ANALISIS CRITICO DE LA OBRA “LITUMA DE LOS ANDES” DE MARIO VARGAS LLOSA 1. INTR INTROD ODUC UCIC ICIÓ IÓN N
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Las 4cnicas "#$ 2ic$ #s! $n $s$ %r$s$n$ ra)a5! $s an si*% si*%l$ l$ "#$ "#$ c#al c#al"# "#i$ i$rr l$ l$c c!r !r $s $sa a $n la lass c! c!n( n(ic ici! i!n$ n$ss ($ #sarl!s' la 4cnica $sa $n raar ($ as!ciar l!s s#c$s!s ($ la !)ra !)ra $n la i(a i(a c!i(ian c!i(iana' a' %ara l#$+! l#$+! ll$a ll$arl! rl! al l#+ar l#+ar i*a+inari! ($ l!s 2$c2!s s#c$(i(!s $n sí. En $sa !)ra “Lituma de los Andes” i$n$ $n c!*6n la r$%r$s$naci&n ($ l!s %#$)l!s an(in!s' $sa !)ra li$raria s$ ($sarr!lla $n l!s l!s l#+a l#+arr$s ($ las las r$+i! $+i!n$ n$ss ($ A7ACUC8 CUC8O' O' A9UR A9URIM IMAC AC : %ar$ ($ ($ la si$r si$rra ra ($l CUSCO' CUSCO' %#$s %#$s $n $sa !)ra !)ra n!s narra narra la 2is!ria ($ l!s c!*#n$r!s ($ la l!cali(a( ($ ANDAMARCA' ANDAMARCA' NACCOS : al+#n!s !r!s l#+ar$s *ás r$c&n(i!s ($ la si$rra a:ac#c2ana. En $sa !)ra' %#$s $l $scri!r Mari! Var+as Ll!sa n!s (a a c!n!c$r ($alla(a*$n$ $l c!*%!ra*i$n! ($ las 3#$r;as ($l ($l !r !r($ ($n n <== <==>AA >AA : la 9N9? 9N9? : a*) a*)i4 i4n n $l ra ra! ! : 5#ic 5#ici! i! %!%#lar "#$ a%lica)an l!s $rr!risas
$@$r @$r* *inarl narl! !s l! l!ss a%$( a%$(rr$a $arr!n l! a;! a;!ar ar!n !n c! c!n n %al al!s !s $sc#%i$r!n : así s#c$sia*$n$ 2asa "#$ %!r n $r*inar!n $r*inar!n ($ ac$cinarl! ac$c inarl! sin c!*%asi&n al+#na. En $s$ análisis s$ raa ($ $n$n($r ($alla(a*$n$ la !)ra “LITUMA DE LOS ANDES” c!*! c!*i$n;a' c!*! s$ ($sarr!lla ($sarr!lla : al nal c!*! $r*ina $sa !)ra. A. OBETIVOS DEL TRABAO TRABAO DE IMVESTIGACIÓN Anali; Anali;ar ar críic críica*$ a*$n$ n$ la !)ra !)ra ($ Mari! Var+as Ll!sa
“Lituma de los Andes”
B. USTI= USTI=ICA ICACIÓ CIÓN N Es$ ra)a5! ($ in$si+aci&n l! $s!: r$ali;an(! c!n la nali(a( ($ (arl$ a c!n!c$r a la s!ci$(a(' ($ c&*! s$ ($sarr!llar!n ($sarr!llar!n l!s 2$c2!s ($l i$*%! ($l c!*#nis*!. II. AS9ECTO BIOBIBLIOGRA=ICO. a. Da!s Da!s ($l ($l a#!r a#!r.. Jorge Mario Pedro Vargas Llosa
*ar;! ($ 1-?' : *ar"#4s ($ Var+as Ll!sa' F c!n!ci(! c!*! Mario Vargas Llosa' $s #n $scri!r %$r#an!. Un! ($ l!s *ás i*%!ran$s n!$lisas : $nsa:isas c!n c! n$* $*%! %!rá rán$ n$!s !s'' s# !)ra !)ra 2a c! c!s$ s$c2 c2a( a(! ! n#*$ n#*$rr!s !s!s !s %r$*i %r$*i!s' !s' $nr$ $nr$ l!s "#$ ($sac ($sacan an $l 9rínc 9rínci%$ i%$ ($ As#ri As#rias as ($ las L$ras 1- : $l N!)$l ($ Li$ra#ra 01 c!n s# “LITUMA DE LOS LOS AND ANDES” ES” $s$ 6li*! !!r+a(! !)ra “LITUMA H%!r s# car!+ra3ía ($ las $sr#c#ras ($l %!($r : s#s i*á+$n$s *!r(ac$s ($ la r$sis$ncia ($l in(ii(#!' s# r$)$l r$ )$li&n i&n : s# ($rr! ($rr!a aJJ F$l C$ran C$ran$s $s <1--K? <1--K?'' $l 9la 9lan$ n$a a <1--? <1--?'' $l Bi)li! Bi)li!$c $ca a Br$$ Br$$ <1-? <1-?'' $l R&*#l! &*#l! Gall$+ Gall$+!s !s <1-?' $nr$ !r!s. D$s($ 011 r$ci)$ $l raa*i$n! %r! %r!!c !c!l !lar ar ($ Ilustrísimo Ilustrísimo Señor al r$ci)ir ($l R$: #an Carl!s I $l í#l! ($ *ar"#4s ($ Var+as Ll!sa. ). AUTOR Y SU ÉPOCA. S$ casa c!n s# ía
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III. AS9ECTO ESTRUCTURAL ESTRUCTURAL DE LA OBRA OBRA .1. AS9ECTO ESTRUCTURAL ESTRUCTURAL =ORMAL a? Ti%! Ti%! ($ ($ $@! $@! Narrai! : ($scri%i! )? N ($ ($ %á+in %á+inas as 10 c? Ta*a,! ($l ($l li)r! li)r! Anc2!> 1 c* Lar+!> 0 c* (? A,! ($ %#)li %#)licaci& caci&n n 1-- $? S$ll! S$ll! $(i!ri $(i!rial. al. 9lan$a .0. AS9ECTO ESTRUCTURAL DE =ONDO a. Ti%! : ni$l ($ l$n+#a #ili;a(! El i%! ($ l$n+#a $n $sa !)ra $s ESTANDAR : CULTA ). Ti$*%! Ti$*%! $r)al $r)al $scri $scri! ! 9r$s$n$' %asa(! : 3##r! c. La *icr!$s *icr!$sr# r#c# c#ra> ra> El ca)! ca)! Li#*a Li#*a 5#na*$ 5#na*$n$ n$ c!n s#s c!l$+as $sá $nc!*$n(a(!s a r$ali;ar #na ar(#a ar$a' i$n$ c!*! %rinci%al (ar %r!$cci&n a la +$n$ ($ la l!cali(a( ($ NACCOS. 9!r !r! la(! l!s $rr!risas an s!*$i$n(! a s# (!*ini! a *#c2a +$n$ ($ las l!cali(a($s $cinas' a5#sician(! $n #n 5#ici! %!%#lar $n l!s %#$)l!s %#$)l!s ($ ra$sía. C!*i$n;an a ($sa%ar$c$r las %$rs!nas ($ #n! a #n!' : $n $l c#al' %#$s %#$s na(i$ sa)$ na(a ($ s#s %ara($r!s' %ara($r!s' : $s! $ra "#$ *ás l! %r$!c#%a)a al ca)! Li#*a. (. La Macr! Macr! $ $sr sr#c #c#ra #ra>> La !)ra !)ra “Li# “Li#*a *a ($ l!s l!s an($s” an($s” raa raa ($l a)#s! ($ l!s $rr!risas c!n l!s %!)la(!r$s al! an(in!s. D$l as$si as$sina na! ! ($ *#c2as *#c2as %$rs!n %$rs!nas as a ca#sas ca#sas ($ s# 5#ici! 5#ici! %!%#lar "#$ $ll!s r$ali;a)an.
L!s *is$ri!s ac$rca ($ la ($sa%arici&n ($ las %$rs!nas ($ la l! l!ca cali li( (a( ($ NACC NACCOS OS : %#$) %#$)l! l!ss al al$( $(a, a,!s !s'' $l $*! $*!rr s$*)ra(! %!r %ar$ ($ l!s r$!l#ci!nari!s. Esa !)ra !)ra li$raria li$raria a*)i4n a*)i4n raa ($ ($ #n %#$)l! s!*$i(! s!*$i(! al (!*ini! %!r $l *i$(! : $l $*!r "#$ s$*)ra)an l!s $rr!risas. 9!r !ra %ar$ c!na)an c!n si*%ai;an$s "#$ l!s s$r)ia c!*! *$nsa5$r!s ($ rans*iir s# i($!l!+ía' a*)i4n ($ (ar l!s (a!s $@ac!s ($ las %$rs!nas "#$ ($)$rían s$r 5#;+a(! $n $l 5#ici! %!%#lar. $. La s#%$r s#%$r$s $sr#c r#c#ra #ra La s#%$r$sr#c#ra $sa)l$c$ $l !r($n +l!)al ($l $@! "#$ s$ c!*%!n$ ($ #na s$ri$ ($ $*as $2 i($as. En $s$ cas! las i($as *ás r$salan$s "#$ 3!r*an la !)ra “Li#*a ($ l!s an($s”. S$ )asa $@cl#sia*$n$ $n la i$ncia ($ l!s %#$)l!s al! an(in!s' "#$ $s $sc$nari! ($ $sa !)ra li$raria. li$raria. Esa !)ra s$ )asa $n l!s 2$c2!s r$al$s "#$ %#$($n s$r a$si+#a( #a(!s %!r l!s l#+a #+ar$,!s ,!s ($ $s!s %#$) #$)l!s ($ A7ACUC8O' ANDA8UA7LAS : %#$)l!s al$(a,!s. Ta*)i4n n!s *#$sran la cr#$l(a( ($ la 5#sicia %!%#lar "#$ Ta*)i4n a%li a%lica ca)a )an' n' "#$ "#$ sin sin c! c!*% *%as asi& i&n n al+# al+#na na $r* $r*in ina) a)an an c! c!n n la i(a ($ las %$rs!nas' n! 2acían $l #s! ($ nin+#na )ala %!r "#4 a %$nsa $nsa* *i$n! $n!ss ($ $l $lll!s n! *$r $r$c $cía ían n +as asar arl! l!s. s. A%lica)an s# 5#sicia %!%#lar 2aci$n(! $l #s! ($ r!cas : %al!s. La +$n +$n$ $ $r $ra a !)li !)li+a +a(a (a a ($sa ($sarrr!l !lla larr s# %r!% %r!%ia ia 5#s 5#sic icia ia'' !)li+ !)li+a(! a(! a 5#sici 5#siciar ar c!n s#s *an!s *an!s a $sas %$rs! %$rs!nas nas "#$ 2an si(! c!n($na(as a r$ci)ir #n casi+! :a s$a %!r s#s c!*%!ra*i$n!s in#s#al$s ! %!r c!la)!rar c!n $l $sa(!. 3. Ar+# Ar+#*$ *$n n! ! ($l ($l $@ $@! ! 9#$s )i$n la !)ra “ Li#*a ($ an($s” $ ($sarr!lla $n l!s l#+ar$s ($ la si$rra %$r#ana $@cl#sia*$n$ $n las al#ras ($ l!s ($%ara*$n!s A7ACUC8O' A9URIMAC : $n ci$ras !casi!n$s $n AREUI9A AREUI9A : CUSCO'
Es! c!*i$n;a c!n r$s$ni*i$n! ($ %ar$ ($ #na *asa ($ %$rs!nas *ar+ina(as %!r la s!ci$(a( ca%ialisas' : ($ #n +!)i$rn! i*%$rialisa c!n #na %!líica ($ $sa(! "#$ 2asa $l *!*$n! ($ 2!: $sa*!s ii$n(!' ($ "#$ l!s +ran($s $*%r $* %r$s $sar ari! i!ss "#$ "#$ *a *an$5 n$5an an #na #na +ran +ran ca can ni( i(a( a( ($ (in$ (in$rr! *an$5a al %#$)l! a s# an!5!' l!s ca%ialisas ca%ialisas ca(a $; *ás *ill!nari!s : $l %#$)l! ca(a $; *ás s!*$i4n(!s$ a la *is$ria. El *!i! 3#n(a*$nal $n "#$ ABIBAEL GUSMAN <l!s!3!? ca$(ráic! ($ la #ni$rsi(a( SAN CRISTOBAL DE 8UAMANGA
i. Tra*a Es la %ar$ *ás i*%!ran$ ($ la !)ra. En $s$ cas!' $n la !)ra “li#*a ($ l!s an($s” la %ar$ *ás i*%!ran$ : "#$ lla*a la a$nci&n $s $l 5#ici! %!%#lar "#$ $*%l$an l!s $rr!risas c!n las %$rs!nas "#$ c!la)!ran c!n $l $sa(! $n $s$ *!*$n!' a*)i4n c!n las %$rs!nas *alas #$ $l $sa(! %$r#an! ($)$ *$5!rar s# %!líica ($ $sa(!. S$ ($)$ ($)$ $n$ $n$rr #na #na %!lí %!líi ica ca s! s!s s$n $ni) i)l$ l$ ($ $c! $c!n! n!*í *ía a %ara !(!s %!r $"#i(a(.
E . In$rr In $rr!+an$s !+an$s : %r!)l$*as "#$ a)!r(a $l a#!r a# !r L!s %r!)l$*as "#$ %lan$a s!n $@cl#sia*$n$. La %!líica ($ $sa(!.
A ca#sa ($ !(! $s! nac$n l!s *!i*i$n!s r$!l#ci!nari!s. K.0 AS9ECTOS ANALPTICOS a . Gl!sari! ($ &%ic!s cla$s •
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K. NIVEL DE COM9RENCIÓN LECTORA A . Ni$l li$ral Las acci!n$s c!*i$n;an a ($sarr!llars$ ($sarr!llars$ %!r la *ala %!líica ($l $sa(! %$r#an!' $n s#)$si*ar a la +$n$ ($l %#$)l!' a n! (arl (arl$s $s i*%! i*%!r ran anci cia a $n s#s s#s in$ in$rr$s $s$s $s s! s!ci cial al$s $s'' a n! $sc#c2a $sc#c2arl! rl!ss ($ #na *an$ra *an$ra ($*! ($*!crá cráic ica a : $s $n!nc$ $n!nc$ss (!n($ sal$n l!s ($3$ns!r$s ($l in$r4s ($l %#$)l!' a l#c2ar %ara %ara s$ s$rr $s $sc# c#c2 c2a( a(!s !s : al n! c! c!ns ns$+ $+#i #irr s#s s#s %r!% %r!%&s &si i!s !s ($*!cráica*$n$ $sán !)li+a(!s !)li+a(!s a !*ar la la ra;&n %!r la 3#$r;a. B . Ni$l in3$r$ncial S$ $ni$n($ : clar $sá "#$ $s $l $sa(! ($)$ría ca*)iar s# %!líica ($ +!)i$rn!. +!)i$rn!. El $@ $@! ! n!s n!s *#$s *#$sr ra a la lass c! c!ns ns$c $c#$ #$nc ncia iass raí raí( (a %!r %!r #n +!)i$rn! $sclaisa "#$ $s s$ri(! %!r $l %#$)l! : *as n! sir$ al %#$)l! c!*! ($)$ría 2ac$rl!. C . Ni$l Cri$rial
El li)r li)r! ! “li “li#* #*a a ($ l! l!ss an($ an($s” s” n!s n!s *#$s *#$sr ra a #na #na ($ la lass c!ns$c#$ncias ($ n#$sra %!líica ($ +!)i$rn!. +!)i$rn!. 9!r $l c#al ($ *i !%ini&n $l $scri!r $sá $n s#s ra;!n$s %ara $scri)ir $sa !)ra li$raria $n $l c#al %las*a n#$sra r$ali(a( "#$ 2as $l *!*$n! l! $sa*!s ii$n(!. D . Ni$l cr$aci!nal A *i !%ini&n $l a#!r 2#)i$ra #ili;a(! l!s n!*)r$s $@ac!s ($ l!s %rinci%al$s r$s%!nsa)l$s ($ la ($s+racia ($ n#$sr! %aís ($ c!*! $nían $l ra! $@aca*$n$ $l +!)i$rn! c!n la +$n$ ($l %#$)l! %!)laci&n c!n *#: %!c !c! !s s$ni*i$n!s' c!n #n c!ra;&n ($*asia(! (#r!. B. BRISAS ELADAS EN LA MAANA. L#+ar$s ($ %!c! cal!r c!n +$n$ $*$r!sa. T!*ás T!*ás l! c#$na l! s#c$(i(! c!n %$(ri!
S$ $sa)l$c$n : s$ an ac!s#*)ran(! a c!niir c!n s#s %!)la(!r$s.
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V . CRITICA OBETIVA OBETIVA DEL AUTOR K.1 C!*$nari! críic! al a#!r El a#! a#!rr ($)i ($)i& & %!n$ %!n$rr ($a ($all lla( a(a* a*$n $n$ $ "#$ "#$ %as! %as! c! c!n n l! l!ss %$rs %$rs!na !na5$ 5$ss "#$ "#$ i)an i)an ($sa ($sa%a %arr$ci$n( $ci$n(! ! c! c!*! *! #n *is *is$r $ri! i!'' ($)i& $scri)ir l!s 2$c2!s ($l $sa(! %$r#an!. VI . CONCLUSION N! ($)i& !*ars$ *$(i(as (rásicas : *#: ($s%ia(a(as %!r %ar ar$ ($ l! l!ss r$!l $!l#c #ci! i!na nari ri!s !s'' si 2#) 2#)i$ i$ra ran n "#$ri #$ri( (! i*%lanar s#s i($as l! 2#)i$ran 2$c2! ($ *an$ra %acíca sin i!l$ncia. .. DATOS DEL ARTPCULO.. 7!$l 7a#ricasa 9al 7!$l 9al!*in! !*in! <9$r6' 1 ($ n!i$*)r$ n!i$*)r$ ($ 1--K? $s#( $s#(ia ian n$ $ ($ la as asi+ i+na na#r #ra a ($ in+$ni in+$ni$r $ría ía ciil ciil.. #i$ #i$n n r$ali;a $l ra)a5! ($ in$si+aci&n %ara la asi+na#ra ($ cas$llan!' 9$r6 01. As$s!ra(! %!r Dai( A#ris Bill$+as' *a+is$r %!r la #ni$rsi(a( 8ABANA DE CUBA.