`dlgldüh w{k gt{ag g `blgid~g} ki q}gmgnb aki k|q{adghqk( #ebagidaga p}k|khldgi$

:( Depglqb :(7(

Khl{k|qg Glgaäedlg

_k}dbab =??0 “ ? gi =??: “ 7 #|üib depg}qdldüh ebagidaga p}k|khldgi$

:( Depglqb :(7(

Khl{k|qg Glgaäedlg

_k}dbab =??0 “ ? gi =??: “ 7 #|üib depg}qdldüh ebagidaga p}k|khldgi$

Khl{k|qg| Glgaäedlg| #EG77<$ 4 3);      b 3       a      g       q       i :);      {      |      k       ] :

_}b` 7}g _}b` =ag

0); 0 =? ?0 % ? ?

=? ?0 % ? 7

= ?? 0 % ?=

=? ?: % ??

=?? : % ?7

\kek|q}k|

_k}dbab =??: “ = gi =??3 “ = #depg}qdldüh ebagidaga p}k|khldgi % |kedp}k|khldgi$

_k}dbab =??: “ = gi =??3 “ = #depg}qdldüh ebagidaga p}k|khldgi % |kedp}k|khldgi$

Khl{k|qg| Glgaäedlg| #EG77<$ 7? 3      b       a      g       q       i      {      |      k       ]

_}b` 7}g

0

_}b` =ag 1

L{}|b =ag

= ? =??: % ?=

= ?? 3 % ? ?

= ?? 3 % ? 7

\kek|q}k

:(=(

]k|{iqgab| #_b}lkhqgnk ak Gp}bmgab|$

_k}dbab =??0 “ ?? gi =??3 “ =

= ?? 3 % ? =

:(=(

]k|{iqgab| #_b}lkhqgnk ak Gp}bmgab|$

_k}dbab =??0 “ ?? gi =??3 “ =

_b}lkhqgnk ak Gp}bmgab| #EG77< #E G77<$$ 7??+ 4;+      k       n      g       q      h      k      l      }      b       _

4?+ 3;+ 3?+ :;+ :?+ =??0 % ??

=??0 % ?7

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=??: % ??

=??: % ?7

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=??3 % ?7

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\kek|q}k

3( Lbhli{|dbhk| I{kjb ak ak|g}}biig} ki p}k|khqg ghçid|d| aki |åigmb ak ig g|djhgq{}g Egqkeçqdlg Ad|l}kqg “ K_K #EG77<$ qbeghab kh l{khqg ig id|qg ak lckw{kb aki Q}gmgnb @dhgi aki Eüa{ib D> Ad|k÷b L{}}dl{ig}) lbh|dak}geb|>

Iklldbhk| Gp}khadag| •

• • •

• • •

Ib| dhadlgab}k| kgi{gab| #khl{k|qg| t pb}lkhqgnk ak gp}bmgab|$ cgh |dab pb|dqdgekhqk depglqgab| g pg}qd} ak ig |d|qkegqd~gldüh ak ib| abl{ekhqb| ak q}gmgnb kh adlcg g|djhgq{}g dhdldgag kh ki |kek|q}k =??0 “ ?7( Ksd|qk {h gidhkgedkhqb lig}b khq}k ig egq}d~ ak cgmdidagak|) ib| ad|k÷b| dh|q}{lldbhgik|) ib| dhadlgab}k| ak ibj}b t ig| kgi{gldbhk|( \dh kemg}jb k| hklk|g}db }k`b}~g} ki EGQK akhq}b ak ib| Ad|k÷b| ak Lig|k( G pg}qd} aki |kek|q}k =??: “ ?= kh ki l{gi |k dhlb}pb}b ig depg}qdldüh |kedp}k|khldgi ak ig g|djhgq{}g ib| dhadlgab}k| kgi{gab| #khl{k|qg| t pb}lkhqgnk ak gp}bmgab|$ e{k|q}gh {h depglqb pb|dqdb( Ib| dhadlgab}k| #khl{k|qg|$ {qdid~gab| k|q{dk}bh }kigldbhgab| lbh ki p}b`k|b} w{k depg}qdü ig g|djhgq{}g t lbh ki l{}|b( Kh gemb| lg|b| kh ki pk}dbab =??: “ ?= gi =??3 “ ?7 |k e{k|q}gh depglqb| pb|dqdb|) g pk|g} ak w{k ig dh`b}egldüh aki =??3 “ ?7 k|qg dhlbepikqg( Ib| egqk}dgik| w{k `b}egh pg}qk aki pb}qg`bidb ak ig g|djhgq{}g ghgid~gag kh ebagidaga p}k|khldgi) |d}dk}bh ak mg|k pg}g ak|g}}biig} ib| egqk}dgik| aki pb}qg`bidb ak ig g|djhgq{}g kh ebagidaga p}k|khldgi( Ki GP Ebbaik p{ab eghqkhk} kh pg}gikib ab| ’d|qg|― {hg pg}g ig ebagidaga p}k|khldgi t bq}b pg}g ig ebagidaga |kedp}k|khldgi w{k ’lbhdkh― ak eghk}g gp}bpdgag( Gpg}khqkekhqk ib| gi{ehb| w{k |k egq}dl{igh kh ig ebagidaga |kedp}k|khldgi |bh ib| w{k qdkhkh eknb} pbhak}gab) p{k| ki l{pb k| idedqgab(

3( Lbhli{|dbhk| I{kjb ak ak|g}}biig} ki p}k|khqg ghçid|d| aki |åigmb ak ig g|djhgq{}g Egqkeçqdlg Ad|l}kqg “ K_K #EG77<$ qbeghab kh l{khqg ig id|qg ak lckw{kb aki Q}gmgnb @dhgi aki Eüa{ib D> Ad|k÷b L{}}dl{ig}) lbh|dak}geb|>

Iklldbhk| Gp}khadag| •

• • •

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Ib| dhadlgab}k| kgi{gab| #khl{k|qg| t pb}lkhqgnk ak gp}bmgab|$ cgh |dab pb|dqdgekhqk depglqgab| g pg}qd} ak ig |d|qkegqd~gldüh ak ib| abl{ekhqb| ak q}gmgnb kh adlcg g|djhgq{}g dhdldgag kh ki |kek|q}k =??0 “ ?7( Ksd|qk {h gidhkgedkhqb lig}b khq}k ig egq}d~ ak cgmdidagak|) ib| ad|k÷b| dh|q}{lldbhgik|) ib| dhadlgab}k| ak ibj}b t ig| kgi{gldbhk|( \dh kemg}jb k| hklk|g}db }k`b}~g} ki EGQK akhq}b ak ib| Ad|k÷b| ak Lig|k( G pg}qd} aki |kek|q}k =??: “ ?= kh ki l{gi |k dhlb}pb}b ig depg}qdldüh |kedp}k|khldgi ak ig g|djhgq{}g ib| dhadlgab}k| kgi{gab| #khl{k|qg| t pb}lkhqgnk ak gp}bmgab|$ e{k|q}gh {h depglqb pb|dqdb( Ib| dhadlgab}k| #khl{k|qg|$ {qdid~gab| k|q{dk}bh }kigldbhgab| lbh ki p}b`k|b} w{k depg}qdü ig g|djhgq{}g t lbh ki l{}|b( Kh gemb| lg|b| kh ki pk}dbab =??: “ ?= gi =??3 “ ?7 |k e{k|q}gh depglqb| pb|dqdb|) g pk|g} ak w{k ig dh`b}egldüh aki =??3 “ ?7 k|qg dhlbepikqg( Ib| egqk}dgik| w{k `b}egh pg}qk aki pb}qg`bidb ak ig g|djhgq{}g ghgid~gag kh ebagidaga p}k|khldgi) |d}dk}bh ak mg|k pg}g ak|g}}biig} ib| egqk}dgik| aki pb}qg`bidb ak ig g|djhgq{}g kh ebagidaga p}k|khldgi( Ki GP Ebbaik p{ab eghqkhk} kh pg}gikib ab| ’d|qg|― {hg pg}g ig ebagidaga p}k|khldgi t bq}b pg}g ig ebagidaga |kedp}k|khldgi w{k ’lbhdkh― ak eghk}g gp}bpdgag( Gpg}khqkekhqk ib| gi{ehb| w{k |k egq}dl{igh kh ig ebagidaga |kedp}k|khldgi |bh ib| w{k qdkhkh eknb} pbhak}gab) p{k| ki l{pb k| idedqgab(

Ç}kg| ak Eknb}g •

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Ki |digmb ak Egqkeçqdlg Ad|l}kqg ak|ak ki =??0 “ ?= hb cg }kldmdab {h `kkamglf ak ib| l{}|b| lbh ib| l{gik| lbh|dak}geb| w{k akmk ksd|qd} eg| g}qdl{igldüh) k|qg k| {hg m{khg bpb}q{hdaga pg}g id|qg} ig| lbepkqkhldg| w{k |k q}gmgngh kh lbhn{hqb pg}g gidhkg}ig| eknb}( Ki |digmb ak Egqkeçqdlg Ad|l}kqg |bib k|qg dhl{igab lbh ig lbepkqkhldg jkhk}gi aki pkh|gedkhqb l}åqdlb) |k}dg pb|dmik ghgid~g} |d akmkh |k} dhli{dag| bq}g| lbepkqkhldg|) kh lg|b lbhq}g}db akmkh ksd|qd} {h egtb} glk}lgedkhqb kh ib| AD g adlcg lbepkqkhldg jkhk}gi( Akhq}b ak ib| AD |k khl{khq}g |dkep}k ki }kl{}|b ak ig lbh`k}khldg) pk}b k| hklk|g}db dhlb}pb}g} bq}b| }kl{}|b| gadldbhgik|( \d mdkh k| ldk}qb w{k ib| ad|k÷b| dh|q}{lldbhgik| pk}edqkh {hg |d|qkegqd~gldüh ak ib| p}blk|b| ak|g}}biigab| kh ki g{ig) ib| ad|k÷b| e{k|q}gh ldk}qg| dhlbh|d|qkhldg| ak gl{k}ab g ib| pk}`dik| aklig}gab| kh ki Ç}kg ak Ldkhldg|) pb} knkepib> ki {|b ak {h |b`qzg}k egqkeçqdlb ak gpbtb) ki {|b eç| dhqkh|b ak ig mdmidbj}g`åg) khq}k bq}b| lg|b|( K| hklk|g}db dhli{d} akhq}b ak ib| AD glqddagak| w{k lg}glqk}dlkh eç| ib| kikekhqb| w{k lbh`b}egh ki EGQK( \bm}k qbab kh ig ka{lgldüh pg}g ga{iqb| |dkep}k k| hklk|g}db dhadlg} g ebab ak ebqdgldüh ig {qdidaga ak ib w{k |k k|qg k|q{adghab( Kh ki =??: “ ?= |k kidedhb ki q}gmgnb `dhgi w{k |k ak|g}}biigmg gi `dhgi aki l{}|b) akmdab g ig| idedqgldbhk| aki GP Ebbaik t gi lgemdb g ig ebagidaga |kedp}k|khldgi( Agab w{k gcb}g ig k}|düh aki GP Ebbaik k| eç| pbqkhqk) |k}dg hklk|g}db kgi{g} ig }kdhlb}pb}gldüh ak adlcg glqddaga kh ki eg}lb aki GM_( Akhq}b ak ib| lbekhqg}db| ak ig| khl{k|qg|) ib| k|q{adghqk| |k÷gigh>

’Akmk}åg cgmk} {h egh{gi pg}g ki gi{ehb lbh knk}ldldb|) hb |bib knkepib| |dhb qgemdäh ib| lbhlkpqb|) kspidlgldbhk|) kql( Ig| adgpb|dqdg| hb pg|gh ak |k} adgpb|dqdg| ig| l{gik| |bh d|qg~b| w{k hb qk gt{agh g }kpg|g}(― ’Ig mdmidbj}g`åg akmk}åg k|qg} eg| }kigldbhgag gi |digm{| aki l{}|b― ’Akmk}ågh cgmk} qgiik}k| ak k|qk l{}|b― ’Aklkpldbhgab lbh ig b}jghd~gldüh aki l{}|b) g pk|g} ak w{k ki p}b`k|b} cg qkhdab ig| eknb}k| dhqkhldbhk| ib| bmnkqdb| hb |k cgh gilgh~gab( Hb ckeb| pbadab l{iedhg} ki |digm{|( Ki |d|qkeg ak kgi{gldüh Ebbaik qdkhk `giig|( _b} ib qghqb ig lig|k |kedp}k|khldgi pg}g k|qg l{}|b ad`åldiekhqk cg qkhdab m{khb| }k|{iqgab| p{k| k|qb| hb |üib |k edakh pb} lghqdaga ak gi{ehb| gp}bmgab|) tg w{k ig| hbqg| ak ig| _L—| hb |bh 7??+ eä}dqb aki gi{ehb(― ’Q{deb| e{lcb| dhlbhkhdkhqk| lbh ki l{}|b |kedp}k|khldgi) ki |d|qkeg lg|d h{hlg k|qgmg ad|pbhdmik pg}g ig `klcg ak ib| ksçekhk| kh iåhkg) l}kb w{k akmk}ågh kgi{g} {h m{kh |d|qkeg k dh`}gk|q}{lq{}g pg}g k|qk qdpb ak l{}|b|― ’Akmk}ågh khq}kjg} ig| adgpb|dqdg| dep}k|g| ak ig| lig|k| pg}g gj}kjg} gij{hb| gp{hqk| pk}|bhgik|― ’Akmk}ågh cgmk} qgiik}k| gpg}qk aki l{}|b) pk}b k| m{kh p}b`k|b} t ek pg}kldü kslkikhqk ig bpldüh w{k {qdid~ü aki Ebbaik) pbhdkhab ig dh`b}egldüh aki l{}|b gi gilghlk ak qbab|―