CHAPTER 1 1. Define research and explain the different between applied and basic research. Answer : business research as an organized,systematic,dat organized,systematic,database,critical,objecti abase,critical,objecti ve,scientific inquiry or investigation into a specific problem, undertaken with the purpose of finding answers or solution to it.and the different between appli ed and basic research is, applied research done with the intention of applying t he results of the findings to solve specivic problems currently being experience in the organizations,and basic research done chiefly to enhance the understandi ng of certain problems that commonly occur in organization settings,and seek met hods of solving them. 2. Why is it important for managers to know about research ? Answer : the important for managers to know about research because they will become more discriminating when sifting through information in business journals ,take calculate risk in the decision making, knowing full well the probabilities attached to the different possible outcomes. 3. Exlain why handling the manager ± researcher relationship effectively is important . Answer : it is very importan t because managers should know about research for good decision making. 4. Descr ibe a situation where it would be more beneficial to engage an external research team rather than an internal one ! Answer : if a problems is a complex one, or if there are likely to be vested interest, or if the very existence of the organ ization is at stake because of one or more serious problems, it would be advisab le to engage external researcher despite the increase cost involve. 5. ª because b asic research is not applied immediately to a problem, it is less valuable and A nswer : my comment is that some applied research could have a shorter time frame that some basic research. 6. ª if managers learn how to conduct good research by taking a course such as this book offers , there would be no need to here anyone to solve problems in organizations . ª What is your response to this statement ? Answer : my response in this statement is yes I agree with this statement becaus e such knowledge sharpens, manager sensitivity to the mw riad variables operatin g in a situation & reminds of them of the multicausality and multifinality of ph enomena, thus avoiding inappropriate, simplis is notions of one variable causing another. 7. Described a situation where research will help you as a manager to make a good decision ? Answer : Xerox is unsular and isn't ready for the increasin gly competitive, high-tech world. Xerox Collected by :: Osama A.Shawky 1
still relies on old fashioned and slow selling analog copiers for more than half its revenue, and despite its double digit growth in digital products and servic es, the company's sales rose just a persent. 8. Given the following situation : a. Discuss with reasons , whether it will fall in to the category of applied or ba sic research , and b. Who will conduct the research a. Applied research b. part of corporate management, corporate finance section Answer : According to this te xt box is used basic research to know about this problem will conduct the resear ch is manager and external researcher. Collected by :: Osama A.Shawky 2
still relies on old fashioned and slow selling analog copiers for more than half its revenue, and despite its double digit growth in digital products and servic es, the company's sales rose just a persent. 8. Given the following situation : a. Discuss with reasons , whether it will fall in to the category of applied or ba sic research , and b. Who will conduct the research a. Applied research b. part of corporate management, corporate finance section Answer : According to this te xt box is used basic research to know about this problem will conduct the resear ch is manager and external researcher. Collected by :: Osama A.Shawky 2
Chapter 2 1. Describe the hallmarks of scientific research. a. Purposivenees b. Rigor c. T estability d. Replicability e. Precision and confidence f. Objectivity g. Genera lizalibility h. Parsimony 2. What are the step in hypothetico-deductive research ? Explain them, using an example not in the book. a. Observation : first step , in which one senses that certain changes are occurring, or that samo new behavio s, attitudes, and feelings are sufacing in one's environment. b. Preliminary infor mation gathering : this could bo done by talking informally to several people in the work setting or to clients, or to other relevant sources, thereby gathering information on what is happening and why. c. Theory formulation : the next step , is an attempt to integrate all the information in a logical manner, so that th e reason for the problem can be conceptualized and teted. d. Hypothesizing : at this point, one might hypothesize that if a sufficient number of items are stock ed on solves, customer dissatisfaction will be considerably reduced. e. Further scientific data collection : in onther words, further scientific data collection is needed to test the hypotheses that are generated in the study. f. Data analy sis : tha data gathered are statistically analyzed to see if the hypotheses that were generated have been supported. g. Deducation : if it was found from the da ta analysis that increasing the stocks was positively correlated to customer sat isfacation then one can deduce that if customer satisfaction is to be increasd, the shelves have to be better stocked. Collected by :: Osama A.Shawky 3
Example : Abstract: This article offers a pedagogical sequence for teaching the development of a thesis for the research report. The unit presented introduces s tudents to a heuristic of research and shows students how to apply research tech niques. The sequence elucidates the steps and loops through which a researcher p asses in moving from initial topic to completed thesis. The article argues that neither research nor written report can work without a (hypo)thesis. Arguing aga inst the currently taught inductionist models of research, it adopts Karl Popper s model of research by conjecture and refutation. The process of conjecture and refutation is just as valid for librarybased research as it is for original sci entific research. The pedagogical sequence, then, shows students how to develop conjectures and how to use literature to refute or modify them in the developmen t of a final thesis for the research report. 3. because research is very useful for every organization. 4. Hypothesis testing is called deduction research. Some times, hypotheses that were not originally do get generated thourgh the process. 5. because it would interfere in the management process 6. not in accordance wi th the existing order. Collected by :: Osama A.Shawky 4
Chapter 3 1. As manager, what kinds of information do you think you will be exploring thro ugh the Internet for research ? Answer : The information from the internet is el ectronic mail ( e ± mail ), conduct research, look at and obtain data and text inf ormation, graphics, sound and video and also promote and sell the products on th e internet. 2. In what ways are personal computers useful to the organization ? Answer: In addition , the PC can be used for data collection and analysis for ma king business decisions or developing strategies on a daily basis . For example , for forecasting production needs , performing credit analysis , financial anal ysis and such . 3. How do you think you will aply the concepts of data warehousi ng and data mining in a company doing retail Business ? Answer : It is easy to h elps research to see how the information technology function through data wareho using and data mining. 4. How does the PC help in information gathering and info rmation dissemination ? Answer : A file server ± a CPU ± that provides PC connected to it with the hardware and software resources needed to process data effectivel y. 5. How can the PC technology be missued ? give some hypothetical instances wh ere this could accur
PC will increasingly included even more sophisticated configurations of voice , data and video technologies . PC can handle enormous amounts of data quickly and can be operated by individuals with minimal training. They have created a revol ution in the production , processing and transformation of information ( stern a nd stern , 1996 )
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Chapter 4 1. How would you like describe the Research Process? Answer : Identification of the broad problem area to be researched, preliminary data gathering trough inter views and literature survey, and problem definition. 2. Explain the preliminary data collection Method Answer : Unstructured interviews, structured interviews, and library research would help the researcher to define the problem more specif ically and envolve atheory, delineating possible variable the problem. 3. Why is it important to gather information on the background of the organization? Answe r : It is important for the researcher or the research team especially if on out side sgency conducts the research to be well acquainted with the background of t he company or organization studied. 4. Should a researcher always obtain informa tion on the structural aspects and job characteristic from those interviewed? Gi ve reasons for your answer with examples? Answer : So that a researcher can easi ly obtain accurate data and reliable then those of the interviews. 5. How would you go about doing literature survey in the area of bisiness ethics? Answer : Aw arenesess of information sources and ability to acces the requisite information at will, through the internet, are great assets to the manager. 6. What is the p urpose of literature survey? Answer : to find out the various problems that occu r in an organization and provide an assessment of the organization and provide g ood advice. 7. Why is appropriate chation important? What are the consequences o f not giving credit to the source from which material are extracted? Answer : co nsequences is we can in demand by local authorities or persons having such infor mation 8. ªThe problem definition stage is perhaps more critical in the research p rocess than the problem solution stageº. Discuss this statement! Collected by :: Osama A.Shawky 6
Answer : Because the problem definition stage is oritied that the focus for furt her research, or, in other word, the problem, be unambiguously identified and de fined. 9. Why should one get hung up on the problem definition if one already kn ows the broad problem are to be studied ? Answer : Because a problem could simpl y indicate an interest in an issue where finding the right answers might help to improve an existing situation. In either case, ne should know what exactly the issue is for whish one seeks answers. 10. Acces the one line system in your libr ary and (a) generate a list of the references that relate to the performance of general motors, and (b) obtain the abstracts of these studies? Answer : a. acces sing data in the library are very important, because we can get a reference from the book according to what we are going thorough. b. otherwise we will have the insight and vast knowledge when we will make a research abstract. 11. Access th e on line system and obtain a list of references that deal with product image? A nswer : With the access on line, we become easy in finding a variety of referenc e sources list that will support our research. and also we can get various types of image products from the company. 12. Offer a cleary focused problem statemen t in the broad area of corporate culture? Anwer : every company must certainly h ave many problems, but with the research that there is a problem in the company can overcome and be given a proper solution 13. After studying and extracting in formation from all the relevant work done previously, how does the researcher kn ow which particular references, articles, and information should be given promir ence in the literature survey? Answer : after successfully doing research, it mu st be submitted with the correct data, but it must be clear information, from wh ich the reference and the data obtained. Collected by :: Osama A.Shawky 7
Chapter 5 1. ªBecause literature survey is a time consuming exercise, a good ai depth interv iew should suffice to develop a theoretical frameworkº. Discuss this statement Ans wer : The purpose of the literature survey is to ensure that ni important variab le is ignored that has in the past been found to have had an impact on the probl em.Interview and literature survey are included in the preliminary Dta Gathering . 2. These is an adventages in stating the hypothesis botch in the null and in t he alternate, it adds clarity to our thinking about what we are testing, explain Answer : The alternate hypothesis, which is the opposite of the null, is a stat ement expressing a relationship between two variables or indiciting differences between groups to explain in future, in setting up the null hypothesis, we are s tating that there is no difference between what we might find in the population characteristics and the sample we are studying 3. It is advantageous to develop a directional hypothesis whenevwr we are sure of the predicted direction. How wi ll you justify this statement ? Answer : Whenever direction of the relationship is know,it is better to develop directional for reasons that will become clear i n our distinction. 4. For the following case ªproblems at roadway Hospitalityº Answe r : a. Identifity the main problem Keen on developing a viable strategy to elimi nate the brand confusion and make clear the distinction. b. Develop a Theoretica l Framework - Differentiate among the different types of facilities offered - Ke en on developing a viable strategy to eliminate the brand confusion and make cle ar the distinction Collected by :: Osama A.Shawky 8
- Many complained about how old the buildings were and how poorly the facilities were maintained - Different classification would be important c. Develop at tea st four hypotheses - The roadway deluxe was meant for business travels, the road way express was meant for looking for the least accommodation, and the roadway r oyal - Many complained about how old the buildings were and how poorly the facil ities were maintened - The quality of services was also rated poor - Thought tha t he fisrt needed to understand how the different classifications would be impor tant to the several classes and then he could develop a marketing strategy Collected by :: Osama A.Shawky 9
Chapter 6 Discussion questions and points to ponder : 1. What are the basic research desig n issues ? describe them in some detail 2. Why are the basic design issues impor tant to consider before conducting the study and even early as at the time of fo rmulating the research question ? 3. Is a field study totally out of the questio n if one is trying to establish cause and effect relationship ? 4. An explorator y study is just as useful as a predictive study . ªDiscussion this statement. 5. W hy is the unit of analysis an integral part of the research design ? 6. Discussi on the interrelationships among noncontrived setting . the purpose of the study type of investigation , research interference and time horizon of study 7. Below are now scenarios . indicate how researcher should proceed in each case that is , determine the following , giving reasons : a. The purpose of the study b. The type of investigation c. The exterm of researcher interference d. The study set ting e. The time horizon for the study f. The unit of analysis Answer 1. Basic r esearch designs can be seen from the issues associated with the decision about t he purpose of the study (exploratory, descriptive, hypothesis testing), where th e research will conducted (i. e, study setting), the type of research that shoul d be (kind of investigation), the extent to which researchers manipulated and co ntrol research (researcher interference level), the temporal aspects research (t ime horizon), and the rate at which data will be analyzed (if the unit of analys is), is an integral part of the research design. 2. Because it is important to n ote that the more sophisticated and rigorous the research design, the greater th e time, cost and other resources expended on the study. Collected by :: Osama A.Shawky 10
3. Yes, because relational studies conducted in the organization and called a fi eld study. field studies conducted to establish cause and effect relationships a ssociated with the natural environment and with our immediate field of study wil l be able to make the question of cause and effect because we know directly from an incident or problem that occurred in the field 4. An exploratory study is un dertaken when not much is know about the situation at hand , or when no informat ion is available on how similar problems or research issue have been solved in t he past . In such cases , extensive preliminary work needs to be done to gain fa miliarity with the phenomena in the situation and understand what is occurring , before we develop a model and set up a rigorous design for comprehensive invest igation. 5. Because , the unit of analysis is the part that must exist in design ing the research because we formulate research questions in the form of data col lection, sample size, and even the variables included in the research framework. 6. The relationship between the background of thought, learning objectives, typ e of investigation, researchers intervened, and the learning time is if we alrea dy know the background of thinking, then we can determine the purpose of researc h that we lakukan.Setelah issues above will be formulated so we can act appropri ately in the research process and be able to use the time needed for this resear ch. 7. Among the two scenarios. Indicate how the researcher should begin in each case, determine the matter - the following and give reasons. Scenario A a) Lear ning Objectives : description b) Type of investigation : correlation c) The inte rference of the researcher : the maximum d) Background study : lab experiments e ) Time of study : Longitudinal f) Unit of analysis : group Scenario B a) Learnin g Objective : Test the hypothesis b) Type of investigation : correlation c) The interference of the researcher : approaching maximum d) The Background of learni ng : a field study e) Time of study : cross sectional f) Unit of analysis : indu stry Collected by :: Osama A.Shawky 11
Chapter 7 1. what are the differences between causal and co relational studies? the differ ences between causal and co relational studies is relationships between two vari ables in an organizational setting, several variables that might co vary with th e dependent variable have to be controlled. And correlational. 2. in what ways d o lab experiments differ from field experiments? The controls and manipulations are best done in an artificial setting-the laboratory-where the causal effect ca n be tested. When controls and manipulation are introduced to establish cause an d effect relationships in an artificial setting. We have laboratory experimental designs also known as lab experiments. The experimental and control groups in t he field experiment could be made up of the people working at several plants wit hin in certain radius, or from the different shift in a production plant. For in stance and the effects of the piece-rate system are to be studied. 3. Define the terms control and manipulation. Describe a possible lab experiment where you wo uld need to control a variable. Further, include a possible variable over which you would have no control buy which could affect you experiment. variable contro l is affecting the independent variable, manipulation s means that we created di fferent levels of the dependent variable to asses the impact on the dependent va riable. 4. Explain the possible ways in which you can control ªnuisanceº variables. One way of controlling the contaminating or nuisance variables is to match the v arious groups by taking the confounding characteristics and deliberately spreadi ng them across groups. 5. What is internal validity and what are the threats to internal validity? Even the best designed lab studies could be influenced by fac tors that might affect the internal validity of the lab experiment. That is some confounding factors might still be present that could offer rival explanations to what is causing the dependent variable. These possible confounding factors po se a threat to internal validity. The seven major threats to internal validity a re the effects of history, maturation, testing, instrumentation, selection, stat istical, regression, and mortality. 6. explain the concept of ªtrade off between internal validity and external validi tyº If we want high internal validity, we should be willing to settle for lower ex ternal validity and vice versa. To ensure both types of validity, researches usu ally try first to test the causal relationships in a tightly controlled artifici al or lab setting, and once the relationship has been Collected by :: Osama A.Sh awky 12
established, they try to test the causal relationship in filed experiment. 7. Ex plain full how you would demonstrate to machine operators and convince them that through knowledge of the operating policies and procedures reading the manual) will eliminate almost all on-the-job accidents. Show machine operators and assur ed them that knowledge through operational policies and procedures, read the man ual) will eliminate almost all accidents on-the-job. tell or remind the machine operators to read instruction , instructions, and also follow the existing proce dures. worked well so that accidents can be reduced in the works 8. ªit a control group is a part of an experimental design, one need not worry abo ut controlling other exogenous variables. Discus this statement. some experiment al design are set up with an experimental and a control group the former alone b eing exposed to a treatment and not the latter. the effects of the treatment are studied by assessing the deference in the out comes-that is the posttest scores of the experimental and control groups. 9. a research wants to set up a lab experiment to test the effects of deferent k inds of leadership styles on followers attitudes. The three particular kinds of leadership styles she is interested in testing are autocratic, democratic, and p articipative. You are asked to enlist some students to play the part of follower s. What cover story would you give the participants? Autocracy is a form of gove rnment in which one person possesses unlimited power. in this government the gov ernment in full control, society must join the government says should not be aga inst. Democracy is a political government carried out either directly by the peo ple (direct democracy) or by means of elected representatives of the people (Rep resentative democracy). Participation the process of involving young people in p rojects, policy reviews or ideas to encourage decision-making and empowerment, o wnership of opinion and influence in youth services and issues that affect them and promote inclusion (particularly used amongst marginalized groups in the gove rnment. 10. ª because the external validity of lab experiments is not usual high, they are useless for investigation cause and effect relationships in organizatio nº. Comment on this statement. External validity of lab experiments is not usual h igh, they are useless for investigation cause and effect relationships in organi zationº if we do find a cause and effect relationship after conducting a lab exper iment, can we then say with confidence that the same cause and effect relationsh ip will also hold true in the organizational setting. 11. ªcovariance (i.e. , two variable varying together either positively or negatively) and control are integ ral aspects of experimental design.º Discuss. Collected by :: Osama A.Shawky 13
because with positively and negatively we can try experimental design. 12. ªthe Solomon four-group design is the answer to all our research questions per taining to cause and effect relations because it guards against all the threats to internal validity.º Comment on this statement. the Solomon four-group design is the answer to all our research questions pertaining to cause and effect relatio ns because it guards against all the threats to internal validity. yes, i am agr ee. because of the number of subjects that need to be recruited, the care with w hich the study to be designed the time that needs to be devoted to the experimen t, and other reasons the cost the conducting such as experiment is high. 13. bel low is a note on self-esteem. After reading it, apply what you have learned in t his chapter and design a study after sketching the theoretical framework. The ro le of self-Esteem in efficacy One often wonders why some people earn more than o thers. Economists focused on the importance of education. Basic skills, and work experience ±what they power. Researches also found that self-esteem was instrumen tal in acquiring human capital. we can use causal and cor relational method. fir stly, we specify the function such as function X1 as education and function X2 a s Basic skills, and work experience. from that we can search connection and impa ct from this problem. Collected by :: Osama A.Shawky 14
Chapter 8 1. What is meant by operational definition and way is it necessary ? Answer : Op erationalizing, or operationally defining a concept, to render it measurable, is done by looking at the behavioral demensions, facets or properties denoted by t he concept,Because will help to illustrate how this is done. 2. Operationally de fine the following : Answer : a. Sexual harassment is both simple and complex, i t is simple because it is defined as unwelcome sexual behavior by one person aga inst another person againt another person. It is complex because it can involve behaviors that in other contexts are considered positive and reaffirming b. Dive rsity-positive environment is about a achievement motivation likely,driven by wo rk,unable to relax, impatience with inerfectiveness,seeks moderate challenge,see ks feed back c. Career Success means different things to different people. For s ome, monetary reward is a measure of success. Yet others have multiple definitio n of success. 3. Describe the four types of scales. Answer : a. Nominal scale is one that allows the researcher to assign subjects to certain categories or grou ps b. Ordinal scale not only categorizes the variables in such a way as to denot e differences among the various categories, it also rank-orders the categories i n some meaningful way. c. Interval scale an inverval scale allows us to perform certain arithmentical operations on the data collected from the respondent d. Ra sio scale overcomes the deficiency of the arbitrary orgin point of the intercal scale, in that it has an absolute (in contrast to an arbitrary) zero point which is a meaningful meansurement point. 4. How is the interval scale more soplistic ated than the nominal and ordinal scales ? Collected by :: Osama A.Shawky 15
Answer : An inverval scale allows us to perform certain arithmentical operations on the data collected from the respondent. Whereas the nominal scale allows us only to qualitatively distinguish groups by categorizing them into mutually excl usive and collectively exhaustive sets, and the ordinal scale to rank-order the preferences the scale 5. Why is the ratio scale considered to be the most powerf ul of the four scales ? Answer : Because it has a unique zero origin (not an arb itrary origin) and subsumes all the properties of the other three scales. Collected by :: Osama A.Shawky 16
Chapter 9 1. The following rating scale are often use in organizational research : - Dicho tomous scale - Category scale - Likert scale - Numerical scales - Semantic diffe rential scale - Itemized rating scale - Fixed or constant sum rating scale - Sta ple scale - Graphic rating scale - Consensus scale We will briefly describle eac h of the preceding attitudinal scale. Rangking scale are used to tap preferences between two or more objects or item (ordinal in nature). However, such ranking may not give devinitive clues to some of the answers ought. 2. Because we need t o be reasonably sure that the instruments we use in our research do indeed measu re the variables they are supposed to, and that they measeure them accurately. F irst an item analysis of the responses to the questions tapping the variable is done and then the reliability and validity of the measures are established as de scribed below. 3. Cheap - - - - - - - - - expensive Strategic- - - - - - - unstr ategic Confortable - - - - -unconfortable 4. according to our group agreed becau se the instrument has been developed recurrent already known and will produce a good answer. 5. as a valid instrument can be proved compared with a reliable ins trument that has not been valid, Collected by :: Osama A.Shawky 17
Chapter 10 1. As a manager you have been invited to come learn the research team and freque nt advice on how to improve the performance of your staff. What steps would you take to assuage their concerns even before the team sets foot in your department ? Answer : How to improve a performance at the staff / employees is by means of holding a program such as: a. Improving Performance Performance is the desired o utcome of behavior. Individual performance is the basis of organizational perfor mance. Perananpenting in performance appraisal has increased workplace motivatio n. This performance appraisal (performance appraisal) is basically a key factor in order to develop an effective and efficient organization. Employees want and need feedback regarding their performance and assessment provides the opportunit y to provide feedback to them if performance is not in accordance with the stand ards, the assessment provides an opportunity to review the progress of employees and to develop performance improvement plans. there are 5 (five) factors in per formance assessment, namely: a. Quality of work include: acquisition, accuracy, performance and acceptance of output b. Quantity of Work include: Volume of outp ut and contribution c. Supervision required, include: need advice, direction or repairs d. Attendance include: regularity, dapatdipercaya / reliable and timely b. Provide motivation Motivation is a state in the person that drives a desire i ndividumelakukankegiatan-specific activities to achieve Motivation goal basicall y is the process that determines how much effort will be devoted to carrying out the work. º Motivation or incentive to work is crucial to the achievement of some thing objective, then the man must be able to grow as high work motivation for e mployees within the company ª c. Improve discipline Collected by :: Osama A.Shawky 18
Discipline itself interpreted as a willingness to someone that may arise with th eir own consciousness to follow the rules and regulations prevailing in the orga nization. 2. What is bias, and how can be reduced during interview ? Answer : Ir regularities in the interview usually refers to a mistake or inaccuracy of the d ata collected. Deviations can be reduced during the interview by repeating and c larifying questions we ask so that they understand the questions that we provide , and cites some of the answers to ensure a deep understanding of the response p erson being interviewed so that we do not deviate from the answers they give. 3. Explain the principles of wording, stating how these are important in questionn aire design, siting examples not in the book. Answer : Principle of the words us ually refer to factors such as conformance content questions, how questions and level of language used, the type and form of questions asked, order of questions , personal data sought from respondents. · Content and purpose Questions Variable facts will determine the types of questions will be asked. If these variables ar e subjective variables such as satisfaction, and engagement in which the respond ents believe measuring perceptions and attitudes of the dimensions and the eleme nts. The purpose of each question should be carefully considered so that the var iable is in the measure. ·Language and Words on Questionnaire Language questionnai re to be seen from the respondents' level of understanding. The choice of words wi ll depend on the level of education, the use of terms and idioms in the culture and framework of the respondents. For example, when English is the official lang uage spoken by the two cultures, particular words may be foreign to a culture. 4 . What are projective techniques and how can they be profitably used ? Answer : This technique is useful in providing an opportunity to express their attitudes of respondents without a personal embarrassment. These techniques help the respo ndent to project their own attitudes and feelings on the subject aware of being studied. So projective technique plays an important role in motivation research or attitude surveys. 5. Describe the different data sources, explaining and from multiple sources related to the reliability and validity of the measures ? Coll ected by :: Osama A.Shawky 19
Answer : ·Direct Interview Advantages: the interview used to obtain data directly from the company. which is a communication from one worker to obtain information in accordance with the desired and by conducting interviews obtained more compl ete data. Disadvantage: time consuming interview techniques and a very large cos t for the sample is big enough and spread. Interviewing means of communication b etween the interviewer and the interviewee, this tends to generate a difference in interpretation between the two. ·Questionnaires Advantages: the questionnaire i s a research method that must be answered respondents to express his views on an issue. The use of questionnaires as data collection methods have several advant ages, among them are questions that will be presented to respondents can be stan dardized, the respondent can answer a questionnaire on their leisure time, the q uestion can be thought of in advance so that answers can be trusted compared wit h a verbal answer, and questions raised would be more accurate and uniform. Disa dvantage: the respondent can not give more details because the answer is limited to matters in question. ·Observation Advantages: With the observation that many s ymptoms can be investigated, the results are more accurate and difficult to argu e with. Many objects are only willing to taken only with the observation data, s uch as too busy and less time to be interviewed or to complete a questionnaire. Losses: Observations depends on observation and memory skills. Many events and c ircumstances that are difficult objects observed, especially concerning the life of a highly confidential approach for cloning. 6. How are multiple methods of d ata collection and from mulyiple sources related to thereliability and validity of the measures ? Answer : For example, if the responses were collected through questionnaires. Before the instrument, or measuring devices used to collect rese arch data, it is necessary to test the questionnaire for validity and reliabilit y of measurement validity tersebut.Uji useful to know whether the measure is val id, the valid means of measuring the accuracy of measuring or the proper tools t o measure a variable to be measured. Validity and reliability tests used to exam ine Collected by :: Osama A.Shawky 20
the data derived from a list of questions or questionnaire respondents, the vali dity and reliability can be proved that the list of questions in the questionnai re filled out by the respondents are representative of the population or not. Th ere are two important conditions which apply to a questionnaire that is necessar y for a valid and reliable questionnaire. A questionnaire is said to be valid if the question on a questionnaire able to express something that will be measured by the questionnaire. While a questionnaire said reliable (reliably) if a perso n answers to the questions are consistent or stable over time. 7. ªEvery data coll ection method has its own built-in biases. Therefore, resorting to multimethods of data collection is only going to compound the biases.º How would you critique t his statement? Answer : I think that good research requires data from multiple s ource data collection method. In a study of accounting rriset basically can be d one through several methodologies, through a quantitative methodology, qualitati ve, or triangulation. To avoid confusion between the research methodology with t he research methods necessary to distinguish prior understanding between the two . The research methodology is part of science that studies how the procedures fo r seeking truth. 8. ªOne way to deal with discrepancies found in the data obtained from multiple sources is to average the figures and take the mean as the value of the variable.º What is your reaction to this ? Answer : In the data collection is sometimes we find a mismatch. Therefore we must look carefully and closely to the data, so we know whether the data is feasible or not to be used as data in a study. 9. How has the advancement in technology helped data gathering ? Answer : Advances in technology can help us to collect data by providing easy to colle ct the data we need in the research, such as collecting detailed data products h ave been sold through the tracking of optical scanners and bar code, data search es on the Internet that provide convenience, data recording using tools such as video camera recorders and others. In some processing using electronic data proc essing which also provides error-free. 10. How will you use the data from observ ational study to reach scientific conclusions ? Answer : Data from the informati on we were with a variety of processing tools such as statistical analysis with SPSS and other analysis tools for testing and our test results we will use it to take a scientific conclusion. 11. ªThe fewer the biases in measurement and in the data collection procedures, the more Collected by :: Osama A.Shawky 21
scientific the research. Comment on this statement. Answer : We agree with that view because if the smaller size of the bias in our research, it means that our research will be increasingly closer to the truth and the more scientific and we can use as a reference for similar examination or subsequent research. Collected by :: Osama A.Shawky 22
Chapter 11 Discussion question and points to ponder Identify the relevant population for th e following research foci and ruggest the appropriate sampling design to investi gate the issues, explaining why the are appropriate. Wherever necessary, identif y the population frame as well. A gun manufacturing firm would like to know the types of guns possessed by various age groups in Washington, D.C. A hospital adm inistrator wants to find out if the single parents working in the hospital have a higher rate of abseneism than parents who are not single. A researcher would l ike to assess the extent of pilferage in the materials storage warehouses of man ufacturing firms in the east coast. The director of human resources wants to inv estigate the relationship between drug abuse and dysfunctional behavior of blue coliar workers in a particular plant. a. explain why cluster sampling is a proba bility sampling design. b. what are the advantages and disadvantages of cluster sampling. c. describe a situation where you would consider the use of cluster sa mpling. a. explain what precision and confidence are and how they influence samp le size. b. discuss what is meant by the statement there is a trade of between p recision and confidence under certain condition. The use of a convenience sample in organizational research is correct because all members share the same organi zational stimuli and go through almost the same kinds of experiences in their or ganizational lives. Comment. Use of a sample of 5.000 is not necessarily better than using one of 500. How would you react to this statement. Nonprobability sam pling design ought to be preferred to probability sampling designs in some cases . Explain with examples. Because there seems to be trade of between accuracy and confidence for any given sample size, accuracy should be always considered more important than precision. Explain with reasons why you would or would not agree . Collected by :: Osama A.Shawky 23
Overgeneralizations give rise to much confusion and other problems for researche rs who try to replicate the findings. Explain what is meant by this. Double samp ling is probably the least used of all sampling designs in organizational resear ch. Do you agree? Provide reasons for your answer. Answer 1. a. toy gun was poss essed by most children under 10 years in washington DC, while the 1 0 years old most children have the kind of long-barreled weapons. b. yes, a single parent wh o works at the hospital have a higher level, probably because she lived alone. C . the results showed that the level of theft in the company s warehouse storage facilities, material is very high. this is possible because the place is less st rict vigil. and may also exist in the party who did this. D. results of investig ations of the human resources director indicated that the relationship between d rug users with the blue-collar workers is very tight. it can known from direct i nterviews to the workers. 2. a. cluster sampling lends it self to greater biases and is the least generalizable of all the probability sampling designs because most naturally occurring cluster in the organizational contex do not contain het erogeneous elements. b. advantages cluster sampling is have intergroup heterogen eity and intergroup homogeneity are found. And disadvantages cluster sampling, t he units costs of cluster sampling are much lower compared to the other probabil ity sampling. c. I will use cluster sampling when I ve worked in companies that have products that were homogeneous and heterogeneous. 3. a. precision and confi dence are important issues in sampling because when we use sample data to draw i nference about the population. b. in essence, confidence reflects the level of c ertainty with which we can state that our estimates of the population parameters . 4. yes probably almost all members of the organization has many similarities i n past life experiences, so that all use of convenience samples in research orga nizations. 5. there is a point, because for what use the sample or samples when the truth is not much better than the sample lebiah little. better use of sample s provided that some truth can be guaranteed. Collected by :: Osama A.Shawky 24
6. in nonprobability sampling designs, the elements in the population have no pr obabilities attached to their being chosen as sample subjects. 7. strongly agree that the accuracy and reliability are more important than precision. because if the samples were unreliable and inaccurate, then the study could not be account ed for properly. 8. yes maybe the new researchers who want to replicate the find ings should be more wisely in copying them, do not claim to have problems due to imitate the findings of other researchers who have first found it. 9. probably due to double sampling easier and more convenient to use in research. This desig n provides added information at minimal additional expenditure. Collected by :: Osama A.Shawky 25
Chapter 12 1. What kinds of biases do you think could be minimized or avoided during the da ta analysis stage of research ? Answer : · Out range / missing / responses · Missing data / blank · Inconsistency · Precision and accuracy, data / answers 2. When we co llected wonders if he should of treatment in experimental designs which statisti cal test would be most appropriate to test the treatment effects? Answer : The m ost appropriate statistical test to examine the effects of treatment, that is pa ired t-test test. 3. A tax consultant wonders if he should be more selective abo ut the class of clients he was serves, so as to maximize his income. He usually deals with four categories clients, the very rich, rich, upper middle class and middle class. He has record of each client and each client served, the tax paid by them and how much he has charged them. Since many factors in respect to the c lients (number of dependents, business deductibles, etc.) irrespective of the ca tegory they belong to, he would like an appropriate analysis to be done to see a mong the four categories of clientele he should choose to be served in the futur e. What kind of analysis should be done the preceding cas and why ? Answer : Nam ely multiple linear regression analysis, because we analyze the variation of the various factors which vary widely. With multiple linear regression test and loo k at the coefficient table 4 we can see among the most influential variables on corporate income by looking at the largest beta value. The largest beta value is the most important and influential on corporate earnings, so should the tax con sultant must choose the variable with the largest beta. 4. Below are tables 12A to 12D, summarize the results of data analyses of research conducted in a sales organization that operets 50 different cities of country, with a total sales for ce of about 500. the number of sales sample for the study was 150: Collected by :: Osama A.Shawky 26
You are to : 1. Interpret much of the information contained in each table as det ailed as possible. 2. Can summarize the results for the CEO of the company. 3. M ake recommendations based on the results of your interpretation. Answer : 1. a. From table 12A can result in that: · Sales have averaged 75.1 with a standard devi ation of 8.6, minimum 45.2 and maximum sales sales amounted to 97.3 · There are ma ny sellers sebesr average standard deviation of 25 with 6, a minimum of 5 and a maximum of 50 · Population had an average of 5.1 with a standard deviation of 0.8, minimum 2.78 and maximum of 7.12 · Campaigns have an average of 10.3 with a stand ard deviation of 5.2, a minimum of 6.1 and a maximum of 15.7 b. From table 12B: states that there is a relationship between the variables concerned. · Correlation coefficient with the seller s sales amounted to 0.76 means that closeness is st rong correlation · The population correlation coefficient with sales of 0.62 means that closeness is strong correlation · Correlation coefficient with a sales reven ue of 0.56 means keeretan is strong correlation · Advertising with a correlation c oefficient of 0.68 means the closeness of the sales are strong correlation · With a total population correlation coefficient of 0.06 means that the seller is weak closeness correlation · Correlation coefficient with the number of ads of 0.16 me ans that the seller is weak closeness correlation Collected by :: Osama A.Shawky 27
· Correlation coefficient of income with a population of 0.11 means the closeness of the coefficient of weak · An ad with a population correlation coefficient of 0. 36 means the closeness of the coefficient of weak · Correlation coefficient with t he advertising revenue of 0.23 means the closeness of the correlation is weak. c . Table 12C So from the ANOVA table F value of 3.6 & significant F of 0.01. so c an we conclude that there was no significant difference between the variance var iabel2 who are. d. 12D table On the table there are 0.6594, who showed the corre lation relationship of the 4 independent variables on the dependent variable (sa les) & hubunganny is strong unidirectional nature. Valueme-adjusted coefficient of determination (adjusted R square) of 0.35225 means that 35.225% of sales vari able is explained by the independent variable number of sellers, population, inc ome & advertising. 64.775 and the rest is explained by other variables. Standard errors indicate possible errors that may occur if we see dikolom data, we will see that beta is the largest advertising amounted to 0.47 with a significant lev el of 0.00001 who showed that advertising is the most significant variable affec ting. 2. From the table it was concluded that of the variables that most influen ce the advertising compared with the number of sellers, population, and income, because advertising has the largest beta value. 3. The recommendation that our g roup is the company must give more attention to advertising by increasing advert ising, that could increase sales and corporate earnings. Collected by :: Osama A.Shawky 28
Chapter 13 1. Because a copy of the letter of authorizationfrom the spomsor of the study, a pproving the investigation and detailing its scope, will be attached at the begi nning of the report. 2. The exwcutive summary is a brief account of the research study that provides an overview, and highlights the following important informa tion related to the study : the problem statement, the sampling design, the data collection methods used, results of data analysis, the findings, and the recomm andations, with suggestions for their implementation. 3. The similarities and th e difference of basic and applied research reports is an axecutive summary in th e case of applied original research and a synopsis in the case of basic research . 4. The written report and its purpose,The written report and its audience. 5. Necessary to specify the limitations of the study in the research report is very important because make use for the results of data analysis and the written rep ort. 6. Speaking audibly, clearly, and without distracting mannerisms. Collected by :: Osama A.Shawky 29
Chapter 14 1. Briefly describe a situation where , give the result of a hypothesis testing study , the manager has to extensively apply experience and common sense in maki ng the final decision. Answer : Manager wrestly with a multitode of problems big and small in their every day work life. The differences between a succesfull an d not so successful organization lies in the quality of decisions mode by the ma nagers in the system to sum up, research is scientific path that leads the manag ers to decision making and experience and common sesnse are the beacons that gui de managers to solve problems sensibly. 2. Which involves a more difficult decis ion-making situation for a manager-applying the results of qualitative study or a hypothesis testing study?why? Answer : A qualitative studies, because there is always an undecer mined element of risk that manager takes in making the propos ed changes. 3. Describe and depict through a diagram the cycle of the research p rocess , from the time when the area in investigated for the first time , to fin ding definitive answer to the problems encountered in that area . Answer : - Obs ervation - Preparation of data collection - Definition problems - Theoretical Fr amework - Hypothesis Development - Design Scientific research - Data collection, analysis, and intrepertasi - Deduction - Making Presentations Writing Decision Report Report Collected by :: Osama A.Shawky 30