46Carmen v Configuracion EEUU - Copia

46. La configuración histórica de los Estados Unidos de América: De la independencia a la guerra de secesión. Novelas de referencia: he !carlet Letter" he #ed $adge of %ourage.

opic 46. he historical configuration of the U! of America: &rom independence to the !ecession 'ar. #eference novels: he !carlet Letter" Letter" he #ed $adge $a dge of %ourage %ou rage

Carmen Valls

2

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,. 3N#DU%3N +. &# 5E &UNDA3NAL %LN3E!  5E 3NDEENDEN%E & AE#3%A -%auses of the #evolution -he #evolutionar/ 'ar 7. %N&38U#A %N &38U#A3N 3N & 5E &3#! AE#3%AN !A !AE! -he %onstitution -he residents: 8eorge 'ashington" 'ashington" 9ohn Adams" homas 9efferson" 9ames adison 4. DEELEN & DE%#A%; 3N AE#3%A AND 'E!'A#D E<AN!3N -Nationalism -residents: 9ames onroe" Andre) Andre) 9ac1son" A*raham Lincoln =. 5E 'A# & !E%E!!3N >%ivil 'ar? 'ar? AND 3! %N!E@UEN%E! %N!E@UEN% E! ,6,,6= -%auses of the 'ar 'ar -&our /ears of fighting 6. #E&E#EN%E NEL! -he !carlet Letter -he #ed $adge of %ourage B. %N%LU!3N . $3$L38#A5;








1. INTR NTRODUC ODUCT TION ION

he ,th %. is the era of the Enlightenment. his ne) trend means means an evolution of ideas. hilosophers such as oltaire" oltaire" ontesCuieu and #ousseau defended the separation of po)ers" the eCualit/ of all men" and the representatives chosen */ popular popular election. Loc1e elevates the concept of the government as a servant of the governed. 3n the political side" Adam !mith ela*orates his theories a*out li*eralism in econom/. econom/. 5e )rites a )or1 of economic and social theor/ titled: In(uir) titled: In(uir) into t*e +ature +ature and causes o! t*e ,ealt* o! +ations" +ations" commonl/ 1no)n as he 'ealth 'ealth of Nations. hese principles stated */ &rench and English philosophers )ere influential and incorporated in the attitudes of the %olonial intellectual life.

2. FROM THE THE FOUNDATION FOUNDATIONAL AL COLONI COLONIES ES TO THE THE INDEPENDEN INDEPENDENCE CE OF AMERICA

-%auses of the #evolution he desires of Americans to *e independent from $ritain arose out of a long series of disagreements a*out mone/ and political control. $ritain had had colonies in North America since ,62B > assachusetts" Ne) 9erse/" Ne) ;or1" #hode 3sland ....? and 1ept soldiers to there to defend them from attac1 atta c1 */ the &rench and !panish" and */ Native Americans. 3n order to raise mone/ the $ritish arliament tried to ma1e colonists pa/ taes. &rom ,6=," $ritain passed a series of la)s called Navigai!n A"s" )hich said that the colonists should trade onl/ )ith $ritain. aes aes imposed in the ,th % increased ill feeling








$/ then" people in *oth America and $ritain )ere arguing a*out )ho had the po)er to ta the colonies. !ome colonists" called patriots" *egan to )ant independence from $ritain. he/ epressed their feelings in the slogan no taation )ithout representationF. 3n ,B6B the T!%ns#en& A"s put taes on certain products including tea. he assem*lies of the colonies refused to help collect the mone/ and arliament responding */ closing them do)n. All this caused man/ more people to )ant independence. T#e Tea A" gave a $ritish compan/ the right to sell tea to the colonists and actuall/ lo)ered the price for legall/ imported tea. n ,6 Dec ,BB7" )hen ships arrived in $oston 5ar*our carr/ing the tea" a group of patriots dressed up as Native Americans )ent onto the ships and thre) the tea into the )ater. After the $oston ea art/" as the event )as later called" $ritain passed the In!lera'le A"s " la)s to increase her control over the colonies.

ore Americans *egan to support revolution. -he #evolutionar/ 'ar he %ontinental %ongress suggested that $ritain and America should ma1e an agreement" *ut $ritain refused and so" on 4 9ul/ ,BB6" mem*ers of the %ongress signed the Declaration of 3ndependence. his document" )ritten */ homas 9efferson" gave the Americans reasons for )anting to *e independent. 3t included ideas that )ere rather ne)" e.g. that ordinar/ people had certain rights that governments should respect. !ince the $ritish 1ing 8eorge 333 refused to accept this" America had the right" and dut/" to form their o)n government. here )ere victories and defeats on *oth sides during the B /ears of )ar. Lafa/ette *rought &rench soldiers to fight on the American side. 'ith this help" the Americans )on a victor/ at !aratoga" !ar atoga" Ne) ;or1. ;or1.








>ersailles? >ersailles? */ )hich the 3ndependence )as recogniGed rec ogniGed legall/" legall/" and it also stated that $ritain retained %anadaH !pain received rec eived &loridaH and &rance )on some 'est 'est 3ndian islands: o*ago" !anta Lucia" and !enegal.

(. CONFI)URATION OF THE FIRST AMERICAN STATES

-he %onstitution of the United !tates of America 3n ,BB the American statesmen met in hiladelphia and proclaimed the esta*lishment of a residential &ederal #epu*lic. Later on" in the same /ear" the %onvention of == delegates met in hiladelphia !tate 5ouse promulgated the CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED la)" and it declared: STATES OF AMERICA. his )as the , st )ritten fundamental la)" a? !eparation !eparation of of po)ers: po)ers: Legislat Legislative" ive" Eecut Eecutive ive and and 9udiciar/ 9udiciar/ Legislaive consisted of

-5ouse of #epresentatives >chosen */ the principle of proportion" as reached in the %NNE%3%U %#3!E? -!enate >)ith eCual representation of each state" +? E*e"+ive" consisted of a single person" he resident ,+&i"iar-" a !upreme %ourt )as created >I mem*ers?

*? !trong federal government that had the po)er to declare declare )ar and ma1e peace and to ta and regulate commerce. Another issue )as ho) to count the slaves for representation and taation. 3t )as resolved that a slave )as counted as 7(=ths. of a person. he %onstitution did not come into force until + /ears later" that is in ,BI and ++








)EOR)E ASHIN)TON >&ederalist" from ,BI to ,BIB?

5e )as the , st resident of the U!. 5e made important contri*utions since all the decisions he too1 set precedence. 5e chose 9efferson as his !ecretar/ of !tate" 5amilton as !ecretar/ of the reasur/" reasur/" and 5enr/ Jno as his !ecretar/ of 'ar. 'ar. 5is vice-president )as 9ohn Adams. During his period of rule the *ases for the American %apitalism )ere set. 5is term )as also mar1ed */ an important industrial development. 5e )as elected resident of the U! t)ice" *ut he refused to *e resident for a 7 rd time.

,OHN ADAMS >&ederalist" from ,BIB to ,2,?

9ohn Adams Adams )as elected resident in ,BIB. 9efferson *ecame vice-president. his period )as mar1ed */ strained relations )ith &rance. 3n this /ear the conflicts )ith the !outhern !tates *egan. 5e )as not re-elected

THOMAS ,EFFERSON >#epu*lican" from ,2, to ,2I?

5e )as an important mem*er of the %ontinental %ongress and )rote most of the Declaration of 3ndependence. 5e *ecame the leader of a group )ho )ere to form the Democratic-#epu*lican part/. As a #epu*lican he reacted against the centralism of the Union. 5e )as an advocate of statesK rights and freedom for the farmer. 5is main concern )as the foreign affairs and especiall/ the territorial epansion. 3n ,27 he ordered the purchase of Louisiana" and the !lave rade officiall/ stopped *eing legal. 5is dar1est hour )as an em*argo he authorised in all American eport" due to the fact that $ritain and &rance had imposed orders and decrees that limited American trade )ith Europe.










,AMES MADISON

>#epu*lican" from ,2I to ,,B?

5e is sometimes called &ather of the %onstitutionF *ecause of his )or1 at the %onstitutional %onvention in ,BB. During the period he ruled" commercial restrictions to force &rance and $ritain to respect freedom of the seas )ere approved. American relations )ith *oth $ritain and &rance degenerated. 5e started the 'ar of ,,+ against 8reat $ritain" and it )as called r adison 'arF. During the )ar" U! soldiers attac1ed %anada" *ut )ithout success. he $ritish captured 'ashington" D%" and *urned the %apitol and a nd the 'hite 5ouse. American successes" ho)ever led to reat/ of 8hent "$elgium >,,4? )hich ended the )ar.

/. DEVELOPMENT OF DEMOCRAC0 DEMOCRAC0 IN AMERICA AND THE ESTARD ESTARD EPANSION

-Nationalism he /ears after ,,= )ere mar1ed */ a surge of nationalism throughout the countr/" an enhancement of national po)er. po)er. he American government had decided to create ne) states )hich entered the Union on an eCual *asis )ith the other states. he ,7 original states )ere soon outnum*ered */ the ne) admissions of the ,I th %. &ive ne) states )ere created */ ,,6: en+"3- >,BI+?" Tennessee >,BI6?" O#i! >,27?" L!+isiana >,,+? and In&iana >,,6?. ore admissions








,AMES MONROE > #epu*lican" #epu*lican from ,,B to ,+=?

During his ruling the maor crisis on the Cuestion of the epansion of slaver/ arose. 3t )as in ,,I )hen issouri applied for the Union. he pro*lem )as that this territor/ epanded *oth to the North >free states? and to the !outh >slaver/?. he he Cuestion )as )hether to admit the territor/ as a free state or as a slave state. 3n ,+2 )ith the %#3!E & 3!!U#3 " Miss!+ri entered the Union as a divided state: the northern part of the line 76 72K" entered as a free state. he southern part entered as a slave state. he num*er of states rose to +7 */ then. onroe also *ought &lorida from !pain in ,,I. 3n a speech in ,+7 he stated his onroe Doctrine" that countries of Europe should not get involved in the affairs of the countries of North and !outh America" and" in echange for this" the U! )ould not get involved in European affairs. 3t )as summariGed in the sentence: America for the AmericansF All in all" his time as resident )as called the MEra of 8ood &eelingK.

ANDRE ,ACSON

>Democrat" Democrat from ,+I to ,7B?

5e )on a resounding victor/ in the elections" )hich meant the end of the presidents from irginia and the coming of popular democrac/. democrac/. he suffrage )as epanded. During his term the follo)ing changes too1 place:








3n ,+2 there )ere I million inha*itants" and in ,62 there )ere 7+ million >mainl/ due to European immigrants? -Economic development La*our )as reCuired for factories" and gold fever started >search for gold? -erritorial -erritorial epansion Oreg!n4 Te*as4 Ne% Me*i"! an& Cali5!rnia anneed the Union

'ith the admission of Ne*ras1a the compromise of issouri )as *ro1en. Ne*ras1a )as divided into + territories: ansas an& Ne'ras3a " and the/ had to sort out the Cuestion on slaver/.

A6RAHAM LINCOLN >#epu*lican" from ,6, o ,6=?

5e )as a #epu*lican and anti-slaver/ politician. 5e )on political support in the Northern !tates *ecause of his speeches against slaver/" *ut this made him unpopular in the !outhern !tates. he American %ivil 'ar 'ar started soon after he *ecame resident.

7. THE AR AR OF SECESSION SECESSION 8CIVIL 8CIVIL AR9 AND ITS CONSE:UENCES CONSE:UENCES

-%auses of the 'ar








he North and the !outh )ere ver/ different in character. he econom/ of the !outh )as *ased on agriculture" especiall/ cotton. ic1ing cotton )as hard )or1" )or1" and the south depended on slaves for this. he North )as more industrial" )ith a larger population and greater )ealth. !laver/" and opposition to it had eisted since *efore independence ,BB6" *ut" in the ,Ith c. the a*olitionists" people )ho )anted to ma1e slaver/ illegal" graduall/ increased in num*er. he !outhKs !outhKs attitude )as that each state had the right to ma1e to ma1e an/ la) it )anted. an/ southerners *ecame secessionists" *elieving that the southern states should secede the Union >O *ecome independent independent from the the U!?. As A*raham Lincoln )as against slaver/" the southern states *egan to leave the Union in ,62. here )ere then 74 states in the U!. ,, of them > S!+# Car!lina4 Mississi$$i4 Fl!ri&a4 Ala'ama4 )e!rgia4 L!+siana4 Te*as4 Virginia4 Ar3ansas4 Tennessee4 an& S!+#

%onfederate !tates of America" often called the Car!lina? left the Union and formed the %onfederate %onfederac/. 9efferson Davis *ecame its resident. -&our /ears of fighting n ,+ April ,6," the %onfederate Arm/ attac1ed &ort !umter" )hich )as in the %onfederate state of !outh %arolina *ut still occupied */ the Union arm/. resident Lincoln could not ignore the attac1 and so the %ivil 'ar *egan.








n I April ,6=" )hen the !outh !outh could not fight an/ more" 8eneral #o*ert Lee surrendered to 8eneral 8rant at Appomatto %ourt house in irginia. A total of 6+2 222 people had *een 1illed and man/ more )ounded. 9ohn 'il1es 'il1es $ooth" an actor )ho supported the !outh" decided to 1ill resident Lincoln. n ,4 April ,6= he approached the resident in F!r&;s T#eare in 'ashington and shot him. he 1illing of resident Lincoln sho)ed ho) *itter man/ people felt. he !outh had *een *eaten" *ut its people had not changed their opinions opinions a*out slaver/ or a*out statesK rights. During the )ar" the differences *et)een the North and the !outh had *ecome even greater. he North had *ecome richer. 3n the !outh" cities had *een destro/ed and the econom/ ruined.

<. REFE REFERE RENC NCE E NOV NOVEL ELS S =T#e S"arle Leer

3t )as )ritten */ the U! )riter Nathaniel 5a)thorne in ,=2. he stor/ is a*out uritans in ,Bth c. Ne) England. 5ester r/nne is found guilt/ of adulter/ and is made to )ear a scarlet >O red? letter AF on her dress. here have *een 7 film versions" including one in ,II= )ith Demi oore as 5ester. 5es ter. he main characters are: -5ester" she is the main character and the adulterous )oman )ho )ear the letter AF










pposite to the optimistic philosoph/ of the ranscendentalists" he had a tragic vision of life. 5is hero is al)a/s a man alienated from societ/ )ith a hidden sin. ther )or1s are *e House o! t*e een ables >,=,?. ables >,=,?. 5is *est-1no)n collections of short stories are the t)o volumes of ice-old ales >,7B" ,4+?.

=T#e Re& 6a&ge !5 C!+rage

3t )as )ritten in ,I=. 3t is the stor/ of a /oung *o/" 5enr/ &leming" )ho oins the arm/ )hen he hears that there is a )ar in his countr/. his is the %ivil 'ar of the U!. 5is maor concern as a soldier is to cope )ith fear of death" and to preserve his esteem )ithin the regiment. At first he is flooded )ith fear and )ants to come *ac1 home. 5e meets t)o *rave soldiers there: 9im" )ho is 1illed in the )ar" and 'ilson. 'ilson. Later 5enr/ *ecomes an aggressive soldier. 5e is encouraged to fight and *ecomes the flag *earer. 5e has constructed constructed his o)n mental defences against fear. he stor/ has a happ/ ending.








>. CONCLUSION

he importance of the ,BB2s and ,B2s )as the emergence of the United !tates of America in a form that )e can recognise toda/. toda/. 3tPs important to develop our studentsP interest in American literature and histor/ in order to understand the social characteristics" religious *elieves and political evolution of this countr/" countr/" the United !tates" )ith such a huge influence in our culture culture no)ada/s.

?. 6I6LIO)RAPH0

$err/man" 9. ,I=2. !tephen %rane. ethuen" London %unliffe" arcus" ,IB2. he Literature of the United !tates. enguin Enc/clopQdia $ritannica

46Carmen v Configuracion EEUU - Copia

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