Alterini Trabajo Sobre Responsabilidad

RESPON RES PONSAB SABILI ILIDAD DAD CIV CIVIL IL ~ DAÑ DAÑOS OS Y PER PERJUI JUICIO CIOS S ~ CUL CULPA PA ~ RES RESPON PONSAB SABILI ILIDAD DAD OBJETIVA ~ RIESGO DE LA COSA ~ VICIO DE LA COSA ~ DAÑO ~ VICTIMA ~ CODIGO CIVIL ~ DAÑO DAÑ O MOR MORAL AL ~ RES RESPON PONSAB SABILI ILIDAD DAD COL COLECTI ECTIV VA ~ REP REPA ARAC RACIO ION N INT INTEGR EGRAL AL ~ DER DERECH ECHO O COMPARADO Título: Rumbos actua!s "! "!#!c$o "! "a%os Autor: At!#&'&( At&&o A')ba Publicado en: LA LEY *+,+*,-**.( *+,+*,-**.( + / LA LEY-**./E( +-01 / RC2S-**.( 3*+ Cita Online: AR,DOC,-1.3,-**. Voces: ces:

Sumario: SUMARIO: I. Tres modelos de responsabilidad civil.  II. Prospectiva de !ace "# a$os.  III. %alance de los pron&sticos.  IV. Prospectiva actual. Abstract Abstract:: A a #!4a#ac&5' &'t!6#a 'o 4u!"! at#&bu)#s!! ! s&6'&7&ca"o "! a #!4a#ab&&"a" "! to"o ! "a%o( 4o#8u! !sto !s &m4os&b!9 '& 4asa# 4o# ato a !:&"!'c&a "! 8u!( !' ! caso !' 8u! ! #!s4o'sab! act;a s&' "oo( a :)ct&ma t&!'! m!'o# "!#!c$o a a &'"!m'&+? +=/ Du#a't! to"o ! s&6o @I@ 2 os 4#&'c&4&os "! s&6o @@ &m4!#5 ! mo"!o "! C5"&6o C&:& 7#a'cs ! "! a #!s4o'sab&&"a" 7u'"a"a !' a cu4a= Ta mo"!o #!sut5 "! su a#t= +3.- 8u! at#&bu2! ! "!b!# "! #!4a#a# a 8u&!' causa u' "a%o 4o# su cu4a >7aut!?  2 tu:o u'a 7o#m&"ab! "&7us&5' !' ! Mu'"o !'t!#o >-? >-?== E susta't&:o susta't&:o 7aut! !s amb&6uo( amb&6uo( 4u!s "!s&6'a 'o s5o a a cu4a( s&'o tamb&' a &'cum4&m&!'to &'cum4&m&!'to >3? >3?(( ! &'cus&:! a a #!ac&5' causa >? >?== E' su s&6'&7&ca"o "! cu4a( &m4&ca u' #!4#oc$! mo#a >1? >1?(( o cua !&6! 8u! ! a6!'t! s!a F'o s5o ! auto# mat!#&a "! &'cum4&m&!'to "! a ob&6ac&5'( s&'o a causa &'t!&6!'t! 2 &b#! "! !s! com4o#tam&!'toF>? com4o#tam&!'toF>?(( au'8u! 8u&< 4a#a ma't!'!# a &us&5' "! :&6!'c&a "! a&oma 4as "! #!s4o'sab&&t sa's 7aut! !' #a'c&a s! a"m&t&5 u!6o a "!'om&'a"a cu4a ob!t&:a( 8u! #!suta "! a co'"ucta "!sa##!6a"a( au'8u! 'o s! t#at! "! u' acto :ou'ta#&o >K? >K?== E c#&t!#&o 7#a'cs 4!#:&:! !' ! C5"&6o C&:& "! ub!c "! +00+( 8u! &m4o'! #!s4!ta# as #!6as "! co'"ucta t!'"&!'t!s a 8u! 'o s! caus! 4!#u&c&o a ot#o 2 $ac! #!s4o'sab! a a 4!#so'a "ota"a "! #a<5' 8u! &'cum4! !s! "!b!# 2 causa u' "a%o a ot#o F4o# su cu4aF >a#t= +1K?9 as) como a a 4!#so'a 'o "ota"a "! #a<5' s& su com4o#tam&!'to F$ab#)a s&"o co's&"!#a"o "! ot#a ma'!#a como cu4osoF >a#t= +-?= La &"!a "! #!4#oc$! mo#a t!')a co't!'&"o sa'c&o'a"o#( 2 a4#o&maba ! D!#!c$o "! a #!s4o'sab&&"a" c&:& a D!#!c$o 4!'a( &'cuso !' a t!#m&'oo6)a( ta'to 8u! ! ca4)tuo II "! t)tuo IV "! &b#o III "! C5"&6o C&:& 7#a'cs s! t&tu5 FD! os "!&tos 2 cuas&"!&tosF= E' !sa "&#!cc&5' co'c!4tua( !' +.K* a Co#t! "! Casac&5' 7#a'c!sa #!c$a<5 a "!ma'"a "! usua#&o "! u'a a:a'"!#)a 8u! 7u! "a%a"o 4o# a !4os&5' "! u'a ca"!#a( 4o#8u! 7#acas5 !' a 4#u!ba "! a cu4a "! "! "u!%o o "! sus !m4!a"os >.? >.?== -=/ A com&!'0? >0?== D!s"! +.1- s! $ab)a #!s4o'sab&&+*? 4!&6#osaF>+*?== E' +0+ s! 7u! ms a( !stab!c&!'"o a #!s4o'sab&&"a" "! 7ab#&ca't! "! autom5:& u' t!#c!#o #!s4!cto "! a :)ct&ma( 8u! 'o !#a a a"8u&#!'t! "&#!cta 4o# a #u4tu#a "! os #a2os "!7!ctuosos "! u'a #u!"a( a 4!sa# "! 8u! 'o !#a F&'m&'!'t!m!'t! 4!&6#osaF >++? >++?== S! #!s4o'sab&&<5 a 7ab#&ca't! 4o# a #otu#a "! 4a#ab#&sas "! u' autom5:& 8u! $ab)a s&"o 4#!s!'ta"o !' a 4ub&c&"a" como &##om4&b! >+-? >+-?99 4o# os "a%os #!suta't!s "! a co&s&5' "! u' autom5:& a causa "! a #u4tu#a "! :oa't!( a 4!sa# "! 8u! a 6a#a't)a !4#!sa !staba &m&ta"a a a #!4a#ac&5' "! as 4a#t!s "!7!ctuosas 2 !cu)a cua8u&!# ot#a #!s4o'sab&&"a" >+3? >+3?99 2( !' to"o caso( s&' '!c!s&"a" "! u'a 6a#a't)a !4#!sa Fcua'"o u' 4#o"ucto 8u! 4o'! !' ! m!#ca"o( sab&!'"o 8u! s!# usa"o s&' &'s4!cc&o'a#o !' busca "! "!7!ctos( "!mu!st#a t!'!# u' "!7!cto 8u! "a%a a u' s!# $uma'oF( 4a#a o cua basta !stab!c!# 8u! ! usua#&o "! 4#o"ucto 7u! !s&o'a"o como F#!suta"o "! u' "!7!cto "! "&s!%o 2 ma'u7actu#aF 8u! o $&+? >+?== S! !'t!'"&5 as&m&smo as&m&smo 8u! !s a4&cab! a4&cab! como 4o)t&ca u#)"&ca( au' s&' $ab!# cu4a( F!stab!c!# a #!s4o'sab&&"a" "o'"!8u&!#a #!"u+1? >+1?== To"o !sto &m4&c5 u' 6&#o co'c!4tua mu2 &m4o#ta't!= E' +.. a Cma#a "! os Lo#!s b#&t'&ca $ab)a "&cta"o s!'t!'c&a !' a causa R2a'"s := !tc$!# >+? >+?(( !stab!c&!'"o 4o# 4#&m!#a :!< a #!s4o'sab&&"a" !st#&cta >st#&ct &ab&&t2? &'"!4!'"&!'t! "! a cu4a 4a#a ! caso "! "a%os causa"os 4o# as cosas= E caso !s b&!' co'oc&"o Jo$' R2a'"s a##!'"aba !' La'cas$&#! >I'6at!##a? u'a t&!##a :!c&'a a ot#a !' a 8u! T$omas !tc$!# o4!#aba u'a m&'a "! ca#b5' /cu2os t;'!!s s! co'!ctaba' co' os "! ot#a :&!a m&'a aba'"o'a"a 8u! !staba "!bao "! a t&!##a "! R2a'"s/( 2 co'st#u25 u' !mbas! a 7&' "! sum&'&st#a# a6ua 4a#a su mo&'o t!t& "! :a4o#= A 4#act&ca# a !ca:ac&5' ! co'st#ucto# "! !mbas! a":&#t&5 4o
__________________________________________________________ © Thomson La Ley

1

7u! co'"!'a"o a &'"!m'&+K?= A 4a#t&# "! +0+ a u#&s4#u"!'c&a 'o#t!am!#&ca'a am4&5 os aca'c!s "! !st! 4#!c!"!'t!( 4u!s 4a#a !stab!c!# a #!s4o'sab&&"a" ob!t&:a 'o #!8u&#&5 '& ! uso 'o 'atu#a "! a cosa( '& 8u! sta 7u!#a &'m&'!'t!m!'t! 4!&6#osa= A"!ms &'t#o"uo ot#as 'o:!"a"!s ! a&oma co't#act &ab&&t2 &s st#&ct &ab&&t2( !' :&#tu" "! cua ! "!u"o# #!s4o'"! Fau' s&' 7ataF >+.?9 a #!s4o'sab&&"a" "! :!'"!"o# "! u' 4#o"ucto "!7!ctuoso( 8u! 'o s! &b!#a au'8u! 4#u!b! $ab!# 4u!sto to"o ! cu&"a"o 4os&b! !' a 7ab#&cac&5' "! 4#o"ucto( 2 s! !t&!'"! a 8u&!'!s 'o $a2a' t!'&"o u'a #!ac&5' co't#actua co'  >+0?= Tamb&' s! 4#!sc&'"! "! a cusua "! !o'!#ac&5' "! #!s4o'sab&&"a" s& ! 4o"!# "! '!6oc&ac&5' >ba#6a&'&'6 4o!#? "! as 4a#t!s !s "!s4a#!o >-*?= 3=/ E a#t= +3. "! C5"&6o C&:& 7#a'cs !stab!c&5 a #!s4o'sab&&"a" 4o# as cosas 8u! s! t&!'!' bao a 6ua#"a( 2 ! a#t= +++3 "! C5"&6o C&:& a#6!'t&'o !t!'"&5 a #!s4o'sab&&"a" "! 8u! $a causa"o u' "a%o a as cosas "! 8u! s! s&#:! o t&!'! a su cu&"a"o= E' +.0 a Co#t! "! Casac&5' 7#a'c!sa co'sa6#5 u'a #!s4o'sab&&"a" !t#aco't#actua aut5'oma 4o# ! $!c$o "! as cosas >-+?( 2 !' +03* co'sa6#5 a #!s4o'sab&&"a" ob!t&:a 4a#a os "a%os causa"os 4o# automoto#!s m!"&a't! u'a 4#!su'c&5' "! #!s4o'sab&&"a" a ca#6o "! 6ua#"&'( 8u! Fs5o 4u!"! s!# "!st#u&"a 4o# a 4#u!ba "! u' caso 7o#tu&to o "! 7u!#--?= Y !' A#6!'t&'a( a #!7o#ma "! +0. a a#t= +++3 "! C5"&6o C&:& &'t#o"uo o7&c&am!'t! #!s4o'sab&&"a" ob!t&:a 4a#a os "a%os causa"os F4o# ! #&!s6o o :&c&o "! a cosaF( 4u!s 2a a u#&s4#u"!'c&a Fa $ab)a a4&ca"o 4o# su cu!'taF>-3?= =/ Hac&a +0K* s! com!'<5 a "!7&'&# u' t!#c!# mo"!o( 8u! !' a6u'os as4!ctos !st to"a:)a !' 6!stac&5'( 2 !' muc$os ot#os !' !4a's&5'= S!6;' mu2 "&7u'"&"as !4#!s&o'!s "! R&4!#t( F! D!#!c$o co't!m4o#'!o m&#a "! a"o "! a :)ct&ma 2 'o "! a"o "! auto#F 2( au'8u! a Just&c&a s&6a s&!'"o c&!6a( t&!'! ! o)"o at!'to a os #!camos "! as :)ct&mas >-?= E $omb#! co't!m4o#'!o $a "!a"o "! &'c&'a#s! #!s&6'a"am!'t! Fa't! ! a-1?( 4o# o cua !&6! a &'"!m'&-?= Cua8u&!# obs!#:a"o# "! a #!a&"a" !st !' co'"&c&o'!s "! 4!#cata#s! "! 8u!( a 4#!s!'t!( F!' a co'c&!'c&a "! 4;b&co !'#a)-K? 2( !' ta s!'t&"o( as @II Jo#'a"as Nac&o'a!s "! D!#!c$o C&:& >Ba#&oc$!( +0.0? "!ca#a#o'( 4o# u'a'&m&"a"( 8u! u'o "! os Fm!ca'&smos "!smas&7&ca"o#!sF !s Fa mo"!#'a co'c!4c&5' "! "!#!c$o "! "a%os( 8u! c!'t#a su 54t&ca !' a :)ct&maF= Muc$as :!c!s $! s!%aa"o a "os ;c&"as !4#!s&o'!s "oct#&'a#&as 8u! so' !4o'!'t!s "! mo"! "! as 'u!:as &"!as U' t#abao "! Jos Ma#)a L54!< Oac&#!6u&( 4ub&ca"o !' +0K. >-.?( !4uso como c#&t!#&o bs&co 8u! s! "!b! #!s4o'"!# 'o s5o 4o# ! "a%o &'ustam!'t! causa"o( s&'o tamb&' 4o# ! 8u! $a s&"o &'ustam!'t! su7#&"o( :a! "!c&#( cua'"o F!s &'usto 8u! o so4o#t! 8u&!' o #!c&b&5F( $a2a o 'o &&c&tu" !' ! ob#a# "! ama"o a #!s4o'"!#= U' !'sa2o "! Y:o''! Lamb!#t/a&:#! 4ub&ca"o !' +0.K >-0? "!most#5 c5mo a #!s4o'sab&&"a"( "! s!# t#ata"a como "!u"a "! auto#( !:ouc&o'5 $asta a"8u&#&# :&#tua&"a" "! c#"&to "! a :)ct&ma= E' ! :&!o co'c!4to( "!s"! 8u! ! "am'&7&ca"o !staba 4#!c&sa"o a !stab!c!# a !&st!'c&a "! u'a "!u"a a ca#6o "! "!ma'"a"o( ! &'cumb)a #om4!# ! 4#&'c&4&o "! &'!#c&a u#)"&ca 4#oba'"o a ocu##!'c&a "! to"os os 4#!su4u!stos "! #!s4o'sab&&"a" c&:& 8u! !&6)a a co'c!4c&5' cs&ca a a't&u#&"&c&"a"( ! "a%o( a cu4a( a #!ac&5' causa= P!#o( !'t!'"&'"os! a$o#a 8u! a 4#o"ucc&5' "! 4!#u&c&o !s causa 7u!'t! "! u' c#"&to a 7a:o# "! 8u&!' o su7#!( !s! m&smo 4#&'c&4&o "! &'!#c&a act;a !' s!'t&"o co't#a#&o ! c#"&to a 7a:o# "! a :)ct&ma subs&st! m&!'t#as ! s&'"&ca"o como #!s4o'sab! 'o "!mu!st#! o '!c!sa#&o 4a#a "!s:&#tua#o= E' ! s&6o @I@ ! "a%o( 4a#a s!# #!sa#c&b!( "!b)a s!# &'ustam!'t! causa"o= La 'oc&5' "! &'usto "!sca's5 sob#! a a't&u#&"&c&"a" >to#t( u'#!c$t( 'o "&#!&to( to#to? 2 sob#! a cu4a( !&6&'"os!( 4a#a a 4#oc!"!'c&a "! a &'"!m'&
__________________________________________________________ © Thomson La Ley

2

E' ! s&6o @@ s! !4a'"&5 a &"!a "! &'"!m'&3*? ( 4!#o !' muc$as s&tuac&o'!s bast5 8u! ! "a%o 'o !stu:&!#a ust&7&ca"o( 'o s&!'"o 4o# o ta'to '!c!sa#&o 8u! ! auto# $ub&!s! ob#a"o co' cu4a s! 4#o"uo as) u' 4asa! "! a co'c!4c&5' co't#a us "! &)c&to a a co'c!4c&5' s&'! u#! "! "a%o &'usto >3+?= E' u'a !4#!s&5' "! os 'u!:os co'c!4tos( ! P#o2!cto "! C5"&6o C&:& "! +00. a4&ca a t!o#)a "! #&!s6o a as cosas #&!s6osas /&'cus&:! a os #!s&"uos 4!&6#osos/ 2 a a act&:&"a" 4!&6#osa >a#ts= +-( +3 2 +1?( com4#!'"&!'"o a os "a%os causa"os 4o# a c&#cuac&5' "! :!$)cuos( 4o# ! t#a's4o#t! t!##!st#! "! 4!#so'as( 4o# a #u&'a "! ob#a( 4o# Fa'&ma!s( cua8u&!#a s!a su !s4!c&!F( 4o# F! &m4acto "! cu!#4o $uma'oF( 4o# u'a cosa Fsus4!'"&"aF o Fa##oa"aF( 2 4o# a Fact&:&"a" 4!&6#osa "! u' 6#u4oF >a#ts= +.( +-*.( ++0K( +K*( +K+( +K2 +K3( #!s4!ct&:am!'t!?= Tamb&' at#&bu2! #!s4o'sab&&"a" ob!t&:a 4o# #aa#t= 30?9 !' a &'"!m'&a#t= +**( &'c= !?9 !' a #!s4o'sab&&"a" 4o# $!c$os "! t!#c!#os F8u! !st' bao su "!4!'"!'c&a( o "! os 8u! auto#&a#t= +1K?9 !' a #!s4o'sab&&"a" "! os 4a"#!s 4o# $!c$os "! os $&os >a#t= +1.?9 !' a #!s4o'sab&&"a" "! os !stab!c&m&!'tos !"ucat&:os 2 "! os 8u! t&!'!' a su ca#6o su!tos 4ot!'c&am!'t! 4!&6#osos >a#ts= +K0 2 +.*?= E' ! caso "! a7!ctac&5' a os "!#!c$os a a 4!#so'a&"a"( $a2 "!#!c$o a F!&6&# 8u! ! at!'ta"o 8u! $a com!'a#t= +*0( &'c= a?= E oca"o# "! cosas #!s4o'"! 4o# os "!t!#&o#os causa"os 4o# caso 7o#tu&to >a#t= ++33?= Es "! #!6a 8u! ! como"ata#&o #!s4o'"a "! Fcua8u&!# 4#"&"a o "!t!#&o#o "! a cosa( au' causa"os 4o# caso 7o#tu&toF >a#t= ++1( &'c= c?= E 4#o:!!"o# "! os mat!#&a!s 4a#a #!a&a#ts= ++.- 2 ++0-?= FLos $ot!!#os so' #!s4o'sab!s 4o# as 4#"&"as o "a%os su7#&"os !' as cosas "! os 4asa!#os( sa:o caso 7o#tu&to !t!#'o a su act&:&"a"F >a#t= +-0-?= La m&sma souc&5' s! a4&ca a os 4#o4&!ta#&os "! casas "! "!45s&tos >a#t= +-0.? 2 a s!#:&c&o "! caas "! s!6u#&"a" >a#t= +3**?= La !2 -=*1+ >A"a( LII/A( 1-? 4#!sum! 8u! os #!s&"uos 4!&6#osos so' cosas #&!s6osas >a#t= 1?( co's&"!#a &'o4o'&b! a t!#c!#os a t#a'sm&s&5' o aba'"o'o :ou'ta#&o "! su "om&'&o >a#t= ? 2 ma't&!'! a #!s4o'sab&&"a" "! 6!'!#a"o# au'8u! s! $a2a 4#o"uc&"o su Ft#a's7o#mac&5'( !s4!c&7&cac&5'( "!sa##oo( !:ouc&5' o t#atam&!'toF >a#t= .?( 4o# o cua ! 6!'!#a"o# "! #!s&"uo 4!&6#oso #!s4o'"! 4o# #&!s6o "! a cosa cua'"o 2a 'o !s '& su "u!%o '& su 6ua#"&'= E 7ab#&ca't! "! 4#o"ucto !abo#a"o 8u! $a s&"o 4u!sto !' c&#cuac&5' #!s4o'"! co'7o#m! a a#t= * "! a !2 "! co'sum&"o# -=-* >s!6;' !2 -=000? au'8u! tam4oco s!a 2a '& su "u!%o '& su 6ua#"&'= La #!s4o'sab&&"a" ob!t&:a "!#&:a"a "! a 6!'!#ac&5' "! co'7&a'3-?= Los o4!#a"o#!s "! D!#!c$o C&:& #!"!scub#&mos a #!!:a'c&a "! a t!o#)a "! a ca#6a "! a 4#u!ba >33?( 2 co' !s! ma#co 7u!#o' #!"!7&'&"as as ob&6ac&o'!s "! #!suta"o !' :a#&as subcat!6o#)as o#"&'a#&as >3? o "! #6&m!' 'o#ma >31?9 at!'ua"as >3? o a&6!#a"as >3K?9 2 a6#a:a"as >3.?( absoutas >30? o "! #6&m!' s!:!#o >*?= Y tamb&' s! 4ostu5 a 'oc&5' "! #!s4o'sab&&"a" s!m&ob!t&:a( 8u! s! "a !' os casos !' 8u!( 4a#a &b!#a#s!( ! s&'"&ca"o como #!s4o'sab! t&!'! a su ca#6o a 4#u!ba "! 8u! $a ob#a"o s&' cu4a >+?= E' !s! 4a'o#ama !s &'t!#!s!'t! s!%aa# a s!:!#&"a" "! a !2 "! t#'s&to 7#a'c!sa .1/KK( "! 1 "! u&o "! +0.1= La Co#t! "! Casac&5' $ab)a "!c&"&"o 8u! a cu4a "! a :)ct&ma s5o !#a !o'!#ato#&a 4a#a ! 6ua#"&' cua'"o #!:!st)a os ca#act!#!s "! a 7u!#-?= A8u!a !2 !stab!c&5 8u! 'o so' o4o'&b!s a as :)ct&mas '& a 7u!#a#t= -?9 8u!( 4a#a os "a%os a a 4!#so'a( s5o !s &':ocab! 4o# os co'"ucto#!s o 6ua#"&a'!s a cu4a 6#a:! >&'!cusab!? "! a :)ct&ma( s& !a $a s&"o a causa !cus&:a "! acc&"!'t! >a#t= 3( +Q 4a#t!?9 2( t#at'"os! "! m!'o#!s "! + a%os( "! ma2o#!s "! K*( o "! 6#a'"!s "&sca4ac&ta"os( ;'&cam!'t! !s a#6&b! ! "oo >a#t= 3( -Q 4a#t!?= La cu4a !:! "! a :)ct&ma soam!'t! &b!#a a co'"ucto# o a 6ua#"&' cua'"o s! t#ata "! "a%os a os b&!'!s >a#t= 1?= 1=/ E' os ;t&mos t&!m4os s! 4#o"uo ot#o !'sa'c$am&!'to "! s&st!ma( aba#c'"os! tamb&' a "a%o &'ustam!'t! 4#o"uc&"o= S! t#ata "! "a%o co!ct&:o o "&7uso( 8u! s! 4#o2!cta sob#! a comu'&"a" 6!'!#a'"o "! o#"&'a#&o :)ct&mas F"!mas&a"o 4!8u!%asF>3?( cu2o &'t!#s &'"&:&"ua( co's&"!#a"o a&sa"am!'t!( 'o ust&7&ca a 4#omoc&5' "! u'a "!ma'"a 4o#8u! Fa m!"&"a "! a !s&5'( &'"&:&"uam!'t! co's&"!#a"a( !s m!'os #!!:a't! 8u! ! costo "! &t&6a# 4o# s) m&smoF >?= Pa#a 8u! s! co'7&6u#! ! "a%o co!ct&:o o "&7uso basta co' 8u! s! $a2a 4#o"uc&"o &'ustam!'t!( a7!cta'"o b&!'!s o &'t!#!s!s comu'!s( 4o# o cua a acc&5' caut!a# 4a#a 4#!:!'&# ! "a%o( 2 a acc&5' &'"!m'&1?( 'o "!4!'"!' '& "! 8u! $a2a s&"o &'7!#&"o &'ustam!'t!( '& "! 8u! $a2a s&"o su7#&"o &'ustam!'t! 4o# u' su!to 8u! t!'6a !6&t&mac&5' 4a#a "!ma'"a# su #!4a#ac&5' a t)tuo !cus&:am!'t! 4!#so'a= II. Prospectiva de !ace "# a$os

=/ Hac! -* a%os( !' os abo#!s "! !st! ;t&mo 4!#)o"o( s!%a a 7#a'ca t#a's7o#mac&5' 4#o"uc&"a !' a t!o#)a "! a #!s4o'sab&&"a" 2 bus8u "&#!ct&:as o#&!'ta"o#as "! s!'t&"o "! !sos camb&os >?= Como !' to"o a'&s&s 4#os4!ct&:o( a) a4a#!c&!#o' a 4#!7!#!'c&a "! o 7utu#&b! >K? 2 a 4#!7!#!'c&a 4o# o 7utu#ab! >.?= Ta!s #umbos $a' s&"o co'7&#ma"os( 2 !' su m!"&"a ac!'tua"os( !' ! t&!m4o co##&"o "!s"! !'to'c!s= K=/ E' a8u! t&!m4o s! a":!#t)a 8u! os "os s&6os "! a soc&!"a" &'"ust#&a $ab)a' t#a)"o como s!cu!as !

__________________________________________________________ © Thomson La Ley

3

ma8u&'&smo 2 ! u#ba'&smo( 2 8u! s! as&st)a a a":!'&m&!'to "! u'a 'u!:a 7o#ma "! soc&!"a"( cu2a #!a&"a" !s !:&"!'t!( 2 sob#! a cua( 8u&<( s5o s! "&sc#!4a sob#! su "!'om&'ac&5' 4ostmo"!#'a >0? o "! a 4ostmo"!#'&"a" >1*?( "! a $&4!#mo"!#'&"a" >1+?( 4ostca4&ta&sta >1-?( t!c'o56&ca >13?( t!c'ot#5'&ca >1?( "! a &'7o#mac&5' >11?( "! co'oc&m&!'to o "! sab!# >1?( 4ost&'"ust#&a >1K?( '!o&'"ust#&a >1.?( su4!#&'"ust#&a( "! a t!#c!#a oa >10?( "! as #!"!s >*?( "! a a"!a 6oba >+? "!s&6'ac&5' "! a 8u! 4#o:!'"#)a u!6o ! susta't&:o 6oba&a#t= ++1+?( 8u&!' $ab#)a :&aa"o a cabao o !' ba#co( 2 "! a c!!b#ac&5' "! co't#ato 4o# co##!s4o'"!'c&a >'ota a os a#ts= ++1* a ++1?9 2 s5o m!'c&o'a a as m8u&'as !' u' a#t)cuo 2 !' "os 'otas "! &b#o "! D!#!c$os R!a!s( 4!#o 'o o $ac! '& !' ! t!to '& !' as 'otas "! T)tuo !' ! 8u! t#ata "! os $!c$os &)c&tos( !' ta'to a4&ca +K a#t)cuos a #!6ua# a b;s8u!"a 2 a"8u&s&c&5' "! t!so#os= E C5"&6o "! Com!#c&o au"! a m!'sa!#o >a#t= -+1?( 2 asum! como 'o:!"a" t!c'o56&ca a a co##!s4o'"!'c&a t!!6#7&ca >a#t= -+?( 4u!s ! t!6#a7o $ab)a s&"o 4at!'ta"o !' +.*( au'8u! o 'o#ma !' ! s&st!ma !#a comu'&ca#s! m!"&a't! ! co##!o >a#t= -?( o cua 4o")a "!t!#m&'a# 8u! $ub&!#a "!mo#as 'otab!s !' a t#a'sm&s&5' "! a ma'&7!stac&5' "! a :ou'ta" >a#t= -3?( 2 4o'! ! ac!'to !' a #!s4o'sab&&"a" #!suta't! "! t#a's4o#t! !' F7a;asF( !' Fba!'!#asF 2 !' Fca'oasF >a#t= -*?= Los susta't&:os 7a;as 2 as ba!'!#as 'o 4!#t!'!c!' a !'6ua! co##&!'t! actua= A4a#!c!' !' a 'o:!a La G#a' A"!a "! Luc&o V&c!'t! L54!<( 8u! toma como 4u'to "! a##a'8u! a bataa "! Pa:5' &b#a"a ! +K "! s!t&!mb#! "! +.+( com4#!'"! as 4#!s&"!'c&as "! Ba#toom M&t#! 8u! !'ca#65 a #!"acc&5' "! C5"&6o C&:& 2 "! Dom&'6o aust&'o Sa#m&!'to 8u! o !':&5 a Co'6#!so 2 o 4#omu65( 2 "!sc#&b! ! 4aso "! Bu!'os A&#!s( F4at#&ota( s!m&s!'c&o( s!m&t!'"!#o( s!m&cu#&a 2 s!m&a"!aF( a a c&u"a" Fco' 4#!t!'s&o'!s !u#o4!asF= E' ! ca4)tuo VII #!ata a !6a"a a 4u!#to "! !#c&to :!'c!"o#( c&#cu'sta'c&a !' a 8u! u' '!6#o au"! a Fas 7a;as 8u! :a' a busca# a o7&c&a&"a"F 2 a Fas ba!'!#as 4a#a "!s!mba#ca# a t#o4aF9 a8uas !#a' 4!8u!%as !mba#cac&o'!s a #!mo( :!a o moto#( 4#o:&stas 4o# o 6!'!#a "! ca##o -?= A os ms :&!os 'o 'os !s "!mas&a"o "&7)c& &ma6&'a# os !a'os t&!m4os "! a sa'c&5' "! os C5"&6os( 4u!s !' ! $b&tat u#ba'o "! 'u!st#a '&%!< >o "! 'u!st#a u:!'tu"? c&#cua#o' os ca##os "! cabaos "! !c$!#o( "! 4#o:!!"o# "! s&7o'!s 2 "! os s!#:&c&os 7;'!b#!s( :oc!a#o' os :!'"!"o#!s ambua't!s "! 7#utas 2 "! $u!:os 2 6a&'as as) como ! a7&a"o# "! cuc$&os( os :&6&a't!s "&#&6&!#o' ! !scaso t#'s&to sub&"os a 6a#&tas= Su4o'6o 8u! a os 5:!'!s !s !s cas& &m4os&b! $ac!#o( a m!'os 8u! a$o#a 8u! 4oco !!' 4#o2!ct!' co' a &ma6&'ac&5' ! !sc!'a#&o :&ta "! a6u'a 4!)cua "! o!st! 'o#t!am!#&ca'o( o "! a6u'a "! as #a#as 4!)cuas a#6!'t&'as 8u! s! ocu4a' "! 'u!st#a $&sto#&a= Au'8u! !os tam4oco co'oc&!#o' os t&!m4os ms c!#ca'os( a't!#&o#!s a a !4os&5' "! m!#ca"o 2 a a &##u4c&5' "! co'sum&"o# ta como $o2 o co'oc!mos( !' os 8u! s5o s! 4o")a o4ta# !'t#! $!a"os "! :a&'&a 2 "! c$ocoat!( !' 8u! to"os os t!7o'os !#a' '!6#os( !' 8u! to"as as $!a"!#as !#a' ba'cas= E' a8u! t#abao s!%a tamb&' ! !'o#m! &'c#!m!'to "! a 4os&b&&"a" "! su7#&# "a%os "!#&:a"os "! basu#a 2 acc&"!'t!s c5sm&cos 2 "! acc&"!'t!s 'uc!a#!s( "! os "a%os mas&:os 4#o:!'&!'t!s "! 4#o"uctos a&m!'t&c&os 2 m!"&c&'a!s 2 7u!#a "! $!c$os 'otab!s 4o# a ma6'&tu" "! "a%os( !7!ct&:os o 4ot!'c&a!s "!#&:a"os "! u'a m&sma causa a co'tam&'ac&5' a#:a"a 2 4!#ma'!'t! "! a6ua( "! su!o 2 "! a&#!( &'cus&:! 4o# ! !stam4&"o s5'&co "! as a!#o'a:!s 2 ! !7!cto "! a !!ct#&c&"a" "! ata t!'s&5'= Cas& a "&a#&o "!c)a so' 'ot&c&a 4!#&o")st&ca &m4o#ta't!s acc&"!'t!s a!#o'ut&cos9 ! acc&"!'t! "! autom5:& !'cab!3? ( ! !stam4&"o "! a &'7o#mt&ca 2 "! a b&ot!c'oo6)a( cua'"o m!'os( co'st&tu)a' "os "! as ca#act!#)st&cas "! os t&!m4os 4o# :!'&#( 2 cua8u&!# a'&s&s 8u! 'o a"o!c&!#a "! &'6!'u&"a" co'"uc&#)a a 4#!"!c&# u' &'c#!m!'to "! as causas "! "a%os 4ot!'c&a!s= Los $!c$os su4!#a#o' to"a 4#!"&cc&5'= E' +01 Va''!:a# Bus$ $ab)a 4#!6u'ta"o FCu!s $a' s&"o os b!'!7&c&os 8u! ! s!# $uma'o $a !t#a)"o "! uso "! a c&!'c&a 2 "! os &'st#um!'tos 8u! su &':!st&6ac&5' $a "a"o como 7#uto E' 4#&m!# u6a# s! co't!st5( $a' aum!'ta"o su co't#o sob#! ! !'to#'o mat!#&a= Ha' m!o#a"o su com&"a( su :!st&"o 2 su :&:&!'"a( a"!ms "! aum!'ta# su s!6u#&"a" 2 &b!#a#o( a m!'os !' 4a#t!( "! as ata"u#as "! a !&st!'c&a 4#&m&t&:a= As&m&smo( ! $a' 4#o4o#c&o'a"o u' c#!c&!'t! co'oc&m&!'to "! sus 4#o4&os 4#oc!sos b&o56&cos( "! mo"o 8u! o $a' &"o &b!#a'"o 4#o6#!s&:am!'t! "! a !'7!#m!"a" 2 $a' aum!'ta"o su !s4!#a'
__________________________________________________________ © Thomson La Ley

4

4s)8u&cas 2 7&s&o56&cas( oto#6'"o! a 4#om!sa "! u'a ma2o# sau" m!'taF >?= La D!ca#ac&5' sob#! a C&!'c&a 2 ! Uso "! Sab!# C&!'t)7&co "! +000 >1? !4#!sa 8u! FE sab!# c&!'t)7&co $a "a"o u6a# a 'otab!s &''o:ac&o'!s sumam!'t! b!'!7&c&osas 4a#a a $uma'&"a"= La !s4!#a'?= La &"!a "! "!sa##oo sost!'&b! 7u! 4a't!a"a !' a Co'7!#!'c&a "! Estocomo "! +0K-( !' a Cumb#! "! Pa#&s "! +0K- 2 !' a D!ca#ac&5' "! R)o "! Ja'!&#o "! a Co'7!#!'c&a "! as Nac&o'!s U'&"as sob#! ! M!"&o Amb&!'t! 2 ! D!sa##oo >ECOW0-?9 ! P#&'c&4&o 3 "! !sta D!ca#ac&5' o "!7&'&5 como Fa8u! "!sa##oo 8u! sat&s7ac! as '!c!s&"a"!s "! as 6!'!#ac&o'!s 4#!s!'t!s s&' com4#om!t!# as 4os&b&&"a"!s "! as "! 7utu#o 4a#a at!'"!# sus 4#o4&as '!c!s&"a"!sF( 2 ! P#&'c&4&o  "!ca#5 8u! Fa 7&' "! aca'Na'o/B&o/I'7o/Co6'o? 8u! aba#ca' a 'a'oc&!'c&a 2 a 'a'ot!c'oo6)a9 a b&ot!c'oo6)a 2 a b&om!"&c&'a( &'cu2!'"o a &'6!'&!#)a 6!'t&ca9 a t!c'oo6)a "! a &'7o#mac&5'( &'cu2!'"o com4utac&5' a:a'K?= La '!u#oc&!'c&a( 4o# !!m4o( 4!#m&t&5 &b!#a# como &'oc!'t! a u' $omb#! 8u! $ab)a 4asa"o -- a%os 4#!so 4o# u' $om&c&"&o 8u! a!6aba 'o $ab!# com!t&"o( m!"&a't! ! a'&s&s "! a &'7o#mac&5' amac!'a"a !' su c!#!b#o #!s4!cto "! su4u!sto c#&m!' >.?= E' to"os !stos 4!#7&!s c&!'t)7&cos s! "a' causas "! "a%os >0? 2( s& b&!' $ab&tuam!'t! ! D!#!c$o :a "!t#s "! os $!c$os como o $a #!co'oc&"o a E4os&c&5' "! Mot&:os "! !2 !s4a%oa ' 31/.. "! -- "! 'o:&!mb#! "! +0.. a 4#!"&ca# ! Fas&'c#o'&smo !'t#! a c&!'c&a 2 ! D!#!c$oF( m!"&a't! #!6as #!suta't!s "! !2!s !4#!sas( 4o# !t!'s&5' a'a56&ca "! !2!s( o 4o# :&#tua&"a" "! os 4#&'c&4&os 6!'!#a!s "! D!#!c$o s! 7u! !abo#a'"o u' 'u!:o s&st!ma >K*?( !' to"o caso 4o#8u! Fos u!c!s 'o 4u!"!' s!# 7u6&t&:os "! a #!a&"a"F >K+?= III. %alance de los pron&sticos

.= V!amos ! cu#so "! a6u'os "! os 4#o'5st&cos "! a8u! t#abao "! -* a%os at#s a? Hubo a6u'as ma'&7!stac&o'!s "! u'a 4o)t&ca u#)"&ca "! !:&tac&5' "! "a%os( s&' 4!#u&c&o "! 8u! como #!co#" !'to'c!s( Fau'8u! sab!mos "! a't!ma'o 8u! u' $omb#! mo#&# 4o# ca"a &5m!t#o "! t;'! co'st#u&"oF( "! to"os mo"os Fs! co'st#u25 ! t;'! "! Mo't Ba'c 4o#8u! !s !s!'c&a 4a#a ! M!#ca"o Com;' 2( a"!ms( 4o#8u! $ac! ms co#to ! :&a! "! Roma a Pa#)sF >K-?= D! m&smo mo"o( os &'t!#!s!s "! a &'"ust#&a "! tu#&smo $&c&!#o' &'t#o"uc&# co##&m&!'tos !' as 7!c$as "! os 7!#&a"os( aum!'ta'"o ! ';m!#o "! 7&'!s "! s!ma'a a#6os( au'8u! !o tu:&!#a como "!#&:ac&5' u' &'c#!m!'to !4o'!'c&a "! ';m!#o "! acc&"!'t!s= b? A 4a#t&# "! P#o2!cto "! C5"&6o U'&co "! +0.K ! #!8u&s&to "! a't&u#&"&c&"a" !stab!c&"o 4o# ! a#t= +* "! C5"= C&:& 7u! 4u!sto !' c#&s&s( como co's!cu!'c&a "! 'u!:o co'c!4to "! "a%o &'ustam!'t! su7#&"o 8u! 2a $!mos a'a&K3?= E P#o2!cto "! C5"&6o C&:& "! +00. "&s4uso a su :!< 8u! F"!b! s!# #!4a#a"o ! "a%o causa"o a u' "!#!c$o( o a u' &'t!#s 8u! 'o s!a co't#a#&o a a !2( s& 'o !st ust&7&ca"oF >a#t= +1..? >K?( co't#oa'"o 4#&'c&4am!'t! a #!s4o'sab&&"a" m!"&a't! a &"!a "! !!#c&c&o #!6ua# "! "!#!c$o "! ob#a#= Es u'a "!#&:ac&5' "! a &"!a "! #!s4o'sab&&a#t= +0( L!2 u'"am!'ta?F >K1? 2( 2!'"o ms a( 8u! F! 4#&'c&4&o "! at!#um 'o' a!"!#!( !'t#a%ab!m!'t! :&'cua"o a a &"!a "! #!4a#ac&5'( t&!'! #a)< co'st&tuc&o'a( 2 a #!6am!'tac&5' 8u! $ac! ! C5"&6o C&:& !' cua'to a as 4!#so'as 2 as #!s4o'sab&&"a"!s co's!cu!'t!s 'o as

__________________________________________________________ © Thomson La Ley

5

a##a&6a co' ca#ct!# !cus&:o 2 !cu2!'t! !' ! D!#!c$o 4#&:a"o( s&'o 8u! !4#!sa u' 4#&'c&4&o 6!'!#a 8u! #!6ua cua8u&!# "&sc&4&'a u#)"&caF>K?= Cua'"o m!'os !' a &t!#a&"a"( a !4#!s&5' !s au' ms am4&a 8u! a co'cus&5' "! a 7amosa s!'t!'c&a "! Co's!o Co'st&tuc&o'a 7#a'cs "! -- "! octub#! "! +0.- >KK?( 4u!s 'o &'cu2! ! #!8u&s&to "! a cu4a >7aut!? como a't!c!"!'t! '!c!sa#&o "! a &'"!m'&K.? s!%a5 como F!&6!'c&a co'st&tuc&o'aF a F!stab!c&"a 4o# ! a#t=  "! a D!ca#ac&5' "! D!#!c$os "! Homb#! 2 "! C&u"a"a'o "! +K.0 >K0?( "! a cua #!suta 8u! to"o $!c$o cua8u&!#a "! $omb#! 8u! causa a ot#o u' "a%o o ob&6a a #!4a#a#o 4o# a cu4a >7aut!? "! a cua 4#o:&!'!F= Xt&mam!'t! a Co#t! Su4#!ma 'ac&o'a #!so:&5 !' s!'t&"o co'co#"a't! F8u! ! a#t= +0 "! a Co'st&tuc&5' Nac&o'a !stab!c! ! W4#&'c&4&o 6!'!#aW 8u! W4#o$)b! a os $omb#!s 4!#u"&ca# os "!#!c$os "! u' t!#c!#oW at!#um 'o' a!"!#!( 8u! s! !'cu!'t#a W!'t#a%ab!m!'t! :&'cua"o a a &"!a "! #!4a#ac&5'WF >.*?= E' ! m&smo s!'t&"o co'c!4tua a Co#t! Su4#!ma !stab!c&5 8u! ! t#&bu'a "!b! a7&a'.+?= Es ob:&a a !s4!c&a t#asc!'"!'c&a "! !stas "!c&s&o'!s( !' cua'to os 4#&'c&4&os co'st&tuc&o'a!s Fmo"&7&ca' as !#a#8u)as "! as s&tuac&o'!s u#)"&cas 4#&:a"as 2 c#!a' u'a 'u!:a 7u!'t!( su4!#&o# 2 o#"!'a"o#aF >.-? 2 t&!'!' 2 "!sa##oa' Fu' ca#ct!# 'o#mat&:o 4#o4&oF>.3?= c? A ac!4ta# a #!4a#ab&&"a" "! "a%o causa"o a u' &'t!#s 8u! 'o s!a co't#a#&o a a !2 s! 4#o"uo u'a co's&"!#ab! !t!'s&5' "! a a't&6ua !&6!'c&a "! !s&5' a u' "!#!c$o sub!t&:o= Los P#&'c&4&os "! D!#!c$o Eu#o4!o "! a R!s4o'sab&&"a" C&:& "! Eu#o4!a' G#ou4 o' To#t La "! -**1 >.? "&s4o'!' 8u! FE "a%o #!8u&!#! u' 4!#u&c&o mat!#&a o &'mat!#&a a u' &'t!#s u#)"&cam!'t! 4#ot!6&"oF >a#t= -+*+?9 4!#o F! aca'c! "! a 4#ot!cc&5' "! u' &'t!#s "!4!'"! "! su 'atu#a!a#t= -+*- +?( 2 Fa :&"a( a &'t!6#&"a" 7)s&ca 2 4s)8u&ca( a "&6'&"a" $uma'a 2 a &b!#ta" 6oa#t= -+*- -?= "? S! !4a'"&5 'otab!m!'t! a #!s4o'sab&&"a" ob!t&:a= E' a #!6&5'( ! a#t= 0-0 "! C5"&6o C&:& b#as&!%o "! -**- "&s4o'! 8u! F$ab# ob&6ac&5' "! #!4a#a# ! "a%o( &'"!4!'"&!'t!m!'t! "! a cu4a( !' os casos !s4!c&7&ca"os !' a !2( o cua'"o a act&:&"a" 'o#mam!'t! "!s!':u!ta 4o# ! auto# "! "a%o &m4&ca#a( 4o# su 'atu#a!!2 .*K.,+00*?= E C5"&6o C&:& 4a#a6ua2o "! +0. tamb&' a &'co#4o#a 4a#a ! caso "! F#&!s6o o :&c&o &'$!#!'t! a a cosaF >a#t= +.K?( ! &':ouc#a a act&:&"a" "! 8u&!' Fc#!a u' 4!&6#o co' su act&:&"a" o 4#o7!s&5'( 4o# a 'atu#a!a#t= +.?= La !2 "! D!7!'sa "! Co'sum&"o# u#u6ua2a >!2 +K=-1*,-***? #!s4o'sab&&a#t= 3?= Sab!mos 8u!( !' A#6!'t&'a( a !2 -=000 "! +00. &'co#4o#5 !' ! a#t= * "! a !2 -=-* a #!s4o'sab&&"a" ob!t&:a "! os 4#o:!!"o#!s "! 4#o"uctos 2 "! s!#:&c&os= !? La u'&7&cac&5' "! a #!s4o'sab&&"a" c&:& co't#actua 2 !t#aco't#actua tu:o u'a !4#!s&5' ')t&"a !' a !6&sac&5' "! co'sum&"o#= Ta #!suta "! a D&#!ct&:a !u#o4!a "! -1 "! u&o "! +0.1 sob#! #!s4o'sab&&"a" 4o# os "a%os causa"os 4o# 4#o"uctos "!7!ctuosos >.1,3K,CE? 2( !'t#! 'osot#os( "! c&ta"o a#t= * "! a !2 -=-*( !' cua'to aba#ca a #!s4o'sab&&"a" "! F4#o"ucto#( ! 7ab#&ca't!( ! &m4o#ta"o#( ! "&st#&bu&"o#( ! 4#o:!!"o#( ! :!'"!"o# 2 8u&!' $a2a 4u!sto su ma#ca !' a cosa o s!#:&c&oF as) como( !' su caso( "! t#a's4o#t&sta= 7? E' 7&'( a t!o#)a "! os co't#atos "! co't!'&"o 4#!"&s4u!sto 2 som!t&"os a co'"&c&o'!s 6!'!#a!s tu:o 7u!#t! "!sa##oo !' ! D!#!c$o "! Co'sum&"o#( !' !s4!c&a 4o# :&#tua&"a" "! a D&#!ct&:a 03,+3,CEE "! Co's!o( "! 1 "! ab#& "! +003( sob#! as cusuas abus&:as !' os co't#atos c!!b#a"os co' co'sum&"o#!s( 'otab!m!'t! &'7u&"a 4o# a L!2 A!ma'a 4a#a a R!6uac&5' "! D!#!c$o "! as Co'"&c&o'!s G!'!#a!s "! + "! ab#& "! +0KK= E a#t= 3=3= "! a D&#!ct&:a( co'7o#m! a su A'!o( 4!#m&t! co's&"!#a# abus&:as as cusuas 8u! t!'6a' 4o# ob!to o 4o# !7!cto !cu&# o &m&ta# a #!s4o'sab&&"a" !6a "! 4#o7!s&o'a !' caso "! mu!#t! o "a%os 7)s&cos "! co'sum&"o# "!b&"os a u'a acc&5' u om&s&5' "! 4#o:!!"o#= IV. Prospectiva actual

0=/ La c!'t#a&"a" "! a 4!#so'a= E 4!#so'a&smo 7u! !c!!'t!m!'t! 4#ocama"o 4o# ! a#t)cuo +0 "! C5"&6o C&:& "! Bao Ca'a" "! +. FLa 4!#so'a $uma'a !s &':&oab!F >.1?( u' t!to 4!'o "! $uma'&smo cu2a "oct#&'a t&!'! m&ma actua&"a"( 2 8u! m!#!c! s!# #!co#"a"o 4o#8u! ! co##!s4o'"! ! 6#a' m#&to "! $ab!# &"o muc$o ms a 8u! a 6!'!#a&"a" "! a !6&sac&5' "! su t&!m4o( a cua s5o co'7&'5 sus "!ca#ac&o'!s a a &':&oab&&"a" "! 4at#&mo'&o= Ho2( s&' "u"as( 'o s! 4o"#)a 4#!"&ca# a &':&oab&&"a" "! 4at#&mo'&o s&' a7&#ma# 4#!:&am!'t!( como 4#!m&sa &'sosa2ab!( a &':&oab&&"a" "! a 4!#so'a= Las @III Jo#'a"as Nac&o'a!s "! D!#!c$o C&:& >Bu!'os A&#!s( +00+? "!ca#a#o' !' !st! s!'t&"o 8u! F!' ! D!#!c$o mo"!#'o( 4#os4!ct&:am!'t!( a &':&oab&&"a" "! a 4!#so'a &# #!!m4a.?=

__________________________________________________________ © Thomson La Ley

6

La #!7o#ma &'t#o"uc&"a !' +00 a a Co'st&tuc&5' Nac&o'a( a oto#6a# !#a#8u)a su4!#&o# a :a#&os t#ata"os 2 co':!'c&o'!s >a#t= K1( &'c= --?( #obust!c&5 a 'oc&5' "! 4!#so'a !' cua'to #!co'oc!' !4#!sam!'t! ! "!#!c$o "! to"o s!# $uma'o a a :&"a( a a &b!#ta" 2 a a &'t!6#&"a" "! su 4!#so'a >7)s&ca( s)8u&ca 2 mo#a?( as) como a a 4#ot!cc&5' "! su $o'#a( su #!4utac&5' 2 su :&"a 4#&:a"a( 2 su sau" >.K?= S! t#ata "! F"!#!c$os 2 6a#a't)as 8u! so' &'$!#!'t!s a s!# $uma'oF>..?( 8u! t&!'! "!#!c$o Fa #!co'oc&m&!'to "! su "&6'&"a"F>.0?( tamb&' F&'$!#!'t! a a 4!#so'a $uma'aF >0*?= D! a &':&oab&&"a" "! a 4!#so'a #!suta a #!4a#ab&&"a" "! "!'om&'a"o "a%o mo#a 8u! !s 4#!7!#&b! "!s&6'a# como "a%o !t#a4at#&mo'&a !' cua'to 'o 6!'!#a u'a co's!cu!'c&a "! )'"o! 4at#&mo'&a( aba#cat&:o "! "a%o a a 4!#so'a $uma'a como Fmut&7act&ca #!a&"a" !&st!'c&a 8u! 'o s! #!"uc! a o m!#am!'t! !co'5m&co( s&'o 8u! comb&'a 'atu#a!0+?= S! t#ata "! F4#o2!cto "! :&"aF( 8u! Fs! asoc&a a co'c!4to "! #!a&0-?= E a#t= 3- "! a Co'st&tuc&5' &ta&a'a 6a#a't&03? co's&"!#5 8u! ! a#t= -*10 "! C5"= C&:& 'o !cu2! a #!sa#c&b&&"a" "! "a%o b&o56&co co'7o#m! a a Co'st&tuc&5' 2 a a #!6a 6!'!#a "! a#t= -*3 "! C5"= C&:& &ta&a'o( s!6;' ! cua Fto"o $!c$o "ooso o cu4oso 8u! ocas&o'a a ot#o u' "a%o &'usto ob&6a a a8u! 8u! o $a com!t&"o a #!sa#c&# ! "a%oF= La &'"!m'&0?( sob#! o cua ! P#o2!cto "! C5"&6o C&:& "! +00. !stab!c! FLa 4!#so'a $uma'a "am'&7&ca"a "&#!cta t&!'! !6&t&mac&5' 4a#a acc&o'a# 4o# a sat&s7acc&5' "! su "a%o !t#a4at#&mo'&a= S& su7#! 6#a' "&sca4ac&"a"( o "! $!c$o "a%oso #!suta su mu!#t!( tamb&' t&!'!' !6&t&mac&5' a t)tuo 4!#so'a( s!6;' co##!s4o'"a co'7o#m! a as c&#cu'sta'c&as( ! c5'2u6!( os "!sc!'"&!'t!s( os asc!'"&!'t!s( 2 8u&!'!s co':&:)a' co' !a #!c&b&!'"o t#ato 7am&&a# ost!'s&b!= Los t#&bu'a!s t&!'!' at#&buc&o'!s 4a#a as&6'a# !6&t&mac&5' a ot#os su!tos( !' os casos !s4!c&a!s !' os 8u! ! $!c$o t&!'! u' 6#a"o "! #!4!#cus&5' !' ! #!cama't! 8u! !c!"! "! o#"&'a#&o( $ab&"a cu!'ta "! su :&'cuac&5' co' ! "am'&7&ca"o 2 as "!ms c&#cu'sta'c&asF >a#t= +.0?= P!#o actuam!'t! s! a":&!#t! u'a t!'"!'c&a #!st#&ct&:a( 8u! !&6! 8u! ! "a%o mo#a t!'6a c&!#ta 6#a:!"a"= E A't!4#o2!cto "! L!2 !"!#a Su&01? !stab!c! 8u! FLa 4!#so'a 8u! su7#! u' "a%o !' su 4!#so'a&"a" t&!'! "!#!c$o a #!4a#ac&5' 4o# "a%o mo#a( s& a 6#a:!"a" "! 4!#u&c&o !s4!c&am!'t! os su7#&m&!'tos 7)s&cos o 4s)8u&cos as) o ust&7&caF >a#t= 1!+?= FE' caso "! mu!#t! o "! !s&o'!s co#4o#a!s 4a#t&cua#m!'t! 6#a:!s( os 4a#&!'t!s "! a :)ct&ma tamb&' t&!'!' "!#!c$o a s!# #!sa#c&"os 4o# "a%o mo#aF >a#t= 1!3?= Los P#&'c&4&os "! D!#!c$o Eu#o4!o "! a R!s4o'sab&&"a" C&:& "! Eu#o4!a' G#ou4 o' To#t La "! -**1( a su :!<( "&s4o'!' FE' at!'c&5' a aca'c! "! su 4#ot!cc&5' >a#t)cuo -+*-?( a !s&5' "! u' &'t!#s 4u!"! ust&7&ca# a com4!'sac&5' "! "a%o 'o 4at#&mo'&a= Est! !s ! caso( !' !s4!c&a( s& a :)ct&ma $a su7#&"o u' "a%o co#4o#a o u' "a%o a a "&6'&"a" $uma'a( a a &b!#ta" o a ot#os "!#!c$os "! a 4!#so'a&"a"= Tamb&' 4u!"! #!sa#c&#s! ! "a%o 'o 4at#&mo'&a "! a8u!as 4!#so'as a!6a"as a a :)ct&ma "! u' acc&"!'t! mo#ta o u'a !s&5' mu2 6#a:!F >a#t= +*=3*++?= E C5"&6o C&:& b#as&!%o "! -**- "&s4o'!( !' cua'to a a &'"!m'&a#ts= 011 2 01?= E' os "! $om&c&"&o 2 !s&5' u ot#a o7!'sa a a sau"( 4#!: a #!4a#ac&5' "! "a%os 4at#&mo'&a!s( 4!#o "!a a sa:o a 4#u!ba "! ot#os 4!#u&c&os >a#ts= 01* 2 01+?= +*=/ P#!:!'c&5' 2 4#!cauc&5'= E' os 7u'"am!'tos "! P#o2!cto "! C5"&6o C&:& "! +00. s! "&o 8u! a 4#!:!'c&5' t&!'! u' s!'t&"o 4#o7u'"am!'t! $uma'&sta 4!#o( a a :!<( !s !co'5m&cam!'t! !7&c&!'t!( 4o#8u! a !:&tac&5' "! "a%os 'o s5o !s :a&osa "!s"! a 4!#s4!ct&:a t&ca( s&'o tamb&' "!s"! ! 4u#o 4u'to "! :&sta mac#o!co'5m&co 4o# !!m4o( cua'"o #!suta' "a%os 4!#so'a!s "! a c&#cuac&5' "! :!$)cuos( os costos soc&a!s aum!'ta' 4o# a ma2o# ut&&0?= La !2 7u! 4#o:!2!'"o a#b&t#&os "! 4#!:!'c&5'( !' m;t&4!s s!cto#!s >0K?( 2 os u!c!s tamb&' os "&s4us&!#o'( &'cuso "! o7&c&o= E' ! caso !' 8u! u'a '&%a "! +3 a%os ca25 !' u'

__________________________________________________________ © Thomson La Ley

7

"!45s&to a#t&7&c&a "! a6ua 4#o"uc&"o 4o# !ca:ac&o'!s !' a :)a 4;b&ca 2 mu#&5 4o# as7&&a( o#"!'a#o' 8u! a mu'&c&4a&"a" cooca#a u'a c!#ca 4#ot!cto#a !' to#'o a as !ca:ac&o'!s &'u'"a"as( as) como ca#t!!s &'"&ca"o#!s "! 4!&6#o( 2 8u! ma'tu:&!#a u' s!#:&c&o 4!#ma'!'t! "! :&6&a'c&a !' ! u6a# "u#a't! as $o#as "&u#'as >0.?= Tamb&' #&6! ! 4#&'c&4&o "! 4#!cauc&5'( 8u! 'ac&5 co' ! ob!t&:o "! s&tua# a m!"&o amb&!'t! !' ! c!'t#o "! as 4o)t&cas 4;b&cas 2 7u! co'sa6#a"o como ta !' ! 4#&'c&4&o +1 "! a D!ca#ac&5' "! R)o sob#! ! M!"&o Amb&!'t! 2 ! D!sa##oo "! a EcoW0- >00?( s&!'"o !t!'"&"o u!6o a ot#as #!as como a sau" 4;b&ca 2 a a&m!'tac&5'= La a4&cac&5' "! 4#&'c&4&o "! 4#!cauc&5' #!8u&!#! 8u!( a't! a 4#obab&&"a" "! 8u! u'a $&45t!s&s "! "a%o s!a !acta( s! com4a#!' "!s"! "&st&'tos !'7o8u!s &'cu&"o ! "! os costos !co'5m&cos 2 soc&a!s as co's!cu!'c&as "! actua# 4a#a !:&ta#o co' as co's!cu!'c&as "! 'o $ac!#o >+**?= E' ! mb&to "! D!#!c$o com;' ! 4#&'c&4&o "! 4#!cauc&5' 7u! a4&ca"o !' ! caso "! u' ob#!#o 7#a'cs 8u! su7#&5 u'a !'7!#m!"a" 4#o7!s&o'a "!#&:a"a "! asb!sto( cu2o !m4!a"o# 7u! co'"!'a"o a u'a &'"!m'&+*+?= ++=/ Da%os 4u'&t&:os= La &'co#4o#ac&5' "! "a%o 4u'&t&:o como 4!'a c&:& !' ! s&st!ma !6a a#6!'t&'o !s 4#o4&c&a"a 4o# a "oct#&'a 'ac&o'a >+*-?( a $! a4o2a"o >+*3? 2 su6!#) su &'co#4o#ac&5' a P#o2!cto "! C5"&6o C&:& "! +00.( !' ! cua a4a#!c! !' ! a#t= +1.K co' !st! t!to FE t#&bu'a t&!'! at#&buc&o'!s 4a#a a4&ca# u'a muta c&:& a 8u&!' act;a co' 6#a:! &'"&7!#!'c&a #!s4!cto "! os "!#!c$os a!'os o "! os &'t!#!s!s "! &'c&"!'c&a co!ct&:a= Su mo'to s! 7&a toma'"o !' co's&"!#ac&5' as c&#cu'sta'c&as "! caso( !' !s4!c&a os b!'!7&c&os 8u! a8u obtu:o o 4u"o $ab!# obt!'&"o co' su co'"ucta( 2 t&!'! ! "!st&'o 8u! ! as&6'! ! t#&bu'a 4o# #!souc&5' 7u'"a"aF= E' ! D!#!c$o "! os Esta"os U'&"os "! Am#&ca ! R!stat!m!'t o7 Co't#acts -'"= co't!m4a os 8u! "!'om&'a 4u'&t&:! "ama6!s( !stab!c&!'"o 8u! s&#:!' 4a#a F4!'a# a u'a 4!#so'a 4o# su co'"ucta o7!'s&:a( 2 4a#a "&sua"&# a !a( 2 a ot#os como !a( "! ob#a# u'a co'"ucta s&m&a# !' ! 7utu#oF > 0*.( a4= +?= Ta!s "a%os 4u'&t&:os 4u!"!' s!# a4&ca"os F4o# u'a co'"ucta o7!'s&:a( !' #a<5' "! os mot&:os 4!#:!#sos "! "!ma'"a"o( o "! su &'"&7!#!'c&a #!s4!cto "! os "!#!c$os a!'osF( toma'"o !' co's&"!#ac&5' F! ca#ct!# "! acto "! "!ma'"a"o( a 'atu#a! 0*.( a4= -?= La !2 -=3+ &'t#o"uo como a#t)cuo 1- b&s "! a !2 -=-* >A"a( L@VIII/B( +-019 LIII/D( +-1? a #!6uac&5' "! 8u! "!'om&'5 FDa%o Pu'&t&:oF( sob#! o cua m! $! ocu4a"o co' a't!#&o#&"a" >+*?= P&!'so 8u! !s !##a"o 7&a# a muta c&:& Fa 7a:o# "! co'sum&"o#F9 8u! 4u!"! 4#o"uc&#s! u' m!ca'&smo "! ca#&o8u&'!s&s "! a muta s& :a#&os co'sum&"o#!s o usua#&os 4#!t!'"!' 8u!( 4o# u'a m&sma causa 6!'!#a"o#a( s! a 7&! &'"!4!'"&!'t!m!'t! a 7a:o# "! ca"a u'o "! !os9 8u! "!b!#)a 4o"!# muta#s! u'a soa :!< 4o# a m&sma causa 6!'!#a"o#a( m!"&a't! u'a muta 6oba( 4!#o s&' t!c$o cua't&tat&:o( 2 "!7&#&!'"o a u!< a &b#! "!t!#m&'ac&5' "! mo'to >+*1?= +-=/ La #!s4o'sab&&"a" 4o# 4a#t&c&4ac&5' !' ! m!#ca"o >ma#!t s$a#!?= La cu!st&5' s! 4a't!a cua'"o s! 4#o"uc!' "a%os a u' 6#a' ';m!#o "! :)ct&mas( s&' 8u! 4u!"a s!# !stab!c&"o 8u&' o 8u&'!s $a' s&"o sus causa't!s( 2 u' c#&t!#&o $a s&"o a4&ca# as souc&o'!s 4#o4&as "! a t!o#)a "! a #!s4o'sab&&"a" co!ct&:a( at#&bu2'"oa a to"os os 8u! 4u"&!#o' s!# causa't!s "! "a%o( !' a 4#o4o#c&5' !' 8u! !s 4#obab! 8u! $a2a' co't#&bu&"o a !o= Las co's!cu!'c&as "! a causa&"a" at!#'at&:a 2 a #!s4o'sab&&"a" 4o# cuota "! m!#ca"o so' "&st&'tas( !' a m!"&"a !' 8u! a 4#&m!#a co'"uc! a a so&"a#&"a"( 2 a s!6u'"a 'o >+*?= La "#o6a "&!t$2st&b!st#o >DES? !#a u' !st#56!'o s&'tt&co 4u!sto !' ! m!#ca"o 4o# :a#&os abo#ato#&os( 8u! 7u! !m4!a"o !' os a%os *W 4a#a !:&ta# os abo#tos 'atu#a!s "! mu!#!s !mba#a+*K?( $ac&'"oos #!s4o'sab!s a to"os( !' a m!"&"a "! su 4a#t&c&4ac&5' >+*.?= La souc&5' "! a Co#t! "! Ca&7o#'&a $a s&"o c#&t&ca"a( au'8u! a4a#!c! como u' mo"o #aa#t= 3=+*3+?= E A't!4#o2!cto "! L!2 !"!#a Su&a#t= 1"-?( 2 sus auto#!s co's&"!#a' 8u! F"&c$o 4#!c!4to 4!#m&t&#)a &'cuso "!t!#m&'a# a !t!'s&5' "! "!b!# "! #!4a#a# !' #!ac&5' co' a cuota "! m!#ca"o "!

__________________________________________________________ © Thomson La Ley

8

ca"a "!ma'"a"oF>+*0?= E' s!'t&"o co&'c&"!'t!( a Co#t! Su4#!ma "! os Pa)s!s Baos !stab!c&5 u'a #!s4o'sab&&"a" so&"a#&a tota >++*?9 2( a't! "a%os causa"os 4o# ! :u!o "! a!#o'a:!s !' comu'as :!c&'as a a!#o4u!#to "! O#2( a Co#t! "! A4!ac&o'!s "! Pa#)s co'"!'5 a as com4a%)as a#!as s!6;' a 4#o4o#c&5' !' 8u! ut&&+++?= +3=/ P!'a&++-? s!%a5 a &m4o#ta'c&a 8u! actuam!'t! s! as&6'a !' Eu#o4a a D!#!c$o P!'a Eco'5m&co como &'st#um!'to ;t& 4a#a 4#!:!'&#( 2 !' su caso sa'c&o'a#( co'"uctas !s4!c&am!'t! 6#a:!s 4o# su 4ot!'c&a "a%&'o 4a#a a co!ct&:&"a"( 4o# !!m4o !' cua'to a a &b#! com4!t!'c&a( a "!7#au"ac&o'!s mas&:as( a a 4#o4os&c&5' o ac!4tac&5' "! sobo#'os 4o# 4a#t! "! 4o)t&cos 2 7u'c&o'a#&os( a "!#!c$o "! co'sum&"o#!s 2 usua#&os( a t#a's6#!s&o'!s "! a 'o#mat&:a u#ba')st&ca 2 t#&buta#&a= No s! ac!4ta 8u! s! t#at! "! 4!#u&c&os m!#am!'t! !co'5m&cos( #!4a#ab!s s5o 4o# :)a &'"!m'&++3?( 2 s! !6a a #om4!# ! a&oma soc&!tas "!&'8u!#! 'o' 4ot!st= S! t#ata( 4&!'so( "! a !4a's&5' co'c!4tua "! a6o 8u! "! a6u'a ma'!#a 2a !&st! !' ! s&st!ma( 4u!s a 4#ot!cc&5' 4!'a "! c#"&to s! "a( !'t#! muc$as( !' 7&6u#as como a "!7#au"ac&5' 4o# #!t!'c&5' o a4#o4&ac&5' &'"!b&"a >a#t= +K3( &'c= -( C5"= P!'a? 2 a a"m&'&st#ac&5' &'7&! o 7#au"u!'ta >a#t= +K3( &'c= K( C5"= P!'a?  8u! t&!'"!' a a 4#ot!cc&5' 4!'a "! a co'7&a'++? ( ! "!sba#atam&!'to "! "!#!c$os aco#"a"os >a#t=( +K3( &'c= ++( C5"= P!'a?( a &'so:!'c&a 7#au"u!'ta >a#t= +K0( C5"= P!'a?( ! !':!'!'am&!'to "! a6uas( a&m!'tos o m!"&c&'as >a#t= -**( C5"= P!'a?( os 7#au"!s a com!#c&o o a &'"ust#&a >a#t= 3**( C5"= P!'a?( os #&!s6os "! t#abao >a#t= 3-( !2 -=11K?= +=/ P!#s&st!'c&a "! m&to "! a #!4a#ac&5' &'t!6#a= Muc$as ot#as cu!st&o'!s !st' 4!'"&!'t!s o !' "!s!':o:&m&!'to a c!'t#a&"a" "! a t!o#)a "! !'#&8u!c&m&!'to s&' causa( a cu!st&5' "! os #&!s6os "! "!sa##oo !' mat!#&a "! "a%os #!suta't!s "! 4#o"uctos !abo#a"os( ! co's!'t&m&!'to &'7o#ma"o( ! #&!s6o t!#a4ut&co( ! #&!s6o "! !m4#!sa( a t!o#)a "! La a'" Eco'om&cs 8u!( 'o obsta't! 8u! su &'cumb!'c&a 4#o4&a !s busca# cu!s F"!c&s&o'!s !co'5m&cas $a' "!t!#m&'a"o a &'t#o"ucc&5' "! os 4#&'c&4&os u#)"&cos( o 8u !7!ctos u#)"&cos t&!'!' os 4#&'c&4&os :&6!'t!sF >++1?( a :!c!s s! 4#!t!'"! !4a'"&#a como !! "! a &m4utac&5' "! #!s4o'sab&&"a" c&:&= D!o su a'&s&s 4a#a ot#a o4o#tu'&"a"( a$o#a co'cu&# ocu4'"om! "! m&to "! a #!4a#ac&5' &'t!6#a= E D&cc&o'a#&o "! a R!a Aca"!m&a Es4a%oa t#a! !sta Q ac!4c&5' "! susta't&:o m&to FP!#so'a o cosa a as 8u! s! at#&bu2!' cua&"a"!s o !c!!'c&as 8u! 'o t&!'!'( o b&!' u'a #!a&"a" "! a 8u! ca#!c!'F= Es ! caso "! "!'om&'a"o 4#&'c&4&o "! #!4a#ac&5' &'t!6#a( a 8u! s! ! at#&bu2! ca&"a" "! :a#&ta "! :&#tu"!s co' 4o"!#!s m6&cos 4a#a $ac!# #!a&"a" o 8u! :!#ba&++?= P!#o 'o $! t!'&"o basta't! a4t&tu" suaso#&a( 4o#8u! a #!4a#ac&5' &'t!6#a s&6u! a4a#!c&!'"o co' 7#!cu!'c&a !' ! !'6ua! co##&!'t!= V!amos= Es c&!#to 8u! a #!s4o'sab&&"a" c&:& t&!'! 4o# 7&'a&"a" 4#ocu#a# :o:!# a statu 8uo a't! "! "a%o( !sto !s( Fa #!4os&c&5' "! as cosas a su !sta"o a't!#&o#F >a#t= +*.3( C5"= C&:&( s!6;' !2 +K=K++ A"a( @@VIII/B( +.+*?= FEs! 4#&'c&4&o s! "!"uc! "! ob!to m&smo "! a #!s4o'sab&&"a" c&:& 8u! !s #!stab!c!# !' ta'to s!a 4os&b! ! !8u&&b#&o "!st#u&"o 4o# ! "a%o 2 #!cooca# a a :)ct&ma !' a s&tuac&5' a't!#&o#F >++K?( 2 s! t#ata "! a #!4os&c&5' "! "am'&7&ca"o Fa u'a s&tuac&5' ta' 4#5&ma como s!a 4os&b! a a8u!a !' a 8u! $ab#)a !sta"o s& ! $!c$o "a%oso 'o s! $ub&!#a 4#o"uc&"oF >++.?( o !' 7&a# a &'"!m'&++0?= Los P#&'c&4&os "! D!#!c$o Eu#o4!o "! a R!s4o'sab&&"a" C&:& "! Eu#o4!a' G#ou4 o' To#t La "! -**1 !stab!c!' !' ! m&smo s!'t&"o FLa &'"!m'&a#t= +*+*+?= Yo c#!o 8u! a a #!4a#ac&5' &'t!6#a 'o 4u!"! at#&bu)#s!! ! s&6'&7&ca"o "! a #!4a#ab&&"a" "! to"o ! "a%o( 4o#8u! !sto !s &m4os&b!9 '& 4asa# 4o# ato a !:&"!'c&a "! 8u!( !' ! caso !' 8u! ! #!s4o'sab! act;a s&' "oo( a :)ct&ma t&!'! m!'o# "!#!c$o a a &'"!m'&
__________________________________________________________ © Thomson La Ley

9

Co's!o "! Eu#o4a "! + "! ma#+-*?( 4u!s F! 4#&'c&4&o 'o !4#!sa !' #!a&"a" ms 8u! u' "!s!oF( 2 a ma2o#)a "! as :!c!s a &'"!m'&+-+?= E a"!t&:o &'t!6#a t&!'! "os ac!4c&o'!s &m4&ca ta'to a o tota como a o 6oba= La #!4a#ac&5' &'t!6#a su!! s!# !'t!'"&"a !' a ac!4c&5' "! #!4a#ac&5' tota( 4o# o cua s! 4&!'sa 8u! aba#ca#)a a to"o ! "a%o9 4!#o o ;'&co aca'!s '!c!sa#&a a cu4a( o 'o o !s( c5mo s! a a4#!c&a( c5mo u!6a ! "oo? >+--?( a as c&#cu'sta'c&as 8u! !:a' a a &b!#ac&5' "! s&'"&ca"o como #!s4o'sab! >a 4#u!ba "! a 4#o4&a "&&6!'c&a( ! caso 7o#tu&to( a6o m!'os( a6o ms?( a a causa&"a" u#)"&ca >cu!s $!c$os so' co's&"!#a"os causa "! "a%o?( a a '5m&'a "! "a%os #!sa#c&b!s >"! 8u "a%os s! #!s4o'"!?= u! $a' s&"o( so'( 2 s!6u&#' s&!'"o( t!mas c!'t#a!s "! "&scu#so !' a t!o#)a 6!'!#a "! a #!s4o'sab&&"a" c&:&= Au'8u! $a2 8u! !&6&# u'a 4o)t&ca u#)"&ca act&:a( 8u! $a6a !7!ct&:o ! "&scu#so( a cu2o 7&' !s u#6!'t! 4#o:!!# m!"&os &"5'!os 4a#a 8u! ! "am'&7&ca"o s!a sat&s7!c$o !7!ct&:am!'t!( !c!"&!'"o a a #!s4o'sab&&"a" &'"&:&"ua cs&ca >+-3? ! D!#!c$o 'o t&!'! a4t&tu" 4a#a $ac!# #&cos a os 4ob#!s( o so:!'t!s a os &'so:!'t!s( 4!#o 4u!"! coa"2u:a# a obt!'!# 8u! ! "a%o s!a #!4a#a"o "! a6u'a ma'!#a 2 co' a ma2o# 4#!mu#a( co' m!ca'&smos 8u! !st' "&s4o'&b!s 2 'o so' !m4!a"os( o 'o o so' !' a !t!'s&5' 8u! co##!s4o'"! m! #!7&!#o a s!6u#o( a s!6u#o 7o#L!2 ++=K-3?= >+? D! a !ct&o ma6&st#a&s 4#o'u'c&a"a ! -- "! s!t&!mb#! "! -**. a s!# &':!st&"o como "octo# $o'o#&s causa 4o# a U'&:!#s&"a" Nac&o'a "! Rosa#&o= >-? E Co"! C&:& 7u! &m4u!sto !' B6&ca >+.*?( as 4#o:&'c&as &ta&a'as >+.*?( Lu!mbu#6o >+.*K? 2 Hoa'"a >+.++?= Lo a"o4ta#o' Ha&t) >+.-1?( N4o!s >+.-0?( Bo&:&a >+.3*?( C!#"!%a >+.3*? 2 R!4;b&ca Dom&'&ca'a >"o'"! 7u! 4#omu6a"o !' &"&oma 7#a'cs !' +.1?= I'7u25 !' !6&sac&o'!s "! Eu#o4a Hoa'"a >+.3.?( Ruma'&a >+.?( Ita&a >+.1?( Po#tu6a >+.K?( M5'aco >+..1?( Es4a%a >+..0?9 "! Am#&ca "! No#t! ub!c >+.?( Lou&s&a'a >+.K*?9 2 "! Am#&ca "! Su# !' ! 4#&m!#o "! sus C5"&6os >"! Esta"o L&b#! "! Oaaca( M&co( +.-K?( 2 !' !s4!c&a !' os C5"&6os "! P!#; >+.1-?( C$&! >+.1K?( A#6!'t&'a >+.K+? 2 B#as& >+0+K?= I'7u25 as&m&smo !' a !6&sac&5' "! as coo'&as 2 os ma'"atos 7#a'c!s!s !' [7#&ca 2 As&a >I'"&a( +.+0?= E' ! s&6o @@ tu:o 7u!#t! 4#!4o'"!#a'c&a !' os C5"&6os "! V!'!+0-?( "! E6&4to >+00? 2 "! I#a >+013? 2( ms #!c&!'t!m!'t!( !' ! C5"&6o "! as Ob&6ac&o'!s "! a R!4;b&ca "! Ma& "! +0.K= >3? MA\EAUD( H= 2 L= / TUNC( A=( FT#ata"o t!5#&co 2 4#ct&co "! a #!s4o'sab&&"a" c&:& "!&ctua 2 co't#actuaF( t#a"= L= Aca/\amo#a 2 Cast&o( t II( :o= II( Bu!'os A&#!s( +03( ';m= +-( 46= .9 DELIYANNIS( J=( FLa 'ot&o' "Wact! &&c&t!= Co's&"# !' sa 8ua&t "Wm!'t "! a 7aut! "&ctu!!F( Pa#&s( +01-( 46= ( 'ota +09 ROUJOU DE BOUB]E( M= E=( FEssa& su# a 'ot&o' "! #4a#at&o'F( Pa#&s( +0K( 46= *9 PUECH( N=( FNot&o' !t #o! "! W&&c&t "a's a #!s4o'sab&&t c&:&! !t#a/co't#actu!!( Est#asbu#6o( +0K+( 46= .9 DARBELLAY( J=( FT$o#&! 6'#a! "! W&&c&t !' D#o&t c&:& !t D#o&t 4'aF( #&bu#6o( +011( 46= K9 DEMOGUE( R=( FT#a&t "!s ob&6at&o's !' 6'#aF( t III( Pa#&s( +0-1( ';ms= --1,( 46s= 3K,.9 GAMARRA( J=( FT#ata"o "! D!#!c$o C&:& u#u6ua2oF( t @I@( Mo't!:&"!o( +0.+( 46= +K= >? MA\EAUD / TUNC( ob= c&t=( t I :o= II( ';m= 3.( 46= 3.= >1? BAUDRY LACANTINERIE( G= 2 Ba#"! L=( FT#a&t t$o#&8u! !t 4#at&8u! "u D#o&t C&:&= D!s ob&6at&o'sF( Pa#&s( +0*.( t IV( ' -.1( 46= 19 JOSSERAND( L= 2 BRUN( A=( FD!#!c$o C&:&= T!o#)a 6!'!#a "! as ob&6ac&o'!sF( t#a"= S= Cu'c$&os 2 Ma't!#oa( Bu!'os A&#!s( +01*( :o= +( ' +3( 46= -019 DEMOGUE( R=( FT#a&t "!s ob&6at&o'sF( Pa#&s( +0-3( t III( ' --1( 46= 3K9 SAVATIER( R=( FT#a&t "! a #!s4o'sab&&t c&:&!F= Pa#&s( +01+( ' ++( 46= -*1 2 FLa t$o#&! "!s ob&6at&o'!s !' D#o&t P#&: ]co'om&8u!F( Pa#&s( +0K0( ' --3( 46= -.+9 RIPERT( G= 2 BOULANGER( J=( FT#ata"o "! D!#!c$o C&:& s!6;' ! T#ata"o "!

__________________________________________________________ © Thomson La Ley

10

Pa'&oF( t#a"= D= Ga#c)a Da&#!au su4!#:= 4o# J= J= Lamb)as( Bu!'os A&#!s( +01( t V( ' 011( 46= 19 CARBONNIER( J=( FD#o&t C&:&= L!s ob&6at&o'sF( Pa#&s( +0..( ' 0( 46= *+9 JULLIOT DE LA MORANDI^RE( L=( FP#c&s "! D#o&t C&:&F( Pa#&s( +0( t II( ' *0( 46= 3-19 STARC_( B=( FD#o&t C&:&= L!s ob&6at&o'sF( -Q !"= 4o# ROLAND( H= 2 BOYER( L=( Pa#&s( +0.1( t I( ' -( 46= +*9 ÈILL( A= 2 TERR]( =( FD#o&t C&:&= L!s ob&6at&o'sF( Pa#&s( +0.( ' -+( 46= 319 LOUR( J= 2 AUBERT( J=/L=( FD#o&t C&:&= L!s ob&6at&o'sF( Pa#&s( +0.+( :o= II( ' 10-( 46= +*39 VINEY( G=( FLa #!s4o'sab&&t Co'"&t&o'sF( !' GHESTIN( J=( FT#a&t "! D#o&t C&:&= L!s ob&6at&o'sF( Pa#&s( +0.-( ' 103( 46= K*K= >? LLAMBIAS( J= J=( FT#ata"o "! D!#!c$o C&:&= Ob&6ac&o'!sF( t I( Bu!'os A&#!s( +0K3( ' +3( 46= +.+= >K? MA\EAUD( H= 2 L= / TUNC( A=( FT#ata"o t!5#&co 2 4#ct&co "! a #!s4o'sab&&"a" c&:&F( t#a"= L= Aca/\amo#a 2 Cast&o( t I( :o= II( Bu!'os A&#!s( +0-( ';m= 30*( 46= 19 MA\EAUD( H=( FLa 7aut! ob!ct&:! !t a #!s4o'sab&&t sa's 7aut!( !' Dao<( +0.3( C$#= +39 CHABAS( =( FC&!' a%os "! #!s4o'sab&&"a" c&:& !' #a'c&aF( t#a"= M= Ta4&a( Pa#&s( -**( 46= -= >.? Cou# "! Cassat&o'( C$amb#! C&:&!( +0 "! u&o "! +.K*( FPa&':&' := D!sc$am4sF( Dao<( +.K*( I=3+= >0? PON\ANELLI( G=( FLa #!s4o'sab&&t c&:&!= P#o7&& "& D&#&tto Com4a#atoF( Boo6'a( +00-( 46= 0 2 s&6s=9 LPE\ HERRERA( E=( FT!o#)a 6!'!#a "! a #!s4o'sab&&"a" c&:&F( Bu!'os A&#!s( -**( 46= 11= >+*? Co#t! "! A4!ac&o'!s "! Nu!:a Yo#( FT$omas a'" &7! := `&'c$!st!#F(  N= Y= 30K= >++? Co#t! "! A4!ac&o'!s "! Nu!:a Yo#( FMac P$!#so' := Bu&c Moto# Co=F( -+K N= Y= 3.-( +++ N= E= +*1* >N= Y= +0+?= V!# CUETO RUA( J= C=( FE Commo' LaF( Bu!'os A&#!s( +01K( 46= +0K= >+-? Su4#!ma Co#t! "! às$&'6to'( FBat!# := o#" Moto# Co=F( +. às$= 1( +- P=-" *0 >+03-?= >+3? Su4#!ma Co#t! "! Nu!:a J!#s!2( FH!''&'6s!' := Boom7&!" Moto#s( I'c=F( 3- N=J= 31.( ++ A=-" 0 >N=J= +0*?= >+? Su4#!ma Co#t! "! Ca&7o#'&a( FG#!!'ma' := Yuba Po!# P#o"ucts( I'c=F >+03? 10 C-" 1K= Sob#! a &m4o#ta'c&a "! !st! 7ao "! u!< T#a2'o#( :!# `HITE( J= R( FTo4 +* &' To#ts E:out&o' &' t$! Commo' LaF( !' T#&a( Assoc&at&o' o7 T#&a La2!#s o7 Am!#&ca( :o= 3-( ' K >u&o "! +00?( 46= 1*= >+1? Su4#!ma Co#t! "! Ca&7o#'&a( FEscoa := Coca Coa Bott&'6 o7 #!s'oF( +1* P=-" 3 >Ca +0?( co' :oto "! u!< T#a2'o#= >+? LR 3 HL 33* >+..?= >+K? Cab! obs!#:a# 8u!( au'8u! ! "!ma'"a't! 7u! !tc$!#( a causa s! "!'om&'5 FR2a'"s := !tc$!#F !' #a<5' "! 8u! R2a'"s 7u! 8u&!' a4!5 a't! a Cma#a "! os Lo#!s= >+.? R!stat!m!'ts o7 Co't#acts -'"(  -+( I't#o"ucto#2 Not!= >+0?  *-/A "! R!stat!m!'t o7 To#ts -'"=( 8u! &'cu2! a oc&5' ca4&a# a4&ca"a !' u' t#atam&!'to >FN!ma# := G&mb!WsF( Nu!:a Yo#( +00?( a sa'6#! $uma'a >FCu''&'6$am := McN!a M!mo#&a Hos4&taF( I&'o&s( +0K*?( a !!ct#&c&"a" >FRa'som! := `&sco's&' E!ct#&c Po!#F( `&sco's&'( +0K0?= La S!c= -=3+. "! U'&7o#m Comm!#c&a Co"! 4#!: u'a 6a#a't)a 4o# 4#o"uctos 8u! s! !t&!'"! tamb&' a t!#c!#os= >-*? S! t#at5 "! a !&m&c&5' "! #!s4o'sab&&"a" 4o# cu4a( !##o# u om&s&5' "! 4!#so'a "! u' $os4&ta FTu' := R!6!'ts o7 U'&:!#s&t2 o7 Ca&7o#'&aF( * Ca= -" 0-( 3.3 P=-" +( 3- Ca= R4t#= 33 >Ca= +03?= >-+? Cou# "! Cassat&o'( C$amb#! C&:&!( ++ "! u'&o "! +.0( FT!77a&'!F( D=P= +.0K=+=339 S= +.0K=+=+K9 D= +.0.=I=33=

__________________________________________________________ © Thomson La Ley

11

>--? Cou# "! Cassat&o'( C$amb#!s Ru'&!s( +3 "! 7!b#!#o "! +03*( FJa'"W$!u# c, Ga!#&!s B!7o#ta&s!sF( D=( +03*( +d#!= 4a#t&!( 46= 1K= >-3? BORDA( G= A=( FLa #!7o#ma "! C5"&6o C&:& R!s4o'sab&&"a" !t#aco't#actua >I?F( !' E=D=( t 3*( 46= .*0( ' = S!6u#am!'t! 7u! u'a "!#&:ac&5' "! a !&6!'c&a "! os a#ts= 1 2 K "! a a't!#&o# !2 "! t#'s&to ' +3=.03 "! 8u! ! co'"ucto# tu:&!#a ! F4!'o "om&'&oF "! :!$)cuo 8u! 4#o"uo( 4o# u'a 4a#t!( u' a7&'am&!'to "! a 'oc&5' "! cu4a >cu4a !:)s&ma? 2( 4o# ot#a( u'a 4#!su'c&5' "! 8u! a soa 4#o"ucc&5' "! acc&"!'t! "!most#aba >#!s &4sa o8u&tu#? 8u! su co'"ucto# $ab)a 4!#"&"o su "om&'&o= >-? RIPERT( G=( FE #6&m!' "!moc#t&co 2 ! D!#!c$o c&:& mo"!#'oF( t#a"= J= M= Ca&ca J#=( Pu!ba( +01+( N +0( 46= -K= >-1? MA\EAUD( H= 2 L= / TUNC( A=( FT#ata"o t!5#&co 2 4#ct&co "! a #!s4o'sab&&"a" c&:& "!&ctua 2 co't#actuaF( t#a"= L= Aca / \amo#a 2 Cast&o( t I( :o= +( Bu!'os A&#!s( +0+( 46= +-( co' c&ta "! R&4!#t= Co'7= ALTERINI( A= A=( FD!smas&7&cac&5' "! as #!ac&o'!s ob&6ac&o'a!s !' a E#a 4ost/&'"ust#&aF( !' LA LEY +0.0/C( 011( 2 !' FD!#!c$o "! "a%osF( c&t=( 46 3( a4= IV/b= >-? VILLEY( M=( FE' to#'o a co't#ato( a 4#o4&!"a" 2 a ob&6ac&5'F( t#a"= C=R=S=( Bu!'os A&#!s( +0.*( 46= 0*= >-K? TRABUCCHI( A=( c&t= 4o# BARCELLONA( P=( FD&#&tto 4#&:ato ! 4#oc!sso !co'om&coF( Na4o&( +0.( 46= -03= >-.? LOPE\ OLACIREGUI( J= M=( FEs!'c&a 2 7u'"am!'to "! a #!s4o'sab&&"a" c&:&F( !' R!:&sta "! D!#!c$o Com!#c&a 2 "! as Ob&6ac&o'!s( Bu!'os A&#!s( a6osto "! +0K.( t ++( 46= 0+= >-0? LAMBERT/AIVRE( Y=( FLW:out&o' "! a #!s4o'sab&&t c&:&! "Wu'! "!tt! "! #!s4o'sab&&t a u'! c#a'c! "W&'"!m'&sat&o'F( !' R!:u! T#&mm!st#&!! "! D#o&t C&:&( a%o +0.K/I( 46= +9 FLa !:ouc&5' "! a #!s4o'sab&&"a" c&:& "! u'a "!u"a "! #!s4o'sab&&"a" a u' c#"&to "! &'"!m'&3*? SCHIPANI( S=( FI #uoo "!a co4a '!W attua! s&st!ma "!a #!s4o'sab&&te c&:&!F( !' R!s4o'sab&&te c&:&! ! P#!:&"!'$a2 #!s4o'sab&&"a" cua'"o !&st! cu4a? co' ! mto"o "! a t&4&c&"a" >tamb&' $a2 #!s4o'sab&&"a" !' ot#as s&tuac&o'!s aba#ca"as 4o# a !2?( 7u! s!6u&"o 4o# ! C5"&6o C&:& 4a#a6ua2o "! +0.K( !' cua'to "&s4o'! 8u!( Fs& 'o m!"&a#! cu4aF( s! "!b! &'"!m'&a#t= +*( &'cs= - 2 3?9 4o# ! C5"&6o C&:& $oa'"s "! +00- >L VI( a#t= +-( &'c= 3? 2 4o# ! P#o2!cto "! C5"&6o C&:& "! +00. FA 7ata "! 'o#ma !6a( o "! !st&4uac&5' "! 4a#t!s( ! 7acto# "! at#&buc&5' !s a cu4aF >a#t= +*-?= >3+? "! LOREN\O( M= =( FE "a%o &'ustoF( Bu!'os A&#!s( +00( N + 2 s&6s=( 46= K3 2 s&6s= >3-? ALTERINI( A= A=( FR!s4o'sab&&"a" ob!t&:a "!#&:a"a "! a 6!'!#ac&5' "! co'7&a'33? ALTERINI( A= A=( FCa#6a 2 co't!'&"o "! a 4#u!ba "! 7acto# "! at#&buc&5' !' a #!s4o'sab&&"a" co't#actuaF( !' LA LEY +0../B( 0K 2 !' ALTERINI( A= A= / LOPE\ CABANA( R= M=( FD!#!c$o "! "a%osF( Bu!'os A&#!s( +00-( 46= +319 FE caso 7o#tu&to como causa "! &b!#ac&5' "! "!u"o# co't#actuaF( !' FD!#!c$o "! "a%osF( c&t=( 46= +139 FLa 4#!su'c&5' !6a "! cu4a como #!6a "! 7a:o# :&ct&ma!F( !' FEstu"&os "! D!#!c$o C&:&F( Bu!'os A&#!s( -**K( 46= 3K9 ALTERINI( A= A= / LOPE\ CABANA( R= M=( Ca#6a "! a 4#u!ba !' as ob&6ac&o'!s "! m!"&os >A4&cac&5' a a #!s4o'sab&&"a" 4#o7!s&o'a?F( !' LA LEY +0.0/B( 0+ 2 !' FD!#!c$o "! "a%osF( c&t=( 46= -K+= >3? STARC_ / ROLAND / BOYER( ob= c&t=( ' +301( 46= .K=

__________________________________________________________ © Thomson La Ley

12

>31? LARROUMET( C$=( FD#o&t C&:&= L!s ob&6at&o'sF( +Q 4a#t!( Pa#&s( +0.( ' +*( 46= 11= >3? VINEY( G=( FLa #!s4o'sab&&tF c&t=( ' 13( 46= 30= >3K? MARTY( G= 2 RAYNAUD( P=( FD#o&t C&:&= L!s ob&6at&o'sF( t +( Pa#&s( +0..( ' 131( 'ota 3( 46= *= >3.? VINEY( ob= c&t=( u6= c&t= >30? STARC_ / Roa'" / Bo2!#( ob= c&t=( N +30( 4[6= .K= >*? LARROUMET( ob= c&t=( N +( 46= 11= >+? BUSNELLI( = D=( FMo"!& ! t!c'&c$! "& &'"!''&<-? Cou# "! Cassat&o'( C$amb#! C&:&! -dm!( -+=*K=.-( D= +0.-=0 >3? POSNER( R= A=( FEco'om&c A'a2s&s o7 LaF( 3Q !"=( Bosto'/To#o'to( +0.( ' +3=+( 46= 3= >? C=S=J=N=( 3+=+*=-**( FD!7!'so#)a "! Pu!bo "! a C&u"a" "! Bu!'os A&#!s c, S!c#!ta#)a "! Comu'&cac&o'!s= R!so= -0-,00 s, am4a#oF( LA LEY( -**/( 31( :oto "! os "octo#!s Lo#!'1? VENTURI( E=( FR!s4o'sab&&"a"! c&:& 4o# "a'os causa"os aos "&#!&tos "&7usos ! co!t&:osF( !' FD&#!&to "o co'sum&"o#F( ' +1( Seo Pauo( u&o,s!t&!mb#! "! +001( 46= K0( a4= =+= >? ALTERINI( A= A=( FCo'to#'os actua!s "! a #!s4o'sab&&"a" c&:&F( Bu!'os A&#!s( +0.K( 46= +3= >K? Es ! 7utu#o 4os&b!9 s!6;' ! "&cc&o'a#&o "! a R!a Aca"!m&a Es4a%oa Fs! "&c! "! o 7utu#o co'"&c&o'a"o( 8u! 'o s!# co' s!6u#&"a"( s&'o 8u! s!#)a s& s! "&!s! u'a co'"&c&5' "!t!#m&'a"aF( !sto !s( co' "atos 4#!s!'t!s s! cacua' 4#obab&&"a"!s 7utu#as= >.? Es ! 7utu#o "!s!ab! MERELLO( A=( FP#os4!ct&:a t!o#)a 2 4#ct&caF( Bu!'os A&#!s( +0K3( 46= +.= >0? EN\IONI( A=( FT$! Act&:! Soc&!t2F( N! Yo#( +0.= >1*? LYOTARD( J= =( FLa co'"&t&o' 4ostmo"!#'!F( Pa#&s( +0K0= >1+? LIPOVETS_Y( G=( FLos t&!m4os $&4!#mo"!#'osF( t#a"= A=/P= Mo2a( Ba#c!o'a( -**= >1-? DRUC_ER( P= =( FPost/Ca4&ta&st Soc&!t2F( N! Yo#( +003= >13? ELLUL( J=( FT$! T!c$'oo6&ca Soc&!t2F( Lo'"o'( +019 JONAS( _( FT$! Im4!#at&:! o7 R!s4o's&b&&t2= I' S!a#c$ o7 a' Et$&cs 7o# t$! T!c$'oo6&ca A6!F( C$&ca6o( +0.1 >FE 4#&'c&4&o "! #!s4o'sab&&"a"= E'sa2o "! u'a t&ca 4a#a a c&:&&1? BR\E\INS_I( \=( FLa !#a t!c'ot#5'&caF( t#a"= G= Ma2!#( Bu!'os A&#!s( +0K0= >11? NAISBITT( J=( FMac#ot!'"!'c&asF( t#a"= !s4a%oa( Ma"#&"( +0.39 Saa&2a( T=( FH&sto#&a "! 7utu#o= La

__________________________________________________________ © Thomson La Ley

13

soc&!"a" "! co'oc&m&!'toF( 3Q !"=( Sa't&a6o "! C$&!( +001= >1? _HAN( A= `= >Sub"&#!cto# G!'!#a "! a UNESCO 4a#a a Comu'&cac&5' 2 a I'7o#mac&5'?( !' FToa#"s _'o!"6! Soc&!t&!s= A' I't!#:&!F( +./*K/*3( ò#" o7 Sc&!'c! Vo= +( N ( Ju2/S!4t!mb!# -**3( UNESCOWs Natu#a Sc&!'c!s S!cto#( $tt4,,4o#ta=u'!sco=o#6,c&,!',!:=4$4/ URLfIDg++01.hURLfDOgDOfTOPIChURLfSECTIONg-*+=$tm = >1K? _AHN( H= / ÌENER( A= J=( FT$! Y!a# -*** #am!o# 7o# s4!cuat&o' o' t$! N!t T$&#t2 T$#!! Y!a#sF( N! Yo#( +0K9 BELL( D=( FE a":!'&m&!'to "! a soc&!"a" 4ost/&'"ust#&aF( t#a"= R= Ga#c)a 2 E= Ga!6o( Ma"#&"( +0.= >1.? VALAS_A_IS( _=( FPost/&'"ust#&a o# #!&'"ust#&a to &'t!#4#!tat&o's o7 t$! &'7o#mat&o' #!:out&o'F( !' ò#" utu#! Soc&!t2 Bu!t&'( u'&o "! +0.-= >10? TOLER( A=( FLa t!#c!#a oaF( t#a"= A= Ma#t)'( Ma"#&"( +0.9 FE s$oc "! 7utu#oF( t#a"= J= !##!# A!u( Ba#c!o'a( +0K+= >*? BRESSAND( A= / DISTLER( C=( FE mu'"o "! ma%a'aF( t#a"= J= Ru&<( Bu!'os A&#!s( +0.1= >+? Mc LUHAN( M=( FT$! Gut!'b!#6 Gaa2 T$! Ma&'6 o7 T24o6#a4$&c Ma'F( Lo'"o'( +0-9 FLa Gaa&! Gut!'b!#6 La 6!'ds! "! W$omm! t24o6#a4$&8u!F( t#a"= J= Pa#( Mo't#a( +0K= >-? ALTERINI( A= A=( FB&c!'t!'a#&o "! 'ac&m&!'to "! Damac&o V!< Sa#s7&!"= E #!mo3? DUCROC( A=( FHo2 !s ! 7utu#oF( t#a"= E= Gu"&%o _&77!#( Bu!'os A&#!s( +0.1= >? BUSH( V=( FAs `! Ma2 T$&'F( !' T$! Ata't&c Mo't$2( Ju2 +01= >1? A"o4ta"a 4o# a Co'7!#!'c&a Mu'"&a sob#! a C&!'c&a "! a UNESCO >Bu"a4!st( u&o "! +000?= >? Au'8u! $ubo :a#&os #!co#"a"os "!sast#!s !co56&cos a't#54&cos( o s!a( causa"os 4o# ! $omb#!= Co' 4ost!#&o#&"a" a m& m!'c&o'a"o t#abao( a" !!m4um "! #)o Gua"&ama#( A'"auc)a( Es4a%a( 4o# #!s&"uos t5&cos m&'!#os( !' +00.9 "! Catau!s!s( M&'as G!#a&s( B#as&( 4o# :!#t&"os t5&cos( !' -**3= Hubo tamb&' &m4o#ta't!s "!##am!s "! bu8u!s 4!t#o!#os ! FEo' Va"!K? BAINBRIDGE( `= S= 2 ROCCO( M= C=( FMa'a6&'6 Na'o/B&o/I'7o/Co6'o I''o:at&o's= Co':!#6&'6 T!$'oo6&!s &' Soc&!t2F( Do#"#!c$t( -**= >.? S!'t!'c&a "! u!< "! "&st#&to "! Ioa( Pattaattam&! Cou't2( T&mot$2 OiG#a"2( ma#0? Sob#! !sto( ALTERINI( A= A=( FP!#s4!ct&:as t&cas 2 u#)"&cas "! as t!c'oo6)as co':!#6!'t!sF( !' LA LEY -**K/( .0+ 2 !' FR!s4o'sab&&"a" C&:&= Doct#&'as !s!'c&a!sF( t I 46= 3= >K*? Sob#! !sto ALTERINI( A= A=( FR!s4u!stas a't! as 'u!:as t!c'oo6)as S&st!ma( 4#&'c&4&os 2 u!c!sF( !' LA LEY( -**K/( +33.= >K+? MORELLO( A= M=( FLa Co#t! Su4#!ma !' acc&5'F( Bu!'os A&#!s( +0.0( 46= 33K( 'ota 31=

__________________________________________________________ © Thomson La Ley

14

>K-? CALABRESI( G=( FE cost! "! os acc&"!'t!sF( t#a"= J= B&sba( Ba#c!o'a( +0.( 46= -1= >K3? E P#o2!cto "! Po"!# E!cut&:o Nac&o'a "! +003 4#!:&5( 4a#a u' 'u!:o a#t)cuo +10( a s&6u&!'t! :!#s&5' FLa :&oac&5' "! "!b!# "! 'o "a%a# a ot#o 6!'!#a a ob&6ac&5' "! #!4a#a# ! "a%o causa"o( co'7o#m! a as "&s4os&c&o'!s "! !st! C5"&6oF9 2( 4a#a ! a#t)cuo +11*( !sta ot#a FSa:o "&s4os&c&5' !6a !' co't#a#&o( 'o so' &'"!m'&K? Co'7o#m! a a#t= +1.0( FE "a%o !st ust&7&ca"o a? S& !s causa"o !' ! !!#c&c&o #!6ua# "! u' "!#!c$o o "! u'a 7acuta"( sa:o !' ! caso "! a#t)cuo +K #!s4o'sab&&"a" "! Esta"o 4o# actos )c&tos= b? S& !s causa"o !' "!7!'sa 4#o4&a( 4o# u' m!"&o #ac&o'am!'t! 4#o4o#c&o'a"o( 7#!'t! a u'a a6#!s&5' actua( &'usta 2 'o 4#o:oca"a= c? S& !s causa"o 4a#a co'u#a# u' ma actua o t!m&"o( &'usto 2 'o 4#o:oca"o( 2 "! ot#o mo"o &'!:&tab!( 8u! am!'a K1? C=S=J=N=( FSa'ta Cooma( Lu&s !"!#&co 2 ot#os c, E==A=/ Em4#!sa !##oca##&!s A#6!'t&'osF( *1=*.=.( aos 3*.++K9 LA LEY( +0.K/A( -9 E= D= +-*/1+( co's= K= >K? C=S=J=N=( FGu't$!#( !#'a'"o Ra; c, Esta"o Nac&o'aF( *1=*.=.( aos 3*.++30 >La L!2 O'&'!?( co's= += V!# LEONARDI DE HERBON( H= M=( FLa #!6a 'a!m&'!m a!"!#! !' ! D!#!c$o Co'st&tuc&o'aF( !' At!#&'&( A= A= / L54!< Caba'a( R= M= >D&#!cto#!s?( FLa #!s4o'sab&&"a" c&:&= Hom!'a! a P#o7!so# Docto# Is&"o#o H= Go"!'b!#6F( Bu!'os A&#!s( +001( 46= .0= >KK? D=S=( +0.3( +.09 G=P=( +0.3( I( *= U'a !2 !o'!#5 "! #!s4o'sab&&"a" a os ob#!#os( sus #!4#!s!'ta't!s 2 as o#6a'&7aut!?( o ob&6a a #!4a#a#oF= >K.? Jou#'a O77&c&!( +=++=+000( 46= +=0-= >K0? FLa &b!#ta" co's&st! !' 4o"!# $ac!# to"o o 8u! 'o "a%! a ot#o as)( ! !!#c&c&o "! os "!#!c$os 'atu#a!s "! ca"a $omb#! 'o t&!'! ot#os )m&t!s 8u! os 8u! as!6u#a' a ot#os M&!mb#os "! a Soc&!"a" ! !!#c&c&o "! !stos m&smos "!#!c$os= Estos )m&t!s 'o 4u!"!' s!# "!t!#m&'a"os s&'o 4o# a L!2F= >.*? C=S=J=N=( -+=*0=-**( FA8u&'o( Isac&o c= Ca#6o S!#:&c&os I'"ust#&a!s S=A=F( :oto "! os "octo#!s P!t#acc$& 2 \a77a#o'&( aos 3-K3K139 LA LEY( -**1/A( -3*9 RC2S( -**/1-= La s!'t!'c&a "!ca#5 a &'co'st&tuc&o'a&"a" "! a#t= 30 &'c= + "! a !2 -=11K 2 co'"!'5 a a !m4!a"o#a a 4a6o "! a &'"!m'&.+? C=S=J=N=( causa FSa'ta CoomaF( 4#!c&ta"a= >.-? \ENO/\ENCOVICH( V=( FL! bas& cost&tu<&o'a& "& u' D&#&tto P#&:ato Eu#o4!oF( !' FEu#o4a ! "&#&tto 4#&:atoF( a%o -**3( ' +( 46= +0= >.3? RUI\ SAN\( M=( FCo't#a"&cc&o'!s !'t#! 4#&'c&4&os u#)"&cosF( Ma"#&"( -**-( 46= -+*= >.? $tt4,,=!6t=o#6,4#&'c&4!s,"oc,PETLS4a'&s$="oc = >.1? Actuam!'t! ! a#t= +* "! C5"&6o C&:& "! ub!c "! +00+ !stab!c! 8u! FTo"a 4!#so'a !s &':&oab! 2 t&!'! "!#!c$o a su &'t!6#&"a"F= >.? ALPA( G= 2 BESSONE( M=( FI 7att& &!c&tt&F( !' R!sc&6'o( P=( FT#attato "& D&#&tto P#&:atoF( t VI(

__________________________________________________________ © Thomson La Ley

15

To#&'o( +0.1( 46= += >.K? D!ca#ac&5' Am!#&ca'a "! os D!#!c$os 2 D!b!#!s "! Homb#!( a#ts= I( V( VII9 D!ca#ac&5' U'&:!#sa "! D!#!c$os Huma'os( a#ts= 3( +-9 Co':!'c&5' Am!#&ca'a sob#! D!#!c$os Huma'os Pacto "! Sa' Jos "! Costa R&ca( a#ts= =+( 1=+( K=+( ++9 Pacto I't!#'ac&o'a "! D!#!c$os Eco'5m&cos( Soc&a!s 2 Cutu#a!s( a#t= +-9 Pacto I't!#'ac&o'a "! D!#!c$os C&:&!s 2 Po)t&cos( a#ts= =+( 0=+( +K= >..? Pacto "! Sa' Jos "! Costa R&ca( a#t= -0= c9 co'c= a#t= 33( Co'st&tuc&5' Nac&o'a= >.0? D!ca#ac&5' U'&:!#sa "! D!#!c$os Huma'os( a#t= ++= >0*? Pacto I't!#'ac&o'a "! D!#!c$os C&:&!s 2 Po)t&cos9 Pacto I't!#'ac&o'a "! D!#!c$os Eco'5m&cos( Soc&a!s 2 Cutu#a!s= >0+? ERNANDE\ SESSAREGO( C=( FNu!:as t!'"!'c&as !' ! D!#!c$o "! as P!#so'asF( L&ma( +00*( 46= -K9 FD!s&'"! co'c!4tua !'t#! "a%o a a 4!#so'a( "a%o a 4#o2!cto "! :&"a 2 "a%o mo#aF( !' Es4&'o D&#!cto#?( FR!s4o'sab&&"a" C&:&= Nu!:as t!'"!'c&as( u'&7&cac&5' 2 #!7o#ma= V!&'t! a%os "!s4usF( L&ma( -**1( 46= +*K= >0-? Co#t! I't!#am!#&ca'a "! D!#!c$os Huma'os( -K=++=+00.( FLoa2 03? S!'t!'c&a ' +. "! + "! u&o "! +0.= >0? S=C=Bs=As=( +=*1=*K( LA LEY( -**K/C( K+9 SAU@( E= I=( FE "a%o mo#a 2 a co'cub&'a= Ocaso "! a#t)cuo +*K. "! C5"&6o C&:&F( !' RC2S( +**./K= >01? ÌDMER( P= 2 ÈSSNER( P=( FR!:&s&5' 2 u'&7&cac&5' "! D!#!c$o "! a R!s4o'sab&&"a" C&:&F( !' RC2S -**+/+-0+= >0? MISHAN( E= J=( Faac&as !co'5m&cas 4o4ua#!sF( t#a"= R= P#!< P&ta( Bu!'os A&#!s( +0.( 46= 03= >0K? A as 'o#mas cs&cas "! 4o&c)a >"! t#abao( !2 +0=1.K >A"a( @@@II/B( +01?9 "! saub#&"a"( "! co'st#ucc&5'( "! :!$)cuos "! t#a's4o#t!? s! a6#!6a#o' ot#as( como as #!at&:as a a co'tam&'ac&5' "! a6ua >!2!s -K0K "! a%o +.0+  A"a( +..0/+0+0( --- 2 !2 +3=1KK  A"a( I@/A( -.0( mo"&7&ca"a 4o# !2 -*=3- A"a( @@@III/B( +.1? 2 "! a&#! >!2 -*=-. A"a( @@@III/B( +*0?( a a causa"a 4o# bu8u!s >!2 --=+0*?( a a 4#!:!'c&5' "! abo#"a!s ma#)t&mos >Co':!'&o "! Lo'"#!s "! +0K-( !2 -+=1  A"a( @@@VII/A( +1.?( a a #!moc&5' "! obstcuos !' :)as 'a:!6ab!s >!2 +=1-( 2 u!6o !2 +.=*-  A"a( @@IV/C( -*309 @@I@/A( -?( a a !:&tac&5' "! a t#a'sm&s&5' "! c&!#tas !'7!#m!"a"!s >$uma'as !2 +1=1  A"a( @@/A( +* !' 4a#t&cua# ! SIDA !2 "! sa'6#! --=00*9 !2 "! uc$a co't#a ! SIDA -3=K0.  A"a( @@III/D( 30.39 L/D( 3-K( "! a'&ma!s !2 3010( "! a%o +0**  A"a( +..0/+0+0( 0 2 "! :!6!ta!s D!c= !2 K*,3  A"a( @@III/B( +*3+?( a a 4#!:!'c&5' "! #&!s6os "! t#abao >!2 -=11K  A"a( LV/E( 1.1?= >0.? Cm= !"!#a a Pata( Saa III( *.=*.=+0..( FG&m'!<( Dom&'6o 2 ot#a c= Esta"o Nac&o'aF( LA LEY( +0.0/C/++K= >00? FCo' ! 7&' "! 4#ot!6!# ! m!"&o amb&!'t!( os Esta"os "!b!#' a4&ca# am4&am!'t! ! 4#&'c&4&o "! 4#!cauc&5' co'7o#m! a sus ca4ac&"a"!s= Cua'"o $a2a 4!&6#o "! "a%o 6#a:! ! &##!:!#s&b!( a 7ata "! c!#t!+0.K?=

__________________________________________________________ © Thomson La Ley

16

>+**? V!# _OURILS_Y( P$= / VINEY( G=( FL! 4#&'c&4! "! 4#caut&o'= Ra44o#t au P#!m&!# M&'&st#!F >+1 Octob#! +000?( Pa#&s( -***= >+*+? Cou# "! Cassat&o'( C$amb#! Soc&a!( -.=*-=-**-( FSoc&t Va!o Soc&t Va!o c= Co'so#ts @=== !t aF( Bu!t&' ' 11 "! +1=*=-**-= >+*-? Las @II Jo#'a"as Nac&o'a!s "! D!#!c$o C&:& >Sa'ta !( +000? co's&"!#a#o' 8u! FLas 4!'as 4#&:a"as t&!'!' 4o# 7&'a&"a" 4#!:!'&# 6#a:!s &'co'"uctas 7utu#as a't! ! t!mo# 8u! 4#o:oca a sa'c&5'9 #!7!a# a "!sa4#obac&5' soc&a 7#!'t! a stas9 !' su mb&to !s4!c)7&co( 4#ot!6!# ! !8u&&b#&o "! m!#ca"o9 2 "!sma't!a# os !7!ctos "! c&!#tos &)c&tos( 4a#t&cua#m!'t! os "! ca#ct!# uc#at&:oF= Tamb&' !'t!'"&!#o' 8u! Fa sa'c&5' o 4u'&c&5' "! c&!#tos &)c&tos co't#actua!s o !t#aco't#actua!s m!"&a't! a &m4os&c&5' "! 4!'as 4#&:a"as 'o !s a!'a a 'u!st#o D!#!c$o :&6!'t!( 2 s! ma'&7&!sta !' &'st&tutos como a cusua 4!'a( os &'t!#!s!s 4u'&to#&os( sa'c&o'ato#&os( ast#!&'t!s( !'t#! ot#osF( 2 aco's!a#o' Fa &m4!m!'tac&5' "! mutas c&:&!s( co' ca#ct!# "! 4!'as 4#&:a"as !6a!s( 4a#a sa'c&o'a# 6#a:!s &'co'"uctas m!"&a't! a &m4os&c&5' a #!s4o'sab! "! u'a suma "! "&'!#oF( F!' casos "! 4a#t&cua# 6#a:!"a"( ca#act!#&+*3? ALTERINI( A= A= / Am!a( O= J= / LOPE\ CABANA( R= M=( FD!#!c$o "! ob&6ac&o'!s( 3Q !"=( Bu!'os A&#!s( -**( ' 10+ b&s( 46= -K= >+*? ALTERINI( A= A=( FLas #!7o#mas a a !2 "! "!7!'sa "! co'sum&"o#= P#&m!#a !ctu#a( -* a%os "!s4usF( !' LA LEY( -**./B( +-30( a4= 3+= >+*1? C&ta'"o a s!'t!'c&a "! T#&bu'a Su4#!mo "! Es4a%a( Saa -Q( -=*0=+00K( "&! 8u! a muta c&:& "! c&'co m&o'!s "! 4!sos >8u! #!4#!s!'ta a6o as) como u' m&5' "! !u#os? s!#)a #&")cua s& s! a4&ca#a !' u' m!6acaso "! "a%os mas&:os como ! "! s)'"#om! t5&co "! ac!&t! "! co+0.?= >+*? RUDA GON\ALE\( A=( FLa #!s4o'sab&&"a" 4o# cuota "! m!#ca"o a u&c&oF( !' I'D#!t *3,-**3( $tt4,,=&'"#!t=com,4"7,+Kf!s=4"7 = >+*K? u! $ab)a s&"o su6!#&"a !' u' a#t)cuo "! a !stu"&a't! Naom& S$!&'!# FDES a'" a P#o4os!" T$!o#2 o7 E't!#4#&s! L&ab&&t2F(  o#"$am La R!:&! 03 >+0K.?= >+*.? FS&'"! := Abbott Labo#ato#&!sF( - Ca= 3" 1..9 *K P=-" 0-9 +3 Ca= R4t#= +3- >+0.*?= >+*0? ÌDMER( P= 2 ÈSSNER( P=( FR:&s&o' !t u'&7&cat&o' "u D#o&t "! a #!s4o'sab&&t c&:&!= Ra44o#t !4&cat&7F( +000( 46= -1( $tt4,,=b=a"m&'=c$,!tc,m!"&a&b,"ata,&#tsc$a7t,6!s!t<6!bu'6,$a7t47&c$=Pa#=***3=&!=tm4,:'/b!#/7=4"7 = >++*? Co#t! Su4#!ma "! os Pa)s!s Baos( *0=+*= +00-( F@ !t Co'so#ts c, Ba2!# N!"!#a'" B=V= !t B#ocac!7 B=V=F=

__________________________________________________________ © Thomson La Ley

17

>+++? Co#t! "! A4!ac&o'!s "! Pa#)s( +0=*3=+0K0( D= +0K0= -0= >++-? FLa #!!:a'c&a "! a 4!#s!cuc&5' "! 7#au"! !co'5m&coF( co'7!#!'c&a "! -.=++=-**K( !' R!:&sta "! R!s4o'sab&&"a" C&:& 2 S!6u#os( a%o @( ' ( u'&o "! -**.( 46= 3= >++3? Es a 75#mua Fco'tam&'! 2 4a6u!F( o "! Fco'tam&'a"o# 4a6a"o#F( !' mat!#&a "! "a%o !co56&co ALTERINI( A= A=( FMERCOSUR 2 m!"&o amb&!'t!= P#ob!mas 2 4!#s4!ct&:asF( !' DJ( +00./-/K1 2 !' FEstu"&os "! D!#!c$o C&:&F( Bu!'os A&#!s( -**K( 46= +33= Va "! su2o 8u! Fa #!s4o'sab&&"a" ob!t&:a 4u!"! &'"uc&# a as !m4#!sas a a"o4ta# u' 6#a"o !7&c&!'t! "! 4#!cauc&5'F POLINS_Y( A= M=( FI't#o"ucc&5' a a'&s&s !co'5m&co "! D!#!c$oF( t#a"= J= M= A:a#!< 5#!<( Ba#c!o'a( +0.1( 46= +*.= >++? II Jo#'a"as Nac&o'a!s "! P#o7!so#!s "! D!#!c$o( Bu!'os A&#!s( +00-= >++1? RODOTA( S=( P#5o6o a a t#a"= &ta&a'a "! a ob#a "! Caab#!s&( M&a'o( +0K1( 46= VIII= >++? ALTERINI( A= A=( FLa &m&tac&5' cua't&tat&:a "! a #!s4o'sab&&"a" c&:&F( Bu!'os A&#!s( +00K( 46= K= V!'6o $ac&'"oo "!s"! a +Q !"= "! m& FR!s4o'sab&&"a" c&:&F( Bu!'os A&#!s( +0K*( 46= 33( a4= V= >++K? JOURDAIN( P=( FL!s 4#&'c&4!s "! a #!s4o'sab&&t c&:&!F( Pa#&s( +00-( 46= +-0= E' ta s!'t&"o( u#&s4#u"!'c&a 7#a'c!sa a 4a#t&# "! Cou# "! Cassat&o'( C$amb#! C&:& +d#!=( -.=+*=+01( J=C=P= +011=II=.K1= >++.? R!souc&5' K "! Com&t "! M&'&st#os "! Co's!o "! Eu#o4a "! + "! ma#++0? R!6a "! Lo#" Bacbu#'( !' FL&:&'6sto'! := R2a#"s Coa Co=F >+..* 1 A=C= 30?= >+-*? LARROUMET( C$=( FR7!&o's su# a #!s4o'sab&&t c&:&!= E:out&o' !t 4#obdm!s actu!s !' D#o&t com4a#F( Mo't#a( +0.3( 46= K1= >+-+? TUNC( A=( FLa #!s4o'sab&&t c&:&!F( Pa#&s( +0.+( ' +K-( 46= +3= >+--? T#ata'"o "! os F&'t!#!s!s 4#ot!6&"osF( ! a#t= -+*- >1? "! os c&ta"os P#&'c&4&os "! D!#!c$o Eu#o4!o "! a R!s4o'sab&&"a" C&:& !stab!c! 8u! FE aca'c! "! a 4#ot!cc&5' 4u!"! :!#s! a7!cta"o &6uam!'t! 4o# a 'atu#a!+-3? VINEY( G=( FL! "c&' "! a #!s4o'sab&&t c&:&!F( Pa#&s( +01( 46= 3.=

__________________________________________________________ © Thomson La Ley

18

Alterini Trabajo Sobre Responsabilidad

Recommend Documents