Análisis de las decisiones estratégicas y táctico operativas en Starbucks

EGIXCPG@ @H PX\AYMO Q EADGD^GY J\G@O HD EADGD^GY Q IODPGLACA@G@

GDÇCAYAY @H CGY @HIAYAODHY HYP\GPÁJAIGY Q PÇIPAIO OVH\GPAUGY HD YPG\LXIKY

Prglgno Ead `h Jrgò prhshdtgò por Dgriaso Mgiígs Mgrtídhz, sahdò hc tutor Gdtodao \uíz Namádhz `hc masmo.

U¾. L¾. `hc Putor>

Gcumdo>

@. Gdtodao \uíz Namádhz

@. Dgriaso Mgiígs Mgrtídhz

Yhvaccg. Nudao `h <679

J\G@O HD EADGD^GY Q IODPGLACA@G@ EGIXCPG@ @H PX\AYMO Q EADGD^GY P\GLGNO EAD @H J\G@O IX\YO GIG@ÁMAIO [<67<-<679]

PÍPXCO> GDÇCAYAY @H CGY @HIAYAODHY HYP\GPÁJAIGY Q PÇIPAIO OVH\GPAUGY HD YPG\LXIKY GXPO\> DG\IAYO MGIÍGY MG\PÍDH^ PXPO\> @\. @. GDPODAO \XÍ^ NAMÁDH^ @HVG\PGMHDPO> Hiodomíg Eadgdiahrg y @arhiiaùd `h Ophrgiaodhs Ç\HG @H IODOIAMAHDPO> Orjgdazgiaùd `h Hmprhsgs \HYXMHD> Bh hstuàgò hd hsth trglgno cgs `hiasaodhs tçitaio ophrgtavgs `h Ytgrluiks gsí iomo ud gdçcasas `h cg àrhiiaùd `h ophrgiaodhs hd cgs àstadtgs çrhgs `h cg hmprhsg rhehraò tgdto gc lahd iomo gc shrvaiao oerhiaò gc iodsumaòr. Iomahdzo iod udg nustaeaigiaùd h adtroùiiaùd `hc porquh cg hchiiaùd `h hsth thmg y `h hstg hmprhsg. Vosthraormhdth pgrg podhr gc chitor hd satugiaùd solrh hc çmlato y cos oríjhdhs `h cg hmprhsg bgjo udg lrhvh adtroùiiaùd `hc adaiao y hvocuiaùd `h Ytgrluiks g co cgrjo `h cos g÷os. Hd cos sajuahdths igpítucos yg hdtro hd hc gdçcasas `h cg hmprhsg> hmpahzo hc àsh÷o y gd`gùrg hstrgtájaig g trgvás `h `headar cg masaùd, vasaùd y hstrgthjag `h cg iompg÷íg g`hmçs `h ud gdçcasas @GEO quh dos phrmath phrialar hc eodò y iugca`g`hs `h cg iompg÷íg. Vrosajo iod cgs `hiasaodhs rhcgiaodg`gs iod hc àsh÷o y proihso hd Ytgrluiks, hd òd`h òd`h dos ihdtrgmos hd cg addovgiaùd addovgiaùd y cgdzgmahdto `h duhvos lahdhs. Gsí iomo hd cg mhnorg y `hsgrrocco `h shrvaiaos quh rhpgrtamos hd hc pgquhth `h shrvaiaos. Mçs tgr`h glorò thmgs amportgdtísamos pgrg cgs hmprhsgs g `íg `h boy iomo sod cg mhnorg iodtadug hd cg igca`g` `h sus lahdhs y proùitos iomo hd hc iodtroc quh sh rhgcazg y vhraeaigiaùd `h quh sh iumpchd cos hstçd`grhs `h igca`g`.

Jrgò hd Eadgdzgs y Iodtglaca`g`/Purasmo Egiuctg` `h Purasmo y Eadgdzgs ’ Xdavhrsa`g` `h Yhvaccg

Gsamasmo hxpodjo hd igrgithrístaigs igrgithrístaigs sh lgsg lgsg Ytgrluiks pgrg cg cg coigcazgiaùd coigcazgiaùd `h ig`g udo `h sus coigchs. @hspuás `hsiralo hc rhiorraò quh sh proùih `hs`h quh sh rhiojh hc jrgdo `h igeá bgstg quh sh sarvh udg tgzg hd iugcquahr igehthríg `hc mudò. Vgrg eadgcazgr muhstro iomo Ytgrluiks sh advocuirg hd gyu`gr y bgihr `h hsth mudò ud cujgr mhnor tgdto iod cgs phrsodgs iomo iod hc mhào gmlahdth `hs`h sus pocítaigs `h rhspodsglaca`g` soiagc iorporgtavg. iorporgt avg. Vor þctamo, bh rhgcazgò udg tglcg quh mostrgsh hc gcigdih quh bg aò g`quarahdò Ytgrluiks g co cgrjo `h cos g÷os.

VGCGL\GY ICGUH> @arhiiaùd `h ophrgiaodhs; @hiasaodhs hstrgtájaigs; \hspodsglaca`g` soiagc; @ash÷o `hc sulsasthmg `h ophrgiaodhs; Igca`g`.

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PEJ-EAIO.Gdçcasas PEJ-EAIO.G dçcasas `h cgs `hiasaodhs hstrgtájaigs y tçitaio ophrgtavo hd Ytgrluiks

ÍD@AIH

7. IGVÍPXCO. Nustaeaigiaùd h adtroùiiaùd `hc trglgno. 7.7. GVG\PG@O. Cg amportgdiag `h cg @arhiiaùd `h Ophrgiaodhs hd Ytgrluiks. <. IGVÍPXCO. Lrhvh `hsirapiaùd `h cg bastorag hmprhsgragc `h Ytgrluiks. 9. IGVÍPXCO. @ash÷o y gd`gùrg hstrgtájaig `h Ytgrluiks. 0. IGVÍPXCO. @hiasaodhs rhcgiaodg`gs iod hc àsh÷o `h proùitos y proihsos hd Ytgrluiks. 8. IGVÍPXCO. Igca`g` iomo vhdtgng iomphtatavg hd Ytgrluiks. 5. IGVÍPXCO. Cg pocítaig `h coigcazgiaùd `h Ytgrluiks. :. IGVÍPXCO. Cg ig`hdg `h sumadastro hd Ytgrluiks. 2. IGVÍPXCO. \hspodsglaca`g` \hspodsglaca`g` Yoiagc Iorporgtavg hd Ytgrluiks. 1. IGVÍPXCO. Jcolgcazgia J colgcazgiaùd ùd hd Ytgrluiks. 76. IGVÍPXCO. Iodicusaodhs. Iodicusaodhs. 77. IGVÍPXCO. Lalcaojrgeíg. Lalcaojrgeíg.

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PEJ-EAIO. Gdçcasas `h cgs `hiasaodhs hstrgtájaigs y tçitaio ophrgtavo hd Ytgrluiks

IGVÍPXCO 7 NXYPAEAIGIAÙD H ADP\O@XIIAÙD @HC P\GLGNO Yh bg hchjaò cg hmprhsg Ytgrluiks pgrg cg rhgcazgiaùd `h hsth proyhito ead `h jrgò porquh hs ud igso `h áxato hmprhsgragc `h iuyo gdçcasas hsphrgmos gprhd`hr cgs lgshs `h àibo áxato, gsí iomo sus pocítaigs `h gitugiaùd hd hc çmlato `h cg àrhiiaùd `h ophrgiaodhs (@.O.). Iomo bhmos thdaò oigsaùd `h gprhd`hr hd hc trgdsiurso `h duhstro Jrgò hd Eadgdzgs y Iodtglaca`g`, Iodtglaca`g`, cg @arhiiaùd `h `h Ophrgiaodhs Ophrgiaodhs iodstatuyh hc iodnudto iodnudto `h cgs gitava`g`hs quh irhgd vgcor hd eormg `h lahdhs y shrvaiaos, g`madastrgdò cos proihsos `h trgdseormgiaùd `h adputs hd outputs (\uíz Namádhz. G, <677) Cg àrhiiaùd `h ophrgiaodhs proporiaodg proporiao dg udg jrgd oportuda`g` pgrg quh cgs orjgdazgiaodhs orjgdazgiaodh s mhnorhd su rhdtglaca`g` y hchvhd su shrvaiao g cg soiah`g`, sad ocva`grdos `h cg amportgdiag quh cg àrhiiaùd `h ophrgiaodhs tahdh pgrg cg mhnorg `h cg proùitava`g` hmprhsgragc. hmprhsgragc. Cg àrhiiaùd `h ophrgiaodhs ampcaig udg iomladgiaùd `h thmgs hdtrh cos quh sh adicuyh iodtglaca`g`, adjhdahríg adjhdahríg adùstragc, adùstragc, g`madastrgiaùd g`madastrgiaùd y hstg`ístaig. hstg`ístaig. Vor co tgdto iomprhd`hr `h mgdhrg sùca`g hc pgphc `h cgs Ophrgiaodhs hd udg orjgdazgiaùd tahdh ud hehito lhdheaiaoso sustgdiagc. (Bhazhr y \hd`hr, <661) G mhà`g quh ílgmos gvgdzgdò hd hsth trglgno bhmos olshrvgò quh Ytgrluiks, iomo udg jrgd hmprhsg quh hs, sglh y tahdh hd iuhdtg cg amportgdiag `h cg àrhiiaùd `h ophrgiaodhs. Cgs Ophrgiaodhs sod udg pgrth muy iostosg pgrg cg orjgdazgiaùd. Xd jrgd porihdtgnh `hc adjrhso `h cg mgyoríg mgyoríg `h cgs hmprhsgs sh jgstg hd àibg eudiaùd. eudiaùd. Hstgmos iodvhdiaòs quh gc ajugc quh cg @arhiiaùd `h Ophrgiaodhs bg nujgò ud pgphc `hiasavo hd hc adirhmhdto `h cg proùitava`g` y iomphtatava`g` hd cgs hmprhsgs `h eglraigiaùd `h lahdhs, co puh`h y `hlh nujgr hd cgs `h shrvaiaos( \uíz Namádhz, G.; Gcegccg Cuquh, \.; Mhàdg Cùphz, I.; Ibçvhz Margd`g, M.H. <66<) Hd hsth shdtaò, cg hcglorgiaùd `h udg hstrgthjag g`hiug`g `hlh iodvhrtarsh hd hc pramhr pgso adhcuàlch sa `hshgmos posaiaodgr g cg hmprhsg hd hc mhrigò y iomphtar iod iahrtgs posalaca`g`hs `h áxato. @aibo co gdthraor po`hmos gearmgr quh cg Hstrgthjag `h Ophrgiaodhs `hlh hdiug`rgrsh hd hc mgrio mçs gmpcao `h cg Hstrgthjag Hmprhsgragc, cg iugc iodtahdh cos propùsatos eud`gmhdtgchs y cos olnhtavos g cgrjo pcgzo `h cg earmg, gsí iomo cos iursos `h giiaùd y cg gsajdgiaùd `h rhiursos dhihsgraos pgrg gcigdzgrcos. (Çcvgrhz Jac, M.N.; \uíz Namádhz, G. 7118) Yh iodsa`hrg iodsa`hrg quh (Bgyhs, \.B.711<) cgs iadio igrgithrístaigs igrgithrístaigs lçsaigs lçsaigs hd cgs cgs hstrgthjags hmprhsgragchs> hmprhsgragchs> 7. Yh rheahrhd g gitava`g`hs quh ampcaigd ud cgrjo borazodth borazodth thmporgc. <. Vgrg quh shgd hehitavgs, sus hehitos bgd `h shr sajdaeaigtavos, gudquh sh tgr`h tahmpo hd gprhiagrcos. gprhiagrcos. 9. \hquahrhd udg iodihdtrgiaùd `h toòs cos hseuhrzos y rhiursos iorporgtavos hd udg hstrhibg hsigcg `h olnhtavos praorazgòs. 0. \hquahrhd pcgdaeaigr cgs `hiasaodhs, puhs hd cg mgyoríg `h cos igsos, su `hsgrrocco ampcaig `hiasaodhs shiuhdiagchs hc tahmpo, quh bgd `h gpoygrsh udgs hd otrgs. 8. Hstçd prhshdths hd toòs cos davhchs y eudiaodhs `h cg iorporgiaùd g co cgrjo `h su va`g, sahdò amprhsiadàlch hc hseuhrzo iooràdgò `h gquáccos pgrg cchvgrcg g cg prçitaig. -9-

Mgiígs Mgrtídhz, Dgriaso

5. Glgrig ud gmpcao hsphitro `h gitava`g`hs y gehitgd tgdto g cgs `hiasaodhs mçs trgsihd`hdtgchs iomo g cgs `hc –`íg g `íg”. Phdahdò hd iuhdtg cgs iodàiaodhs `hc hdtordo y cg satugiaùd `h pgrta`g, lçsaigs pgrg hc hstglchiamahdto `h cg Hstrgthjag Iorporgtavg, cg hmprhsg `hlhrç hstglchihr g `ùd`h quahrh cchjgr, pgrg co quh proih`hrç gc `hsgrrocco `h olnhtavos y `hsgeíos iorporgtavos g iorto y cgrjo pcgzo> rhdtglaca`g`, rhdtglaca`g`, vhdtgs, proùitos, irhiamahdto, hti. Ytgrluiks iodsa`hrg `hsgeíos `hsgeíos prhshdths y euturos iomo (Mgrk Yibuctz, Yibuctz, B. <677)> Hdeoquh jcolgc, proùiiaùd g àstgdiag. Hmpcho `hc Nusto g Pahmpo. Yoiaos hd cg ig`hdg `h sumadastro. \çpaò `hsgrrocco `h proùitos, gcagdzgs y àsh÷o `h iocglorgiaùd. Vhrsodgcazgiaùd hd mgsg. Hmpchgòs iod gutora`g` `hchjg`g y pothdiagiaùd `h hquapos. \hsphto \hsphto por hc mhàogmlahdth. \hspodsglaca`g` soiagc iorporgtavg.

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Vor þctamo, g÷gàrígmos udg iuhstaùd iomo cg mçs trgsihd`hdth y `h cg iugc muibos gutorhs iatgd iomo hc propùsato þctamo `h cg hstrgthjag hmprhsgragc> àrajar cgs hdhrjígs, igpgia`g`hs y rhiursos `h cg orjgdazgiaùd g cg iodstruiiaùd `h udg vhdtgng iomphtatavg sosthdalch gdth sus iomphtaòrhs iomphtaòrhs (Bgyhs, \.B.711<). Hd cos sajuahdths gpgrtgòs gdgcazgrhmos iod mçs proeudà`g` tgdto cg amportgdiag rhgc `h cg @.O. gsí iomo su rhphriusaùd hd cg hmprhsg `h shrvaiaos. 7.7. GVG\PG@O. Cg amportgdiag amportgdiag gitugc gitugc `h cg cg @arhiiaùd @arhiiaùd `h Ophrgiaodhs Ophrgiaodhs hd Ytgrluiks. Yod vgraos cos suihsos `h duhstro hdtordo hiodùmaio-hmprhsgragc mçs ihrigdo cos quh, iomladgòs iod cg rhgca`g` `h cg hdsh÷gdzg h advhstajgiaùd hd cg @arhiiaùd `h Ophrgiaodhs (@.O), `gd pgso g cg amportgdiag `h @.O. hd hsth trglgno> 7. Cg amportgdiag irhiahdth `hc shitor shrvaiaos hd cgs hiodomígs `h cos pgíshs `hsgrroccgòs hd jhdhrgc y Hspg÷g hd pgrtaiucgr. Hs hxthdsgmhdth iodoiaò quh hc shitor shrvaiaos o thriagrao hs hd cg gitugca`g` hc `h mgyor rhchvgdiag y irhiamahdto hd hc jrupo `h pgíshs adùstragcazgòs, sahdò hc quh mçs hmpcho bg jhdhrgò hd cgs þctamgs `áig`gs. <. Hc amportgdth pgphc hstrgtájaio quh `hs`h cg `áig`g `h cos :6 `hc sajco pgsgò vahdh `hshmph÷gdò hc Yulsasthmg `h Ophrgiaodhs hd cgs hmprhsgs `hàig`gs g cg eglraigiaùd `h lahdhs, iodvartaádòsh hd ud vhr`g`hro motor pgrg cg iodshiuiaùd `h vhdtgngs iomphtatavgs sosthdalchs pgrg cgs masmgs. 9. G phsgr `h cg sajdaeaigtavg iodtraluiaùd `hc shitor shrvaiaos gc `hsgrrocco `h duhstrg hiodomíg, y `h cg amportgdiag hstrgtájaig quh puh`h y `hlh `hsgrroccgr hc sulsasthmg `h ophrgiaodhs hd cgs hmprhsgs `h hsth shitor, dadjudo `h cos òs rhialh hc trgto quh sh mhrhihd `hdtro `h cos pcgdhs `h hstuàos `h cgs tatucgiaodhs `h çmlato hiodùmaio-hmprhsgragc. Yh puh`h iodstgtgr co gdthraor, hxgmadgdò cgs gsajdgturgs `h @.O. `h cgs Xdavhrsa`g`hs Xdavhrsa`g`hs Hspg÷ocgs Hspg÷ocgs y su egctg `h `h iodthdaò iodthdaò rhehraò g cgs cgs hmprhsgs `h shrvaiaos. Ya lahd, hc shitor thriagrao hstç prhshdth hd cg mgyoríg `h cgs gsajdgturgs `h hstg àsiapcadg gudquh iod ud pgphc dotoragmhdth shiud`grao y solrgdth erhdth gc mgduegiturhro. Gsí, su adthjrgiaùd sh rhgcazg mhàgdth padihcg`gs suhctgs mgtazgdò co yg àibo solrh cg mgduegiturg, `hstadgdò iomo tármado mhào, sùco hc 79,8% `h ùrgiaùd iompchtg hd cg gsajdgturg (Gcegccg y @. Mgibuig, <667). Xsugcmhdth hd cgs VQMHY `hàig`gs gc shitor shrvaiaos sh omath bglatugcmhdth gc `hpgrtgmhdto `h ophrgiaodhs, cchjgdò -0-


adicuso g dhjgr su hxasthdiag `hdtro `h hsth mo`hco `h hmprhsgs. Iodeormh g co gdthraor, somos somos `h cg opadaùd opadaùd quh gc ajugc quh cg @.O. bg mgrigò mgrigò ud gdths y ud `hspuás hd egitorhs iomo cg proùitava`g` y iomphtatava`g` hd cgs hmprhsgs eglrachs, `hc masmo moò iodàiaodgrç hd cgs `h shrvaiaos, thdahdò hd iuhdtg cgs àehrhdiags quh oigsaodgrígd hd cg jhstaùd y hd hc Yulsasthmg `h Ophrgiaodhs, gcjudgs sajdaeaigtavgs, hd rhcgiaùd g cgs hmprhsgs eglrachs (\uíz y Ibçvhz, <667 ) Yhjþd co àibo, cg iodehiiaùd `h udg hstrgthjag gpropag`g `hlh iodvhrtarsh hd hc pudto `h pgrta`g adhvatglch sa gspargmos posaiaodgr g cg hmprhsg hd hc mhrigò y iomphtar iod iahrtgs posalaca`g`hs `h áxato (vágsh hd hc igpítuco 9). Do sh hdiuhdtrgd àehrhdiags `h iodihpto hdtrh cg hstrgthjag `h hmprhsgs eglraigdths `h lahdhs y hmprhsgs quh prhstgd shrvaiaos. Iod hsth trglgno lusigmos hehitugr udg pramhrg gproxamgiaùd gc proihso `h eormucgiaùd `h cg Hstrgthjag Hstrgthjag `h Ophrgiaodhs, Ophrgiaodhs, tgdto hd cg hmprhsg mgduegiturhrg mgduegiturhrg iomo hd cg hmprhsg `h shrvaiaos (Ytgrluiks glgrig cos òs mo`hcos). Vramoràgcmhdth sh prhthd`h oerhihr gcjudgs icgvhs quh gyu`hd g rhsocvhr iod jgrgdtígs gsudtos `h quá lahd y/o shrvaiao oerhihr, iùmo eglraigrco y/o prhstgrco, pgrg quá igdta`g` `hlhmos àsh÷gr duhstrgs adstgcgiaodhs (iuçdto) y `ùd`h `hlhmos satugr ástgs. Ytgrluiks hs udg hmprhsg hmprhsg quh gpgrth `h utacazgr utacazgr cg àrhiiaùd `h ophrgiaodhs ophrgiaodhs pgrg mhnorgs `h sus proihsos `h proùiiaùd tgmlaád ch gportg amportgdths icgvhs pgrg `hsgrroccgr ud shrvaiao quh ch proporiaodh udg àehrhdiagiaùd , udg vhdtgng iomphtatavg `hdtro `h su mhrigò quh `hshmloquhd hd udos mgyorhs lhdheaiaos pgrg cg orjgdazgiaùd. Hs amportgdth `hstgigr quh cg `hiasaùd quh sh gòpth solrh hc lahd o shrvaiao g oerhihr mgrigrç cgs `hiasaodhs quh sh tomhd hd cgs àstadtgs çrhgs `h cg àrhiiaùd `h ophrgiaodhs. Vor otrg pgrth, hc àsh÷o `hc proihso `h prhstgiaùd `hc shrvaiao vg g hsphiaeaigr iùmo sh `hsgrroccgrçd cgs gitava`g`hs `h cg eudiaùd `h ophrgiaodhs, juagdò cg hchiiaùd y shchiiaùd `h cgs thidocojígs `h cg orjgdazgiaùd y àitgdò hc momhdto y cgs igdta`g`hs `h rhiursos proùitavos g g`quarar, gsí iomo cg àspodalaca`g` `h ástos \uíz (Namádhz, G.; Grhdgs Mçrquhz, E. <676). Ytgrluiks iomahdzg iomahdzg hd 7129 g hxpcotgr hc `hsiulramahdto `hsiulramahdto quh bgccù Yibuctz Yibuctz hd su vagnh g Atgcag (vágsh igpítuco <)> cg dhihsa`g` `h ud –thrihr cujgr”, sh hmphzù g iodstruar coigchs mçs jrgd`hs, iod mçs hspgiao pgrg quh cg jhdth sh puh`g shdtgr y àserutgr `h luhdg mþsaig, por hnhmpco, hd gcjudgs tahd`gs bgy mþsaig `h ngzz hd vavo. Hd jhdhrgc, hc vocumhd `h cg mþsaig hs phrehito pgrg phrmatar quh cg jhdth iodvhrsh. Gitugcmhdth cg jhdth do sùco giu`h g Ytgrluiks por udg tgzg `h igeá, sado quh vgd por hstgr `hdtro `h udg gtmùsehrg gjrg`glch y por shdtarsh giompg÷gòs, hs `hiar, por udg hxphrahdiag. Hc proùito vg mçs gccç `hc igeá. Cos icahdths hcajhd ar g Ytgrluiks por trhs hxphrahdiags hshdiagchs> hc igeá, su jhdth y cgs tahd`gs. • Hxphrahdiag `hc igeá> igeá > dg`g hs tgd amportgdth iomo hc sglor `hc igeá. Ytgrluiks sahmprh iomprg igeá grçlajo `h cg mhnor igca`g` hd hc mudò y co tuhstg iod hc sglor igrgithrístaio pgrg ig`g vgrah`g`. Yh iodshrvg hd locsgs hmpgig`gs gc vgiío pgrg iodshrvgr su erhsiurg y sglor, sh muhch bgstg hc davhc prhiaso `hphdàhdò `h iùmo vg g shr shrvaò. Yh ma`h cg igdta`g` `h gjug y igeá `h giuhrò g cos hstçd`grhs hstglchiaòs. Hd ig`g tahd`g sh tahdh ud sasthmg hsphiagc `h eactrgiaùd `hc gjug. • Hxphrahdiag `hc icahdth> cos hmpchgòs o pgrtdhr s trgdsmathd g ig`g icahdth su iodoiamahdto y pgsaùd por hc igeá. Ig`g duhvo hmpchgò tomg iursos `h iodoiamahdto `hc igeá, tostgò `hc igeá y shrvaiao gc icahdth iod hc propùsato `h -8-


eomhdtgr hc àçcojo iod cos icahdths. Vgrg mhnorgr cg rhcgiaùd iod cos icahdths, Ytgrluiks rhgcazg iuhstaodgraos `h sgtasegiiaùd hd hc shrvaiao. Cg pahzg ihdtrgc `h cg hstrgthjag `h Ytgrluiks hs cg igca`g` `h cg euhrzg `h trglgno, yg quh gehitg àrhitgmhdth g cg igca`g` `h cos proùitos y gc shrvaiao quh cos icahdths rhialhd. Vor hsth motavo sh tahdh quh iodtrgtgr phrsodgc iod ud gcto shdtaò `h iompromaso iompromas o bgiag cg hmprhsg, iod bglaca`g`hs pgrg `hspuás `grch cg calhrtg` `h bgihr su trglgno rhiomphdsçdòcos `h àehrhdths eormgs. Mhàgdth cg addovgiaùd `h to`gs cgs çrhgs `hc dhjoiao, Ytgrluiks iodtadþg phrehiiaodgdò cg –hxphrahdiag Ytgrluiks” pgrg bgihr quh ig`g icahdth cg vavg sahmprh quh giu`g g cos hstglchiamahdtos hd iugcquahr pgrth `hc mudò (@ígz Gctgmargdo, @.; Cgrg \o`ríjuhz, D. <668). Pgmlaád, Ytgrluiks rhgcazg gcagdzgs hstrgtájaigs pgrg cojrgr vhdtgngs iomphtatavgs pgrg bgihr irhihr hc dhjoiao. Cg hmprhsg rhgcazg hsto iod hc ead `h quh hc icahdth sh sahdtg iùmoò irhçdòch udg chgctg` bgiag cg mgrig. G iodtadugiaùd, glor`grhmos `h udg mgdhrg lrhvh cos oríjhdhs `h cg iompg÷íg hstgòuda`hdsh, y po`rhmos olshrvgr cg hvocuiaùd hd hc tahmpo g pgrtar `h udg phquh÷g igehthríg.

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IGVÍPXCO < L\HUH @HYI\AVIAÙD @H CG BAYPO\AG HMV\HYG\AGC @H YPG\LXIKY Vgrg hdthd`hr muibos gsphitos, gsphitos, eacosoeíg y cídhg cídhg `h gitugiaùd `h Ytgrluiks `hs`h `hs`h sus iomahdzos bgstg duhstros `ígs, bhmos iodsa`hrgò amportgdth adicuar ud igpítuco quh `hsiralh lrhvhmhdth cg bastorag `h cg ig`hdg `h igehthrígs hstgòuda`hdsh. Vgrg iodehiiaodgr hsth gpgrtgò sh bg utacazgò hc gpgrtgò – duhstrg bhrhdiag”, `h cg pçjadg oeaiagc `h Ytgrluiks y igso `h Ytgrluiks rgcazgò por @ígz Gctgmargdo, @., Cgrg \o`ríjuhz, D. hd <668. Qg `hs`h ud pradiapao sh hcglorù ud chmg iod ud iodthdaò quh mgrig cgs cgs lgshs y rgíihs `h cg iompg÷íg. – ig`g `íg, giuàmos g trglgngr iod cg hsphrgdzg `h iodshjuar òs iosgs”>

”Iompgrtar hc mhnor igeá iod duhstros gmajos y iodtraluar g quh hc mudò shg ud poio mhnor”. Gsí hrg iugdò glraù cg pramhrg tahd`g Ytgrluiks hd 71:7 y gsí iodtadþg sahdò boy. Eud`g`g hd 71:7 por Joròd Lowkhr, Nhrry Lgc`wad y ^hv Yahjc. Cg hmprhsg hrg udg socg tahd`g hd Vakh Vcgih Mgrkht (mhrigò `h Yhgttch). @hs`h su phquh÷o hsigpgrgth, Ytgrluiks oerhiíg igeá torrhegito (vgrah`g` `h igeá quh sh oltahdh trgs somhthr gc jrgdo g ud proihso hsphiagc `h tostgùrg), tá g jrgdhc y hsphiags; do vhd`íg igeá hd tgzg. Hc domlrh, adspargò por cg dovhcg Moly @aik, hvoiglg hc romgdtaiasmo `h gctg mgr y cg trgàiaùd mgrítamg `h cos pramhros iomhriagdths iomhriagdths `h igeá.

Eajurg d¾7> d¾7> G cg azquahr`g hc hsigpgrgth `h cg pramhrg igehthríg Ytgrluiks, ulaig`g hd gc gdtajuo mhrigò `h Yhgttch. G cg `hrhibg cg gitugc sh`h ihdtrgc `h cg iompg÷íg, satug`g hd Yhgttch. Euhdth> Hcglorgiaùd propag g pgrtar `h cg pçjadg whl `h Ytgrluiks.

Hd 7127, Bowgr` Yibuctz (prhsa`hdth gitugc y iodshnhro `hchjgò `h Ytgrluiks) hdtrù por pramhrg vhz hd udg tahd`g Ytgrluiks. @hs`h quh tomù su pramhrg tgzg `h Yumgtrg, sh sadtaù gtrgíò por Ytgrluiks> ud g÷o `hspuás sh adiorporù g cg hmprhsg. Hd 712< Ytgrluiks iodtglg iod 28 hmpchgòs iugdò Bowgr` Yibuctz, gitugc ùh÷o `h cg hmprhsg, cchjù pgrg àrajar cgs ophrgiaodhs `h mgrkhtadj y vhdtg gc por mhdor `h cg hmprhsg. @hlaò g quh cos hmpchgòs do hstglgd co sueaiahdth motavgòs da iompromhtaòs iod cg hmprhsg, Yibuctz trglgnù iod hccos pgrg quh euhrgd gmajglchs -:-


iod cos icahdths y sh motavgrçd pgrg trgdsmatar g cos icahdths chgctg`. G`hmçs, phdsù quh cos icahdths `hlígd sglhr toò solrh hc igeá, por hso `hsgrroccù mgthragchs amprhsos quh iodthdígd to`g cg adeormgiaùd `hc igeá quh vhd`ígd. Vor otro cgò, pgrg `gr g iodoihr cg mgrig, Bowgr` sumadastrglg igeá g gcjudos rhstgurgdths y lgrhs coigchs. Xd g÷o mçs tgr`h, hd 7129, Bowgr` vagnù g Atgcag y quh`ù amprhsaodgò por cg gmpcatu` h amportgdiag `hc igeá hd cg iucturg dgiaodgc, g`hmçs `h, por hc gmlahdth `h cgs igehthrígs atgcagdgs. Hc igeá y hc igeá hxprás do soco hrgd lhla`gs iodsuma`gs hd to`gs pgrths, sado quh ásth iodsumo hrg udg hxphrahdiag adtrídshigmhdth soiagc; ud cujgr òd`h cg jhdth sh rhudíg y sh rhcgiaodglg. Puvo cg vasaùd `h cchvgr cg trgàiaùd `h cg igehthríg atgcagdg g cos Hstgòs Xdaòs. Xd cujgr òd`h iodvhrsgr y shdtarsh pgrth `h cg iomuda`g`. Xd –thrihr cujgr ”, ”, hdtrh hc trglgno y hc bojgr. Bowgr` phrialaù quh Ytgrluiks thdíg udg oportuda`g` `h dhjoiao, cg iugc iodsastíg hd irhgr ud hspgiao pgrg quh cg jhdth tomgrg igeá hd otro cujgr quh do euhrg su igsg. Hs por hcco quh Ytgrluiks do sùco `hlíg vhd`hr igeá hd jrgdo sado quh `hlíg adtroùiar igeá prhpgrgò. Nhrry y Joròd sh mostrgrod rhtaihdths g cg a`hg `h vhd`hr igeá prhpgrgò, yg quh Ytgrluiks sahmprh bglíg saò ud madorastg `h igeá hd jrgdo, y cos propahtgraos thdígd poio adthrás hd hxpgdàrsh hd lhla`gs `h igeá. Hd Glrac `h 7120, trgs udg cgrjg ibgrcg iod cos ùh÷os, cg hmprhsg glraù udg þdaig igehthríg hd hc ihdtro `h Yhgttch, quh tuvo áxato. Hc pramhr coigc àsh÷gò pgrg shrvar tgdto lhla`gs iomo igeá hd jrgdo. @hs`h hsh momhdto, Ytgrluiks hdtrù g otro tapo `h dhjoiao. Hc `íg `h cg gphrturg hdtrgrod gproxamg`gmhdth 066 phrsodgs. G cos òs mhshs `h glrar, cg tahd`g shrvíg g 266 icahdths por `íg. Nhrry dudig hstuvo `h giuhrò hd quh Ytgrluiks sh iodvartahrg hd rhstgurgdth, yg quh shdtíg quh `h hsg mgdhrg cg jhdth do alg g àserutgr `h cg igca`g` `hc igeá. @hiaàò g phrshjuar su suh÷o, Yibuctz glgdòdù Ytgrluiks ùrgdth ud tahmpo pgrg podhr hd mgribg sus propags igehthrígs – AC Jaordgch”. Uocvaù g Atgcag pgrg hstuàgr cos lgrhs y jrglgr sus bgccgzjos hd ví`ho. Iugdò rhjrhsù, sh puso hd iodtgito iod mçs `h <66 advhrsorhs pothdiagchs. Xd g÷o mçs tgr`h, Yibuctz bglíg rhudaò 7,: maccodhs `h `ùcgrhs. Hd 7125, Bowgr` sh ad`hphdàzù y glraù ud igeá hd Iocumlag Yhgearst Ihdthr, ud hàeaiao `h oeaiadgs amportgdth `h Yhgttch. @hdomadgò – Ac Jaordgch ” por cg pgcglrg atgcagdg iorrhspodàhdth iorrhspodàhdth gc phraùàio. phraùàio. Cg tahd`g tahd`g shrvíg shrvíg igeá hd jrgdo, jrgdo, hdsgcg`gs, hdsgcg`gs, phquh÷os loigàccos y hstglg hsphiagcazg`g hd lhla`gs hxprás. Arùdaigmhdth, Ytgrluiks euh hc pramhr advhrsaodastg. Gc irhihr, muibg jhdth sh adthrhsù hd advhrtar gbí, yg quh vhígd quh cg igehthríg thdíg áxato. Yibuctz rçpa`gmhdth glraù òs hstglchiamahdtos mçs> udo hd Yhgttch y otro hd Ugdiouvhr. Hd mgrzo `h 712: Nhrry y Joròd `hiaàhrod vhd`hr Ytgrluiks, (adicuyhdò sus shas tahd`gs), hc domlrh y cg pcgdtg tostgòrg, porquh yg do hstglgd adthrhsgòs hd hc dhjoiao `hc igeá y sh àhrod iuhdtg quh do lgstglg iod vhd`hr igeá hd jrgdo. Bowgr` Yibuctz iomprù Ytgrluiks g sus gdtajuos nhehs por 9,2 maccodhs `h `ùcgrhs hmpchgdò cos adjrhsos `h su dhjoiao y hc àdhro rhudaò por cos advhrsorhs. Igmlaù su domlrh g Ytgrluiks Iorporgtaod, puhs eusaodù g Ac Jaordgch iod Ytgrluiks. Iodtrgtù g jhrhdths hxphramhdtgòs hd hmprhsgs gc por mhdor mçs sùca`gs, iomo VhpsaIo y hmphzù g hxthd`hr hc iodihpto `h cg `hjustgiaùd `h igeá hxprás hd lgrhs hsphiagcazgòs, pramhro hd Yhgttch cuhjo hd Ugdiouvhr, Ibaigjo y Vortcgd`, hd Orhjùd. Hd 7122 Ytgrluiks hmphzglg g `grsh iuhdtg quh mhàgdth cg addovgiaùd iodstgdth `h sus proùitos po`íg irhihr iod áxato. Vor hso, hsth g÷o sh adtroùnhrod cgs ùr`hdhs por igtçcojo quh shrvígd g cos 86 hstgòs `h Hstgòs Xdaòs. -2-


Cos rhsuctgòs eadgdiahros `h cg hmprhsg mhnorgrod sajdaeaigtavgmhdth hd 7116. Cgs vhdtgs sulahrod g 0< maccodhs `h `ùcgrhs, suphrgdò cos jgstos, y Ytgrluiks oltuvo ud lhdheaiao dhto gproxamg`gmhdth `h 7 maccùd `h `ùcgrhs. Hc rçpaò irhiamahdto `h cg hmprhsg iodtaduù. Hd 711<, ud ecorhiahdth igtçcojo `h vhdtg por iorrho iompchtglg cos adjrhsos `hravgòs `h cgs vhdtgs gc por mhdor, y cos `hpgrtgmhdtos `h vhdtgs `h proùitos shchitos, quh àrajígd hc iomhriao gc por mgyor iod iomprgòrhs adstatuiaodgchs, bglígd iodshjuaò vgrags iuhdtgs amportgdths. Ytgrluiks sumadastrglg g Borazod Gar, udg eacagc `h Gcgskg Garcadhs, toò hc igeá shrvaò ùrgdth cos vuhcos. Ytgrluiks tgmlaád vhd`íg igeá hd jrgdo g trgvás `h Dor`strom, udg ig`hdg `h jrgd`hs gcmgihdhs `h prhstajao quh hstglg prhshdth pradiapgcmhdth hd cg iostg dorohsth y hd Igcaeordag. Vgrg <66<, Yibuctz bglíg iodvhrtaò g Ytgrluiks hd cg mgrig cí`hr hd igehthrígs hd toò XYG. Cgs vhdtgs bglígd sulaò g udg tgsg `h 06% gdugc `hs`h quh cg hmprhsg sh bazo dotorag, y iod udos adjrhsos dhtos quh irhiígd g udg tgsg `hc 86% gdugc. Cg hmprhsg gitugcmhdth sarvh g <6 maccodhs `h icahdths g trgvás `h 8666 tahd`gs hd toò hc mudò. Co quh bgih hc áxato `h Ytgrluiks gþd mçs amprhsaodgdth hs quh cg hmprhsg do jgstg dg`g hd pulcaia`g` pgrg cojrgr hsh áxato. Hc mgrkhtadj `h cg hmprhsg hd XYG iodsasth pradiapgcmhdth hd mgthragchs hdtrhjgòs hd cos pudtos `h vhdtg, mgrkhtadj coigc hd cg tahd`g, co quh sh `hdomadg, –bgihr tgdjalch co adtgdjalch” mahdtrgs quh muibgs ig`hdgs `h ioma`g rçpa`g (egst-eoo`) `hshmlocsgd hdtrh hc 9% y hc 5% `h sus vhdtgs. Prgs co hxpuhsto hd hc pramhr gpgrtgò solrh cg amportgdiag `h cg hstrgthjag `hs`h hc mgrio `h cg @.O. hd udg udg hmprhsg, thdahdò hd iuhdtg iuhdtg hsth þctamo pçrrgeo pçrrgeo quh dos bg mostrgò su pocítaig rhsphito g cg pulcaia`g`. Hd hc sajuahdth igpítuco proih`hrhmos g gdgcazgr cgs hstrgthjags quh hmpchg Ytgrluiks hd sus àehrhdths çrhgs.

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IGVÍPXCO 9 @AYH×O Q GD@G@X\G HYP\GPÁJAIG @H YPG\LXIKY Cg Hstrgthjag `h Ophrgiaodhs `hlh hdiug`rgrsh hd hc mgrio mçs gmpcao `h cg Hstrgthjag Hmprhsgragc, cg iugc iodtahdh cos propùsatos eud`gmhdtgchs eud`gmhdtgchs y cos olnhtavos g cgrjo pcgzo `h cg earmg, gsí iomo cos iursos `h giiaùd y cg gsajdgiaùd `h rhiursos dhihsgraos pgrg gcigdzgrcos. gcigdzgrcos. @h eormg mçs prhiasg puh`h puh`h `headarsh iomo hc mo`hco `h `hiasaùd quh rhvhcg cgs masaodhs y olnhtavos `h cg hmprhsg, gsí iomo cgs pocítaigs y pcgdhs hshdiagchs hshdiagchs pgrg cojrgrcos, cojrgrcos, `h tgc eormg quh sh `headg cg posaiaùd posaiaùd iomphtatavg iomo rhspuhstg g cg icgsh `h dhjoiao hd quh sh earmg hstç o quahrh hstgr y g cg icgsh `h orjgdazgiaùd quh quahrh shr (Luhdo; \uíz Namádhz, G (<677)> ”Eud`gmhdtos `h cg @arhiiaùd `h Ophrgiaodhs” Prgdspgrhdiags). Prgdspgrhdiags). Cg iompg÷íg tahdh quh adstatuar udgs lgshs solrh hc cujgr `ùd`h sh hdiuhdtrg cg hmprhsg g trgvás `h ud proihso `h gdçcasas, pcgdaeaigiaùd, hnhiuiaùd y iodtroc `h cgs giiaodhs g `hsgrroccgr. `hsgrroccgr. @ùd`h quahrh cchjgr cchjgr (posaiaodgrsh) (posaiaodgrsh) iod hc ead `h `h satugr g cg orjgdazgiaùd orjgdazgiaùd hd udg posaiaùd `h vhdtgng iomphtatavg y por þctamo quh igmados hsiojhr pgrg cojrgr hsg mhtg quh sh bg propuhsto, hs `hiar, pgrg gcigdzgr y iomphtar iod vhdtgng iomphtatavg hd hc euturo. Ugmos g hcglorgr hc àsh÷o y gd`gùrg hstrgtájaig g trgvás `h `headar cg masaùd, vasaùd y hstrgthjag `h cg iompg÷íg g`hmçs `h ud gdçcasas @GEO quh dos phrmath phrialar hc eodò y vgcorhs `h Ytgrluiks. ¿ @ùd`h hstgmos ? (masaùd) Vgrg iodehiiaodgr hstos gpgrtgòs sh bg utacazgò –Cg masaùd `h Ytgrluiks” Iglg÷gs, G. (mgrzo, <677). -Hxasthd àehrhdths gsphitos hd cos quh ihdtrg cg iompg÷íg hstgòuda`hdsh sus hseuhrzos pgrg iodstatuar udg lgsh earmh y rhsasthdth shr> Ytgrluiks iodsa`hrg iodsa`hrg g sus trglgngòrhs, g cos quh `hdomadg `hdomadg –pgrtdhrs” , ud pacgr eud`gmhdtgc `h su áxato, `hlaò g quh hc trglgno do sh rheahrh g cg pgcglrg hmpcho ccgdgmhdth àibg, àibg, sado g quh hc trglgno hs su pgsaùd. Hdthdàhdò cg àvhrsa`g` àvhrsa`g` iomo ud iompodhdth iompodhdth hshdiagc hshdiagc `h su mgdhrg `h trglgngr, proporiaodgdò proporiaodgdò sahmprh ud gmlahdth `h trglgno gjrg`glch y ud trgto `h rhsphto y àjda`g`. -Gpcaigr gc igeá cos mgyorhs hstçd`grhs `h hxihchdiag hd cg iomprg `h jrgdo `h igeá `h mhnor igca`g`, tostgrcos iod sumo iua`gò y sumadastro `h igeá rhiaád mocaò, Yahmprh bg saò y shjuarç sahdò udg iuhstaùd `h igca`g`. G`hmçs `h irhhr quh hs hshdiagc olthdhr `h mgdhrg átaig y rhspodsglch cg ioshibg `hc igeá y gyu`gr hd hc `hsgrrocco `h cgs phrsodgs quh co iuctavgd. -Irhgr iodtadugmhdth icahdths sgtasehibos y hdtusagsmgòs, quh sh sahdtgd quh hc phrsodgc `h Ytgrluiks iodhitg iod hccos, gudquh shg þdaigmhdth ud adstgdth quh ch sgquhd udg sodrasg o udg chvh igrigng`g quh chs proùzig udg shdsgiaùd `h gchjríg y ehcaia`g` hd su rutadg àgrag. -Ig`g tahd`g eormg pgrth `h udg iomuda`g` co quh supodh cg rhspodsglaca`g` ig`g `íg mgyor. Advocuirgdò Advocuirgdò g sus trglgngòrhs trglgngòrhs iod cos icahdths icahdths hd cg iomuda`g`, hstglchiahdò ud cujgr `h hdiuhdtro hdiuhdtro iod egmacag egmacag y gmajos, gmajos, quh dos dos phrmatg tomgrdos ud –lrhgk” `h `h cgs prhoiupgiaodhs `hc `íg g `íg. -Do sh puh`h puh`h ocva`gr ocva`gr hc iompromaso tgdto prhshdth prhshdth iomo euturo quh tahdh Ytgrluiks Ytgrluik s iod hc mhàogmlahdth, mhàogmlahdt h, quh po`hmos olshrvgr ig`g g÷o pcgsmgò hd cg mhmorag `h sosthdalaca`g` quh pulcaig cg iompg÷íg (vágsh igpítuco 1 ). -\hiodoihr quh cg rhdtglaca`g` hs hshdiagc pgrg hc áxato euturo `h Ytgrluiks. Yglahdò quh iumpcahdò co àibo gdthraormhdth sh iodshjuarç quh cos giiaodastgs sh sahdtgd rhiomphdsgòs. rhiomphdsgòs. Jrgiags g cg rhspodsglaca`g` rhspodsglaca`g` `hc luhd luhd bgihr por pgrth `h -77-


toòs cos mahmlros `h cg iompg÷íg, provoigdò quh cg rhcgiaùd iod hccos phrùrh y prosphrh `h mgdhrg posatavg. ¿ @ùd`h quhrhmos hstgr? (vasaùd y olnhtavos) Cg vasaùd `h Ytgrluiks hs icgrg> hstglchihr g Ytgrluiks iomo hc pradiapgc provhhòr `h igeá shchito `hc mudò, sad trgdsajar hd sus pradiapaos g mhà`g quh irhih. Vgrg hxpgdàr cg uda`g` `h dhjoiao, Ytgrluiks glrh tahd`gs hd mhrigòs hxasthdths y cojrg phdhtrgr g duhvos mhrigòs oerhiahdò proùitos `h cg mçs gctg igca`g` y mgdaehstçdòsh hd cg mhdth `h cos iodsumaòrhs iomo pramhrg opiaùd. Yibuctz y su hquapo àrhitavo bglígd irhgò gcjo duhvo hd hc iomhriao gc por mhdor, g trgvás `h su hxpgdsaùd rçpa`g, iod cg irhgiaùd `h udg mgrig quh supodh ud hmlchmg pgrg hc shitor `hc igeá y `h cgs ig`hdgs `h igehthrígs, por sus pocítaigs projrhsastgs àraja`gs g hmpchgòs y por su echxalaca`g` orjgdazgtavg. Poò hcco bg supuhsto adstgcgrsh iomo cí`hr `hc mhrigò iomphtatavo `h igeá shchito. G mhà`g quh gctos àrhitavos prhpgrgd cg aderghstruiturg dhihsgrag pgrg mgdthdhr y hxthd`hr hsth ca`hrgzjo, sh hderhdtgd g udg shrah `h prolchmgs sajdaeaigtavos h adthrrhcgiaodgòs g cg a`hdta`g` `h cg mgrig. Ampcgdtgr igdgchs igdgchs `h àstraluiaùd heaigihs, heaigihs, cg hxpgdsaùd hxpgdsaùd dgiaodgc h adthrdgiaodgc, su satugiaùd hd mhrigòs `h igpatgchs y cg posaiaùd iomphtatavg. Yibuctz iomprhdàù quh cg hmprhsg thd`ríg quh glor`gr hstos thmgs, gc masmo tahmpo quh iodshrvgr cg hchjgdiag y cg adthjra`g` `h co quh Ytgrluiks bg rhprhshdtgò y rhprhshdtg boy hd `íg. Hsth hs hc rhto y pradiapgc olnhtavo, mgdthdhr hsh erçjac hquacalrao. Vor toò co quh Ytgrluiks bg iodshjuaò bgstg gborg, hc euturo do sh prhvá shdiacco. ¿Iùmo cchjgrhmos?( hstrgthjag) Hc proihàmahdto utacazgò por Ytgrluiks pgrg gcigdzgr sus olnhtavos rhsuctg `h cg addovgiaùd addovgiaùd y cgdzgmahdto `h duhvos duhvos lahdhs, gsí iomo hd cg cg mhnorg y `hsgrrocco `h shrvaiaos quh sh rhpgrthd hd hc pgquhth `h shrvaiaos. Mhàgdth cgs `hiasaodhs rhcgiaodg`gs iod hc àsh÷o y proihso hd Ytgrluiks (vágsh igpítuco 0). Vgrg cchvgr g iglo cg hstrgthjag `h Ytgrluiks y po`hr iumpcar cos olnhtavos mhdiaodgòs gdthraormhdth g iodtadugiaùd pgsgmos g hxpodhr ud gdçcasas @GEO. Vgrg iompodhr hsth gdçcasas dos bhmos lgsgò hd hc pcgd `h mgrkhtadj prhshdtgò por Yuçrhz Ecorhs. A.@. (<677) GDÇCAYAY @GEO @hlaca`g`hs> • •

Lgng proùiiaùd `h igeá prhmaum. Cos prhiaos hchvgòs `h sus proùitos rhstradjhd hc giihso g vgraos shitorhs `h cg polcgiaùd.

Gmhdgzgs> • • •

Adjrhso `h iomphthdiag iomphthdiag por irhiamahdto hiodùmaio. Yustatuiaùd `hc igeá prhmaum por igeá iomþd u otrgs lhla`gs. Vrhiao `hc igeá igeá (`hphd`h (`hphd`h `h muibos egitorhs, icamgs, icamgs, rhjucgiaodhs, rhjucgiaodhs, jolahrdo, hti).

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Cos duhvos duhvos trgtgòs trgtgòs iomhriagchs iod HHXX, Ibadg, Ibadg, Ngpùd, Ngpùd, Iorhg y otros otros trghrçd duhvos advhrsorhs iod samacgrhs eormgtos `h dhjoiao � Duhvgs iompg÷ígs `h igeá, igeá, iomo puh`h shr Orjgdo Orjgdo Joc`, Joc`, adthdtgrçd adthdtgrçd quatgrch iuotg `h mhrigòs iod duhvgs táidaigs `h mgrkhtadj h adthdtgdò vhd`hr h adstgurgr cg a`hg hd cos iodsumaòrhs `h ud igeá totgcmhdth sgdo.

Eortgchzgs> • • • • • •

• • • • • •

Vroùiiaùd propag `h igeá Gcagdzgs iod hmprhsgs `h ioma`g rçpa`g. Vhdhtrgiaùd hd Mhrigò Adthrdgiaodgc. Eormgiaùd Eormgiaùd `h ud igrthc `h provhhòr provhhòr `h ige ig eá Vrhm Vr hmau aum. m. Gcto iodoiamahdto, iodoiamahdto, táidaigs solrh hc iuctavo, iuctavo, mgdapucgia mgdapucgiaùd ùd y igtg `hc igeá. Euhrth adthjrgiaùd vhrtaigc y borazodtgc hdtrh cgs jhrhdiags y hc phrsodgc `h shrvaiaos. Yùcaò rhspgcò eadgdiahro. G`hiug`g jhstaùd jhrhdiagc. Vroùitos Ytgrluiks sod addovgòrhs, addovgòrhs, irhgtavos irhgtavos y euhrg `h `h co iomþd. iomþd. \hsphto gc mhàogmlahdth. mhàogmlahdth. Mçquadgs iod gctg thidocojíg pgrg hc proihso `h prhpgrgò `hc igeá. Gmlahdth içcaò içcaò y giojhòr hd toòs toòs cos coigchs Ytgrluiks, iod mþsaig mþsaig y waea jrgtas pgrg dgvhjgr.

Oportuda`g`hs> Oportuda`g`hs> • • • • •

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Mgyor po`hr g`quasatavo `h cg polcgiaùd por adirhmhdto `h adjrhsos. Cgs phrsodgs `hmgd`gd cujgrhs pgrg rhudarsh y àserutgr àserut gr `hc oiao. Adirhmhdto hd cg Vrhehrhdiag por hc igeá prhmaum. Uhdtg `h igeá gromgtazgò ( olnhtavo àehrhdth gc igeá prhmaum). Cg pocítaig propgjgiaùd y pulcaia`g` `h Ytgrluiks bg saò do gdudiagrsh da hd thchvasaùd, da hd rgào, da hd phraùàios. Yoco hd oigsaodhs hsphiagchs hd gcjudg hsihdg `h gcjudg phcíiucg y gcjþd rhiorth `h gcjudg rhvastg hxicusavg; su mgyor po`hr `h propgjgiaùd hc loig g loig. Hc gumhdto `hc turasmo egvorhih cgs vhdtgs yg quh hs udg hmprhsg cí`hr g davhc mudàgc. Egctgd gþd lgrraos y zodgs por hxpcotgr iod duhvos coigchs.

G iodtadugiaùd, hd hc sajuahdth igpítuco vgmos g gdgcazgr cgs prçitaigs cchvg`gs g iglo por Ytgrluiks hd sus proùitos pgrg hc cojro `h sus olnhtavos

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IGVÍPXCO 0 @HIAYAODHY \HCGIAODG@GY \HCGIAODG@GY IOD HC @AYH×O @H V\O@XIPOY Q V\OIHYOY HD YPG\LXIKY –Cgs `hiasaodhs solrh cg shchiiaùd y àsh÷o `h ud proùito `hlhd shr tomg`gs por cg orjgdazgiaùd hd su iodnudto, `gò quh to`g hccg sh vhrç gehitg`g por àibgs `hiasaodhs” tgdto quh pgrg Ytgrluiks cg addovgiaùd hd duhvos proùitos bg saò udo `h cos pacgrhs solrh òd`h sh bg iodstruaò cg iompg÷íg gmhraigdg gmhraigdg y bg iodtraluaò gc irhiamahdto `h ástg. Cos duhvos proùitos sh cgdzgd `h eormg rhjucgr, por hnhmpco, hd ig`g phríoò vgigiaodgc sh adtroùih, gc mhdos, udg duhvg lhla`g igcahdth. Vgrg iodehiiaodgr hsth gpgrtgò dos bhmos gyu`gò `h mgthragc à`çitaio, –àsh÷o y `hsgrrocco `h duhvos shrvaiaos” (\uíz Namádhz, G.; Ibçvhz Margd`g, M.H. <676). Vgrg cg gcigdzgr cg olthdiaùd `h ud shrvaiao hs dhihsgrao rhiorrhr ud igmado hd hc quh cg shchiiaùd hs cg pramhrg htgpg. Cg shjud`g hs hc àsh÷o `hc proùito hchjaò y cg thrihrg, hs cg hchiiaùd y àsh÷o `hc proihso quh cchvgrç g su olthdiaùd. Cg htgpg hd cg quh dos vgmos g ihdtrgr hd pramhr cujgr, iodstg `h òs pgrths> cg jhdhrgiaùd jhdhrgiaùd `h a`hgs y cg hvgcugiaùd `h cgs masmgs. Iomo bhmos mhdiaodgò hd hc pramhr pçrrgeo, hs adhvatglch cg iocglorgiaùd hdtrh cgs àstadtgs çrhgs `h cg hmprhsg. Gsí, po`rígmos `hstgigr, hc `hpgrtgmhdto `h Mgrkhtadj quh `hlhrç hstamgr cg `hmgd`g, prhvhr cgs giiaodhs `h cg iomphthdiag, proporiaodgr a`hgs `h àsh÷o, hti. Hc `hpgrtgmhdto `h Eadgdzgs `hlhrç vgcorgr hc rahsjo `hc proyhito, lusigr eadgdiagiaùd y hc `hpgrtgmhdto `h iodtglaca`g` `hlh hstamgr iosths h adjrhsos y rhgcazgr ud shjuamahdto `h àibgs hstamgiaodhs. Hd Ytgrluiks, cg lþsquh`g `h a`hgs pgrg hc cgdzgmahdto `h duhvo proùito puh`h shr ud proihso hd hc quh adthrvahdhd àvhrsgs euhdths, g`hmçs `h oiupgr dormgcmhdth ud adthrvgco `h tahmpo hdtrh 7< y 72 mhshs. Hd hsth tahmpo, y hd hsth proihso, adthrvahdhd> cos icahdths iod sus sujhrhdiags; hc hquapo `h advhstajgiaùd y `hsgrrocco (A+@) bgiahdò hstuàos `h iompodhdths dhihsgraos pgrg posthraormhdth hehitugr mhzicgs quh `gd cujgr g ud duhvo proùito; cos iomphtaòrhs iod sus gitugiaodhs; cos vhd`hòrhs quh pgcpgd cg rhgca`g` `hc mhrigò y `hthitgd dhihsa`g`hs o prhehrhdiags; cos provhhòrhs y cg propag àrhiiaùd `h cg hmprhsg. Vhro sad dadjudg ù`g, y `hlaò g cg vadiucgiaùd iod hc mhrigò quh `hlh hxastar hd hstg egsh, hc `hpgrtgmhdto `h mgrkhtadj `hshmph÷g ud pgphc hshdiagc, sujarahdò duhvos shrvaiaos, lusigdò duhvos eoios `h icahdths pothdiagchs y rhgcazgdò promoiaodhs hd cos coigchs pgrg cg `hjustgiaùd `h hsos duhvos proùitos. Yh hvgcþg, hd `headatavg, cg gihptgiaùd `h cos proùitos por cos iodsumaòrhs, duhvos mhrigòs h adicuso, sa hs dhihsgrao, igmlaos hd cg orjgdazgiaùd hmprhsgragc (Mood, Q.; Wuhcib, N. ehlrhro,<660). @urgdth cg shchiiaùd `h ud shrvaiao hs amportgdth thdhr prhshdth quh gquác hs gcjo mçs quh cgs igrgithrístaigs tgdjalchs proporiaodg`gs gc icahdth, adicuyhdò gsphitos adtgdjalchs quh puh`hd adecuhdiagr sajdaeaigtavgmhdth hc iomportgmahdto `h cos iodsumaòrhs (vágsh g iodtadugiaùd pgquhth `h shrvaiaos). Cg opadaùd `h ud icahdth `h Ytgrluiks puh`h proùiarsh rçpa`gmhdth rçpa`gmhdt h lgsçdòsh hd cg gmglaca`g` `hc hmpchgò o hd cg codjatu` `h cg iocg y iodshiuhdth tahmpo `h hsphrg pgrg shr gthdàò. Cg prhpgrgiaùd `h ig`g lhla`g hd ud coigc Ytgrluiks tahdh quh hdigngr `hdtro `h ud tahmpo mhào pgrg quh gsí do rhtrgsh hd hxihso cg prhpgrgiaùd `h otrgs y cg hsphrg `h cos `hmçs icahdths. Poòs cos gsphitos gdthraormhdth mhdiaodgòs g thdhr hd iuhdtg pgrg hc àsh÷o `h duhvos proùitos, shrçd shrçd `hsgrroccgòs `hsgrroccgòs hd vgdo sa eadgcmhdth cos cos icahdths icahdths do hdtusagsmgd, do sh sahdthd sahdthd gtrgíòs por ástos, ástos, y por tgdto, cos duhvos proùitos proùitos do sh vhd`hd. -78-


Ytgrluiks puh`h prhsumar `h bglhr cgdzgò gc mhrigò proùitos igpgihs `h proùiar ud vhr`g`hro igmlao soiagc hd hc shitor (Jheerhy Uhrthr y Dgdiy E. Kohbm, 7115); hd cg eormg `h hdthd`hr cg igehthríg mo`hrdg, hd òd`h do soco sh hxasth igeá, dos rhehramos por hnhmpco gc Ergpuiiado Er gpuiiado.. Adtroùiaò ùrgdth hc vhrgdo `h 7118, cg lhla`g hrg irhmosg, eríg y ùcih. Iomladglg igeá, chibh h bahco. Hc proùito proùito tuvo udg gioja`g hsphitgiucgr, hsphitgiucgr, sahdò hc orajhd `h ud gcto porihdtgnh `h cgs vhdtgs hsh vhrgdo. @hs`h cg àrhiiaùd sh olshrvglg iod optamasmo gc euturo iod hsth duhvo `hsiulramahdto. G trgvás `h udg noadt vhdturh iod Vhpsa-Iocg, Ytgrluiks hstuàglg cg posalaca`g` y rhgcazglg cgs pruhlgs iodvhdahdths pgrg cgdzgr gc mhrigò udg vhrsaùd hmlothccg`g, castg pgrg lhlhr, `hlaò g quh hd pgíshs iomo Ngpùd y hd otrgs pgrths `hc mudò, cgs lhla`gs `h igeá hd cgtg y hmlothccg`g hrgd muy popucgrhs. Hd igmlao, hd Hstgòs Xdaòs hstg eormg `h iodsumo hrg madoratgrag hd hc mhrigò. Eadgcmhdth, cg vhrsaùd hmlothccg`g cojro igpturgr ud 16% `h cg igthjoríg –casto pgrg lhlhr”, `hlaò gc lhdhpcçiato `h cos nùvhdhs do lhlhòrhs `h igeá `h eormg bglatugc. Pgmlaád, g iomahdzos `h 7118, Ytgrluiks bglíg adtroùiaò su propag cídhg `h tás `hdomadg`g Adeusag . Cg jgmg `h tás iodstglg ``h tás bhcgòs dhjros, vhr`hs y `h bahrlgs iodihlaòs hxicusavgmhdth por Ytgrluiks. G`hmçs Ytgrluiks, tgmlaád hstglg trglgngdò iod otrgs hmprhsgs pgrg iodtraluar gc cgdzgmahdto `h udg cídhg `h bhcgòs `h igeá y ud duhvo tapo `h ihrvhzg. Yh proùno hdtodihs, ud giuhrò iod cg hmprhsg @rhyhr°s Jrgd` Aih Irhgm pgrg proùiar bhcgòs `h igca`g` gromgtazgòs iod igeá Ytgrluiks. Hd cg pramgvhrg `h `h 7115 Ytgrluiks tgmlaád sh gsoiaù gsoiaù iod \h`book Gch Gch `h Yhgttch pgrg proùiar udg ihrvhzg dhjrg hcglorg`g iod igeá. Cg duhvg ihrvhzg sh ccgmù @oulch Lcgik Ytout , gudquh euhrg iomhriagcazg`g por \h`book hc domlrh Ytgrluiks gpgrhiíg hd to`gs cgs lothccgs. Bhmos `h `hiar quh rhtomgdò `h duhvo ud poio cg pgrth thùraig, gpoyçdòdos hd hc mgthragc à`çitaio iatgò gc adaiao `hc igpítuco, hc iodihpto `h shrvaiao hs – udg `hsirapiaùd `hc iodnudto `h lhdheaiaos, socuiaodhs y vgcorhs quh hc shrvaiao bg `h proporiaodgr g cos icahdths” . Hdtrh cos egitorhs g iodsa`hrgr gc `hiaàr solrh hc iodihpto

`h shrvaiao sh hdiuhdtrgd>

Eudiaùd g rhgcazgr. Iosths Iosths `hc shrvaiao. Igca`g` Igca`g` `hc shrvaiao Ampgito gmlahdtgc. Giihsalaca`g`. Giihsalaca`g`. Pahmpo hd cg rhgcazgiaùd `hc shrvaiao. Dhihsa`g` `h rhiapahdth pgrg cos proùitos `h gpoyo.

• • • • • • •

Yad `hngr `h ud cgò cos pudtos gdthraormhdth iatgòs, toòs hccos dhihsgraos pgrg quh cchjuh ud shrvaiao g su prhstgiaùd rhgc, hc iodihpto `h irhgiaùd `h shrvaiaos sajdaeaig hd rhgca`g` irhgr ud pgquhth `h shrvaiao quh iumpcg cgs hxphitgtavgs `hc iodsumaòr.

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Hc tármado pgquhth `h shrvaiaos sh `headh iomo ” gquhc iodnudto `h lahdhs y shrvaiaos quh sh proporiaodgd hd ud ud gmlahdth o hdtordo `hthrmadgò”. `hthrmadgò”. G iodtadugiaùd rhcgiaodgrhmos pgquhth `h shrvaiaos shrvaiaos proporiaodgò proporiaodgò por Ytgrluiks> -Adstgcgiaodhs `h gpoyo> sod cos rhiursos eísaios iod cos quh sh `hlh iodtgr pgrg quh hc shrvaiao puh`g shr oerhiaò. g) tahd`g> cos coigchs tahdhd quh shr gmpcaos pgrg cg iocoigiaùd `h saccodhs y quh hc icahdth puh`g hstgr iùmoò y shdtarsh hd ud gmlahdth hspgiaoso. l) mgquadgrag> ig`g ig`g tahd`g poshh poshh ud sasthmg hsphiagc hsphiagc `h eactrgiaùd `h gjug. gjug. i) Hd iodnudto, ig`g tahd`g hstç iua`gòsgmhdth iua`gòsgmhdth àsh÷g`g àsh÷g`g pgrg rhsgctgr cg igca`g` igca`g` `h to`gs cgs iosgs quh cos icahdths margd, hsiuibgd, buhchd o pruhlgd. Ytgrluiks mgdtahdh su amgjhd erhsig utacazgdò pùsthrs iocoraòs, iod iug`ros h baco musaigc. Ytgrluiks podh gthdiaùd g toò co quh ro`hg g cos icahdths iomo hc hstaco `h cgs saccgs, cg thxturg `hc paso, hti. -Vroùitos `h gpoyo> hs hc mgthragc iomprgò o iodsumaò por hc iomprgòr. Hd udg tahd`g Ytgrluiks hstos proùitos `h gpoyo, g`hmçs `hc propao igeá, tás, hti… po`hmos hdiodtrgr àstadtos grtíiucos `h mhribgdàsadj quh oerhihd> giihsoraos iod su cojotapo iomo tgzg, mocadaccos, eactros, rhiapahdths y otros grtíiucos. -Yhrvaiaos hxpcíiatos> sod cos lhdheaiaos quh sod rçpa`gmhdth olshrvglchs por cos shdtaòs y quh sh iompodhd `h cos rgsjos hshdiagchs h adtrídshios `hc shrvaiao. Iomo yg bhmos àibo àibo gdthraormhdth, gdthraormhdth, ud egitor amportgdth amportgdth pgrg cojrgr quh quh Ytgrluiks shg udg hmprhsg iod áxato hs su iodtadug addovgiaùd hd sus proùitos y hquapo, adtroùiahdò gsí duhvgs lhla`gs iomo hc ergpuiiado , mokgs `h sglorhs, hti. Hc igeá y hc gromg quh `hsprhd`h `hs`h hc momhdto quh hc `hphdàhdth iomahdzg iod su mgdapucgiaùd mgdapucgiaùd bgstg bgstg hc þctamo sorlo `h cg tgzg, `hlh iodthdhr iodthdhr ud mhdsgnh sulcamadgc `h sgtasegiiaùd, quh sh vhg rhechngò hd cg igrg, hd hc gsphito `h trgdquaca`g` trgdquaca` g` y sosahjo `h ud icahdth, irhçdòsh gsí ud shdtamahdto shdtamahdt o `h chgctg` g cg mgrig. Hc proùito do socgmhdth hs hs hc igeá, sado co co quh cg iompg÷íg iompg÷íg `hdomadg –cg hxphrahdiag Ytgrluiks”, hs `hiar, hd ig`g tahd`g sh phrialh ud hdtordo gtrgitavo, hchjgdth, hdraquhihòr, hdraquhihòr, iùmoò, quh th advatg g pgsgr g tomgr ud igeá. -Yhrvaiaos ampcíiatos> sod ampcíiatos> sod cos lhdheaiaos psaiocùjaios quh hc icahdth puh`h phrialar muy vgjgmhdth o cos rgsjos hxtrídshios `hc shrvaiao. Mþsaig, iod vocumhd hd jhdhrgc jhdhrgc phrehito pgrg cg iodvhrsgiaùd, iodvhrsgiaùd, quh adthdtg adthdtg hvoigr hd hc, icahdth àehrhdths thmporg`gs, thmporg`gs, y gsí hdraquhihr hdraquhihr g cg mgrig iod ud ud ampgito `h adthrás vasugc y shdsatavo. G`hmçs, hxasthd shrvaiaos iomo> waea jrgtas, mþsaig, igtçcojos hd cídhg, pgjo iod tgrnhtg, t grnhtg, htiáthrg. Cg campahzg hs pgrth eud`gmhdtgc `h cg tahd`g y hs ud egitor quh sh iodtrocg iodstgdthmhdth. Ig`g tahd`g hstç phdsg`g iod cos mçs gctos hstçd`grhs `h igca`g` iod cg eadgca`g` quh quh hc icahdth sh sahdtg sahdtg iompcgiaò. iompcgiaò. Hd iodicusaùd, Ytgrluiks do hs egmoso sùco por su igeá `h igca`g`, da por su rçpa`g hxpgdsaùd g davhc mudàgc, sado por oerhihr ud –thrihr cujgr”, hs `hiar, ud cujgr hd òd`h cos icahdths puh`gd tomgrsh ud tahmpo `h `hsigdso àserutgdò `h udg luhdg -7:-


tgzg `h igeá. Hs por hso quh hd Ytgrluiks sh tomg hd iuhdtg iugcquahr `htgcch, por mídamo quh ásth shg, rhechnçdòco hd su chmg –toò amportg”. @hs`h quh cos icahdths hdtrgd g Ytgrluiks sh eormgd udg amprhsaùd, yg quh cg rhputgiaùd `h cg mgrig y cg igca`g` `hc igeá sod òs gsphitos eud`gmhdtgchs pgrg cg hmprhsg. Yhjþd, @ígz Gctgmargdo, @.y Cgrg \o`ríjuhz, D. (<668). Yhjþd, Ytgrluiks hs iodsiahdth quh hc trgtgmahdto iod sus icahdths lusig shr gutádtaio, iodsasth hd –iodhitgrsh, `hsiulrar y rhspod`hr”. Hstos trhs iompodhdths irhgd udg rhcgiaùd `h igca`g` iod hc icahdth. Cos icahdths do vhd g Ytgrluiks iod cg adthdiaùd `h bgihr gmajos phro quahrhd olthdhr udgs iodhxaodhs posatavgs y quh sh sgtasegjgd sus prhthdsaodhs. Cg phrsodg tahdh quh phrigtgrsh `h quh hs hsiuibgò. Yh ch `hlh prhstgr gthdiaùd g co quh hxprhsg, g sus hxthraorazgiaodhs y mgdaehstgiaodhs. Ytgrluiks gpgrth gpgrth `h co gdthraor, hs iodshiuhdth y hdtahd`h quh gc icahdth icahdth bgy quh oerhihrch hc proùito g udg iahrtg vhcoia`g`. vhcoia`g`. Yu pudto `h pgrta`g pgrta`g sod 9 madutos por phrsodg, ud tahmpo g`masalch y soportglch soportglch pgrg quh hc icahdth icahdth hstá hd cg iocg y hc adthrvgco `h tahmpo shg cchvg`hro. Vo`ígmos iodicuar iod quh cgs tahd`gs `h Ytgrluiks sod ud cujgr iod ud gmlahdth àsh÷gò pgrg oerhihr lhdheaiaos tgchs iomo(Yibuctz, iomo(Yibuctz, 711:, p.772-7<6).> • Bgihr ud pgrádthsas hd cg rutadg àgrag> hd cgs tahd`gs Ytgrluiks, cg jhdth sh tomg ud `hsigdso `h iadio o àhz madutos pgrg gchngrsh `h su rutadg àgrag. • Lahd y shrvaiao àspodalch pgrg iugcquahr phrsodg> hd Ytgrluiks, sh puh`h vhr toò tapo `h phrsodgs, `hs`h ud pocaiíg bgstg ud hnhiutavo paàhdò hc masmo tapo `h igeá. Gmlos hstçd àserutgdò ud igeá `h igca`g`. • Xd cujgr pgrg rhcgngrsh y `hsiodhitgr> cgs tahd`gs oerhihd ud momhdto sachdiaoso pgrg mhàtgr y phdsgr. Cos hmpchgòs `h Ytgrluiks sod gmajglchs. Xdg vasatg g Ytgrluiks puh`h shr ud phquh÷o hsigph ùrgdth hc `íg `hlaò g quh Ytgrluiks hs ud cujgr pgrg tomgr t omgr –garh”. • Hstglchihr rhcgiaodhs> Ytgrluiks hs ud cujgr soiagc `hlaò g quh cg jhdth sh rhþdh g ibgrcgr sgtasegiahdò gsí ud –shdtamahdto soiagc” Vosthraormhdth vgmos g hxgmadgr cg jrgd amportgdiag quh ch otorjg cg iompg÷íg hstgòuda`hdsh hstgòuda`hdsh g toò co quh hdvuhcvh cg igca`g`, tgdto `hc shrvaiao iomo `hc lahd, gsí gs í iomo sus bhrrgmahdtgs pgrg hc iodtroc y mhàiaùd `h cg igca`g` Bhrdçd`hz Ehrdçd`hz, Ehrdçd`hz, H.E. (Dovahmlrh `hc <67<).

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IGVÍPXCO 8 IGCA@G@ IOMO UHDPGNG IOMVHPAPAUG Cg \hgc Gig`hmag Hspg÷ocg (\GH) `headh quh cg pgcglrg igca`g` vahdh `hc tármado jrahjo –kgcos” quh sajdaeaig –co gpto, co luhdo”. Vo`hmos `hiar quh hs ud iodihpto sulnhtavo yg quh `hphd`h `h cg phrihpiaùd, hc nuaiao y cg dhihsa`g` `h ig`g phrsodg o icahdth, hsto sajdaeaig> co quh hs luhdo pgrg udo, puh`h do shrco tgdto pgrg otrg phrsodg. Yhjþd Bhazhr (<661), cg igca`g` pgrg muibos hs ud tùdaio mgrgvaccoso pgrg mhnorgr cgs ophrgiaodhs. Cg g`madastrgiaùd `h cg igca`g` gyu`g g iodstruar hstrgthjags hxatosgs `h àehrhdiagiaùd, lgno iosto y rhspuhstg rçpa`g( \uíz Namádhz, G. <677). Cos sasthmgs `h g`madastrgiaùd `h cg igca`g` totgc sh mgdhngd mhàgdth cg a`hdtaeaigiaùd y sgtasegiiaùd `h cgs dhihsa`g`hs `hc icahdth. Xdg g`madastrgiaùd `h cg Igca`g` Potgc iua`g `h su icahdth. Yhjþd cg –Gmhraigd Yoiahty eor Wugcaty”, cg igca`g` hs –cg totgca`g` `h rgsjos y igrgithrístaigs `h ud lahd o shrvaiao quh rhspgc`gd su bglaca`g` pgrg sgtasegihr cgs dhihsa`g`hs hstglchia`gs o ampcíiatgs”, hsto sajdaeaig quh shjþd cg igca`g` hstç hd eudiaùd `h hd quá jrgò hc lahd o shrvaiao sgtasegih duhstrgs dhihsa`g`hs pgrg ud ead hsphiíeaio. Hd Ytgrluiks, sh utacazgd bhrrgmahdtgs pgrg hvgcugr cg igca`g` hd cgs tahd`gs g trgvás `h hdiuhstgs iomo vhrhmos g iodtadugiaùd, g`hmçs `h, iodtrocgr hc jrgdo `h igeá mhàgdth adsphiiaodhs adsphiiaodhs y vhraeaigiaodhs, tgdto hd hc pudto `h pgrta`g (igehtgchs (igehtgchs y proihso `h tostgò) tostgò) iomo su hstgò hd cg rhihpiaùd rhihpiaùd `h cos sgios. Gccasod, Mhcassg. Mhcassg. ( oitulrh `h <665)Dos podh `h mgdaeahsto cgs cgs adsphiiaodhs quh rhgcazg Ytgrluiks `h ig`g hdvío `h <86 sgios `h jrgdo `h igeá. \hiopacgd 9 muhstrgs por hdvío> cg pramhrg muhstrg `h cg oehrtg quh hdvag hc hxportgòr quh quahrh vhd`hr g Ytgrluiks, udg shjud`g quh sh rhgcazg nusto gdths `h pgrtar udg rhmhsg y udg þctamg muhstrg hd cg hdtrg`g `h cg mhrigdiíg hd cg pcgdtg tostgòrg. Yhjþd Bhrdçd`hz Ehrdçd`hz (<67<) Ytgrluiks àsh÷o ud sasthmg `h jhstaùd `h igca`g` ccgmgò ccgmgò projrgmg I.G.E.H. (ioeehh gd` egrmhrs hquaty) hd igehtgchrg igehtgchrg Pgrrgzþ Y.G. Igehtgchrg Pgrrgzþ hs udg hmprhsg quh sh `hàig g cg proùiiaùd y iomhriagcazgiaùd `h jrgdos `h igeá; sh hdiuhdtrg hd Iostg \aig hd cg coigca`g` `h Ygd Gd`rás. Gitugcmhdth sh hstç `hsgrroccgdò hd hc çmlato `h cg jhstaùd `h cg igca`g`, ampcgdtgdò ampcgdtg dò mhà`gs pgrg mhnorgr cg igca`g` `hlaò g cg mgyor hxajhdiag `h cos iodsumaòrhs quh socaiatgd udos proùitos iod mhnorhs propah`g`hs. Hstg prhoiupgiaùd `h igehtgchrg Pgrrgzþ hs iompgrta`g por muibgs hmprhsgs hd ud adthdto por iodshjuar iodshjuar udg mhnorg sustgdiagc hd cgs propah`g`hs propah`g`hs `h cos cos proùitos, co quh quh supodh ud icgro olnhtavo por hdiodtrgr hsg àehrhdiagiaùd; hc gshdtgmahdto `hc proùito hd hc mhrigò, cg mhnorg `h proihsos h adstgurgiaùd `h prhiaos iomphtatavos solrh cos `h cg iomphthdiag. Iomo rhsuctgò `h cg gpcaigiaùd `h hstg mhtoòcojíg hd hsth provhhòr `h Ytgrluiks sh iodsajuaù iodsajuaù hc `hsgrrocco `h ud pcgd `h igpgia`g`hs igpgia`g`hs pgrg hmpchgòs, hmpchgòs, cg hstgd`grazgiaùd `h cos proùitos g`hmçs `h ud pcgd ophrgtavo gdugc quh phrmatíg hdcgzgr cos olnhtavos `h cg hmprhsg iod cgs cglorhs `h proùiiaùd. Iod cg gpcaigiaùd `hc ihrtaeaigò Ytgrluiks sh iodstruyhrod euhrths pacgrhs solrh cos quh chvgdtgr cgs lgshs quh adaiaglgd hc proihso `h Jhstaùd `h Igca`g` gumhdtgdò cg iomphtatava`g` `h cg hmprhsg, cg igca`g` `h va`g `h cos hmpchgòs, cos rhjastros eadgdiahros y cg iodiahdiag gmlahdtgc. Vor otro cgò, sh proùno ud adirhmhdto `hc 78% solrh hc prhiao `h mhrigò por trgdseormgrsh hd ud igeá àehrhdiagò.

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Lgno hc sasthmg I.G.E.H. Vrgitaih `h Ytgrluiks hsth sasthmg sh iodtrocg cg igca`g` `h cos lahdhs y shrvaiaos y iodcchvg udg shrah `h dormgs y proihàmahdtos g iumpcar. Yh gdgcazgd cos rhsuctgòs bgiahdò àgjrgmgs `h geada`g`, bongs `h vhraeaigiaùd, àgjrgmgs `h ecuno, hti. @h eormg quh sgchd g cg pgchstrg cos hrrorhs hd cos proihsos proùitavos. G iodtadugiaùd rhproùiamos hc proihso `h proùiiaùd `h igeá `h cg Igehtgchrg Pgrrgzþ Y.G.

Vo`g Hdmahd`gs `h suhco y ehrtacazgiaùd @hsbang

@hrrgmg y grrhjco `h somlrg Iodtroc `h mgchzgs Iodtroc `h pcgjgs y hdehrmh`g`hs

Ioshibg

Eajurg d¾ <> @agjrgmg @agjrgmg `h ecuno `hc proihso `h proùiiaùd `h igeá `h cg Igehtgchrg Pgrrgzþ Y.G. Euhdth> Bhrdçd`hz Euhdth> Bhrdçd`hz Ehrdçd`hz, H.E. Dovahmlrh `hc <67<

Hc gdthraor àgjrgmg surjaù `h quh otrgs hmprhsgs bglígd adstgurgòs àvhrsgs ihrtaeaigiaodhs y igmlaos quh ch phrmatígd mhnorgr hd toòs çmlatos. Hstos igmlaos bgd saò pgcpglchs g`hmçs `gdò cujgr g rhsuctgòs posatavos g iorto pcgzo.

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Ajugcmhdth sh iodstruyù (iomo rhproùiamos g iodtadugiaùd) ud àgjrgmg `h proihso `h gpcaigiaùd `h gjroquímaios pgrg cg iomprolgiaùd `h cg g`hiug`g hnhiuiaùd h a`hdtaeaigiaùd `h arrhjucgra`g`hs quh `hd pgso g egccos hd cos proihsos y do phrmatgd hc iumpcamhdto `h cgs dormgs.

Mgdhno `h lo`hjg Campahzg `h hquapo Mgdapucgiaùd `h gjroquímaios Vrhpgrgiaùd `h cg Mhzicg Prgdsporth Gpcaigiaùd hd hc igmpo

Cgvgò y mgdhno `h `hshibos Arrhjucgra`g`hs hd cg gpcaigiaùd `h gjroquímaios

Eajurg d¾ 9> @agjrgmg `h proihso `h gpcaigiaùd `h gjroquímaios. Euhdth> Bhrdçd`hz Ehrdçd`hz, H.E. Dovahmlrh `hc <67<

Hc trgtgmahdto `h hmpcho `h gjroquímaios quh hehitþg cg hmprhsg tahdh iomo propùsato hnhiutgr to`gs cgs gpcaigiaodhs químaigs vadiucg`gs iod hc iodtroc `h pcgjgs y hdehrmh`g`hs. Hd hc àgjrgmg gdthraor sh puh`h iodthmpcgr cgs àstadtgs htgpgs quh iodehiiaodgd hc trgtgmahdto `h hmpcho `h gjroquímaios quh mgdhng cg hmprhsg. G pgrtar `h cg olshrvgiaùd, hdiuhdtros y àçcojos iod cos trglgngòrhs, sh a`hdtaeaigrod gdomgcígs hd hc trgtgmahdto `h gpcaigiaùd `h pcgjgs y hdehrmh`g`hs phrtadhdth gc uso `h gjroquímaios. gjroquímaios.

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Hd pradiapao sh può olshrvgr quh do bglíg hstgd`grazgiaùd `hc trgtgmahdto, do sh mgdhnglg hc hquapo `h prothiiaùd iodvhdahdth y quh, hd iugdtaosgs iugdtaos gs oigsaodhs, sh phrialh cg egctg `h iodoiamahdto `h cgs eudiaodhs y tgrhgs quh cos trglgngòrhs tahdhd quh `hshmph÷gr. G pgrtar `hc hmpcho `h adstrumhdtos y mgthragchs iomo cos vastos gdthraormhdth, cchjgmos g cg `hùiiaùd quh hc uso `h cgs bhrrgmahdtgs `h iodtroc `h igca`g` iodvhdahdths y gpropag`g dos phrmatarç `hthitgr prolchmgs hxasthdths `hdtro `h cg orjgdazgiaùd, gsí iomo sujhrar, gdgcazgr y lusigr socuiaodhs g cos prolchmgs. G iodtadugiaùd hxpodhmos udos hnhmpcos mçs (Mood, Q.; Wuhcib, N. ehlrhro,<660). Xd hnhmpco icgro `h iodtroc `h cg igca`g` hd Ytgrluiks co po`hmos hdiodtrgr `hdtro `h cos igdgchs `h àstraluiaùd; hs hc igso `h Xdath` Garcadhs, iompg÷íg gárhg quh rhialh sumadastro `h igeá pgrg sus pgsgnhros tgdto hd vuhcos dgiaodgchs iomo hd adthrdgiaodgchs, otorjgdò g Ytgrluiks ud mgyor iodtroc `h cg igca`g` `hc igeá shrvaò hd sus vuhcos> àrhitavos `h Ytgrluiks quh vagngd hd Xdath` puh`hd probalar shrvar mçs igeá hd hc vuhco sa do hstç iorrhitgmhdth prhpgrgò. Pgmlaád Ytgrluiks iompruhlg hc iumpcamahdto `hc shrvaiao utacazgdò vgraos pgrçmhtros, quh adicuyhd adeormhs mhdsugchs y castgs adthrdgs `h vhraeaigiaùd. vhraeaigiaùd. Gudquh co mçs addovgòr hs ud projrgmg ccgmgò, –eoto adstgdtçdhg `hc iodsumaòr”, quh iodsasth iodsast h hd hc quh ud iodsumaòr gchgtorao `h giuhrò iod hc projrgmg, vasatg ig`g coigc trhs vhihs gc tramhstrh. Gc iompchtgr hstgs vasatgs, hc iomprgòr hvgcþg hc coigc shjþd iugtro irathraos > hc shrvaiao, cg campahzg, cg igca`g` `hc proùito y cg vhcoia`g` `hc shrvaiao. Ytgrluiks tahdh cg mhtg icgrg `h gumhdtgr ig`g tramhstrh cgs pudtgiaodhs `h cg –eoto adstgdtçdhg `hc iodsumaòr”. iodsumaòr”.

Eajurg d¾0> Vudtugiaodhs Vudtugiaodhs `h cgs –eotos adstgdtçdhgs `hc iodsumaòr hd” (coigchs dorthgmhraigdos). dorthgmhraigdos). Euhdth> Qoudjmh Mood y Nobd Wuhcib. (ehlrhro,<660)

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Gpgrth `h hsth mhigdasmo hshdiagc, cos coigchs tgmlaád puh`hd shr hvgcugòs iod hc mátoò –shrvaiao chjhd`grao”, quh sh `headh iomo –hc iomportgmahdto quh irhg udg hxphrahdiag mhmorglch hd ud icahdth, quh co gdamg g rhjrhsgr g mhduò y iodtgrch cg hxphrahdiag g ud gmajo”. Cgs igcaeaigiaodhs sh eud`gmhdtgd hd cgs phrihpiaodhs quh oltahdh ud iomprgòr shirhto solrh sadjucgra`g`hs `hc shrvaiao, tgchs iomo> hmpchgòs adaiagdò adaiagdò iodvhrsgiaodhs iod cos icahdths, hmpchgòs quh rhiodoiígd g cos icahdths por su domlrh o por su lhla`g `hmgd`g`g y cg àsposaiaùd `h cos hmpchgòs pgrg rhsocvhr iugcquahr iugcquahr prolchmg prolchmg quh gpgrhzig. gpgrhzig.

Vudtugiaodhs `h –shrvaiaos chjhd`graos”. Euhdth> Qoudjmh Mood y Eajurg d¾ 8> Vudtugiaodhs Nobd Wuhcib. (ehlrhro,<660) (ehlrhro,<660)

Vor otrg pgrth, cg pahzg gdjucgr `h cg hstrgthjag `h Ytgrluiks hs cg igca`g` hd hc puhsto `h trglgno, yg quh gehitg àrhitgmhdth g cg igca`g` `h cos lahdhs y shrvaiaos quh sod rhialaòs por cos icahdths, por hsth motavo Ytgrluiks iodtrgtg g phrsodgs iod ud jrgd shdtaò `h iompromaso bgiag cg hmprhsg. Dos rhehramos gc iompodhdth `h cg igca`g` `hc shrvaiao. Cos hmpchgòs trgdsmathd sus iodoiamahdtos `hc igeá, `h su hcglorgiaùd (rhiochiiaùd y tostgò) y hc trgto iod hc icahdth, lusigdò hc àçcojo iod ig`g phrsodg quh sh gihrig gc mostrgòr. G iodtadugiaùd gportgmos (Mood, Q.; Wuhcib, N. ehlrhro,<660) hc mo`hco `h hdiuhstgs quh utacazg Ytgrluiks Ytgrluiks pgrg quh hc icahdth phrialg quh hstç sahdò vgcorgò vgcorgò y quh gquhccg gquhccg quh prhshdtg udg irítaig vg g shr sophsg`g sophsg`g y vgcorg`g por ud hquapo `h igca`g` quh adthdtgrç quh sh socuiaodh o sh podjg hd prçitaig gquhccg dhihsa`g` quh mgdg `hc iodsumaòr.

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Eajurg d¾5> Egitorhs d¾5> Egitorhs quh iodùihd g cgs phrihpiaodhs `h –icahdth vgcorgò”. Euhdth> Qoudjmh Mood y Nobd Wuhcib. (ehlrhro,<660)

G iodtadugiaùd po`hmos olshrvgr ud rgdkadj solrh cos gtralutos quh iodsa`hrgd mçs amportgdths cos icahdths `h Ytgrluiks g pgrtar `h `gtos olthdaòs g trgvás `h hdiuhstgs rhgcazg`gs g cos masmos. Hd cg eajurg 2 po`hmos olshrvgr iomo udg `h cgs igrgithrístaigs quh provoigd quh cg mgrig Ytgrluiks shg rhiodoia`g adthrdgiaodgcmhdth hs> cg igpgia`g` `h mgdthdhr sus coigchs lgno ud hchvgò davhc `h bajahdh y campahzg `h sus adstgcgiaodhs. Yhjuaò `h quh toò gquhcco `hshglch por hc icahdth sh hdiuhdtrh `h eormg e ormg iodvhdahdth pgrg shr iodsumaò, g`hmçs, `h do ocva`gr co amportgdth quh hs hc trgto `hc phrsodgc `íg trgs `íg y su mgdhrg `h bgihrdos shdtar ig`g vhz mçs vgcaosos.

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Eajurg d¾:> \gdkadj \gdkadj `h amportgdiag `h cos gtralutos icgvh hd irhgr sgtasegiiaùd gc icahdth. Euhdth> Qoudjmh Mood y Nobd Wuhcib. (ehlrhro,<660)

Hd hc sajuahdth igpítuco glor`grhmos iùmo cg hmprhsg hstgòuda`hdsh hstuàg gc `htgcch toò co quh ro`hg g cg gphrturg `h ud coigc, tgdto su zodg iomo su iomuda`g`, hd hc atadhrgrao `h iodshjuar hc mgyor porihdtgnh `h áxato hd hc duhvo hmpcgzgmahdto.

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IGVÍPXCO 5 CG VOCÍPAIG @H COIGCA^GIAÙD @H YPG\LXIKY Vgrg Ytgrluiks hs `h jrgd amportgdiag hstrgtájaig hstrgtájaig cg coigcazgiaùd `h sus coigchs iod hc olnhtavo icgro iomo cùjaio, `h lusigr cg ulaigiaùd ùptamg quh mgxamaih sus lhdheaiaos. Iomo sglhmos, cg coigcazgiaùd gehitg hdtrh otrgs iosgs g> -Iosths eanos y vgraglchs vgraglchs `h `h cg coigcazgiaùd coigcazgiaùd hchja`g hchja`g vgd g `hphd`hr `hphd`hr iosths iomo puh`hd shr hc trgdsporth pgrg cchvgr cgs mhrigdiígs gc coigc, hs `hiar, sa tahdh luhdg iomudaigiaùd, sa hdiuhdtrg hd udg zodg iádtraig lahd iomudaig`g bgiag cos lgrraos `h cg phraehrag, hti. - Xd mgyor o mhdor jgsto `h grrhd`gmahdto vg g `hphd`hr `h hc cujgr òd`h sh bgcch -Gpgrth thdhmos quh thdhr hd iuhdtg quh ig`g pgís, y `hdtro `h ig`g pgís ig`g iomuda`g` gutùdomg, vg g hstgr sunhtg g àstadtos porihdtgnhs `h jrgvgmhd solrh cos lahdhs y shrvaiaos, tgraegs amposatavgs, amposatavgs, hti. Dormgcmhdth cos coigchs `h Ytgrluiks hd Hstgòs Xdaòs hrgd ophrgòs por cg iompg÷íg, hstglgd ulaig`gs hd cujgrhs muy trgdsatgòs y jrgd vasalaca`g`, iomo ihdtros iomhriagchs, hàeaiaos `h oeaiadgs y zodgs udavhrsatgrags. Hd su pcgd `h jcolgcazgiaùd sajuh iodstruyhdò hstglchiamahdtos solrh cgs masmgs lgshs quh bhmos domlrgò gdthraormhdth por hc rhsto `hc jcolo. Hstg hstrgthjag `h coigcazgiaùd hd zodgs quh po`rígmos igcaeaigr `h luhdg, iádtraigs, `h muibo pgso, hti. hs gior`h iod hc proùito quh oerhih Ytgrluiks, hs `hiar, do vg lusigdò rhùiar iosths hd hstglchiamahdtos mgc ulaigòs y `h àeíiac coigcazgiaùd. Cg rgzùd hs olvag, Ytgrluiks oerhih ud proùito `h gctg igca`g`, iod ud shrvaiao quh sh àehrhdiag `h cos `hmçs y hd dadjþd momhdto hxasth pocítaig `h proùitos `h lgnos iosths o –cow iost”. Ytgrluiks Ytgrluik s `hsgrroccg ud hstuào iod `htgcch pgrg ig`g duhvo coigc, lusigdò sahmprh cg coigcazgiaùd ùptamg y pgrg hcco rhgcazg hstuàos `h mhrigòs solrh cg zodg, solrh cg rhdtg phr içpatg `hc vhiad`grao; hstuàg gsphitos iomo cg mhàg `h h`g`, trçeaio `h phrsodgs quh tahdh cg igcch y ruaò quh sh phrialh `hdtro `hc coigc `hc hxthraor. Pgmlaád, Ytgrluiks rhgcazg gcagdzgs hstrgtájaigs pgrg cojrgr vhdtgngs iomphtatavgs pgrg bgihr irhihr hc dhjoiao. Cg hmprhsg rhgcazg hsto iod hc ead `h quh hc icahdth sh sahdtg iùmoò irhçdòch udg chgctg` bgiag cg mgrig. Hd hc sajuahdth igpítuco vgmos g glor`gr hc thmg `h cg ig`hdg `h sumadastro hd cg iompg÷íg hstgòuda`hdsh. @hs`h quh sh oltahdh hc jrgdo proih`hdth `h cg tahrrg bgstg quh sh sarvh cg lhla`g hd iugcquahr coigc Ytgrluiks.

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IGVÍPXCO : CG IG@HDG @H YXMADAYP\O HD YPG\LXIKY YP G\LXIKY Cg ig`hdg `h sumadastro sh po`ríg `headar iomo, cg shiuhdiag `h hvhdtos quh iulrhd hc iaico `h va`g hdthro `h ud proùito o shrvaiao `hs`h quh hs iodihlaò bgstg quh hs iodsumaò. Hd hc igso `h Ytgrluiks, Ytgrluiks, cg ig`hdg `h `h sumadastro iomhdzgríg iomhdzgríg hd cgs ioshibgs `h igehtgchs ulaig`gs hd Cgtadogmáraig, hd cos pgíshs `h cg iuhdig `hc Vgiíeaio y hc hsth `h Çeraig `hs`h òd`h sh hxtrgh cg mgthrag pramg. Hstgs ioshibgs rhprhshdtgd ud 86, 98 y 78 por iahdto rhsphitavgmhdth `h cgs provasaodhs `h jrgdo `h Ytgrluiks. Iomo yg vamos hd hc igpítuco 8, pgrg jgrgdtazgr cg igca`g` `h cos sgios `h igeá sh hxtrghd 9 muhstrgs `h igeá `h ig`g hdvío `h <86 sgios `h jrgdo (Mhcassg, G. 7< `h oitulrh `h <665). Gudquh Ytgrluiks dhihsath iomprgr jrgd`hs igdta`g`hs `h jrgdo, cg hmprhsg dudig bg iodsa`hrgò iomo dhihsgrag cg posalaca`g` `h iuctavgr su propao igeá. Hc tostgò y cg prhpgrgiaùd `hc igeá bg saò pgrg Ytgrluiks udg `h cgs pahzgs icgvhs `h áxato, `hlaò g quh bg `hphdàò icgrgmhdth hd hc justo eadgc `hc lahd (igeá). Yglahdò `h cg amportgdiag `hc tostgò pgrg hc euturo `h Ytgrluiks, sh bgd cchvgò g iglo muibgs advhstajgiaodhs. Hmphzgdò por tostgr hc igeá `h àehrhdths mgdhrgs, g àstadtgs thmphrgturgs y ùrgdth àehrhdths adthrvgcos adthrvgcos `h tahmpo, cojrgdò iodeajurgr iodeajurgr sus iurvgs `h tostgòs propags. Prgs hc tuhsth y cg rherajhrgiaùd por garh `h cos jrgdos `h igeá, sh hmpgquhtgd cos jrgdos `h igeá igeá hd udgs locsgs quh poshhd poshhd udg pahzg `h pcçstaio –ecgvorcoik”; –ecgvorcoik”; hs soco ud ihrrono, phro phrmath iodshrvgr cos jrgdos `h igeá tostgò tostgò sad quh pahr`gd su erhsiurg, iod cg vhdtgng `h po`hr cchvgr cos jrgdos `h igeá g iugcquahr cujgr. Do sùco `hdtro `h udg masmg iau`g`, do sùco `hdtro `h ud masmo pgís, sado gcrh`hòr `h toò hc mudò (Mhcassg, G. Oitulrh <665). @h bhibo, hc igeá po`ríg iodsumarsh ùrgdth ud pcgzo `h shas mhshs y 78 `ígs `hs`h su hdvgsgò, phro cg Ytgrluiks do co mgdtahdh hd sus gcmgihdhs ud pcgzo suphraor g 9 mhshs pgrg iodsumarco. Ytgrluiks hcamadù egshs `h cg ig`hdg `h sumadastro quh hrgd rhphtatavgs y do gportglgd ud gporth icgro `h vgcor gc igeá, iod hc olnhtavo `h iodshjuar udg ig`hdg `h sumadastro quh utacaih sus rhiursos `h udg mgdhrg mçs heaiahdth. Hsth proihso iodùno g Ytgrluiks g udg rhùiiaùd `h iosths sajdaeaigtavg. Hc `hpgrtgmhdto `h ophrgiaodhs àspodh `h udos luhdos hstuàos pgrg prhvhr cg euturg `hmgd`g iod udos rhsuctgòs lgstgdth prhiasos. Hcco `g cujgr g ud gcto jrgò `h rotgiaùd `h advhdtgraos, advhdtgraos, g udg hcglorgiaùd y àstraluiaùd totgcmhdth totgcmhdth adthjrgò quh prothjh cg erhsiurg `h cg mhrigdiíg (jrgdos `h igeá) ampa`h iugcquahr iodtgito iod hc garh hxthraor quh provoquh su `hthraoro. Vor otrg pgrth, Ytgrluiks prgitaig muibo hc mátoò `hc –lhdibmgrkadj” , hs `hiar, usgr iompgrgòrhs `h lahdhs, shrvaiaos y proihsos `h trglgno quh phrthdhzigd phrthdhzigd g otrgs iompg÷ígs quh muhstrhd cgs mhnorhs prçitaigs solrh çrhgs `h adthrás pgrg cg hmprhsg, hd hsth igso iod hc olnhtavo `h trgdsehrar hc iodoiamahdto `h cgs mhnorhs prçitaigs y su gpcaigiaùd hd cos àehrhdths proihsos `h cg ig`hdg `h sumadastro.G`hmçs, iodtrgtgdò g hxphrtos pgrg iodshjuar ud proihso ig`g vhz mçs ùptamo y iodstruar udg ig`hdg `h sumadastro ig`g vhz mçs adthjrg`g. .

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IGDGCHY @H @AYP\ALXIAÙD Yhjþd Qoudjmh Mood y Nobdd Wuhtib (<660), gcjudos `h cos prolchmgs mçs amportgdths g cos quh sh hderhdtg cg gctg àrhiiaùd hs ihdtrgrsh hd cg a`hdtaeaigiaùd `h igdgchs `h àstraluiaùd hehitavos; hstuàgdò quh igdgchs adirhmhdtgrígd cgs vhdtgs, pothdiagrígd cg mgrig Ytgrluiks y eortgchihrígd su posaiaùd iomphtatavg. G`hmçs `h lusigr olthdhr udg vhdtgng `h hsos pudtos `h vhdtg. G trgvás `h sus àvasaodhs `h proùitos shchitos y vhdtg por iorrho, Ytgrluiks bg hstglchiaò udg shrah `h igdgchs gcthrdgtavos pgrg sus tahd`gs. Hstos pudtos adicuyhd cos jrgd`hs gcmgihdhs Dor`strom, quh vhd`hd igeá hd jrgdo `h Ytgrluik; bothchs shchiiaodgòs `h Ybhrgtod APP; igehthrígs hd cgs calrhrígs Lgrdhs & Dolch y vgraos rhstgurgdths hchjgdths. Vgrg iompchmhdtgr cos igdgchs hxasthdths, cg hmprhsg adaiao àvhrsgs hstrgthjags `h àstraluiaùd duhvgs> Xdath` Garcadhs

Ytgrluiks sustatuyù sustatuyù g cg àvasaùd àvasaùd `h Iodtadhdtgc Ioeehh Ioeehh `h Wugkhr Wugkhr Ogts hd hc sumadastro `h igeá hd toòs cos vuhcos dgiaodhs h adthrdgiaodgchs `h Xdath` Garcadhs. Hc iodtrgto por trhs g÷os g÷os rhprhshdtglg rhprhshdtglg ud iompromaso iompromaso pgrg cgs vhdtgs vhdtgs `h proùitos proùitos shchitos y supodíg udg jrgd oportuda`g` `h hxposaiaùd `h cg mgrig; Xdath` Garcadhs iodsumíg ::6.666 ::6.666 kacos `h igeá y shrvíg shrvíg 2< maccodhs maccodhs `h tgzgs gdugcmhdth gdugcmhdth hd sus sus vuhcos. G`hmçs, Xdath` bglíg adiorporù g Ytgrluiks g sus igmpg÷gs pulcaiatgrags `h thchvasaùd y prhdsg. Cg cídhg gárhg tgmlaád promoiaodù g Ytgrluiks hd hc ví`ho proyhitgò ùrgdth hc vuhco, y hd cg rhvastg `hc gvaùd. Hc giuhrò iod Xdath` hrg grrahsjgò. Vhro sh irhíg quh cgs oportuda`g`hs `h áxato phsglgd mçs quh cos rahsjos pothdiagchs. G`hmçs `h cg pulcaia`g` eormgc quh cg hmprhsg rhialíg, Ytgrluiks tgmlaád sh lhdheaiagríg `h udg hxthdsg promoiaùd adeormgc, hsto hs quh, cos <<.666 guxacagrhs `h vuhco sod icahdths dgturgchs `h Ytgrluiks, quh poshhd poshhd ud davhc iucturgc gcto, sod iuraosos iuraosos y quahrhd sgtasegihr sgtasegihr g cos pgsgnhros. Wuhng mçs erhiuhdth `h cos pgsgnhros> –hc igeá hrg mgco”. Vor supuhsto Ytgrluiks puh`h gyu`ù g mhnorgrco. Yhjua`gmhdth rhgcazgmos udg `hsirapiaùd y gdçcasas `h iùmo Ytgrluiks sh advocuirg hd cg rhspodsglaca`g` rhspodsglaca`g` soiagc soiagc iorporgtavg g pgrtar `h udg pchdg ampcaigiaùd hd pocítaigs `h gborro hdhrjátaio y rhsphto gc mhàogmlahdth.

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IGVÍPXCO 2 \hspodsglaca`g` Yoiagc Iorporgtavg hd Ytgrluiks

Ytgrluiks hs udg hmprhsg quh sh tomg muy hd shrao cg a`hg cg rhspodsglaca`g` soiagc iorporgtavg (\YI). Hstçd iompromhtaòs hd bgihr dhjoiaos `h mgdhrg rhspodsglch y iomportgrsh `h eormg quh sh bgd igpgihs `h jgdgrsh cg iodeagdzg y hc rhsphto `h sus stgkhboc`hrs «quahdhs puh`hd gehitgr o sod gehitgòs por cgs gitava`g`hs `h udg hmprhsg»

Hc projrgmg `h \YI `h Ytgrluiks, – Ytgrluiks Ybgrh` Vcgdht” ; h ampcaig pgrg cg orjgdazgiaùd hc thdhr ud iompromaso gdth cg soiah`g`, shr rhspodsglch iod sus trglgngòrhs, iod cos icahdths, iod cg igca`g` `h sus proùitos, iod hc mhàogmlahdth y iod cgs pgrths advocuirg`gs hd sus trgdsgiiaodhs y çrhg `h dhjoiao (stgkhboc`hrs) . Pgmlaád sh mhdiaodg cg átaig y cg trgdspgrhdiag trgdspgr hdiag y, hd þctamo cujgr cg adthjrgiaùd adthjrgiaù d iucturgc y cg rhcgiaùd rhcgiaùd iod cgs àstadtgs ODJ‑s. G`hmçs po`rígmos po`rígmos `hstgigr `h cgs cgs pocítaigs \YI cos sajuahdths gsphitos. Glgsthiamahdto Átaio> Bg `hsgrroccgò rhcgiaodhs sùca`gs y `h cgrjo pcgzo iod cos gjraiuctorhs `h toò hc mudò quh gyu`gd g gshjurgr quh sod igpgihs `h iomprgr hc igeá `h gctg igca`g` quh duhstros icahdths hsphrgd `h dosotros. Hs su mhtg quh pgrg hc g÷o <678, toòs cos `h duhstro igeá sh iuctavg iod hc iomhriao átaio y prçitaigs `h iuctavo rhspodsglchs. rhspodsglchs. •

Jhstaùd Gmlahdtgc> Iompgrth hc iompromaso `h sus icahdths iod hc mhào gmlahdth, y irhh hd cg amportgdiag `h iua`gr hc pcgdhtg y gdamgr g otros g bgihr co masmo. Pgmlaád trglgngd pgrg rhùiar sajdaeaigtavgmhdth duhstrg buhccg gmlahdtgc g trgvás `h cg hdhrjíg y cg iodshrvgiaùd `hc gjug, hc rhiaicgnh y cg iodstruiiaùd vhr`h. Ytgrluiks tahdh hc iompromaso `h hstglchihr ud ca`hrgzjo hd rhcgiaùd iod cg `hehdsg `hc mhào gmlahdth hd toòs cos gsphitos `h su dhjoiao. Ytgrluiks bg `hsgrroccgò udg `hicgrgiaùd `h adthdiaodhs solrh hc mhào gmlahdth mhàgdth hc iompromaso `h> •

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Hdthd`hr cos prolchmgs `hc mhào gmlahdth y iompgrtar adeormgiaùd iod sus trglgngòrhs (pgrtdhrs).

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@hsgrroccgr @hsgrrocc gr socuiaodhs addovgòrgs y echxalchs pgrg jhdhrgr hc igmlao.

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Hseorzgrsh por iomprgr, vhd`hr y utacazgr proùitos quh do shgd doiavos pgrg hc mhào gmlahdth.

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Adiucigr cg rhspodsglaca`g` por hc mhào gmlahdth iomo ud vgcor `h cg iompg÷íg.

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Gdamgr, adiatgr h adùiar g toòs cos trglgngòrhs (pgrtdhrs) g iompgrtar su masaùd `h iompromaso iod hc mhào gmlahdth.

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Poòs cos hmpchgòs `h Ytgrluiks `hlhd lusigr `h mgdhrg progitavg quh cos ampgitos gmlahdtgchs gmlahdtgchs `h sus ophrgiaodhs ophrgiaodhs y gitugiaodhs gitugiaodhs hstád `hdtro `h cg pocítaig pocítaig `h do gjrhàr, do `hngr udg buhccg dhjgtavg, hs `hiar, iodshrvgr hc mhàogmlahdth tgc y iomo dos co bhmos bhmos hdiodtrgò, hdiodtrgò, `h mgdhrg quh quh phrùrh y phrmatg g cgs euturgs jhdhrgiaodhs su uso y àseruth . Hc iompromaso y iodiahdiagiaùd por pgrth `h cos trglgngòrhs `h iodtraluar posatavgmhdth iod hc mhào gmlahdth hs `h vatgc amportgdiag pgrg cg iodshiuiaùd `h cos olnhtavos mhàogmlahdtgchs quh sh bgyg mgrigò cg iompg÷íg. Ytgrluiks sahmprh bg hvocuiaodgò hvocuiaodgò y bg hxpgdàò su `headaiaùd `h rhspodsglaca`g` rhspodsglaca`g` por hc mhào gmlahdth, co quh bg sajdaeaigò iodvhrtarsh hd ud cí`hr hd cg `hehdsg `hc mhào gmlahdth sahdò sus olnhtavos g iorto y mhào pcgzo> Wuh hc 766% `h sus vgsos shgd rhutacazglchs o rhiaicglchs hd <678.

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Cg pgrtaiapgiaùd `h cg Iomuda`g`> `hs`h cos lgrraos òd`h sh ulaigd sus tahd`gs bgstg cgs coigca`g`hs hd òd`h sh iuctavg hc igeá. Vromovahdò cg pgrtaiapgiaùd hd cgs iomuda`g`hs h ampucsgdò g cg jhdth g irhhr hd quh hc igmlao hs posalch. Igusgdò udg àehrhdiag hd cgs va`gs `h cg jhdth; – toò hs pgrth `h shr ud luhd vhiado”. Hd <678, pcgdhgd quh gportgrç ud maccùd `h borgs `h trglgno vocudtgrao ig`g g÷o g cgs iomuda`g`hs. •

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Irhgiaùd `h ud hdtordo `h trglgno átaio á taio y morgc iod i od cos hmpchgòs hm pchgòs

(pgrtdhrs).

Ytgrluiks, hmphzgdò hmphzgdò por hc iumpcamahdto `hc hstçd`gr adthrdgiaodgc adthrdgiaodgc `h `hrhibos bumgdos y eomhdtgdò cg ajugc`g` `h oportuda`g`hs oportuda`g`hs hd sus prçitaigs `h iodtrgtgiaùd, tomg `hiasaodhs `h rhicutgmahdto hd lgsh g irathraos rhcgiaodgòs iod hc hmpcho y do hstç g egvor `hc trglgno eorzgò. Gc hmpchgr trglgngòrhs mhdorhs `h 72 g÷os, sh bg `h iumpcar iod to`gs cgs camatgiaodhs, yg shgd hstglchia`gs por Ytgrluiks, o chjgcmhdth rhquhra`gs gihrig `h cg h`g` mídamg `h hmpcho, borgs `h trglgno y tgrhgs quh rhgcazgd hstos hmpchgòs. @h hstg eormg Ytgrluiks adthdtg gshjurgrsh quh àibo trglgno do àeaiuctg cg hùigiaùd, sgcu`, shjura`g` y hc `hsgrrocco mhdtgc o eísaio `h cg phrsodg. Hd Ytgrluiks sh trglgng hd gmlahdth `h rhsphto y àjda`g`, hs `hiar, toòs cos trglgngòrhs tahdhd `hrhibo g trglgngr calrh `h gioso, adtama`giaùd o àsiramadgiaùd. Hd igso `h quh sh iorrompgd hstos pradiapaos hc trglgngòr `hlh `hdudiagrco g su jhrhdth, gc rhspodsglch `h rhiursos bumgdos o gc `h átaig iomhriagc y iumpcamahdto. Vor otro cgò, hc hxihpiaodgc shrvaiao gc icahdth quh igrgithrazg g Ytgrluiks hs udg praora`g` mçxamg. mçxamg. Yh hseuhrzg iodtadugmhdth iodtadugmhdth pgrg bgihr bgihr quh cg hxphrahdiag `h ig`g udo `h sus icahdths shg gjrg`glch y sgtasegitorag, y trgtg g sus icahdths ajugc quh sh trgtgd cos trglgngòrhs trglgngòrhs hdtrh sí, hs `hiar, `hiar, iod rhsphto y àjda`g`. àjda`g`. Hsto sajdaeaig, por hnhmpco, quh lgno dadjþd iodihpto, da iod nustaeaigiaùd gcjudg, sh chs phrmath dadjþd gioso, da àsiramadgiaùd g cos icahdths . Hd Ytgrluiks sh `headh hc tármado @avhrsa`g` utacazgdò udg hiugiaùd. @avhrsa`g` = Adicusaùd + Hqua`g` + Giihsalaca`g` y shjuarco `h tgc moò sh promuhvh cg àvhrsa`g` iomo udg vhdtgng iomhriagc iomphtatavg y hstrgtájaig `h cg iompg÷íg. Iomo domlrgmos hd hc Igpítuco dþmhro 5 iorrhspodàhdth gc thmg `h cg igca`g`, hc projrgmg I.G.E.H. tgmlaád tahdh udg rhspodsglaca`g` soiagc y `h ca`hrgzjo mhàogmlahdtgc hd hc iuctavo `hc igeá.Hc projrgmg I.G.E.H iomo sus propags sajcgs -9<-


adàigd igeehh gd` egrmhr egrmhr hquaty, hsth hsth projrgmg euh àsh÷gò pgrg gshjurgr gshjurgr y ihrtaeaigr quh hc igeá sh iuctavh y sh proihsh `h udg mgdhrg sosthdalch, g`hmçs `h quh cos gjraiuctorhs phrialgd udg rhmudhrgiaùd rhmudhrgia ùd nustg por su ioshibg hd cos mhrigòs adthrdgiaodgchs. Yh hvgcþgd cos gsphitos soiagchs, gmlahdtgchs y hiodùmaios ampcíiatos hd cg proùiiaùd `h igeá. Hd `headatavg, Ytgrluiks promuhvh> Cg sosthdalaca`g` hiodùmaig> sh `g iugdò cg gitava`g` puh`h trgscg`grsh bgiag cg sosthdalaca`g` sosthdalaca`g` gmlahdtgc gmlahdtgc y soiagc soiagc porquh hs eadgdiahrgmhdth eadgdiahrgmhdth vaglch y rhdtglch. •

Cg sosthdalaca`g` soiagc> eud`gmhdtg`g hd cg iodshrvgiaùd `h cg iobhsaùd soiagc y `h su bglaca`g` pgrg trglgngr hd cg lþsquh`g `h olnhtavos iomudhs. Ampcaigríg, tomgdò hc hnhmpco `h udg hmprhsg, thdhr hd iuhdtg cgs iodshiuhdiags soiagchs `h cg gitava`g` `h ástg g toòs cos davhchs> davhchs> trglgngòrhs, provhhòrhs, provhhòrhs, icahdths, iomuda`g` coigc y soiah`g` hd jhdhrgc. •

Cg sosthdalaca`g` gmlahdtgc> iohxasthdiag hdtrh cg gitava`g` iodsa`hrg`g y cg iodshrvgiaùd `h cg laoàvhrsa`g` y `h cos hiosasthmgs, hvatgdò cg su `hjhdhrgiaùd. `hjhdhrgiaù d. Adicuyhdò ud gdçcasas `h cgs mgrigs o buhccgs quh sh puh`gd jhdhrgr por hc iodsumo `h rhiursos `h àeíiac o chdtg rhdovgiaùd, hmasaùd y jhdhrgiaùd `h rhsaùos. Hsth þctamo pudto hs amprhsiadàlch pgrg quh cos otros òs sh mgdthdjgd hstglchs. •

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-90-


PIGVÍPXCO

1

JCOLGCA^GIAÙD @H YPG\LXIKY Hd hsth þctamo igpítuco prhshdtgrhmos cg cgrjg trgyhitorag `h Ytgrluiks hd cg phdhtrgiaùd phdhtrgi aùd `h duhvos mhrigòs por toò hc cgrjo y gdibo `hc jcolo. Vgrg adthdtgr sasthmgtazgr hsth proihso, y do prhshdtgr ud igpítuco quazçs `hmgsagò hxthdso, bhmos proihàò g cg hcglorgiaùd `h udg tglcg quh dos proporiaodh udg vasaùd mçs icgrg y iodiasg solrh hc `hsgrrocco `h cg iompg÷íg y su irhiamahdto. irhiamahdt o. G÷o 71:7

D¾ `h tahd`gs 7

Duhvos cujgrhs

Olshrvgiaodhs

Yhgttch

Glrh cg pramhrg tahd`g `h Ytgrluiks hd hc Mhrigò Vakh Vcgih `h Yhgttch.

712<

Bowgr` Yibuctz `h Ytgrluiks sh udh iomo àrhitor `h ophrgiaodhs `h vhdtg y iomhriagcazgiaùd. Ytgrluiks iomahdzg g oerhihr igeá pgrg rhstgurgdths y lgrhs `h igeá hsprhsso.

7129

Bowgr` Yibuctz `h Ytgrluiks sh udh iomo àrhitor `h ophrgiaodhs `h vhdtg y iomhriagcazgiaùd. Ytgrluiks iomahdzg g oerhihr igeá pgrg rhstgurgdths y lgrhs `h igeá hsprhsso.

7120

Bowgr` iodvhdih g cos eud`gòrhs `h Ytgrluiks pgrg podhr g pruhlg hc iodihpto `h igehthríg hd hc ihdtro `h Yhgttch,òd`h sh sarvh tgdto lhla`gs iomo igeá hd jrgdo.Yibuctz glgdòdù Ytgrluiks

7128

712:

7:

Yh glrh hd Ugdiouvhr, Igdg`ç.

Yibuctz eud`g su propag hmprhsg. Bowgr` eud`g Ac Jaordgch, quh oerhih igeá rhiaád bhibo y lhla`gs hsprhsso bhibo `h jrgdos `h igeá

Yh glrh Ibaigjo Vortcgd`, Orhjùd.

Ac Jaordgch g`quahrh cos gitavos `h Ytgrluiks iod hc rhspgcò `h advhrsaodastgs coigchs y igmlag su domlrh g Ytgrluiks Iorporgtaod.

-98-

hd y hd


7122

99

7121

88

Ytgrluiks hmphzglg g `grsh iuhdtg quh mhàgdth cg addovgiaùd iodstgdth `h sus proùitos po`íg irhihr iod áxato.

7116

20

Ytgrluiks gmpcíg sh`h hd Yhgttch.

7117

775

Yh glrh pramhrg tahd`g hd hc ghropuhrto iod caihdiag hd hc Ghropuhrto Adthrdgiaodgc `h Yhgttch Yhg-Pgi.

711<

758

Oehrtg pþlcaig vhdtg (OVU),hmasaùd `h giiaodhs iomudhs, iotazgd hd hc Mhrigò `h Ugcorhs DGY@GW

7119

<:<

7110

0<8

7118

5::

7115 7678

711:

7112

707<

7225

Ásth g÷o sh adtroùnhrod cgs ùr`hdhs por igtçcojo quh shrvígd g cos 86 hstgòs `h Hstgòs Xdaòs.

Oerhih lhdheaiaos `h sgcu` iompchtos g tahmpo iompchto y tahmpo pgriagc hmpchgòs hchjalchs

Yh glrh udg pcgdtg `h tostgò hd Khdt, Zgsbadjtod Yh glrh adstgcgiaùd tostgò hd Qork, Vhdsacvgdag

Iomahdzg hc shrvaiao `h lhla`gs mhzicg`gs Ergppuiiado y bhcgò suphrprhmaum .

Yh glrhd tahd`gs hd Ngpùd (pramhr tahd`g euhrg `h Dorth Gmáraig) y Yadjgpur.

Iomahdzg cg vhdtg `h lothccgs `h Ergppuiiado lhlhr igeá g trgvás `h Dortb Gmhraigd Ioeehh Vgrtdhrsbap (Ytgrluiks y Vhpsa-Iocg Dortb Gmhraig).

Yh glrhd tahd`gs hd Eacapadgs

Irhg cg Eud`giaùd Ytgrluiks, lhdheaiagdò g cos projrgmgs coigchs `h gceglhtazgiaùd

Yh glrhd tahd`gs hd Mgcgsag, Duhvg ^hcgd`g, Pgawçd, Pgacgdàg y hc \hado Xdaò

G`quahrh Pgzo, udg iompg÷íg `h tá iod sh`h hd Vortcgd`, Orhjod Hxtahd`h cg mgrig Ytgrluiks hd cos igdgchs `h iomhstalchs hd cos HH.XX. Adaiag Ytgrluiks.iom.

-95-


7111

<666

<667

<012

9867

0:61

Yh glrhd tahd`gs hd Ibadg, Kuwgat, hc Cílgdo y Iorhg.

Yoiaos iod Iodshrvgiaùd Adthrdgiaodgc pgrg promovhr cgs prçitaigs `h iuctavo `h igeá sosthdalch. G`quahrh Hsiuibh mþsaig, udg iompg÷íg lgsg`g hd Ygd Ergdiasio mþsaig.

Yh glrhd tahd`gs hd Gustrgcag, Lgbrhad, Bodj Kodj, Wgtgr, Grglag Yguàtg y Hmargtos Çrglhs Xdaòs.

Hstglchih giuhrò `h caihdiag iod PrgdsEgar HH.XX. pgrg vhd`hr igeá ihrtaeaigò `h iomhriao nusto hd HH.XX. y Igdg`ç.

Yh glrhd tahd`gs hd Gustrag y Yuazg.

Vrhshdtg àrhitraihs igeá gprovasaodgmahdto átaio `hsgrroccgò hd gsoiagiaùd iod Iodshrvgiaùd Adthrdgiaodgc. Adtroùih cg tgrnhtg `h Ytgrluiks, udg addovgòrg tgrnhtg `h vgcor gcmgihdgò `h cos icahdths g utacazgr y vocvhr g igrjgr.

Yh glrhd tahd`gs hd Gchmgdag, Jrhiag, Adòdhsag, Máxaio Omçd, Vuhrto \aio y Hspg÷g.

Ytgrluiks hdtrg hd giuhròs `h caihdiag iod cgs orjgdazgiaodhs dgiaodgchs `h iomhriao nusto pgrg vhd`hr igeá ihrtaeaigò `h Iomhriao Nusto hd cos pgíshs òd`h Ytgrluiks bgih dhjoiaos.

<66<

8225

<669

:<<8

Yh glrhd tahd`gs hd Ibach, Ibaprh, Vhrþ y Purquíg.

G`quahrh Yhgttch Iompgdy, quh mgrigs iomo `h Porrhegzaodh `h igeá Lhst Ioeehh.

<660

2851

Yh glrhd tahd`gs hd Ergdiag.

Glrh hc pramhr ihdtro `h gpoyo hd Ygd Nosá, Iostg \aig.

<668

76<07

Yh glrhd G`quahrh Htbos Zgthr. tahd`gs hd Cgs Lgbgmgs, Arcgd`g y Nor`gdag.

<665

7<006

Yh glrhd tahd`gs hd Lrgsac y Hjapto. -9:-

Ioeehh adicuyh Yhgttch h Atgcag

Cgdzg cg pramhrg tgzg `h lhla`g `h cg adùstrag `h pgphc quh iodtahdh ealrgs rhiaicg`gs post-iodsumo, hc


gborro hs `h mçs `h :8.666 çrlochs ig`g g÷o. <66:

<662

<661

<676

78677

75526

75598

75282

Yh glrhd tahd`gs hd \umgdag y \usag.

Hcamadg to`g cg jrgsg grtaeaiagc hd lhla`gs `h igeá hsprhsso hd to`gs cgs tahd`gs `h HH.XX, iomo pgrth `hc iompromaso iod cg sgcu` y lahdhstgr.

Yh glrhd tahd`gs hd Grjhdtadg, Lucjgrag, \hpþlcaig Ibhig y Vortujgc.

Gdudiag Ytgrluiks Ybgrh` Vcgdht; hc iompromaso g cgrjo pcgzo `h cg hmprhsg pgrg cchvgr g iglo dhjoiaos `h mgdhrg rhspodsglch. Hxpgd`h su gsoiagiaùd iod cg Iodshrvgiaùd Adthrdgiaodgc pgrg hc trglgno solrh glgsthiamahdto átaio y hc igmlao icamçtaio.

Yh tahd`gs Vocodag Grulg.

glrhd hd y

Yh glrh tahd`gs hd Budjríg y Hc Ygcvgòr.

Yh glrh hd Çeraig `hc Hsth hc Ihdtro `h Gpoyo pgrg Gjraiuctorhs `hKajgca, \wgd`g. Ytgrluiks domlrgò hc `h cg mgrig mçs iompromhta`g hd cos mhàos soiagchs. Cgdzg gpcaigiaodhs pgrg hc aVbodh y tgrnhtgs pgrg rhgcazgr pgjos iod hc àsposatavo mùvac. Gmpcíg su oehrtg àjatgc pgrg icahdths iod iodhxaùd Za-Ea acamatgò, Ytgrluiks @ajatgc Dhtwork hd cgs tahd`gs `h HH.XX.. Ytgrluiks sh rhadvhdtg cg hstrgthjag `h dhjoiao pgrg hxthd`hr hc gcigdih `h cg mgrig. Gmpcíg su oehrtg `h igeá iod uctrg-prhmaum cadh Ytgrluiks \hshrvg y eusaodhs dgturgchs, hc pramhr igeá hmpgquhtgò iod sglor dgturgc, òd`h sh àstadjuh su mgrig. Vramhr ihdtro `h gpoyo Gsag gdudiag provadiag `h Quddgd, Ibadg.

Pglcg 7, <, 9 y 0> tglcgs `h hxpgdsaùd jcolgc `h Ytgrluiks, rhcgiaodgdò g÷os iod dþmhros `h tahd`gs y sus gphrturgs hd duhvos cujgrhs gsí iomo olshrvgiaodhs. Euhdth> @ígz Gctgmargdo, @., Cgrg \o`ríjuhz, \o`ríjuhz, D . (<668).

-92-


IGVÍPXCO 76 IODICXYAODHY Hsth trglgno mh bg shrvaò shrvaò pgrg proeudàzgr proeudàzgr hd cos iodthdaòs iodthdaòs à`çitaios hstuàgòs hstuàgòs hd cg gsajdgturg àrhiiaùd `h ophrgiaodhs y hdeoigr hstos iodoiamahdtos g`quaraòs hd udg hmprhsg rhgc `h áxato adthrdgiaodgc adthrdgiaodgc iomo Ytgrluiks. Hc tahmpo `hàigò g hsth trglgno do co iodsa`hro hd dadjþd momhdto ud tahmpo phràò, sado quh bh gprovhibgò toò momhdto quh ch bh `hàigò, tgdto adàvaùgcmhdth adàvaùgcmhdth iomo hd iompg÷íg `h ma tutor. Xd tahmpo quh bg saò muy lahd advhrtaò y gc masmo tahmpo jrgtaeaigdth gc vhr iomo sh `hsgrroccglg hc trglgno y iomo bhmos aò moàeaiçdòco y g`gptçdòco `íg g `íg bgstg cchjgr g co quh po`hmos iodthmpcgr gborg. Bh glor`gò thmgs quh sh hdiuhdtrgd g cg or`hd `hc `íg hd iugcquahr iompg÷íg, thmgs do soco dhihsgrao dhihsgrao pgrg cojrgr hc áxato áxato hmprhsgragc sado hd hstos tahmpos `h irasas eud`gmhdtgchs pgrg solrhvavar y iomphtar iod cgs `hmçs hmprhsgs `h ud shitor tgd euhrth iomo hc `hc igeá. Hstos thmgs tgd amportgdths sh vgd `hsgrroccgdò hd cos àstadtos igpítucos quh iompodhd hc trglgno.

-91-


Lalcaojrgeíg Iatg `h trglgnos prhshdtgòs hd iodjrhsos, nordg`gs…>

Iglg÷gs, G.(mgrzo, G.(mgrzo, <677). –Cg masaùd `h Ytgrluiks” bttp>//mktjhstrgthjaio.lcojspot.iom.hs/<677 bttp>//mktjhstrgthjaio.lc ojspot.iom.hs/<677/69/masaod-`h-s /69/masaod-`h-stgrluiks.btmc tgrluiks.btmc . @ígz Gctgmargdo, @.; Cgrg \o`ríjuhz, D. (<668). –Phoríg @adçmaig `h Mhrigòthidag Mhrigòthidag Gpcaig`g gc Igso Ytgrluiks Ioeehh”. Phsas Caihdiagturg. G`madastrgiaùd G`madastrgiaùd `h Hmprhsgs. @hpgrtgmhdto `h G`madastrgiaùd `h Hmprhsgs, Hsiuhcg `h Dhjoiaos, Xdavhrsa`g` `h cgs Gmáraigs . bttp>//igtgradg.u`cgp.mx/u_`c_g/tgch bttp>//igtgradg.u`cgp. mx/u_`c_g/tgchs/òiumhdtos/cg s/òiumhdtos/cg`/àgz_g_`/ig `/àgz_g_`/igpatuco_0.btmc# patuco_0.btmc# @omídjuhz Mgibuig, N.G.; Jgriíg Jodzçchz, Y.; @omídjuhz Mgibuig, M.G.; Çcvgrhz Jac, M.N.; \uíz Namádhz, G. (7118). –@arhiiaùd `h Ophrgiaodhs> Gsphitos Hstrgtájaios hd cg proùiiaùd y cos Yhrvaiaos”. Bgyhs, \.B.(711<). –Vroùitaod gd` Ophrgtaods Mgdgjhmhdt°s dhw rhquasaty vgrahty. Vroùitaod gd` Ophrgtaods Mgdgjhmhdt. Uoc.7 ,d¾.9, (summhr) Bhazhr, N.; \hd`hr, L. (<661). –Vradiapaos `h g`madastrgiaùd `h Ophrgiaodhs”. Bhrdçd`hz Ehrdçd`hz, H.E. (Dovahmlrh `hc <67<)> –@ash÷o `h ud sasthmg `h jhstaùd `h cg igca`g` lgno hc projrgmg I.G.E.H. Vrgitash `h Ytgrluiks hd Igehthchrg Pgrrgzþ, Y.G”, hd ^gmorgdo (Bodùrgs) bttp>//làjatgc.zgmorgdo.hù/latstrhg bttp>//làjatgc.zgmorg do.hù/latstrhgm/77695/7<5 m/77695/7<5Juíg `h gioja`g g cos trglgngòrhs y shrvaiao gc icahdth”. bttp>//sgd`rgcazhtth.lcojspot.iom.hs/ Mgrk Yibuctz, B. (<677). –Hc `hsgeío Ytgrluiks . Iùmo Ytgrluiks cuibù por su va`g sad phr`hr su gcmg –. Mood, Q.; Wuhcib, N. (ehlrhro,<660) .–Ytgrluiks> .–Ytgrluiks> Lrad`gdò shrvaiao gc icahdth”. bttp>//www.iibip.iom.mx/Xpcog`hÈachs/<676 bttp>//www.iibip.iom.mx/Xpco g`hÈachs/<6766261/Ytgrluiks_Lra 6261/Ytgrluiks_Lrad`gdò_sh d`gdò_shrvaiao_gc_ rvaiao_gc_ icahdth.pè Yuçrhz Ecorhs, A.@. (<677).–YPG\LXIKY Vcgd `h Mgrkhtadj”. bttp>//www.gutborstrhgm.iom/Vrhshdtgtaod/gYJu bttp>//www.gutborstrhgm.iom/Vrh shdtgtaod/gYJuhst<5982-<07:5 hst<5982-<07:56-stgrluiks6-stgrluikshstrgthjag-iomhriagc-lusadhs hstrgthjag-iomhria gc-lusadhss-eadgdih-ppt-powh s-eadgdih-ppt-powhrpoadt/ rpoadt/ \uíz Namádhz, G.; Grhdgs Mçrquhz, E. (<676) – @ash÷o `hc Vroihso `h Vrhstgiaùd `h Yhrvaiaos y su \hcgiaùd iod cg Vroùitava`g`”. \uíz Namádhz, G (<677)> ”Eud`gmhdtos `h cg @arhiiaùd `h Ophrgiaodhs” Prgdspgrhdiags. \uíz Namádhz, G.; Ibçvhz Margd`g, M.H. (<676) – @ash÷o y `hsgrrocco `h duhvos shrvaiaos”. \uíz Namádhz, G.; Gcegccg Cuquh, \.; Mhàdg Cùphz, I.; Ibçvhz Margd`g, M.H.(<66<)> – Cg Hstrgthjag `h Ophrgiaodhs hd Orjgdazgiaodhs `h Yhrvaiaos”. Hsai Mgrkht (\hvastg Adthrdgiaodgc `h Hiodomíg y Hmprhsg). D¾ 77<.

-07-


Mhcassg, G. (7< `h oitulrh `h <665) –Ytgrluiks Pomg hdeoquh þdaio pgrg cg iomhriagcazgiaùd”. iomhriagcazgiaùd”. Hc Yhgttch Pamhs. bttp>//www.sca`hsbgrh.dht/todgtaubdgvg/stgrluiksiorporgtaod-pcgd-mgrkhtadj

-0<-


Gdhxos

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