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Video/Audio Video/A udio Wireless Transmi Transmitter tter project for you Abstract: To design and build a wireless transmitter that works over the FM frequency and allows the transfer of a video/audio signal over a certain distance to an FM tuner. Introduction: In this fast-paced world, there is little time for inconveniences and a greater need for portability and adaptability. The idea for an Audio/Video transmitter stems from this need. There may have been times when you’ve wanted to hook up your VCR from one room to another television set in another room. But that would have entailed that you first unhook all kinds of wires and plugs from the primary TV set; carry the VCR to the next TV set; and then finally re-wire everything together. An Audio/Video transmitter will let you do just about the same thing. But it would offer other conveniences as well. For example, it would allow you to set up security cameras around your home which would send video signals directly to a TV or VCR. And, there are no cumbersome wires and cables to line throughout the intended area. Design & Development (What we did): The most difficult part of this project was coming up with a design that would work. Because both of us had very little experience with RF signal systems we had to learn, basically, from scratch. The approach we took, was to first create a video transmitter, then add the audio portion later. This way we could test each component individually and then integrate them later when we knew both parts were working correctly. We first went to the Grainger Library to research various transmitters designs and how they were built. Although all the books were very old, we were able to gather some useful information from various sources. Most of the books had only information about sending audio transmission and had very little on video signal transmissions. Also, some books that had some kind of designs and data for video tranmission were very outdated. But we found some interesting standards that help explained what television stations used. This was not too far from what our original intentions were on building two different types of transmitters. Let us first look at the basic block diagram of what and how Audio/Video transmission works. From the book: Television Electronics by Kiver and Kaufman (8th ed.) Copyright 1983; there is a block diagram of the television transmitter (page 9, Kiver and Kaufman).
As you can see, television signals operates as two separate transmissions. One for the video and the other for sound. And just like our project, two different devices are going to be built. As noted before, most of the books we used from Grainger Library were older than u s, so all parts used listed (tubes and such) were outdated and not readily available to us. So the search goes on to finding another solution. Let us look at some of the industry standards that might help shed some light on this project. From the book: Radio Frequency Transmission Systems by Whitaker (1st ed.) Copyright 1991; we see some of the standards set by the U.S. Federal Communications Commission (page 44, Whitaker). Band
Channels
Frequency
Low-band VHF
2 through 6
(54-72 Mhz and 76-88 Mhz)
High-band VHF 7 through 13
(174-216 Mhz)
UH F
14 through 69
(470-806 Mhz)
UH F
70-83
(806-890 Mhz) currently assigned to land mobile radio services
Below is a table that show the specific frequency band assignment to the channels designations (page 45, Whitaker).
From the table above, we see that all channels assignments are 6 Mhz apart. And from Kiver and Kaufman (page 20-21) there is a listing of all of the corresponding television channels to their frequencies with much greater detail showing the picture carrier and the sound carrier assignments. Although based on cable standards, it is identical to the airwave standards set by the FCC. Within the 6 Mhz range the picture and sound carrier are within 2 Mhz from the ends and also about 2 Mhz apart from each other. This leaves about 4 Mhz in between each channels.
Implementation (How we did it): After searching high and low we have come across a diagram of some audio transmission schematic which was claimed to also be capable of transmitting video signals. The device was later found out to be known as the repeater. In the following pages we have printed up the schematics that we used to build our devices. Two devices were built (as noted above as to why two different transmitters are needed). We had various difficulties with implementing the video transmitter design. We discovered that somehow a 9v battery did not deliver enough power to the circuit produce a strong clean signal. So a bench power supply was used u sed to run the circuit. We have also learned that not using an insulated crossdriver to tune our circuit to the correct frequency gave us a lot of problems. So, for an alternative solution, we used an old
As you can see, television signals operates as two separate transmissions. One for the video and the other for sound. And just like our project, two different devices are going to be built. As noted before, most of the books we used from Grainger Library were older than u s, so all parts used listed (tubes and such) were outdated and not readily available to us. So the search goes on to finding another solution. Let us look at some of the industry standards that might help shed some light on this project. From the book: Radio Frequency Transmission Systems by Whitaker (1st ed.) Copyright 1991; we see some of the standards set by the U.S. Federal Communications Commission (page 44, Whitaker). Band
Channels
Frequency
Low-band VHF
2 through 6
(54-72 Mhz and 76-88 Mhz)
High-band VHF 7 through 13
(174-216 Mhz)
UH F
14 through 69
(470-806 Mhz)
UH F
70-83
(806-890 Mhz) currently assigned to land mobile radio services
Below is a table that show the specific frequency band assignment to the channels designations (page 45, Whitaker).
From the table above, we see that all channels assignments are 6 Mhz apart. And from Kiver and Kaufman (page 20-21) there is a listing of all of the corresponding television channels to their frequencies with much greater detail showing the picture carrier and the sound carrier assignments. Although based on cable standards, it is identical to the airwave standards set by the FCC. Within the 6 Mhz range the picture and sound carrier are within 2 Mhz from the ends and also about 2 Mhz apart from each other. This leaves about 4 Mhz in between each channels.
Implementation (How we did it): After searching high and low we have come across a diagram of some audio transmission schematic which was claimed to also be capable of transmitting video signals. The device was later found out to be known as the repeater. In the following pages we have printed up the schematics that we used to build our devices. Two devices were built (as noted above as to why two different transmitters are needed). We had various difficulties with implementing the video transmitter design. We discovered that somehow a 9v battery did not deliver enough power to the circuit produce a strong clean signal. So a bench power supply was used u sed to run the circuit. We have also learned that not using an insulated crossdriver to tune our circuit to the correct frequency gave us a lot of problems. So, for an alternative solution, we used an old
clock/radio/TV with an analog tuner to test our design. This allowed for fine tuning with a plastic knob when searching correct frequency. The audio transmitter eventually worked. But the au dio signal was wrought with interference and fluctuations depending on the distance between b etween the transmitter, the receiver and the position of the transmitter’s antenna. Also, since the devices were built in a very crude manner, it was very prone to noise interference creating highly distorted signals.
Audio/Video transmitter schematic
There was another design for video transmission found from the book: The Giant Book of Electronics Projects by The Editors of 73 Magazine (1st ed. 16th printing) Copyright 1982 (page 464).
We didn’t build this design since we didn’t know k now some of the undefined values va lues (or at least they were not properly determined and purposely left undefined). Con clusion (Results): Overall we learned a great deal about RF signals relative to how much we knew before hand. We recommend taking an RF signal class such as ECE353 before undertaking any sort of RF project. This project can be greatly improved on o n for those interested in RF transmission design which most people take for granted when listening to their favorite band on the radio or watching football games on the TV. sumit k kushwaha TO BUY PROJECTS MAIL US AT
[email protected] September 22, 2008 Posted by IndianEngineer IndianEngineer || Uncategorized | 6 Comments
serial infrared transmitter transmit ter circuit by indian engineer September 22, 2008 Posted by Common wealth games | Uncategorized | 1 Comment
Prepaid Prepai d Energy Meter (AT89S52) – 8051 Microcontroller Microcont roller A scheme of Electricity billing system called ?PREPAID ENERGY METER WITH TARIFF INDICATOR? can facilitate in improved cash flow management in energy utilities and can reduces problem associated with billing consumer living in isolated area and reduces deployment of manpower for taking meter readings. Every consumer can buy a memory card (is nothing but an EEPROM IC) with a password stored inside it using a MC program. The memory card is available at various ranges (ie. Rs 50 , Rs 100,
Rs 200 etc?).In our project we have given the name for memory card as smart card. When the consumer insert a smart card into the card reader which is connected in ?prepaid energy meter with tariff indicator?kit.Then the card reader will read the stored information and delete the information from the EEPROM IC(smart card) using the MC program. So that the smart card cannot be reused by others. Suppose if a consumer buy a card for Rs.50/- he / she can insert this amount through the card reader so that prepaid energy meter with tariff indicator kit will be activated. According to the power consumption the amount will be reduced. When the amount is over, the relay will automatically shutdown the whole system. In our project we also have a provision to give an alarm sound to consumer before the whole amount is reduced.
The cards are nothing but the EEPROM chip AT24C04. Call Us at 9868816785
STUDNETS CALLING FROM OUTSIDE INDIA PLEASE PREFIX 0091 BEFORE THE NUMBERS OR DIAL 00919717408885 ALL THE NUMBERS BELONG TO NEW DELHI (india) CLICK HERE TO GET THIS PROJECT AND KITS
September 21, 2008 Posted by IndianEngineer | Uncategorized | 59 Comments
microprocessor projects Water level Controller The water level Controller is a reliable circuit, it takes over the task of indicating and Controlling the water level in the overhead water tanks. The level of the water is displayed in the LED Bar graph. The Copper probes are used to sense the water level. The probes are inserted into the water tank which is to be monitored. This waterlevel Controller-***-alarm circuit is configured around the wellknown 8 bit Microprocessor 8085. It continuously monitors the overhead water level and display it and it also switch Off the Motor when the tank fills and it will automatically switch On the Motor when the water level is low. The Microprocessor will also indicate
the water level over the LED display. All the input and output functions are done through the Programmable Peripheral Interface IC 8255.
final year projects September 17, 2008 Posted by IndianEngineer | Uncategorized | 26 Comments
MICROCONTROLLER BASED PROJECTS for final year electronics latest projects 2010 special.. Automatic Railway Gate Control & Track Switching( LATEST)
Put Coin And Draw Power (latest) for Electrical and Electronics. Intelligent Train Engines ( New-Latest) VEHECLE MONITORING AND SECURITY SYSTEM ULTRASONIC rADAR(latest) Call Us Now to Book any of these projects now Click here for Booking Details. 1. FASTEST-FINGER-FIRST USING 89C51 2. MICRO PROCESSOR BASED REVERSIBLE D.C. MOTOR CONTROL 3. MOVING MESSAGE DISPLAY 8085 MICROPROCESSOR(LATEST) 4. PC16F84- BASED CODED DEVICE SWITCHING SYSTEM 5. STEPPER MOTOR CONTROL USING 89C51
6. MIC-89C51 MONITORING SYSTEM(LATEST) 7. MANUAL AT 89C51 PROGRAM 8. AT 89C2051 BASED COUNTDOWN TIMER 9. MICROCONTROLLER BASED CODE LOCK USING AT 89C2051 10. LCD FREQUENCY METER USING 89C2051 11. CALLER ID UNIT USING MICRO-CONTROLLER 12. PIC 18 F 84 MICRO-CONTROLLER BASE CODE DEVICE SWITCH SYSTEM 13. MICROPROCESSOR-BASED HOME SECURITY SYSTEM(LATEST) 14. STEPPER MOTOR CONTROL USING 89C51 MICRO-CONTROLLER 15. MICRO CONTROLLER BASED TEMPERATURE METER(LATEST) 16. MICRO CONTROLLER BASED HEARTBEAT MONITOR 17. RS232 ANOLOG TO DIGITAL CONVERTER USING AT89C51 MCU 18. ULTRASONICRANGEFINDER USING PIC MICRO CONTROLLER 19. CALLER- ID UNIT USING MICRO CONTROLLER 20. MICRO CONTROLLER BASED PATHFINDER(LATEST) 21. MICRO CONTROLLER BASED ROBOT.(LATEST)
22. MICRO CONTROLLER MOVING MESSAGE DISPLAY(LATEST) 23. MICRO CONTROLLER BASED RELAY SWITCHING 24. MICRO CONTROLLER AUTO DIALER USING GSM. 25. MICRO CONTROLLER BASED WATER LEVER INDICATOR(LATEST) 26. MICRO CONTROLLER BASED WIRELESS HOME AUTOMATION(LATEST) 27. MICROCONTROLLER BASED RADAR SYSTEM(LATEST) 28. MULTI CHANNEL INFRA RED CONTROL 4 different point 89 c2051 micro controller in transmitter and receiver, using infra red technique. 29. MOVING MESSAGE DISPLAY : 89c51 micro controller Led matrix, 30. Digital clock with alarm: using 89c51 micro controller 31. TRAFFIC LIGHT WITH DOWN COUNTER : all the four sides of the road with one side counter display using 89c51 micro controller circuit. 32. ULTRASONIC DISTANCE METER USING MICROCONTROLLER 33. PRI-PAID CAR PARKING SYSTEM 34. MULTILEVEL CAR PARKING BY MCU 35. MICRO CONTROLLER TEMPERATUIRE METER 36. ANOLOG TO DIGITAL CONERTER USING AT89C51 MCU 37. INFARED REMOTE CONTROLE SYSTEM 38. ULTRASONIC MOVEMENT DETECTOR 39. MICROCONTROLLER BASED TACHOMETER 40. MCU BASED VISITOR COUNTER 41. PWM CONTROL OF DC MOTOR USING 89C51 42. AN INTELLIGENT AMBULANCE CAR WHICH CONTROL TO TRAFFIC LIGHT 43. PRE-PAID ENERGY METER 44. MICROC CONTROLLER BASED LINE FOLLOWER OR TRACING ROBOT 45. AUTOMATED WALKING ROBOT CONTROLLED BY MCU 46. AUTO BRAKING SYSTEM 47. AUTOMATIC RAILWAY CROSSING GATE CONTROLLER TO BOOK PROJECTS WITH US MAIL US AT
[email protected] OR CALL US AT STUDENTS FROM INDIA DIAL -09717408885 FOR STUDENTS CALLING FROM OUTSIDE INDIA -00919717408885 WE BET OUT PRICES ARE THE BEST BECAUSE W E VALUE YOUR MONEY. COLLEGES AND INSTITUTIONS CAN MAIL US FOR TRAINING AND TIE-UP PROGRAMS. projects recomended for UP TECH UNIVERSITY,DDU,PTU,ANNA UNIVERSITY,IP UNIV, JAMMU UNIV AND ALL OTHER UNIVERSITY STUDENTS.
STUDENTS FROM SOUTH INDIA CALL 09717408885 (ANY TIME) STUDENTS FORM NORTH INDIA CALL 09718246286 (ANY TIME) STUDENTS FROM DELHI,UP,HARYANA,PUNJAB AND OTHER PARTS CALLL 09530140501 ( ANY TIME) THANKS FOR YOUR VISIT PLEASE MAIL US TO KNOW MORE ABOUT US OR CALL US ANY TIME. BEST OF LUCK!
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IndianEngineers Institute For Engineering Services And PSU's Comming Soon in Delhi
September 15, 2008 Posted by IndianEngineer | projects list, Uncategorized | 214 Comments
PROJECT ON WIRELESS DATA AND VOICE COMMUNICATION THROUGH INFRARED-LED PROJECT KIT 1500/In Delhi NCR
/ ASSEMBLED PROJECT COST 3500/-
Free Home Delivery
SYNOPSIS of the month TITLE OF THE SYNOPSIS:“Conceptual designs development & demonstrations of a WIRELESS DATA AND VOICE COMMUNICATION THROUGH INFRARED-LED”
OBJECTIVES:To Design a circuit of an electronic infrared communication system. Develop new ideas to implement this circuit purposely. To study the circuitry and different types of components & D TMF generator, DTMF decoder, op-amp and infrared-LED in the circuit. CLICK HERE TO SEE FREE PRESENTATION OF THIS PROJECT INTRODUCTION For years, infrared LED has been merely a system for piping light around corners and into the inaccessible places to allow the hidden to be lighted. But now, infrared LED has evolved into a system of significantly greater importance and use. Throughout the world, it is now being used to transmit voice, television and data signals as light waves. Its advantages as compared with conventional coaxial cable or twisted wire pairs are manifold. As a result, millions of dollars are being spent to put these light wave communication systems into operation. One of the most interesting developments in recent years in the field of telecommunication is the use of laser light to carry information over large distances. It has been proved in the past decade that light wave transmission through laser light is superior than that achieved through wires and microwave links. Typically, infrared LED has a much lower transmission loss per unit length (0.15-5db/km) and is not susceptible to electromagnetic interference. Economically also, it serves our purpose. The ever increasing cost and the lack of space available in the congested metropolitan cities asks for advent of a less costly system. The conventional telephonic systems use copper wires, which easily get oxidized and as such require high maintenance cost. The laser light being made of glass are non-reactive and hence economical. Also, the noise pick up by the copper wire or in electrical signals is quite substantial whereas in laser light, the noise pick up is negligible. Basic elements of a infrared LED system Applications (i) Applications for video transmission include high quality video Trunked from studio Transfeter, Broadcast CATV video, Video Trunking within city or between cities, Baasedand Video for closed.
BLOCKDIAGRAM
CONSTRUCTION AND WORKING MIKE: Its converts sound signals into electrical signals. AMPLIFIER (A): Signals from mike are amplified so that it can drive to infrared-LED. INFRARED-LED: It carries signals. PHOTO TRANSISTOR: The electrical signals are regained from the optical signals. AMPLIFIER (B): Energy of signals is amplified to drive the speaker. SPEAKER: Electrical signals which are amplified are reconverted into sound signals at the speaker. DTMF CODER: It is generates the DTMF signal corresponding to the number entered from the keyboard. DTMF DECODER : It is fed to DTMF decoder which gives the binary output corresponding to the signal received from the transmitter. DECODER DRIVER : To drive the 7 segment display. The circuit The main part of Circuit is an amplifier. This sound signals (even at a distance of 2 meters from the mic) are picked up by the condenser microphone and converted into electrical variation, which are amplified by the op-amp. (Operational amplifier) IC- 741 is use in the inverting mode with a single supply using divider network of resistor the gain of IC can be set be varying the feed back through R5/6 resistance (can place a 1M variable) here the output of IC is further amplified buy the push-pull amplifier using transistor BC.548/558 pair, in this circuit are R2 is feed back resistance with R1/8 and C1/3 to connected IC-741. The IC’s pin 2 is connect VR1 (variable resistance) through connect to O/P of T1 (transistor) also use 6volt DC. The microphone should be placed near the circuit with the shield wire to suppress tune. The output of the amplifier is taken from emitter of two transistors, with a filter C5 from speaker. Same process continues in the second amplifier. CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION OF SWITCH SECTION This project was based on photo diodes and photo transistor. Photo diodes had been used as a transmitter and photo transistor as a receiver. This project had been divided in two part, First part
transmitter section and second part receiver section. Slide switch selected to voice communication and data. TRANSMISSIONSECTION :When switch key is pressed, circuit is energised. The output of The transmit IR beams modulated at same frequency 1KHz. The receiver uses infrared module. The IR- signal form the transmitter is sensed by the receiver sensor. RECEIVER SECTION:- This section is worked as a Flip-flop (Bistable). IC-3 is decade counter, its Pin No.14 is input and Pin No. 2 output. The output of frequency detector stage is used, via a flip-flop, to switch ‘ON’ or switch ‘OFF’ a LED alternately. The receiver uses infrared modules IR-signal from the transmitter is sensed by the sensor through and its output PIN 1 goes low and switched LED. IC-3 is worked on clock pulse which receives to infrared modules at Pin No. 14. Its output at Pin No 2 throughes high. The output of IC-2 is also used for lighting LED-1 indicating presence of signal. When no signal is available output of sensor module goes high and transistor LED is switched ‘OFF’. When another signal arrives, LED is switched ‘ON’ and through clock pulse at Pin No. 14 of IC-3. This makes the LED to switch ‘ON’ the appliance at first pulse and ‘OFF’ the appliance at its Second pulse arrived at its sensor. Transmitter circuits works satisfactorily with 6-9V DC. Battery but receiver circuits needs 6V regulated supply. The CAMD CM8870/70C provides full DTMF receiver capability by integrating both the band-split filter and digital decoder functions into a single 18-pin DIP, SOIC,or 20-pin PLCC package. The CM8870/70C is manufactured using state-of-the-art CMOS process technology for low power consumption (35mW, MAX) and precise data handling. The filter section uses a switched capacitor technique for both high and low group filters and dial tone rejection. The CM8870/70C decoder uses digital counting techniques for the detection and decoding of all 16 DTMF tone pairs into a 4-bit code. This DTMF receiver minimizes external component count by providing an on-chip differential input amplifier, clock generator, and a latched three-state interface bus. The on-chip clock generator requires only a low cost TV crystal or ceramic resonator as an external component. Notes: 1. dBm = decibels above or below a reference power of 1mW into a 600. load. 2. Digit sequence consists of all 16 DTMF tones. 3. Tone duration = 40ms. Tone pause = 40ms. 4. Nominal DTMF frequencies are used. 5. Both tones in the composite signal have an equal amplitude. 6. Bandwidth limited (0 to 3KHz) Gaussian Noise. 7. The precise dial tone frequencies are (350Hz and 440Hz) ±2%. 8. For an error rate of better than 1 in 10,000 9. Referenced to lowest level frequency component in DTMF signal. 10. Minimum signal acceptance level is measured with specified maximum frequency deviation. 11. Input pins defined as IN+, IN–, and TOE. 12. External voltage source used to bias VREF.
13. This parameter also applies to a third tone injected onto the power supply. 14. Referenced to Figure 1. Input DTMF tone level at –28dBm. COMPONENTS USED RESISTANCE: R1, 150W R2,R11,R12 100kW R3, R7 10KW R4, R8 4.7kW R5,R6,R9,R10 15KW R13 220K W R14 1KW R15-R22 150W VR-1,VR-2 1MW Variable Resistance CAPACITOR: C1,C2,C4,C5 0.1 mfd (104 pf) C3 220 mfd MIKE Condensor Microphone SEMICONDUCTOR: IC1UM91215B (DTMF CODER) IC2, IC-3 741 (OP AMP) IC-4 CM8870 (DTMF DECODER) IC-5 74LS47 (DECODER) T1,T3 NPN BC548 T2,T4 PNP BC558 LED Light Emitting Diode Pt. Photo Transistor MISCELLANEOUS: IC Base 8 Pin (2pcs.) Speaker 8 ohms Optical Fibre General purpose PCB General purpose Slide Switch DPDT Battery 6 volt DC CIRCUIT DAIGRAM RECEIVER AUTOMATION SECTION
BLOCKDIAGRAM CONSTRUCTION AND WORKING IR-LED: It carries signals and converted into optical signals. PHOTO TRANSISTOR: The electrical signals are regained from the optical signals. DTMF CODER: It is generates the DTMF signal corresponding to the number entered from the keyboard. DTMF RECEIVER/DECODER : It is fed to DTMF decoder which gives the binary output corresponding to the signal received from the transmitter. DEMULTIPLEXER/ 4-16 LINE DECODER: It takes the 4 line BCD input and selects respective output one among the 16 output lines. It is active low output and drives to relay. RELAY DRIVER : Its section controls the relay. It has a Not Gate and four NPN transistors. NPN transistor is drive to relay which works as a switching. Relay controls the AC devices. WORKING OF AUTOMATION CONTROL SECTION: Signal Decoding Unit: This is the main unit of this system. This unit consists of a DTMF to BCD decoder IC MT 8870, 4 to 16 line decoder IC 74154 and hex inverter gate IC 4049. The working of all the above IC’s are mentioned here before. The DTMF to BCD decoder IC MT8870 takes a valid tone signal from the IR transmitter section. Then the tone signal is converted in to 4 bit BCD number output obtained at pins from 11 to 14. This output is fed to the 4-16 line decoder IC74154. This IC takes the BCD number and decodes. According to that BCD number it selects the active low output line from 1 to 16 which is decimal equivalent of the BCD number present at its input pins. Since the low output of this IC the output is inverted to get logic high output. This inversion is carried out by hex inverter IC 4049- built on TTL logic. This IC inverts the data on its input terminal and gives inverted output. 3. Device switching unit: This unit consists of a tri state buffer and a D flip flop. After making confirmation of current status of the device to alter the status of that device, you have to change the mode of the tri state buffer by making the control input high. This is done by pressing the ‘#’ key. When this key is pressed the output of the 4-16 line decoder goes low The output of tri state buffer is latched by using a D flip-flop. Here this D flip flop is used in the toggle mode. For each positive going edge of the clock pulse will trigger the flip-flop. After a period of 5 seconds the output of the IC 6 goes low and puts the tri state buffer in the high impedance state. Therefore to change the status of any other device is to be done after the output of IC 6 goes low, again ‘#’ key is pressed to make the tri state buffer act as input –output state and the respective code of the device is pressed. 4. Power supply unit: For the proper working of this local control section except the local telephone set it needs a permanent back up which gives a 5V back up continuously. This is achieved by using a 5V
regulated power supply from a voltage regulated IC 7805. This 5V source is connected to all ICs and relays. This IC gets a backup from a 9V battery. 5. Relay driver circuit: To carry out the switching of any devices we commonly use the relays. Since the output of the D flip flop is normally +5V or it is the voltage of logic high state. So we cannot use this output to run the device or appliances. Therefore here we use relays, which can handle a high voltage of 230V or more, and a high current in the rate of 10Amps to energize the electromagnetic coil of the relays +5V is sufficient. Here we use the transistors to energize the relay coil. The output of the D flip-flop is applied to the base of the transistor T2 – T5 via a resister. When the base voltage of the transistor is above 0.7V the emitter-base (EB) junction of the transistor forward biased as a result transistor goes to saturation region it is nothing b ut the switching ON the transistor. This intern switches on the relay. By this the devices is switches ON. When the output of D flip-flop goes low the base voltage drops below 0.7V as a result the robotic devices also switches OFF. CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION: This system is divided into two sections, 1: Remote Section 2: a utomation Control Section. REMOTE SECTION: This unit consists of IR transmitter section, which is present in the remote place. The figure (E) shows the circuit diagram of the DTMF encoder, which resembles the DTMF transmitter section. It uses DTMF encoder integrated circuit, Chip UM 9121 4B. This IC produces DTMF signals. It contains four row frequencies & three column frequencies. The pins of IC 91214 B from 12 to 14 produces high frequency column group and pins from 15 to 18 produces the low frequency row group. By pressing any key in the keyboard corresponding DTMF signal is available in its output pin at pin no.7. For producing the appropriate signals it is necessary that a crystal oscillator of 3.58MHz is connected across its pins 3 & 4 so that it makes a part of its internal oscillator. Figure (E). Circuit diagram of the DTMF encoder This encoder IC requires a voltage of 3V. For that IC is wired around 4.5V battery. And 3V backup Vcc for this IC is supplied by using 3.2v zener diode. The row and column frequency of this IC is as on the fig. “B”. By pressing the number 5 in the key pad the output tone is produced which is the resultant of addition of two frequencies, at pin no. 13 & pin no.16 of the IC and respective tone which represents number ’5′ in key pad is produced at pin no.7 of the IC. This signal is sent to the DTMF transmitter section through IRLED. ROBOTIC ARM CONTROL SECTION: This is a control unit through which you can control your devices. This contains one DTMF transmitter section and a devices Control Section. The devices to be controlled must be connected to phototransistor through control unit. Control unit is kept with a sufficient backup. devices control Section consists of a DTMF decoder, 4-16 line decoder/demultiplexer, D-flipflops, and relay driver circuits. Before going into detail of the circuit, we will take a brief description about integrated circuits used in local control section. MT 8870 DTMF decoder: IC MT8870/KT3170 serves as DTMF. This IC takes DTMF signal coming via telephone line and converts that signal into respective BCD number. It uses same oscillator frequency used in
the remote section so same crystal oscillator with frequency of 3.85M Hz is used in this IC. Working of IC MT8870: The MT-8870 is a full DTMF Receiver that integrates both band split filter and decoder functions into a single 18-pin DIP. Its filter section uses switched capacitor technology for both the high and low group filters and for dial tone rejection. Its decoder uses d igital counting techniques to detect and decode all 16 DTMF tone pairs into a 4-bit code. External component count is minimized by provision of an on-chip differential input amplifier, clock generator, and latched tri-state interface bus. Minimal external components required include a low-cost 3.579545 MHz crystal, a timing resistor, and a timing capacitor. The MT-8870-02 can also inhibit the decoding of fourth column digits. MT-8870 operating functions include a band split filter that separates the high and low tones of the received pair, and a digital decoder that verifies both the frequency and duration of the received tones before passing the resulting 4-bit code to the output bus. The low and high group tones are separated by applying the dual-tone signal to the inputs of two 6th order switched capacitor band pass filters with bandwidths that correspond to the bands enclosing the low and high group tones. Figure (F).Block diagram of IC MT8870 The filter also incorporates notches at 350 and 440 Hz, providing excellent dial tone rejection. Each filter output is followed by a single-order switched capacitor section that smoothes the signals prior to limiting. Signal limiting is performed by high gain comparators provided with by stresses to prevent detection of unwanted low-level signals and noise. The MT-8870 decoder uses a digital counting technique to determine the frequencies of the limited tones and to verify that they correspond to standard DTMF frequencies. When the detector recognizes the simultaneous presence of two valid tones (known as signal condition), it raises the Early Steering flag (ESt). Any subsequent loss of signal condition will cause ESt to fall. Before a decoded tone pair is registered, the receiver checks for valid signal duration (referred to as characterrecognition-condition). This check is performed by an external RC time constant driven by ESt. A short delay to allow the output latch to settle, the delayed steering output flag (StD) goes high, signaling that a received tone pair has been registered. The contents of the output latch are made available on the 4-bit output bus by raising the three state control input (OE) to logic high. Inhibit mode is enabled by a logic high input to pin 5 (INH). It inhibits the detection of 1633 Hz. The output code will remain the same as the previous detected code. On the M- 8870 models, this pin is tied to ground (logic low). The input arrangement of the MT-8870 provides a differential input operational amplifier as well as a bias source (VREF) to bias the inputs a t mid-rail. Provision is made for connection of a feedback resistor to the op-amp output (GS) for gain adjustment. The internal clock circuit is completed with the addition of a standard 3.579545 MHz crystal. The input arrangement of the MT-8870 provides a differential input operational amplifier as well as a bias source (VREF) to bias the inputs a t mid-rail. Provision is made for connection of a feedback resistor to the op-amp output (GS) for gain adjustment. The internal clock circuit is completed with the addition of a standard 3.579545 MHz crystal. 74154 4-16 line decoder/demultiplexer: IC 74154 is a 4-16 line decoder, it takes the 4 line BCD input and selects respective output one
among the 16 output lines. It is active low output IC so when any output line is selected it is indicated by active low signal, rest of the output lines will remain active high. This 4-line-to-16line decoder utilizes TTL circuitry to decode four binary-coded inputs into one of sixteen mutually exclusive outputs when both the strobe inputs, G1 and G2, are low. The demultiplexing function is performed by using the 4 input lines to address the output line, passing data from one of the strobe inputs with the other strobe input low. When either strobe input is high, all outputs are high. These demultiplexer are ideally suited for implementing high-performance memory decoders. Figure G. IC 74154 4-16 line decoder All inputs are buffered and input clamping diodes are provided to minimize transmission-line effects and thereby simplify system design. TRUTH TABLE: IC 4013 D-flip-flop: IC 4013 is a conventional D-flip-flop IC. This IC consists of two D flip-flops. These flip-flops are used to latch the data that present at its input terminal. Each flip-flop has one data, one clock, one clear, one preset input terminals. (Above figure shows a single D-flip-flop) Relay driver circuit: To carry out the switching of devices we commonly use the relays. Since the output of the D flip flop is normally +5V or it is the voltage of logic high state. So we cannot use this output to run the device or appliances. Therefore here we use relays, which can handle a high voltage of 230V or more, and a high current in the rate of 10Amps to energize the electromagnetic coil of the relays +5V is sufficient. Here we use the transistors to energize the relay coil. The output of the D flip-flop is applied to the base of the transistor T2 – T5 via a resister. When the base voltage of the transistor is above 0.7V the emitter-base (EB) junction of the transistor forward biased as a result transistor goes to saturation region it is nothing but the switching ON the transistor. This intern switches on the relay. By this the device is switches ON. When the output of D flip-flop goes low the base voltage drops below 0.7V as a result the device also switches OFF. Power supply unit: NEED OF POWER SUPPLY:Perhaps all of you are aware that a power supply is a primary requirement for the test bench of a home experimenter’s mini lab. A battery eliminator can eliminate or replace the batteries of solid-state electronic equipment and 220V A.C. mains instead of the batteries or dry cells thus can operate the equipment. Nowadays, the sued of commercial battery eliminator or power supply unit have become increasingly popular as power source for household appliances like transceiver, record player, clock etc. Summary of power supply circuit features:Brief description of operation: gives out well regulated +8V output, output current capability of 500mA. Circuit protection: Built –in overheating protection shuts down output when regulator IC gets too hot. Circuit complexity: simple and easy to build.
Circuit performance: Stable +8V output voltage, reliable Operation. Availability of components: Easy to get, uses only common basic components. Design testing: Based on datasheet example c ircuit, I have used this circuit successfully as part of other electronics projects. Applications: part of electronics devices, small laboratory power supply. Power supply voltage: unregulated 8-18V-power supply. Power supply current: needed output current 500 mA. Components cost: Few rupees for the electronic componen ts plus the cost of input transformer. Pin Diagram of 7808 Regulator IC Pin 1: Unregulated voltage input Pin 2: Ground Pin3: Regulated voltage output Component list 7808 regulator IC 2. 0-12 transformer 3. 1000uf and 100uf. Capacitor, at least 25V voltage rating. DESCRITION OF POWER SUPPLY This circuit is a small + 8 volts power supply. Which is useful when experimenting with digital electronics. Small inexpensive battery with variable output voltage are available, but usually their voltage regulation is very poor, which makes them not very usable for digital circuit experimenter unless a better regulation can be achieved in some way. The following circuit is the answer to the problem. This circuit can give +8V output at about 500mA current. The circuit has overload and terminal protection. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF POWER SUPPLY The above circuit utilizes the voltage regulator IC 7808 and 7805 for the constant power supply. The capacitors must have enough high voltage rating to safely handle the input voltage feed to circuit. The circuit is very easy to build for example into a piece of Zero board. For the proper working of this local control section except the mobile phone or local telephone set it needs a permanent back up which gives a 8V back up continuously. This is achieved by using a 8V regulated power supply from a voltage regulated IC 7808. This 5V source is connected to all ICs and relays. This IC gets a backup from a 9V battery. Fig J. Circuit Diagram of Local Control Section. USED COMPONENTS SEMICONDUCTORS (1) IC-1 ……… 7808 (2) IC-2…………. CM8870P (3) IC-3…………. 74154
(4) IC-5-6………CD 4013 (5) IC-4……….. 4049 (6) IC7 ………… UM 91214B (7) D1-D2 ………….IN 4007 (8) D3…………… 3V Zener (9) LED ……………. Light Eammiting Diode (10) T1-T6…………..(NPN) 368 (11) Crystal ………… 3.57 Mhz. (12) Photodiode (13) Phototransistor RESISTOR (1) R1……….330K OHm. (2) R2……….. 100K OHm. (3) R3,R4,R7 ………. 10K OHm. (4) R5,R6, ………. 1K OHm. (5) R8-R12…. 100 OHm. CAPACITOR (1) C1…………. 1000MFD. (2) C2,C3…………. 0.1 MFD. MISCELLANEOUS (1) RELAY ………………. 6V \100 0Hm. (2) TRANSFORMER…… 0-9 (Step down)
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