2 BAT Tema 03, Transformacions agràries i expansió industrial al segle XIX

TEMA 3, TRANSFORMACIONS AGRÀRIES I EXPANSIÓ INDUSTRIAL AL SEGLE XIX 1.- LES TRANSFORMACIONS DE L'AGRICULTURA Els gov!"s l#$!%l &o"s#!%v" l% (!!% )"% *!o*#(%( +s, # v%" l#+#"%! #g)!s s*&#%ls  *!o*#(%(  (!!% *!*#s  l'A"(#& !/g#+ 0+%o!%2go, $"s &o+)"%ls, +%"s +o!(s... *! &o"sol#%! l% *!o*#(%(  ls (!!s &o+ % $%s  l'&o"o+#% %g!4!#% &%*#(%l#s(%. L% #% $4s#&%  l% !o!+% !% &o"v!(#! l% (!!% " )"% *!o*#(%(5+!&%!#% +s, &!%! )"% "ov% &l%ss  *!o*#(%!#s %+$ l% (!!% &o+ #"v!s#6 # #"&!+"(%! %#78 l% *!o)& # l% *!o)&(#v#(%(. M%lg!%( %#7, l% !o!+% v% ("#! &(s +ol( l#+#(%(s. Els %"(#&s s"o!s "o v%" *!! ls s)s !(s so$! ls (!!s, 9% :) +ol(s  ls s"o!#s s v%" *o! &o"v!(#! 4&#l+"( "  *!o*#(%( *!#v%%. Els *%gsos "o v%" %&o"sg)#!  &%* +%"!% l% *!o*#(%(  ls (!!s :) (!$%ll%v", # " +ol(s o&%s#o"s ls svs &o"#&#o"s "o s v%" +o##&%! g%#!. D (, l *!o$l+% ls %!!"%(%!#s # 9o!"%l!s %l &%+* s v% ! +s g!). Ls s%+o!(#(2%&#o"s v%" sol)&#o"%! *!o$l+s &o"+#&s &o"+#&s  l'Es(%(, *! "o v%" &!%! )"% "ov% &l%ss  *!o*#(%!#s %g!%!#s +#(9%"s # *(#(s, 9% :) "o+s v%" *o! &o+*!%! (!!s %:)lls :) 9% ("#" !&)!sos. Mol(s ls "o)s *!o*#(%!#s 0)"&#o"%!#s, +#l#(%!s, $)!gsos... v%" &o+*!%! ls (!!s *"s%"( " lls &o+ )"% o"(  !"s # v%" %&(%! +ol( *o& % l% *!o)&(#v#(%(  ls (!!s. A C%(%l)"% l% sv#"&)l% # s%+o!(#(2% v%" ("#! )" #+*%&( +ol( +"o! :) % l% !s(% 'Es*%"%. A #!/"&#%  l% !s(% 'Es*%"%, ls *%gsos v%" *o! !)#! ls &"sos :)  *%g%v" # %&&#! % l% *!o*#(%(  ls (!!s. A +s, l &os()+ ls &o"(!%&(s '%!!"%+"(  ll%!g% )!%% 0+#()s#, !%$%ss% +o!(%... v%" ! *oss#$l :) ls *%gsos s :)ss#" $o"% *%!(  l% *!o)& # #"v!(#ss#" " +#llo!%! ls (!!s. L% *!o)& %g!4!#% s*%"ol% "o+s v% *o! &!#7! g!4&#s % ls !o+*)s  (!!s %+$ ls &)l(#)s 9% &l4ss#&s 0&!%ls, v#"% # $l%(  +o!o. L's(!)&()!%  l% *!o*#(%( s(%v% *ol%!#(2%% "(! "(! 2o" 2o"ss o" o+# o+#"% "%v% v% l +#"# +#"#) )" "## 0G%l 0G%l8& 8&#% #% # s)$+ s)$+s s( (%% "o! "o! # ls ls 2o" 2o"ss l%(# l%(#) )" "#s #s( (ss 0A"%l)s#%, C%s(ll% l% Nov% # E7(!+%)!%. L's&%ss% *!o)&(#v#(%( ls *!#+!s # l &%!4&(! %$s"(#s(% ls *!o*#(%!#s ls sgo"s v% #+*#! #"v!(#! *! #"&!+"(%! l% *!o)&(#v#(%(  ls (!!s. A C%(%l)"% ls *oss#$#l#(%(s  ! !o+*)s  (!!s !" +ol( l#+#(%s, # *! (%" l &!#7+"( %g!%!# "o+s s *o#% !%l#(2%! +#(9%";%"( l's*&#%l#(2% # l% #"("s##&%  l'?@ (%+$ s v% #"&"(#v%! l &)l(#) '%!!s %l l(%  l'E$!. .- EBOLUCIÓ DEMOGRÀFICA Al ll%!g ll%!g l l s. XIX XIX l% *o$l *o$l%& % #6 v% &!# &!#7 7!! '1 '11' 1' % 1>' 1>' +#l#o +#l#o"s "s '% '%$# $#(% (%"( "(s. s. A: A:) )s( s( &!#7+"( s v% )! % l% s%*%!#  (!+#"%s *#/+#s # % l% +#llo!%  l% #(%  l%  *o$l% g!4&#s % l'%*%!#  "o)s &)l(#)s. M%lg!%( %#7, v% s! )" &!#7+"( +ol( $%#7 % "#vll )!o*), % &%)s% l +%"("#+"(  ls &%!%&(!8s(#:)s l !/g#+ +og!4#& %"(#& +o!(%l#(%(s # "%(%l#(%(s +ol( lv%s. L% +o!(%l#(%( #"%"(#l &o"(#")%v% +ol( lv%%, # l !%&4s  l% !o!+% %g!4!# %g!4!#%% #% #% :) ls &!#s#s &!#s#s  s)$s#s s)$s#s(/" (/"&# &#ss oss#" oss#" "&%!% "&%!% *oss#$ *oss#$ls ls.. A C%(%l C%(%l)" )"%% l &!#7 &!#7+ +"( "( +og!4#& v% s! +ol( +s "o(%$l, # s v% *!o)#! l'#"#&#  l% (!%"s# %l !/g#+ +og!4#& +o!" 0%l(% "%(%l#(%( # #s+#")  l% +o!(%l#(%(. D)!%"( (o( l s. XIX, % &%)s% ls &%"v#s %l &%+* # l *!o&s ')!$%"#(2%, s v% o"%! )" "o(%$l +ov#+"(  *o$l%. F#"s 1>?@ ls +ov#+"(s #"(!"s v%" s! +"o!s, *! % *%!(#! '%:)ll %" s'#"#&#% )" "o(%$l /7o !)!%l :) v% #+*l#&%! )" g!%" &!#7+"(  l% *o$l%

)!$%"% 0% #"%ls  sgl l 1?'?  l% *o$l% !% )!$%"%. M%!# # %!&lo"% v%" s! ls o&)s '%(!%& *!#"&#*%ls. A C%(%l)"% ls +ov#+"(s v%" s! l &%+* % l% &#)(%( #  l'#"(!#o! % l% &os(%. %!&lo"% # ls %l(!s ")&l#s #")s(!#%ls 0T!!%ss%, S%$%ll, M%"!s%, M%(%!6, R)s, Ig)%l%% # S%"( Fl#)  G)87ols v%" #"&!+"(%! 7*o""&#%l+"( l% sv% *o$l%. Ls &o+%!:)s  l'#"(!#o! v%" *!! %*!o* l H@  l% sv% *o$l%. Ls +#g!%&#o"s (!%"so&4"#:)s (%+$ v%" s! #+*o!(%"(s )!%"( (o( l sgl, % &%)s%  ls s&%sss *oss#$#l#(%(s l%$o!%ls # ls *!o$l+s %g!%!#s. Ls *!#"&#*%ls 2o"s 'o!#g" v%" s! G%l8&#%, As(3@ s v% #"(!o)#! l% +4:)#"%  v%*o!, *!#+! % ls #l%)!s, $4s#&%+"( *! l% +%"&%  +4 'o$!% 0% &%)s%  l% G)!!% l !%"&/s. Els s%l%!#s v%" #"&!+"(%!-s, # l% !*%(!#% ls &%*#(%ls %+!#&%"s v%" o!#! )"% $%s *! #"v!(#! #")s(!#%l+"(. L% +&%"#(2% v% %)g+"(%! l%  *!o)&(#v#(%(, s*&#%l+"( s*&#%l+"( % *%!(#!  l% s)$s(#() s)$s(#()  l% ll%"% *l &o(6. E"(! 1>3@ # 1>?1 s v% v#)! )"% *!#+!% (%*%  &!#7+"( #")s(!#%l, (%ll%% *! l% %+ l &o(6 *!ovo&%% *! l% g)!!%  S&ss#6 %+!#&%"% 01>?1-1>?. A *%!(#!  1>H s v#) )"% sgo"% (%*%  &!#7+"(, +%!&%% *! (!s l+"(s  – +&%"#(2% l (#ss%(g  – (!%"so!+% ls ##&#s #")s(!#%ls % &%)s%  l% "ov% +%:)#"4!#% +s *s%"(  – )(#l#(2% )(#l#(2%  l'"!g#% l'"!g#% #!4)l#&% #!4)l#&% 0%+$ %*%!# %*%!#  ls &ol"#s &ol"#s #")s(!#%ls #")s(!#%ls % ls vo!s ls !#)s L% #"3@-1>?@ ls #"?, s v% s("! l% )(#l#(2%  l'"!g#% #!4)l#&% *! s(%lv#%!-s ls &os(os l l &%!$6, # l% #"
s+*! o+#"%s *l *%(!"%l#s+ ls %+os # l% *o&% &o"l#&(#v#(%( so&#%l, % #!/"&#% ls v%*o!s, o" ls !l%&#o"s "(! *%(!o"s # (!$%ll%o!s !" s(!#&(%+"( l%$o!%ls. Ls &ol"#s ("#" %lg)"s #"&o"v"#"(s 7#g#" &o"s(!)&&#o"s +s %+$#&#oss 04$!#&%, !s#/"&#s, ##&#s so&#%ls..., l% *!o)&(#v#(%( s !)% ls +sos 's(#) *! l% +%"&%  &%$%l ls !#)s # ls &os(os '%!!#$%%  l% +%(/!#% *!#+!% #  #s(!#$) ls *!o)&(s %&%$%(s s'#" s'#"&! &!+ +" "(% (%v v"" "o(% "o(%$l $l+ +" "(, (, % &%)s &%)s%%  l% lo&% lo&%l#( l#(2% 2%&# B %*%! %*%!(% (%% %  ls ls &ol &ol"# "#s s.. Co"(!4!#%+"(, o!#" "!g#% g!%()(%, +"o! &o"l#&(#v#(%( so&#%l # sg!%v%v" g!4&#s % l%  *ol8(#&% gov!"%+"(%l gov!"%+"(%l  *!o+o   l% v#% !)!%l. El (/7( (/7(#l #l &o(o &o(o" "!! v% s! s! l *!#+ *!#+! ! s&( s&(o! o! #") #")s( s(!#% !#%ll % C%(% C%(%l) l)" "%, %, *! *! "o v% #+* #+*# #!! l'7#s(/"&#% '%l(!s. El (/7(#l  l% ll%"% s v% &o"&"(!%! % S%$%ll # T!!%ss%, # v% %*!o#(%! l% &!#s# &o(o"!%  1>??. L% s#!, v% s! l'+*! l'+*!s% s% +s #+*o!( #+*o!(%"( %"( l s&(o! s&(o!.. L% :)8+#& :)8+#&%% s (!o$%v (!o$%v%% +ol( +ol( v#"&)l v#"&)l% %%% %ls *!o& *!o&sos sos  *!o)&(#)s l (/7(#l. A #"%ls  sgl s v%" s"vol)*%! os "ovs #" s v% *os%! " )"&#o"%+"( l% *!#+!% #"s(%l=l% l/&(!#&% 'Es*%"% # l 1> %!&lo"% # G#!o"% s &o""&(%v" (l"#&%+"(. El 1>>1 l% So&#% Es*%ol%  El&(!#&#% v% &o"s(!)#! l%  *!#+!% &"(!%l l/&(!#&% %ls P#!#")s. L'E7*os# U"#v!s%l  %!&lo"%  1>>> v% %%vo!#! l'7*%"s#6 '%:)s(s "ov(%(s. Ls +%")%&()!s (!%#&#o"%ls 0*%*!, &)#!, %!#"!% # s)!o(%*!% v%" so$!v#)! # %%vo!#! l% #v!s##&% #")s(!#%l. El g%s (%+$ v% v#)! )"% "o(%$l 7*%"s#6 " !l% %+$ l'"ll)+"%(  ls &#)(%(s #"s l% sv% s)$s(#() *! l'l&(!. A:)s( &!#7+"( #")s(!#%l v% %%vo!#! l'%*%!# ')" s&(o!  s!v#s *o("( " !l% %+$ l% #"?H #1> As(? #s&%#% v% &o"sol#%! l% s#!>@ 01>>@ # So&#% A"6"#+% Al(os o!"os  F$!#&%  #!!o A&!o  #l$%o 01>>. El 1>> s v% #"s(%l=l%! l *!#+! &o"v!(#o! ss+! *! *!o)#! %&!, # % #"%ls  /&%% l *!#+! o!" M%!(#"-S#+"s *! ! %&! '%l(% :)%l#(%(. L% s#!
&!#7+"( #")s(!#%l "o v%" s! s#g"##&%(#)s #"s $" "(!%( l s. XX. E"(! l 1>H # l 11H l'7*lo(% +#"!% v% s! #"("s#v%. L% &!#7"( +%"%  !!o # &%!$6 v% s! l *!#"&#*%l #"&"(#), *! (%+$ s #s*os%v%  !s!vs #+*o!(%"(s  +!&)!#, *#!#(%  !!o # 2#"&. As(1 v% "&ss#(%! s! *!o(g#% +#(9%";%"( )" %!%"2l  l% &o+*(/"&#% 7(!#o!. El !!o $%s&, s"s so!, !% *!&( *ls &o"v!(#o!s ss+! # *! %#7 l% sv% so!(#% &o+!&#%l % "#vll )!o*) 0Rg" U"#(, Al+%"%, F!%";% # /lg#&% !% +ol( $o"%. A:)s( ( v% #s*%!%! l% sv% 7*lo(% +#"!%. L% ll#  +#"s  1>?> v% s)*os%! l% # l &o"(!ol s(%(%l so$! l s)$sol, l% l#$!%l#(2% l s&(o! # l'#"#&#  l'7*lo(% +%ss#v% ls 9%&#+"(s s*%"ols. L'#"&!+"( % l% *!o)& s'7*l#&% (%+$ *! l'#"&!+"(  l% +%"% #"(!"%&#o"%l, l% +#llo!% % ls (/&"#:)s 7(!%&(#vs # l'%!!#$%% '#"v!s#o"s s(!%"g!s 0% &%"v#  &o+*"s%&#o"s +o"(4!#s % l'Es(%(, &!"#&%+"( ")(%(. El *lo+ 0L#"%!s, L% C%!ol#"%, l &o)! 0R#o(#"(o, l +!&)!# 0Al+%" # l 2#"& 0Ro&8" v%" s! ls *!#"&#*%ls 7*lo(%&#o"s *! %!!! l !!o # l &%!$6. L% +%9o! *%!(  l%  *!o)& s v% 7*o!(%!, 7*o!(%!, # ls &(s  ls 7*lo(%&#o"s so$! l'&o"o+#% s*%"ol% v%" s! +#"sos, 9% :) !" &o"(!ol%(s *! &o+*%"#s s(!%"g!s. s(!%"g!s. .- EL FERROCARRIL I EL MERCAT El 1> l% L g"!%l  !!o&%!!#ls v% o"%! #"#&# % l'7*%"s#6  l% 7%!7% !!ov#4!#% s*%"ol%, #"s ll%vo!s !)% % H Q+., %+$ l8"#s &o+ %!&lo"%-M%(%!6 o M%!#-A!%"9)2 0T!"  l%s !s%s. L% &o"s(!)& l !!o&%!!#l v% *%ss%! *! (!s (%*s  – P!#+!% g!%" 7*%"s#6 01>-1>?? v% #+*l#&%! l% *%!(#&#*%  +ol(s &o+*%"#s s(!%"g!s # l% #"v!s#6 '"o!+s :)%"(#(%(s  &%*#(%l. Es v%" %!!#$%! % &o"s(!)#! )"s 1@> Q+s.  v#s.  – C!#s# #"%"&!%  1>?? %v%"( l'v#/"&#%  l's&%ss% !"#$#l#(%(  ls l8"#s &o"s(!)s )!%"( l *!8o %"(!#o!, l% #"v!s#6 s v% s*lo+%!. El v%lo!  ls +*!ss !!ov#4!#s % l% $o!s% s v% "so!!%!.  – A *%!(#!  1>3 s v% !#"#&#%! l% &o"s(!)&, $4s#&%+"( " +%"s  )s &o+*%"#s, l%  No!( # l% MSA 0M%!#-S%!%goss%-Al%&%"(. 0M%!#-S%!%goss%-Al%&%"(. Alg)"s  ls &%!%&(!8s(#:)s  l% &o"s(!)& !!ov#4!#% s*%"ol%, +%!&%s *! l% ll#  1>, v%" +%!&%! (%" l% sv% !"#$#l#(%( &o"+#&% &o+ ls s)s &(s so$! l'&o"o+#%  – Es(!)&()!% !%#%l, %+$ &"(! % M%!# %:)s(% #s(!#$) v% ##&)l(%! ls &o""7#o"s "(! ls 2o"s +s #"4+#:)s #")s(!#%l+"(.  – A+*l  v#% #$/!#& 0+s %+*l :) l')!o*) l% "&ss#(%( ')(#l#(2%! +4:)#"s  v%*o! +s g!%"s # *o("(s *! s)*!%! ls +%!&%(s s"#vlls l (!!#(o!# v%" o$l#g%! % #"s(%l=l%! v#s +s %+*ls. A:)s(% #!/"&#% ##&)l(%!#% l% &o""7#6 %+$ E)!o*%.  – Mol(s +%(!#%ls )(#l#(2%(s % l% &o"s(!)&  ls v#s v% s! #+*o!(%( s"s %!%"2ls )%"!s  *! *%!(  ls +*!ss &o"s(!)&(o!s. A:)s( ( v% ! :) l% &o"s(!)& !!ov#4!#% "o %&()s &o+ % s(8+)l *! l% #" l% #+*o!(4"&#% l *o!(  %!&lo"% s v% #"&!+"(%!, &o"sol#%"(-s &o+ l g!%" *o!(

 l% #"1 # 1>@ s v% v#)! )" &!#7+"( l"( *! sos(#"g)(, # "(! 1>@ # 1@@ l &!#7+"( v% s! +s %&&"()%(, " !l% %+$ l'7*%"s#6 l &o+!; #"(!"%&#o"%l. Als #"#&#s l sgl, ls 7*o!(%&#o"s +s #+*o!(%"(s !" l v# # l'ol#, #+*o!(%"( (#7#(s  &o(6 # ll#. A #"%ls  sgl l &o(6 " lo&% # l &%!$6 !" ls #+*o!(%&#o"s +s #+*o!(%"(s, # ls +#"!%ls s'%v#" )"#( % ls 7*o!(%&#o"s  *!o)&(s %g!%!#s. L% */!)%  ls &ol"#s %+!#&%"s 0*!#"&#*%ls so&#s &o+!&#%ls 'Es*%"% v% %&(%! % *!#"&#*#s  sgl, *! % *%!(#!  1>@ l &o+!; %+$ ls &o"o+#s s"vol)*%s 'E)!o*% v% g)%"%! *s 0+%lg!%( :) l &o+!; %+$ C)$% # P)!(o R#&o s+*! v% s! #+*o!(%"(. L% v"%  *!o)&(s &%(%l%"s % ls A"(#lls 0v#"s # %#g)%!"(s v%" o"%! *%!( ls &%*#(%ls "&ss%!#s *! #"%";%! l'%:)#s#  &o(6 " lo&% %+!#&4 # &%!$6 g%l=l/s.  D)!%"( (o( l sgl, l% +%9o! &o""7#6 %+$ E)!o*% v% *!ovo&%! )" v#) $%( &o"+#& "(!  *!o(&&#o"#s+ # ll#)!&%"v#s+. ll#)!&%"v#s+.  – P!o(& P!o(&&#o &#o"#s "#s+ + I+*os# I+*os#  '% '%!%" !%"2l 2lss )% )%"! "!ss *! *! *!o(g *!o(g#! #! l% *!o)& *!o)&  #"(!# #"(!#o! o!.. El "s%v% l lo$$# o!+%( *ls #")s(!#%ls &%(%l%"s, ls &!%l#s(s &%s(ll%"s # ls s#!H s v% #+*)ls%! )"% !o!+% #s&%l *! g%!%"(#! l% #g)%l(%( %v%"( ls (!#$)(s # #"&!+"(%! ls #"g!ssos  l'Es(%(. P! l% !o!+% "o #"&lo% ls !"s *!so"%ls 0(!$%ll # &%*#(% &%*#(%l, l, $%s $%sss *! ls #s" #s"s s ls ls *%sos *%sos +s s" s"vol vol)*% )*%(s (s 'E)!o 'E)!o*%. *%. A#78, A#78, l'Es(% l'Es(%(( "o v% %&o"sg)#! #"&!+"(%! l% !&%*(% &o+ s*!%v%, # v% &o"(#")%! *%(#"( )"% #"s)#&#/"&#% &!"#&% '#"g!ssos. L'Es(%( v% "&ss#(%! #"%";%!-s +#(9%";%"( &!/#(s 7(!#o!s, &o"&ss#o"s % g!)*s s(!%"g!s 0&o+ &o"&ss#o"s  +#"s # *! l'+#ss#6 &o"s(%"(  )( *<$l#&. E" #v!ss o&%s#o"s o&%s#o"s )!%"( (o( l s. XIX l'Es(%( s v% &l%!%! " %ll#%, *!ovo&%"( )" +*#(9o!%+"( &o"s(%"(  ls &o"#&#o"s " :) s !$#" ls &!/#(s. A "#vll $%"&%!#, l 1> s )"% l %"&o Es*%ol  S%" F!"%"o, :) )"&#o"%!4 &o+ %  $%"&  l'Es(%( # '+#ss#6. El 1>HH s &!" os "o)s $%"&s, l %"&o  Is%$l II # l %"&  %!&lo"%. D)!%"( ls os /&%s sg"(s s v% #"("(%! &!%! )" s#s(+% &!#(#&# *o("(, &%*%;  #"%";%! l% #")s(!#%l#(2% l *%8s. Ds  1>31 )"&#o"% l% $o!s%  M%!#, s*&#%l#(2%% " v%lo!s v%lo!s  l'Es(%(, # l 1>?@ s *os% " )"&#o"%+ )"&#o"%+"( "( l%  %!&lo"%, %!&lo"%, s(#"%% s(#"%% % o!#"(%! l's(%lv# l's(%lv#  *!#v%( v!s l #"%";%+"( #"%";%+"( #")s(!#%l. Ds  1>? 7#s(#7 l %"&o  Es*%%, :) % *%!(#!  1>H s l'"&%!!g%( '+(!  $#(ll(s " !/g#+  +o"o*ol#. L% #")s(!#%l#(2% $%s&% v% %%vo!#! l so!g#+"( ')" *o("( s&(o! #"%"&! $%s& l %"&o  #l$%o 01>? # l %"&o  B#2&%% 01@, !4*#%+"( *!s"( % (o(% Es*%"%.