Pkay`zsandn Kdoahkdc n`c Odccdh Odccdh ,Ake`ka`zìd `cáo~zaod `cáo~zaod q `c`o~zÿkaod
PKAY@Z_ANDN KDOAHKDC N@C ODCCDH IDOPC^DN N@ AKE@KA@ZAD @C@O^ZAOD Q @C@O^ZHKAOD @_OP@CD VZHI@_AHKDC N@ AKE@KA@ZAD @C@O^ZAOD
@C@O^ZAOANDN Q LDEK@^A_LH OAOCH7 :644 J
NHO@K^@7 AKE+ OD_^ZH,_DCDWDZ IZ@NQ DNDK
^@LD7 YDZADOAßK N@C YHC^DG@ Q CD OHZZA@K^@ NPZDK^@ @C VZHO@_H N@ ODZED Q N@_ODZED N@ PK OHKN@K_DNHZ EZPVH BHZDZAH7 ^PZKH 1:E AK^@EZDK^@_7 ^hydz Edyacäk#Vdhcd Ldctpa Dcdqh# Izdkw M`kk`nq Hobhd Zhjc`s# Dzkhcn Odkdc`s Lhobooh# Gpdk Odzchs OdzchsDepdqh# C`odzhs
466956A 466906L 466906L 61:0?0N 61:041A 61:041A 61:6??A
I@OBD N@ Z@DCAWDOAHK7 41 (46(:644 I@OBD N@ @K^Z@ED7 :9(46(:644
Cdjhzd~hzah n` `c`o~zaoandn q ldek`~aslh ‟ Ydzadoaÿk n`c yhc~dg` q cd ohzza`k~` npzdk~` `c vzho`sh n` odzed q n`sodzed n` pk ohkn`ksdnhz Väeakd 4
Pkay`zsandn Kdoahkdc n`c Odccdh Odccdh ,Ake`ka`zìd `cáo~zaod `cáo~zaod q `c`o~zÿkaod
A+ HJG@^AYH_
@i`o~pdz vzp`jds tp` v`zla~dk nadekhs~aodz `c `s~dnh n` chs ohkn`ksdnhz`s+
@s~pnah n` cd ydzadoaÿk n`c yhc~dg` q cd ohzza`k~` npzdk~` `c vzho`sh n` odzed q n`sodzed n` pk ohkn`ksdnhz+
@s~pnah shjz` chs yhc~dg`s `s~djc`oanhs `k pk oazopa~h `k s`za` ohk ohkn`ksdnhz`s+
AA+ AK^ZHNPOOAH AK^ZHNPOOAHK K @k `c`o~zaoandn q `c`o~zÿkaod# pk ohkn`ksdnhz "odvdoa~hz `k akecás! `s pk nasvhsa~ayh tp` dcldo`kd `k`zeìd `cáo~zaod# `s pk ohlvhk`k~` vdsayh+ @s~ä ihzldnh vhz pk vdz n` spv`ziaoa`s ohknpo~hzds `k sa~pdoaÿk n` akicp`koad ~h~dc "`s~h `s# tp` ~hnds cds cìk`ds n` odlvh `cáo~zaoh tp` vdz~`k n` pkd ydk d vdzdz vd zdz d cd h~zd!# e`k`zdcl`k~` `k ihzld n` ~djcds# `si`zds h cälakds# s`vdzdnds vhz pk ld~`zadc na`cáo~zaoh "sa`knh `s~` p~acawdnh `k pk ohkn`ksdnhz vdzd naslakpaz `c odlvh `cáo~zaoh# qd tp` do~÷d ohlh dascdk~`! h vhz `c ydoìh# tp`# shl`~anhs d pkd nai`z`koad n` vh~`koadc "n+n+v+! dntpa`z`k pkd n`~`zlakdnd odzed `cáo~zaod# vhsa~ayd `k pkd n` cds vcdods q k`ed~ayd `k cd h~zd "sa`knh kpcd cd odzed ~h~dc dcldo`kdnd!+
AAA+ LD^@ZADC@_ Q @TPAVH_ D P^ACAWDZ_@
LD^@ZADC@_
64 Ohkn`ksdnhz `c`o~zhcì~aoh :#:66 γI ‟ 49Y 64 Ohkn`ksdnhz `c`o~zhcì~aoh 4#666 γI ‟ 49Y 64 Z`sas~`koad n` 46 M℩ 69 Odjc`s n` ohk`raÿk odcajz` :: "dvzhr+ 46 ol o(p! 6: Odjc`s jdkdkd ‟ ohohnzach
Cdjhzd~hzah n` `c`o~zaoandn q ldek`~aslh ‟ Ydzadoaÿk n`c yhc~dg` q cd ohzza`k~` npzdk~` `c vzho`sh n` odzed q n`sodzed n` pk ohkn`ksdnhz Väeakd :
Pkay`zsandn Kdoahkdc n`c Odccdh ,Ake`ka`zìd `cáo~zaod q `c`o~zÿkaod
@TPAVH_
64 Ip`k~` n` dcal`k~doaÿk z`epcdjc` NO 64 Lpc~ìl`~zh dkdcÿeaoh 64 Lpc~ìl`~zh naea~dc 64 Vzh~hjhdzn ~avh z`ec`~d 64 Ozhkÿl`~zh "z`chg!
Cdjhzd~hzah n` `c`o~zaoandn q ldek`~aslh ‟ Ydzadoaÿk n`c yhc~dg` q cd ohzza`k~` npzdk~` `c vzho`sh n` odzed q n`sodzed n` pk ohkn`ksdnhz Väeakd ?
Pkay`zsandn Kdoahkdc n`c Odccdh ,Ake`ka`zìd `cáo~zaod q `c`o~zÿkaod
Cdjhzd~hzah n` `c`o~zaoandn q ldek`~aslh ‟ Ydzadoaÿk n`c yhc~dg` q cd ohzza`k~` npzdk~` `c vzho`sh n` odzed q n`sodzed n` pk ohkn`ksdnhz Väeakd >
Pkay`zsandn Kdoahkdc n`c Odccdh ,Ake`ka`zìd `cáo~zaod q `c`o~zÿkaod
AY+ IPKNDL@K^H ^@HZAOH Vdzd vhn`z z`dcawdz ohk ezdk `iaodoad `s~` cdjhzd~hzah# n`j`lhs n` ohkho`z dcepkhs aks~zpl`k~hs tp` p~acawdz`lhs q ld~`zadc`s tp` p~acawdz`lhs+
OHKN@K_DNHZ@_ Ohkn`ksdnhz`s Jäsaodl`k~` pk ohkn`ksdnhz `s pk nasvhsa~ayh odvdw n` dcldo`kdz `k`zeìd `k ihzld n` odlvh `cáo~zaoh+ @s~ä ihzldnh vhz nhs dzldnpzds l`~äcaods vdzdc`cds "e`k`zdcl`k~` n` dcplakah! s`vdzdnds vhz pk ld~`zadc na`cáo~zaoh+ ^a`k` pkd s`za` n` odzdo~`zìs~aods ~dc`s ohlh odvdoandn# ~`ksaÿk n` ~zdjdgh# ~hc`zdkoad q vhcdzandn# tp` n`j`z`lhs dvz`kn`z d nas~akepaz+ @k cd y`zsaÿk läs s`koaccd n`c ohkn`ksdnhz# kh s` vhk` kdnd `k~z` cds dzldnpzds q s` cds n`gd ohk pkd oa`z~d s`vdzdoaÿk# `k opqh odsh s` nao` tp` `c na`cáo~zaoh `s `c daz`+
Odvdoandn7
_` lan` `k Idzdnahs "I!# dpktp` `s~d pkandn z`spc~d ~dk ezdkn` tp` s` sp`c`k p~acawdz ydzahs n` chs spjl÷c~avchs# ~dc`s ohlh laozhidzdnahs "γI<46,9 I!# kdkhidzdnahs "kI<46,1 I! q vaohidzdnahs "vI<46,4: I!+
^`ksaÿk n` ~zdjdgh7
@s cd lärald ~`ksaÿk tp` vp`n` depdk~dz pk ohkn`ksdnhz# tp` n`v`kn` n`c ~avh q ezhshz n`c na`cáo~zaoh ohk tp` `s~á idjzaodnh+ _a s` Cdjhzd~hzah n` `c`o~zaoandn q ldek`~aslh ‟ Ydzadoaÿk n`c yhc~dg` q cd ohzza`k~` npzdk~` `c vzho`sh n` odzed q n`sodzed n` pk ohkn`ksdnhz Väeakd 0
Pkay`zsandn Kdoahkdc n`c Odccdh ,Ake`ka`zìd `cáo~zaod q `c`o~zÿkaod spv`zd naobd ~`ksaÿk# `c ohkn`ksdnhz vp`n` v`zihzdzs` "tp`ndz ohz~hoazopa~dnh! q(h `rvch~dz+ @k `s~` s`k~anh bdq tp` ~`k`z opandnh dc `c`eaz pk ohkn`ksdnhz# n` ihzld tp` kpkod ~zdjdg` d pkd ~`ksaÿk spv`zahz d cd lärald+
^hc`zdkoad7
Aepdc tp` `k cds z`sas~`koads# s` z`ia`z` dc `zzhz läralh tp` vp`n` `ras~az `k~z` cd odvdoandn z`dc n`c ohkn`ksdnhz q cd odvdoandn aknaodnd shjz` sp op`zvh+
Vhcdzandn7
Chs ohkn`ksdnhz`s `c`o~zhcì~aohs q `k e`k`zdc chs n` odvdoandn spv`zahz d 4 γI ~a`k`k vhcdzandn# `sh `s# tp` s` c`s n`j` dvcaodz cd ~`ksaÿk vz`s~dknh d~`koaÿk d sps ~`zlakdc`s vhsa~ayh q k`ed~ayh+
^avhs n` Ohkn`ksdnhz`s Ydlhs d lhs~zdz d ohk~akpdoaÿk pkd s`za` n` ohkn`ksdnhz`s n` chs läs ~ìvaohs tp` s` vp`n`k `kohk~zdz+
@c`o~zhcì~aohs+
^a`k`k `c na`cáo~zaoh ihzldnh vhz vdv`c alvz`ekdnh `k `c`o~zhca~h+ _a`lvz` ~a`k`k vhcdzandn# q pkd odvdoandn spv`zahz d 4 γI+ Dzzajd hjs`zydlhs ocdzdl`k~` tp` `c ohkn`ksdnhz k· 4 `s n` ::66 γI# ohk pkd ~`ksaÿk lärald n` ~zdjdgh n` :0y+ "Aksozavoaÿk7 ::66 γ ( :0 Y!+ Djdgh d cd awtpa`znd y`lhs pk `stp`ld n` `s~` ~avh n` ohkn`ksdnhz`s q d cd n`z`obd y`lhs pkhs `g`lvchs n` ohkn`ksdnhz`s `c`o~zhcì~aohs n` oa`z~h ~dldôh# n` chs tp` s` sp`c`k `lvc`dz `k dvcaodoahk`s `cáo~zaods "ip`k~`s n` dcal`k~doaÿk# `~o+++!
@c`o~zhcì~aohs n` ~äk~dch h n` eh~d+
@lvc`dk ohlh na`cáo~zaoh pkd iakìsald v`cìopcd n` ÿranh n` ~dk~dcah dlhzih# tp` ohk pk l`khz `sv`shz ~a`k` pk vhn`z dascdk~` lpobh ldqhz+ ^a`k`k vhcdzandn q pkd odvdoandn spv`zahz d 4 γI+ _p ihzld n` eh~d c`s nd lpobds y`o`s `s` khljz`+ Cdjhzd~hzah n` `c`o~zaoandn q ldek`~aslh ‟ Ydzadoaÿk n`c yhc~dg` q cd ohzza`k~` npzdk~` `c vzho`sh n` odzed q n`sodzed n` pk ohkn`ksdnhz Väeakd 9
Pkay`zsandn Kdoahkdc n`c Odccdh ,Ake`ka`zìd `cáo~zaod q `c`o~zÿkaod
N` vhca`s~`z l`~dcawdnh LM^+
_p`c`k ~`k`z odvdoandn`s aki`zahz`s d 4 γI q ~`ksahk`s n` ~zdjdgh d vdz~az n` 9?y+ Läs djdgh y`lhs sp `s~zpo~pzd7 nhs cälakds n` vhcaodzjhkd~h z`opja`z~h vhz pk n`vÿsa~h l`~äcaoh tp` s` jhjakdk gpk~ds+ Dtpì dc cdnh y`lhs pk n`~dcc` n` pk ohkn`ksdnhz vcdkh n` `s~` ~avh# nhkn` s` hjs`zyd tp` `s n` 6+6?? γI q :06y+ "Aksozavoaÿk7 6+6?? M( :06 LM^!+
N` vhcaás~`z+
_hk salacdz`s d chs dk~`zahz`s# dpktp` ohk pk vzho`sh n` idjzaodoaÿk dceh nai`z`k~`+ @k hodsahk`s `s~` ~avh n` ohkn`ksdnhz`s s` vz`s`k~dk `k ihzld vcdkd q cc`ydk sps nd~hs alvz`shs `k ihzld n` jdknds n` ohchz# z`oaja`knh ohl÷kl`k~` `c khljz` n` ohkn`ksdnhz`s *n` jdkn`zd*+ _p odvdoandn sp`c` s`z ohlh läralh n` >56 kI+
O`zälaoh *n` c`k~`gd* h *n` nasoh*+
_hk chs o`zälaohs läs ohzza`k~`s+ _ps ydchz`s n` odvdoandn `s~äk ohlvz`knanhs `k~z` 6+0 vI q >5 kI+ @k hodsahk`s cc`ydk sps nd~hs alvz`shs `k ihzld n` jdknds n` ohchz+ Dtpì djdgh y`lhs pkhs `g`lvchs n` ohkn`ksdnhz`s n` `s~` ~avh+
Y+ VZHO@NALA@K^H •
VZP@JD N@ OHKN@K_DNHZ@_
4! Psdlhs `c lpc~ìl`~zh dkdcÿeaoh `k cd ipkoaÿk n` Hblìl`~zh q ohchtp` `c _`c`o~hz n` Zdkehs d cd vhsaoaÿk Z r 466+ @s~d `sodcd `s cd dn`opdnd vdzd ohlvzhjdz `c `s~dnh n`c ohkn`ksdnhz vzhvhzoahkdnh+ Ohk`o~dlhs `c ohkn`ksdnhz s`e÷k cd IAE+ 4 "d!+ Dc ohk`o~dz cds vpk~ds n` vzp`jd ohk `c ohkn`ksdnhz# cd depgd n`c lpc~ìl`~zh n`j` ic`rahkdlhs zävandl`k~` bdoad o`zh q cp`eh z`~hzkdlhs c`k~dl`k~` d sp vhsaoaÿk n` z`vhsh "akiaka~h!+ @s~d vzp`jd Cdjhzd~hzah n` `c`o~zaoandn q ldek`~aslh ‟ Ydzadoaÿk n`c yhc~dg` q cd ohzza`k~` npzdk~` `c vzho`sh n` odzed q n`sodzed n` pk ohkn`ksdnhz Väeakd 5
Pkay`zsandn Kdoahkdc n`c Odccdh ,Ake`ka`zìd `cáo~zaod q `c`o~zÿkaod z`dcawdlhs odljadknh dc~`zkd~aydl`k~` cd vhcdzandn n`c ohkn`ksdnhz ohk`o~dnh dc lpc~ìl`~zh IAE+ 4 "j!+ Chs vhsajc`s z`spc~dnhs q `c nadekÿs~aoh z`sv`o~ayh shjz` `c `s~dnh n`c ohkn`ksdnhz shk chs saepa`k~`s7 _a cd depgd s` ldk~a`k` `k z`vhsh "kh s` lp`y`!# `k~hko`s `c ohkn`ksdnhz `s~ä dja`z~h q n`j` s`z z``lvcdwdnh+ •
_a cd depgd s` n`~a`k` npzdk~` cd n`ic`raÿk# `k~hko`s `c ohkn`ksdnhz vz`s`k~d ipeds q n`j` s`z z``lvcdwdnh+ •
_a cd depgd s` ldk~a`k` `k o`zh# `k~hko`s `c ohkn`ksdnhz `s~ä ohz~hoazopa~dnh q n`j` s`z z``lvcdwdnh+ •
O
O Iaepzd 4"d!
Iaepzd 4"j!
YDZADOAßK N@C YHC^DG@ @K @C OHKN@K_DNHZ NPZDK^@ _P ODZED Q N@_ODZED ¤Vz`odpoaÿk$ 7 Dk~`s n` `ko`kn`z cd ip`k~` z`epcdnd n` NO# vdzd `k`zeawdz pk oazopa~h# y`zaiatp` tp` `c yhc~dg` n` sdcand s`d o`zh "v`zaccd awtpa`znd eazdnd ~h~dcl`k~` `k s`k~anh dk~abhzdzah! :! Dzldlhs `c oazopa~h n` cd IAE+ : Z`epcdlhs cd sdcand n` cd ip`k~` d 46 Y q ohk`o~dlhs+ Cdjhzd~hzah n` `c`o~zaoandn q ldek`~aslh ‟ Ydzadoaÿk n`c yhc~dg` q cd ohzza`k~` npzdk~` `c vzho`sh n` odzed q n`sodzed n` pk ohkn`ksdnhz Väeakd 2
Pkay`zsandn Kdoahkdc n`c Odccdh ,Ake`ka`zìd `cáo~zaod q `c`o~zÿkaod ^hldlhs kh~d n` cd c`o~pzd `k `c dlv`zìl`~zh+ Ip`k~`
A < 4+6: lD
Dlv`zìl`~zh NO
?! Ohk`o~dlhs `c ohkn`ksdnhz OHLVC@^DL@K^@ N@_ODZEDNH 46M℩ "baoalhs pk ohk~do~h `k~z` sps jhzk`s! `k `c oazopa~h dk~`zahz# IAE+: s`e÷k cd nasvhsaoaÿk lhs~zdnd `k cd IAE+ ?+ ^pyalhs vz`s`k~` cd vhcdzandn n`c ohkn`ksdnhz vdzd `ya~dz n`s~zpazch+ N`gdlhs sp`c~h `c odjc` ohk`o~hz q `ko`knalhs d cd ip`k~`+ Ip`k~` Yhc~ìl`~zh Naea~dc NO
46Y
46M℩
j
Odjc` Ohk`o~hz d
>!
O<:#:66°I
IAE+?
ODZED7 Ohk`o~dlhs pk `r~z`lh n`c odjc` ohk`o~hz dc vpk~h –d“ q hjs`zydlhs `c yhc~ìl`~zh# ~hldlhs kh~d n` sp c`o~pzd odnd 46 s`epknhs "^DJCD 4!+ Cp`eh n` 4:6 s`epknhs# kh n`sohk`o~dlhs `c oazopa~h d÷k# sakh s`epalhs ohk~zhcdknh `c ~a`lvh bds~d tp` `c ohkn`ksdnhz s` odzep` ~h~dcl`k~` "~ ^h~dc n` odzed!# `s n`oaz# bds~d tp` sp yhc~dg` ~hl` sp ydchz läralh "46Y!+ Ohlh `k 0 lakp~hs kh cc`ed d 46Y# ohksan`zdlhs opdknh dcodkwÿ sp odzed ~h~dc q dkh~dlhs `c ydchz dcodkwdnh `k `s` ~a`lvh+
Cdjhzd~hzah n` `c`o~zaoandn q ldek`~aslh ‟ Ydzadoaÿk n`c yhc~dg` q cd ohzza`k~` npzdk~` `c vzho`sh n` odzed q n`sodzed n` pk ohkn`ksdnhz Väeakd 1
Pkay`zsandn Kdoahkdc n`c Odccdh ,Ake`ka`zìd `cáo~zaod q `c`o~zÿkaod
^DJCD A YDZADOAßK N@C YHC^DG@ N@C OHKN@K_DNHZ NPZDK^@ _P ODZED ~ "s`e!
6
46
~ ^h~dc :6 ?6 >6 06 96 56 26 16 466 446 4:6 6 6 0+: 9+9 5+9 2+: 2+5 2+1 1+4 1+: 1+? 1+> 1+> 1+0? 4 2 > 5 : 1 9 2 9 4 5
Yo ?+6 "c`o~pzd 6 >1 4! Yo ?+4 0+: 9+5 5+9 2+: 2+5 2+1 1+4 1+: 1+? 1+> 1+> 1+>1 "c`o~pzd 6 :> 5 : 1 2 6 0 ? 9 : 6 0 :! Yo ?+6 0+: 9+5 5+9 2+: 2+5 2+1 1+4 1+: 1+? 1+> 1+> 1+04 "vzhl`na 6 29 > 90 50 4 5 >0 5 > 60 9 h! 0! Z`~azdlhs `c odjc` ohk`o~hz n`c vpk~h –d“+ ^hldlhs kh~d n` ch tp` aknaod `c yhc~ìl`~zh+ 9!
N@_ODZED7 Ohk `c ohkn`ksdnhz qd odzednh ~h~dcl`k~`# ohk`o~dlhs `c `r~z`lh n`c odjc` ohk`o~hz dc vpk~h –j“ q hjs`zydlhs `c yhc~ìl`~zh# ~hldknh kh~d n` sp c`o~pzd odnd 46 s`epknhs "^DJCD AA!+ Cp`eh n` 4:6 s`epknhs# kh n`sohk`o~dlhs `c oazopa~h d÷k# sakh s`epalhs ohk~zhcdknh `c ~a`lvh bds~d tp` `c ohkn`ksdnhz s` n`sodzep` ~h~dcl`k~` "~ ^h~dc n` n`sodzed!# `s n`oaz# bds~d tp` sp yhc~dg` ~hl` sp ydchz lìkalh
"6Y!+
Cdjhzd~hzah n` `c`o~zaoandn q ldek`~aslh ‟ Ydzadoaÿk n`c yhc~dg` q cd ohzza`k~` npzdk~` `c vzho`sh n` odzed q n`sodzed n` pk ohkn`ksdnhz Väeakd 46
Pkay`zsandn Kdoahkdc n`c Odccdh ,Ake`ka`zìd `cáo~zaod q `c`o~zÿkaod
^DJCD AA YDZADOAßK N@C YHC^DG@ N@C OHKN@K_DNHZ NPZDK^@ _P N@_ODZED ~ ^h~dc ~ "s`e! 6 46 :6 ?6 >6 06 96 56 26 16 466 446 4:6 6 6 Yo 9+6> ?+1> :+01 4+5> 4+4> 6+52 6+>0 6+:> 6+49 6+44 6+62 6+69 6+66 "c`o~pzd 1+0? 4 1 1 4 ? 4? 05 95 95 6> 9: 4! Yo 9+>0 >+?0 :+2: 4+25 4+:2 +296 6+09 6+?2 6+:9 6+42 6+4: 6+61 6+66 "c`o~pzd 1+>1 4 1 6 > 9 60 69 25 49 05 :! Yo 9+:> >+4> :+54 4+24 4+:4 6+2: 6+06 6+?4 6+:4 6+4> 6+46 6+65 6+66 "vzhl`na 1+04 0 0 4 > >0 60 20 ?9 ?4 29 55 9 010 h!
' ^`ÿzaodl`k~`7
~ ^h~dc n` odzed < ~ ^h~dc n` n`sodzed+
5! ^zdwdlhs cds opzyds odzdo~`zìs~aods n` yhc~dg` `k ipkoaÿk n`c ~a`lvh vdzd cd odzed q n`sodzed n`c ohkn`ksdnhz "psdlhs vdzd `c yhc~dg` chs ydchz`s vzhl`nah n` cds ~djcds A q AA z`sv`o~aydl`k~`!+
Vdzd cd ~djcd A7
Cdjhzd~hzah n` `c`o~zaoandn q ldek`~aslh ‟ Ydzadoaÿk n`c yhc~dg` q cd ohzza`k~` npzdk~` `c vzho`sh n` odzed q n`sodzed n` pk ohkn`ksdnhz Väeakd 44
Pkay`zsandn Kdoahkdc n`c Odccdh ,Ake`ka`zìd `cáo~zaod q `c`o~zÿkaod
Vdzd cd ~djcd AA7
OHZZA@K^@ NPZDK^@ CD ODZED Q N@_ODZED N@C OHKN@K_DNHZ
Ip`k~`
Dlv`zìl`~zh Naea~dc NO IAE+>
46Y
Odjc` Ohk`o~hz
46M℩
O<:#:66°I
Cdjhzd~hzah n` `c`o~zaoandn q ldek`~aslh ‟ Ydzadoaÿk n`c yhc~dg` q cd ohzza`k~` npzdk~` `c vzho`sh n` odzed q n`sodzed n` pk ohkn`ksdnhz Väeakd 4:
Pkay`zsandn Kdoahkdc n`c Odccdh ,Ake`ka`zìd `cáo~zaod q `c`o~zÿkaod 2!
Dzldlhs `c oazopa~h n` cd IAE+ > + Khs ds`epzdlhs tp` `c ohkn`ksdnhz s` bdcc` ohlvc`~dl`k~` n`sodzednh+ Kh ohk`o~dlhs `c odjc` ohk`o~hz+
1!
ODZED7 Ohk`o~dlhs pk `r~z`lh n`c odjc` ohk`o~hz dc vpk~h –d“ q hjs`zydlhs `c dlv`zìl`~zh# ~hldknh kh~d n` sp c`o~pzd odnd 46 s`epknhs "^DJCD AAA!+ Kh n`sohk`o~dlhs `c oazopa~h d÷k# bds~d tp` `c ohkn`ksdnhz s` odzep` ~h~dcl`k~`# `s n`oaz# ~ ^h~dc s`epknhs+
^DJCD AAA YDZADOAßK N@ CD OHZZA@K^@ N@C OHKN@K_DNHZ NPZDK^@ _P ODZED ~ ^h~dc ~ "s`e! 6 46 :6 ?6 >6 06 96 56 26 16 466 446 4:6 6 6 Ao 6+5 6+0 6+? 6+: 6+4 6+4 6+6 6+6 6+6 6+6 6+6 6+6 6+6: "c`o~pzd 6 2 : 9 ? 0 4 2 0 > ? ? ? 4! Ao 6+5 6+0 6+? 6+: 6+4 6+4 6+6 6+6 6+6 6+6 6+6 6+6 6+6: "c`o~pzd 6 2 : 0 ? 9 4 2 0 > ? ? : :! Ao 6+5 6+0 6+? 6+: 6+4 6+4 6+4 6+6 6+6 6+6 6+6 6+6 6+6: "vzhl` 6 2 : 00 ? 00 4 2 0 > ? ? :0 nah! 46! N@_ODZED7 Ohk `c ohkn`ksdnhz qd odzednh ~h~dcl`k~`# ohk`o~dlhs `c `r~z`lh n`c odjc` ohk`o~hz dc vpk~h –j“ q hjs`zydlhs `c dlv`zìl`~zh# ~hldknh kh~d n` sp c`o~pzd odnd 46 s`epknhs "^DJCD AY!+
Cdjhzd~hzah n` `c`o~zaoandn q ldek`~aslh ‟ Ydzadoaÿk n`c yhc~dg` q cd ohzza`k~` npzdk~` `c vzho`sh n` odzed q n`sodzed n` pk ohkn`ksdnhz Väeakd 4?
Pkay`zsandn Kdoahkdc n`c Odccdh ,Ake`ka`zìd `cáo~zaod q `c`o~zÿkaod
^DJCD AY YDZADOAßK N@ CD OHZZA@K^@ N@C OHKN@K_DNHZ NPZDK^@ _P N@_ODZED ~ "s`e!
6
46
:6
?6
>6
06
96
56
26
16 466
Ao , , , , , , , , , , 6+6 "c`o~pzd 6+2 6+0 6+? 6+: 6+4 6+4 6+6 6+6 6+6 6+6 : 4! 9 5 2 0 5 4 2 0 ? : Ao , , , , , , , , , , 6+6 "c`o~pzd 6+5 6+0 6+? 6+: 6+4 6+4 6+6 6+6 6+6 6+6 : :! 0 6 ? : 0 6 9 > ? 4 Ao , , , , , , , , , , 6+6 "vzhl` 6+2 6+0 6+? 6+: 6+4 6+4 6+6 6+6 6+6 6+6 : nah! 60 ?0 00 ?0 9 60 5 >0 ? 40
~ ^h~dc 446 4:6 6 6 , , , 6+6 6+6 6+64 4 4 , , , 6+6 6+6 6+64 4 4 , , , 6+6 6+6 6+64 4 4
44! ^zdwdlhs cds opzyds odzdo~`zìs~aods n` ohzza`k~` `k ipkoaÿk n`c ~a`lvh vdzd cd odzed q n`sodzed n`c ohkn`ksdnhz "psdlhs vdzd cd ohzza`k~` chs ydchz`s vzhl`nahs n` cds ~djcds AAA q AY z`sv`o~aydl`k~`!+
Vdzd cd ~djcd AAA7
Cdjhzd~hzah n` `c`o~zaoandn q ldek`~aslh ‟ Ydzadoaÿk n`c yhc~dg` q cd ohzza`k~` npzdk~` `c vzho`sh n` odzed q n`sodzed n` pk ohkn`ksdnhz Väeakd 4>
Pkay`zsandn Kdoahkdc n`c Odccdh ,Ake`ka`zìd `cáo~zaod q `c`o~zÿkaod
Vdzd cd ~djcd AY7
YHC^DG@_ @K PK OAZOPA^H _@ZA@ OHK OHKN@K_DNHZ@_ 4:! Dzldlhs `c oazopa~h lhs~zdnh `k cd IAE+ 0# n`sodzedknh vz`yadl`k~` chs ohkn`ksdnhz`s# q `ko`knalhs cd ip`k~`+ Ip`k~`
46Y
46M℩
O4<:#:66°I O:<4#666°I
4?! P~acawdlhs `c yhc~ìl`~zh naea~dc hjs`zydlhs ohlh ydzìdk chs yhc~dg`s `k chs ohkn`ksdnhz`s q cd z`sas~`koad# ¸opäc oz`o` q opäc n`oz`o`8+ Cdjhzd~hzah n` `c`o~zaoandn q ldek`~aslh ‟ Ydzadoaÿk n`c yhc~dg` q cd ohzza`k~` npzdk~` `c vzho`sh n` odzed q n`sodzed n` pk ohkn`ksdnhz Väeakd 40
Pkay`zsandn Kdoahkdc n`c Odccdh ,Ake`ka`zìd `cáo~zaod q `c`o~zÿkaod Oz`o` h dpl`k~d cd odvdoa~dkoad 4>! ^hldlhs kh~d n` chs yhc~dg`s `s~djc`oanhs iakdcl`k~` `k cd z`sas~`koad q chs ohkn`ksdnhz`s+
^DJ C D Y Yz`sas~`koad ?+:lY YO4 ?+??1y YO: 9+04y Yip`k~` 1+29y
YA+ OP@_^AHKDZAH 4+ N`iakd tp` `s pk ohkn`ksdnhz q `rvcatp` oÿlh `s~ä ohks~a~panh+ N`iakaoaÿk7 Pk ohkn`ksdnhz `s pk nasvhsa~ayh tp` dcldo`kd `k`zeìd `cáo~zaod# `s pk ohlvhk`k~` vdsayh+ Ohks~a~poaÿk7 @s~ä ohks~a~panh vhz pk vdz n` spv`ziaoa`s ohknpo~hzds `k sa~pdoaÿk n` akicp`koad ~h~dc "`s~h `s# tp` ~hnds cds cìk`ds n` odlvh `cáo~zaoh tp` vdz~`k n` pkd ydk d vdzdz d cd h~zd!# e`k`zdcl`k~` `k ihzld n` ~djcds# `si`zds h cälakds# s`vdzdnds vhz pk ld~`zadc na`cáo~zaoh "sa`knh `s~` p~acawdnh `k pk ohkn`ksdnhz vdzd naslakpaz `c odlvh `cáo~zaoh# qd tp` do~÷d ohlh dascdk~`! h vhz `c ydoìh# tp`# shl`~ands d pkd nai`z`koad n` vh~`koadc "n+n+v+! dntpa`z`k pkd n`~`zlakdnd odzed `cáo~zaod# vhsa~ayd `k pkd n` cds vcdods q k`ed~ayd `k cd h~zd "sa`knh kpcd cd odzed ~h~dc dcldo`kdnd!+ :+ N`sozajd pk ohlh `s~ä ohks~zpanh pk ohkn`ksdnhz `c`o~zhcì~aoh q opdc`s shk sps pshs+ Ohks~zpooaÿk7 Chs ohkn`ksdnhz`s `c`o~zhcì~aohs n` dcplakah s` ohks~zpq`k d vdz~az n` nhs ~azds n` dcplakah# pkd n` cds opdc`s `s~ä opja`z~d n` pkd odvd dascdk~` n` ÿranh# q pk vdv`c `lvdvdnh `k `c`o~zhca~h `k~z` `ccds+ Cd ~azd dascdnd vhz `c ÿranh `s `c äkhnh# Cdjhzd~hzah n` `c`o~zaoandn q ldek`~aslh ‟ Ydzadoaÿk n`c yhc~dg` q cd ohzza`k~` npzdk~` `c vzho`sh n` odzed q n`sodzed n` pk ohkn`ksdnhz Väeakd 49
Pkay`zsandn Kdoahkdc n`c Odccdh ,Ake`ka`zìd `cáo~zaod q `c`o~zÿkaod la`k~zds `c cìtpanh `c`o~zhca~h q cd s`epknd ~azd do~÷dk ohlh oä~hnh+ @s~d vacd s` `kzhccd shjz` sì lasld# dgps~dnd ohk nhs ohk`o~hz`s vak q s` `kodgd `k pk oacaknzh n` dcplakah+ Cds nhs e`hl`~zìds läs vhvpcdz`s shk cds dradc`s q zdnadc`s lhs~zdnds `k cd ih~hezdiìd+
Pshs7 Pk ohkn`ksdnhz `c`o~zhcì~aoh `s pk ~avh n` ohkn`ksdnhz tp` psd pk cìtpanh aÿkaoh ohknpo~hz ohlh pkd n` sps vcdods+ ^ìvaodl`k~` ohk läs odvdoandn vhz pkandn n` yhcpl`k tp` h~zhs ~avhs n` ohkn`ksdnhz`s# shk ydcahshs `k oazopa~hs `cáo~zaohs ohk z`cd~ayd dc~d ohzza`k~` q jdgd iz`op`koad+ @s~` `s `sv`oadcl`k~` `c odsh `k chs iac~zhs n` dcal`k~dnhz`s n` ohzza`k~`# nhkn` s` psdk vdzd dcldo`kdz cd odzed# q lhn`zdz `c yhc~dg` n` sdcand q cds icpo~pdoahk`s n` ohzza`k~` `k cd sdcand z`o~aiaodnd+ ?+ Tpá vdzäl`~zhs s` n`j` `sv`oaiaodz opdknh s` n`s`d ohlvzdz pk ohkn`ksdnhz8 L`koahkdz `c ~avh n` ohkn`ksdnhz# `k tp` `s~zpo~pzd `cáo~zaod s` yd d p~acawdz# vhz ch e`k`zdc cd ezdk ldqhzìd n` chs ohkn`ksdnhz`s shk ohlvhk`k~`s vdsayhs+ Chs vdzäl`~zhs h `sv`oaiaodoahk`s ~áokaods n`v`kn`k n` cd `s~zpo~pzd `cáo~zaod q s` z`cdoahkd d cds khzlds ~áokaods+ >+
@k sp `rv`zal`k~h# tpá ipkoaÿk oplvc` `c z`sas~hz n` 46 M ohchodnh `k `c oazopa~h n` odzed n`c ohkn`ksdnhz8 Hvhk`zs` dc vdsh n` chs `c`o~zhk`s# qd tp` `ras~` pkd nai`z`koad n` vh~`koadc n`janh d cd ip`k~`+ @k ohks`op`koad cd nai`z`koad n` vh~`koadc `k `c ohkn`ksdnhz `s l`khz tp` `c n` cd ip`k~`+ Cp`eh `k~zd d ~dccdz `c ~a`lvh vdzd tp` naobh ohkn`ksdnhz s` odzep` dvzhraldndl`k~` aepdc d cd nai`z`koad n` vh~`koadc n` cd ip`k~`+
0+
Oÿlh vhnzìd bdo`z vdzd tp` cd odzed n`c ohkn`ksdnhz n` ::66
I s`d läs c`k~d8 H läs zävand8
Vdzd tp` s`d läs c`k~d cd odvdoandn `cáo~zaod ~a`k` tp` s`z ldqhz d ::66pi+
Cdjhzd~hzah n` `c`o~zaoandn q ldek`~aslh ‟ Ydzadoaÿk n`c yhc~dg` q cd ohzza`k~` npzdk~` `c vzho`sh n` odzed q n`sodzed n` pk ohkn`ksdnhz Väeakd 45
Pkay`zsandn Kdoahkdc n`c Odccdh ,Ake`ka`zìd `cáo~zaod q `c`o~zÿkaod Vdzd tp` s`d läs zävanh cd odvdoandn `cáo~zaod ~a`k` tp` s`z l`khz d ::66pi+
9+ Odcopc` ~`ÿzaodl`k~` `c yhc~dg` `k sp ohkn`ksdnhz `k `c aks~dk~` ~ < >6 s q ohlväz`ch ohk `c ydchz hj~`kanh `k sp ~djcd A+
Nd~h7
V`zh `k cd vzäo~aod s` ohksan`zd7
Z`lvcdwdknh7 ~< >6 s Hj~`k`lhs7
^DJCD A YDZADOAßK N@C YHC^DG@ N@C OHKN@K_DNHZ NPZDK^@ _P ODZED ~ ^h~dc ~ "s`e! 6 46 :6 ?6 >6 06 96 56 26 16 466 446 4:6 6 6 Yo ?+6 0+: 9+9 5+9 2+: 2+5 2+1 1+4 1+: 1+? 1+> 1+> 1+0? "c`o~pzd 6 >1 4 2 > 5 : 1 9 2 9 4 5 4! Yo ?+4 0+: 9+5 5+9 2+: 2+5 2+1 1+4 1+: 1+? 1+> 1+> 1+>1 "c`o~pzd 6 :> 5 : 1 2 6 0 ? 9 : 6 0 :! Yo ?+6 0+: 9+5 5+9 2+: 2+5 2+1 1+4 1+: 1+? 1+> 1+> 1+04 "vzhl`na 6 29 > 90 50 4 5 >0 5 > 60 9 h!
Cdjhzd~hzah n` `c`o~zaoandn q ldek`~aslh ‟ Ydzadoaÿk n`c yhc~dg` q cd ohzza`k~` npzdk~` `c vzho`sh n` odzed q n`sodzed n` pk ohkn`ksdnhz Väeakd 42
Pkay`zsandn Kdoahkdc n`c Odccdh ,Ake`ka`zìd `cáo~zaod q `c`o~zÿkaod Yo < 1+19 yoo ohlvzdknh ohk chs nd~hs n` cd ~djcd 7 yo< 5+990 yoo
5+
Ohk chs ydchz`s n` yhc~dg` `k `c ohkn`ksdnhz n` sp ~djcd A n`npwod pkd ~djcd aepdc vdzd chs yhc~dg`s `k cd z`sas~`koad q ezdiatp` cd opzyd YZ ys ~+
2+ Odcopc` `c ~a`lvh n` odzed n`c ohkn`ksdnhz n` sp oazopa~h q ohlväz`ch ohk `c ~hldnh n` sp `rv`zal`k~h+ @rv`zal`k~dcl`k~` s` ohksan`zd tp` `c ~a`lvh n` odzed `s7
@k~hko`s z``lvcdwdknh kp`s~zhs nd~hs hj~`kanhs7 ~o < "0!r"46M℩!r"::66°I! ~o <446s Cdjhzd~hzah n` `c`o~zaoandn q ldek`~aslh ‟ Ydzadoaÿk n`c yhc~dg` q cd ohzza`k~` npzdk~` `c vzho`sh n` odzed q n`sodzed n` pk ohkn`ksdnhz Väeakd 41
Pkay`zsandn Kdoahkdc n`c Odccdh ,Ake`ka`zìd `cáo~zaod q `c`o~zÿkaod Ohlvdzäknhch ohk ch n` cd `rv`za`koad y`lhs tp` `c ~a`lvh n` odzed `s n` 4:6s+
1+ @k cd vzäo~aod# c` z`spc~ÿ aepdc `c ~a`lvh n` odzed dc ~a`lvh n` n`sodzed8 D tpá s` n`j` `s~h8 Kh# Opdknh ohla`kwd d odzedzs` pk odvdoa~hz# cd ohzza`k~` spiz` pk odljah `r~z`ldndl`k~` djzpv~h# vdsdknh n` dc ydchz läralh+ N`c laslh lhnh opdknh s` akaoad cd n`sodzed# cd ohzza`k~` ~dljaák spiz` pk odljah aks~dk~äk`h n`sn` dc ydchz läralh+ @s~` odljah djzpv~h `k cd ohzza`k~` e`k`zd dzlÿkaohs n` lpq dc~d iz`op`koad vdzd chs opdc`s# cds nal`ksahk`s ~ìvaods n`c oazopa~h bdo`k tp` ás~` s` ohlvhz~` ohlh pkd dk~`kd# azzdnadknh vdz~` n` cd `k`zeìd `k hknds `c`o~zhldeká~aods+ _` vhnzìd v`ksdz tp` `s~d izdooaÿk n` `k`zeìd azzdnadnd `s lìkald# n`svz`oadjc`# q tp` kh bdo` idc~d ~`k`zcd `k op`k~d+ _ak `ljdzeh# opdknh s` bdo` pk dkäcasas n`~dccdnh# s` y` ocdzdl`k~` tp` `s~d váznand kh s` vp`n` n`svz`oadz+ Kh ohksan`zdzcd ohknpo` d z`spc~dnhs akohzz`o~hs
46+ Ohk chs nd~hs n` cd ~djcd Y odcopc` cd odzed dcldo`kdnd `k odnd pkh n` chs ohkn`ksdnhz`s# ¸tpá vp`n` ohkocpaz z`sv`o~h n` cd odzed `k ohkn`ksdnhz`s ohk`o~dnhs `k s`za`8 N`7
Vdzd `c vzal`z ohkn`ksdnhz7 T < "::66°I! "?+??1y! T<5?>0#2 °O
Cdjhzd~hzah n` `c`o~zaoandn q ldek`~aslh ‟ Ydzadoaÿk n`c yhc~dg` q cd ohzza`k~` npzdk~` `c vzho`sh n` odzed q n`sodzed n` pk ohkn`ksdnhz Väeakd :6
Pkay`zsandn Kdoahkdc n`c Odccdh ,Ake`ka`zìd `cáo~zaod q `c`o~zÿkaod
Vdzd `c s`epknh ohkn`ksdnhz7 T < "4666°I! "9+04y! T < 9046 °O Cds odzeds s` ds`l`gdk# v`zh `k z`dcandn opdknh nhk ohkn`ksdnhz`s `s~äk ohk`o~dnhs `k s`za`# cd ohzza`k~` `s aepdc `k odnd odvdoa~hz# q `k~hko`s# cd ydzadoaÿk n` odzed ~dljaák n`j` s`z cd lasld+ Vhz ch ~dk~h# ~hnhs chs odvdoa~hz`s `k s`za` s` odzedk "h n`sodzedk! `k cd lasld odk~andn `k ~hnh aks~dk~` n` ~a`lvh+ Vhz ch ~dk~h# cd odzed iakdc ~dljaák s`zä aepdc `k odnd odvdoa~hz Ts`za` < T4 < T:
YAA+ OHKOCP_AHK@_
Z`dcawdlhs cd ohk`raÿk n` chs aks~zpl`k~hs vdzd cd vzh~`ooaÿk n` `cchs laslhs+
D ~zdyás n`c saepa`k~` ~zdjdgh vpnalhs ndz op`k~d shjz` oa`z~ds ohsds# vhz `g`lvch tp` cd z`cdoaÿk `k~z` `c ~a`lvh q cd odzed n`c ohkn`ksdnhz# `s pk ~avh n` z`cdoaÿk naz`o~d ch opdc la`k~zds ldqhz `s `c ~a`lvh ldqhz `s cd odzed tp` yd d ~`k`z `c ohkn`ksdnhz# vhz h~zh cdnh cd z`cdoaÿk tp` ~a`k` cd n`sodzed n`c ohkn`ksdnhz ohk z`sv`o~h dc ~a`lvh `s pkd z`cdoaÿk aknaz`o~d# d l`nand tp` ~zdksopzz` läs ~a`lvh# cd odzed n`c ohkn`ksdnhz `s l`khz+
Chs ydchz`s n` cd ohks~dk~` ~# `c ydchz tp` `sd ~`knzìd tp` ~hldz `k ihzld ~`ÿzaod ohk chs ydchz`s n`c ohkn`ksdnhz q n` cd z`sas~`koad naia`z` n`c ydchz tp` s` ~hlh `k cd ihzld vzäo~aod# `s~h s` n`j` d tp` s` vpna`zhk z`vz`s`k~dzs` dce÷k ~avh n` idccd npzdk~` cd l`naoaÿk n`c ~a`lvh h n`c yhc~dg`# vhz idccds h ydchz`s ohk oa`z~h ldze`k n` `zzhz n` cd ip`k~` n` vhn`z# `c ohkn`ksdnhz# cd z`sas~`koad# h n`c yhc~ìl`~zh# h vhz zdwhk`s tp` salvc`l`k~` kh vhn`lhs o`z~aiaodz+
YAAA+ JAJCAHEZDIAD •
b~~v7((`s+uamav`nad+hze(uama(
Cdjhzd~hzah n` `c`o~zaoandn q ldek`~aslh ‟ Ydzadoaÿk n`c yhc~dg` q cd ohzza`k~` npzdk~` `c vzho`sh n` odzed q n`sodzed n` pk ohkn`ksdnhz Väeakd :4
Pkay`zsandn Kdoahkdc n`c Odccdh ,Ake`ka`zìd `cáo~zaod q `c`o~zÿkaod • • • •
b~~v7((uuu+pkaozhl+ohl b~~v7((uuu+sbhv`r~`ob+ohl( b~~v7((~dcc`z+~dedjh~+hze(akn`r+vbv(Dznpakh(Dzldnd b~~v7((`s+uamav`nad+hze(uama
Cdjhzd~hzah n` `c`o~zaoandn q ldek`~aslh ‟ Ydzadoaÿk n`c yhc~dg` q cd ohzza`k~` npzdk~` `c vzho`sh n` odzed q n`sodzed n` pk ohkn`ksdnhz Väeakd ::