Writing the Methodology Methodolo gy Chapter
d issertation, n, thesis, Typical contents of a dissertatio research resea rch paper, jour journal nal arti article± cle± chapt chapters, ers, sections, and parts.
Preliminary pages Preliminary Introduction Literature Review Methodology Findings/results Conclusion
There is a difference between methods and methodology ethodology..
Methods
are those means by which data and information are gathered.
Methodology
combines methods with the philosophy underlying underlying the methods. It has to do with the epistemological/ideological epistemological/ideological basis of the study. (critical study of the theory of knowl knowledge edge ± its valid validity, ity, methods methods and and scope) scope)
Methodologi Methodologies es
and procedures will vary according to the topic area, and the type of project or thesis.
Chapters 1, 2, and 5 usually follow the same format for most projects and theses. Chapters 3 and 4 will vary considerably between research, developmental, evaluative, evaluative, and conceptual studies. Should another researcher wish to replicate the study, sufficient information and detail should be included to facilitate replicability.. replicability
esearch-Based Studies R esearch-Based
Most theses are grounded in empirical research, though some are philosophic p hilosophical al documents. The following headings /sections may be relevant for theses and projects that are qualitati ve, quantitative, historical, or case studies. studies.
Overview: R esearch esearch Methodology and Design Pilot Studies Selection of Site and Participants Instrumentation Field, Classroom, or Laboratory Procedures Data Collection and R ecording ecording
Data Processing and Analysis Methodological Assumptions Limitations Establishing Credibility Ethical Considerations R estate estatement of the Area of Study
Overview or Introduction: This will acquaint the reader with the specific direction the chapter will take. As in all other chapters, this section should not have its own heading.(!) heading.(!)
esearch Methodology and Design: R esearch This section presents information from research literature to highlight the characteristics characterist ics and qualities of the chosen methodology (e.g., experimental, quasiexperimental, correlational, correlational, survey,
auto/biographical, ethnographic, auto/biographical, narrative, conceptual, phenomenologic phenomenological, al, case study, action research, etc.). You
are expected to justify the selection of this approach by identifying the characteristics or elements that will be used for your line of investigatio investigation n and demonstrating the appropriateness of those elements for the large purpose of the study.
For
quantitative studies, this section also sets out the dependent and independent variables and the operational research questions or null hypotheses. Pilot Studies: Described here are the studies used in the development of the research design, instruments used (including subsequent modifications), data collection collectio n techniques, methods of analysis, findings, and characteristics characteristics of the pilot study participants.
Selection of Site and Participants : This section is concerned with the characteristics of the sample and population involved in the study and how and why they were chosen (i.e., sampling proc pr oced edur ures es). ). It sho shoul uld d spec specif ify y how how access the site (s) was obtained, how participation was solicited, how responses were received from potential participants, and how actual participation was determined.
Instrumentation (if appropriate): Descriptions Description s of tests, measures, observations, scales, questionnaire questionnaires, s, interview guides, observation guides, and document characteristics characteristics should be included. For self-developed instruments, detailed information information is required on the sources used. and process followed to deve de velo lop p the the ins instr trum umen ent. t. Ev Evid iden ence ce of of validity and reliability of test instruments should be provided. Specific instruments and/or adaptations should be included in an Appendix of the document and referred to here.
Field, Classroom, or Laboratory Procedures (if appropriate): When special instructions instructions are necessary or distribution distributi on of materials is part of the research design, these should be included here. Note that procedural variations may corrupt replications; therefore, directions should be sufficiently exact to facilitate subsequent studies.
Data Collection and R ecording ecording: Detailed descriptions of how data were collected and recorded are included in this sect se ctio ion. n. It sh shou ould ld sp spec ecif ify y the the ex exac actt procedures that were followed, the order in which they were conducted, and the timeline within the process unfolded. Data Processing and Analysis (if appropriate): Quantitative: All methods of processing and analyzing data should be described. Statistical tests should be described in relation to research questions or hypotheses.
Qualitative:
Qualitative studies present great complexities in the assessment of data. The defensibility of analytical methods should should be specific and draw on methods with broader acceptance and precedence (e.g., key word or key phrase analysis, content analysis, and constant comparison analysis). Should external raters be used, details of their qualifications qualificatio ns and the instructions for independent analysis should be specified.
Methodological Assumptions: Research Methodological in education cannot control all aspects of the methodology and any assumptions about the data that have been made and have a potential or actual bearing on the outcome of the study should be clearly stated. Limitations: The description of limitations limitation s of the chosen methodology acknowledges the potential weaknesses of the study. This section should clearly outline the limitation and present the steps taken by the researcher to reduce potential threats to the result.
Establishing Credibility: The procedures used to ensure that results are credible should be outlined.
In
quantitative studies, the procedures include reliability reliability and validity measures of the instrument.
In
qualitative studies, the procedures include triangulation, thick description d escription,, prolonged engagement, member checks, peer debriefing, and audit trails.
Ethical Considerations: Research with human participants requires careful attention to the rights and protections that will be ensured for the participants. pa rticipants. The researcher must acknowledge any ethical risks in the study and outline the ethical guidelines followed to ensure that the participants have been protected. Consent forms might be required.
estatement of the Area of Study: This R estate section brings brings the reader back to the main purpose of the investigation. For quantitative studies, the purpose /thesis statement from Chapter One is restated in operational form and linked back to research hypotheses and methods. For qualitati ve studies, the purpose / thesis statement is repeated and empirical questions are linked back to specific data collection collectio n and/or analysis strategies.
This section is intended to serve as a segue into Chapter Four, where the hypotheses or empirical questions should frame the presentation of results.
Developmental Studies Developmental studies studies are possible subtypes for pro ject work. Handbooks, manuals, workshops, and curriculum design units are examples of developmental work.
Need for the Product: In this section the handbook, manual, workshop, or curriculum unit is justified within the context in which it will be used.
Process of Development: A detailed step by step description of your work in developing the final product is provided.
Pilot Testing: The description of the pilot test(s) includes information about the sample and methods used for data collection. P lease note: not all developmental developme ntal products will be pilot tested. P roduct roduct evaluation can be conducted after after the product has been written.. written
Implementation: The implementation of the workshop or curriculum unit is described in detail including location, circumstances,, and target sample. circumstances
Evaluation: Evaluation by those who have used or are likely to use the handbook or curriculum unit or those who have participated in the workshop is included. You also evaluate the final product for its use or application in the intended context.
R evision Criteria: The results and expected implications implications of the pilot test and/or evaluation process are discussed in terms of possible revisions and possible influence on the final product.
Evaluative Studies
These will include projects that examine needs assessments and/or evaluate curriculum curricul um units, programs, or other existing instructional instructional materials ma terials (e.g., evaluation of a computer program, evaluation of teaching, curriculum etc.).
Aspects of the Program to be Evaluated: The specifics of what is to be evaluated are described here (curricul (curriculum um unit, etc.).
Sources of Information: The sources of information that will be used for evaluation are described in this section. These may include students, parents, teachers, administrators, administrators, school or other records, and so on.
Data Collection Techniques: Qualitative or quantitative methods used to gather data are detailed (e.g., questionnaires, interviews, analysis of materials).
Criteria for Evaluation: The criteria that will be used to make decisions or improvements are are described in detail.
Analysis of Data: The types of analyses used to summarize and report on the data collected in the study are described.
