United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service Technology & Development Program 2300—Recreation Mgmt 2600—Wildlife Mgmt September 1996 9623 1207—SDTDC RV I V C E S T SE R E F O R
D E P
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U R T M E E NT OF AG RIC U L T
A
Mechanized Trail Equipment
Mechanized Trail Equipment
Ralph H. Gonzales Project Leader
San Dimas Technology & Development Center San Dimas, CA 91773
6E61A25
September 1996 Information contained in this document has been developed for the guidance of employees of the Forest Service, USDA, its contractors, and cooperating Federal and State agencies. The Departme nt of Agriculture assumes no responsibility for the interpretation or use of this information by other than its own employees. The use of trade, firm, or corporation names is for the information and convenience of the reader. Such use does not constitute an official evaluation, conclusion, recommendation, endorsement, or approval of any product or service to the exclusion of others that may be suitable. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all its programs and activities on the basis of race, color, national origin, sex, religion, age, disability, political beliefs, sexual orientation, or marital or family status. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities who require alternative means for communication of program information (Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should contact USDA's TARGET Center at (202) 720-2600 (voice and TDD). To file a complaint of discrimination, write USDA, Director, Office of Civil Rights, Room 326-W, Whitten Building, 1400 Independence Avenue SW, Washington, D.C. 20250-9410, or call (202) 720-5964 720-5964 (voice and TDD). USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer.
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PREFACE This report documents an effort by the San Dimas Technology and Development Center (SDTDC) to catalog mechanized trail maintenance and construction equipment. The objective of this publication is to provide information on mechanized trail equipment, specifically earthmoving and hauling machinery. Earthmoving equipment includes excavators, dozer, and trail machines with a width not exceeding 72 inches (1.8m). Hauling equipment includes motorized wheelbarrows, totters, and all terrain vehicles (ATV). Specifications and line drawings or pictures are provided to give the user information about the machinery. Metric equivalents are provided for reference only, unless English inch-pound units are in parenthesis. The dealers should be consulted for updates to these specifications. Purchase or rental costs are not included in this report due to the variability of this data. Some of the equipment presented in this report is no longer available for purchase through the manufacturer. manufacturer. How H oweve ever, r, they they can be obtained obtai ned through rental companies comp anies or used used e equi quipment pment dealers.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS SDTDC would like to thank all he people who provided information, services and equipment. We would especially like to acknowledge the following individuals for the invaluable information they have provided: Cam Lockwood, Angeles National Forest; Lois Loi s Bachens Bachensky, ky, rocky M oun ountai tain n Reg Regii on; Gene Qui Qu i ntana, San San Juan-Rio Grande G rande NF N F; Randy Houtz, H outz,,, San San Juan-rio uan-ri o Grande Gr ande NF; Jorge Herzel, Herzel , D aniel Boone NF; don Clymmer Clym mer and Karen Mobley, Mark Twain NF; Bill Crane and David Relph, San Bernardino NF; and R Roge ogerr Bel Bel l , Wes W estern tern Trail Trail buil bui l ders Ass Associatio oci ation. n.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS How to Use Use This This H andbook ............................. ........................................... ............................. ............................. ............................. ..........................1 ...........1 Planning Considerations........................................................................................................1 Type of Trail rail ............................ .......................................... ............................. ............................. ............................. ............................. ..........................1 ............1 Terra errain in ............................ .......................................... ............................ ............................. ............................. ............................. ............................. .................... ......1 1 Rental ental or Purcha Purchas se Cost Cost ..................... ........... .................... ..................... ..................... .................... .................... ..................... ..................... ............ 1 Safety fety ............................ ........................................... ............................. ............................ ............................. ............................. ............................. ..................... ......2 2 Maintenance Costs.....................................................................................................2 Job Si te .................... ......... ..................... .................... .................... ..................... ..................... .................... .................... ..................... ..................... ................. ....... 2 Summary ummary Table ........................... .......................................... ............................. ............................. ............................. ............................. ............................. .............. 2-6 Note: The summary Table included on pages 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 has been provided as a convenient conveni ent Table of Contents for the Specifi pecif i cation cati on Data D ata for the th e v variou arious s models model s of trail trai l equipment incl i ncluded uded in this thi s handbook. The location of the Specifi Specification cation Data D ata pag page e is shown i n the right hand hand column col umn of the Summary Table. Other information informati on in this th is “quick “q uick reference reference”” table incl i ncludes udes data on the equi equipment pment type, equipment widt w idth, h, rated rated output, and comments co mments..
Excavators.............................................................................................................................6 Configura onfigurations............. tions ........................... ............................. ............................. ............................ ............................. ............................. .......................6 .........6 Dis Di scuss cussion ............................ ........................................... ............................. ............................ ............................. ............................. ............................6 ..............6 Bobcat Bobcat X320, X325, X331 Compact Compact Exca Excava vators tors.......... ..................... ..................... .................... .................... ................. ....... 7 John Deere Deere 15 and 25 Mi ni Exca Excava vators tors........... ..................... .................... .................... ..................... ..................... ................. ....... 10 Kobelco obel co SS60 Super Shovel, Shovel, SK015, SK025 Compact Excavators xcavators ........ .... ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ...... .. 11 Kubota KX-41, KX-41, KX-71, KX-71, KX-101, KX-101, KH007 KH007 M i ni Exca Excava vators tors ................... ......... ..................... ..................... ............. ... 16 Morris Morri son Trail rail blazers blazers............... ............................. ............................ ............................. ............................. ............................. ........................20 .........20 Takeuchi akeuchi TB007, TB007, TB015, TB020, TB020, TB025, TB025, TB035, TB035, TB045 TB045 ..................... .......... ..................... .................... ............. ... 23 Dozers ............................ .......................................... ............................. ............................. ............................. ............................. ............................ ............................30 ..............30 Configura onfigurations............. tions ........................... ............................. ............................. ............................ ............................. ............................. ..................... .......30 30 Dis Di scuss cussion ............................ ........................................... ............................. ............................ ............................. ............................. ..........................30 ............30 SWEC WECO Dozer ............................. ........................................... ............................. ............................. ............................. ............................. .................. ....30 30 Accutra Accutrac AC AC-30 -30 ........................... .......................................... ............................. ............................ ............................. ............................. ................... .....33 33 Pacifi acific c Crawl rawle er Dozer............. Dozer ........................... ............................. ............................. ............................. ............................. ........................34 ..........34 Loa Lo ade ders rs ........................... .......................................... ............................. ............................ ............................. ............................. ............................. ............................35 .............35 Configura onfigurations............. tions ........................... ............................. ............................. ............................ ............................. ............................. ..................... .......35 35 Dis Di scuss cussion ............................ ........................................... ............................. ............................ ............................. ............................. ..........................35 ............35 Bobcat Bobcat 400, 500, 50 0, 700, 800 Series Series Skid-S ki d-Stee teerr Loaders Loaders .................... .......... ..................... ..................... ................ ...... 36 Takeuchi akeuchi TL26 TL26 Compact Compact Trac Track k Loa Loader.... der.............. .................... ..................... ..................... .................... ..................... ................ ..... 44 Haulers ........................... ......................................... ............................. ............................. ............................. ............................. ............................. ............................46 .............46 Configura onfigurations............. tions ........................... ............................. ............................. ............................ ............................. ............................. ..................... .......46 46 Dis Di scuss cussion ............................ ........................................... ............................. ............................ ............................. ............................. ..........................46 ............46 Chikusui Chikusui GC-640R, GC-640R, GC-640K, GC-640K, GC-640R GC-640RD3, D3, GC-640KD3 .................... .......... ..................... .................... ......... 46 ® DR PowerWagon, owerWagon, PowerWagon owerWagon II, PowerWagon owerWagon Battery Battery Electri Electric c ..................... .......... .................. ....... 47 Honda Power Carriers HP250, HP400......................................................................52 vii
PeC eCo o Tracker racker 1000 ..................... ........... .................... .................... ..................... ..................... .................... .................... ..................... ................. ...... 53 Whiteman Power Buggy WBH-12, WBH-16/-16E.....................................................54 Kawasak wasakii Mule Mul e 1000/2510 1000/2510 ........................... ......................................... ............................. ............................. ............................. ................. ..55 55 All-Terrain Vehicles (ATV)....................................................................................................57 Configurat onfigurations ions............. ........................... ............................. ............................. ............................. ............................. ............................. ..................... ......57 57 Dis Di scuss cussion ........................... ......................................... ............................. ............................. ............................. ............................. ...........................57 .............57
Appendixes Appendix Appendix A—Definiti ons ............................. ........................................... ............................. ............................. ............................. ............................61 .............61 Appendix Appendix B—Manufacture —Manufacturers rs ............................. ........................................... ............................ ............................. ............................. .......................65 .........65 Appendix Appendix C—Tra —Trailil s 2000 ............................. ........................................... ............................. ............................. ............................. ............................67 .............67 Table of Contents......................................................................................................69 Prefa reface ce ............................. ............................................ ............................. ............................. ............................. ............................ ............................. ................. 71 Introduction Introduction ............................. ........................................... ............................. ............................. ............................. ............................. ......................72 ........72 Trai rai ls 2000 Trail Constructi Construction on and and Maintenance ..................... ........... .................... .................... ..................... .............. ... 73 Case Hi stories ........................... .......................................... ............................. ............................. ............................. ............................ ..................... .......76 76 Trail Dozer Observations..........................................................................................82
Figures Fi gure 1—Take 1—Takeuchi uchi Excava xcavator tor .................... ......... ..................... .................... .................... ..................... ..................... .................... ..................... .............. ... 7 Figure 2—Bobcat compact excavators construct trails throughout the Rio Grande Grande National Nati onal Fores Forestt ..................... ........... .................... ..................... ..................... .................... .................... .................... .......... 8 Fi gure 3—Kobelco 3—Kobelco super super Shovel hovel SS60 ..................... .......... ..................... .................... .................... ..................... ..................... ................... ......... 13 Fi gure 4—Kobelco 4—Kobelco SK025 ..................... ........... .................... .................... ..................... ..................... .................... .................... ..................... ................. ...... 14 Fi gure 5—Kubelco 5—Kubelco SK015 ..................... ........... .................... .................... ..................... ..................... .................... ..................... ..................... ................ ...... 15 Figure 6—Kubota KX-41......................................................................................................16 Figure 7—Kubota KX-71......................................................................................................18 Figure 8—Kubota KX-101....................................................................................................18 Figure 9—Kubota 9—Kubota KH007 ............................. ........................................... ............................. ............................. ............................. ............................19 .............19 Fi gure 10—Morri son Tra Traii lblazer lb lazer (old) at San San Bernardino Bernardino National Nati onal Forest orest ..................... ........... .................. ........ 21 Fi gure 11—Morri 11—M orri son Trailbl rail blaze azerr at San Juan-Ri uan-Ri o Grande N ational ation al Fores Forestt ........ .... ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ...... 21 Fi gure 12—Take 12—Takeuchi uchi TB TB 007 compact exca excava vator tor .................... ......... ..................... .................... ..................... ..................... .............. .... 25 Fi gure 13—Take 13—Takeuchi uchi TB015 TB015 compact compact excava excavator tor ................... ......... ..................... ..................... .................... .................... ................ ...... 26 Fi gure 14—Take 14—Takeuchi uchi TB020 TB020 compact compact excava excavator tor ................... ......... ..................... ..................... .................... .................... ................ ...... 28 Fi gure 15—Take 15—Takeuchi uchi TB025 TB025 compact compact excava excavator tor ................... ......... ..................... ..................... .................... .................... ................ ...... 28 Fi gure 16—Take 16—Takeuchi uchi TB035 TB035 ................... ......... ..................... ..................... .................... ..................... ..................... .................... .................... ............... ..... 29 Fi gure 17—Take 17—Takeuchi uchi TB045 TB045 ................... ......... ..................... ..................... .................... ..................... ..................... .................... .................... ............... ..... 29 viii
Fi gure 18A & B—SW ECO trail dozers worki ng in Angeles National Nati onal Fores Forestt ..................... ........... ............... ..... 32 Figure 19A—Bobcat 763 Skid-Steer loader with a modified blade.......................................37 Fi gure 19B—Bobca 19B—Bobcatt 400C-Series Skid-S ki d-Stee teerr l oader oader .................... .......... .................... ..................... ..................... .................... .......... 38 Fi gure 20—Bobcat 20—Bobcat 553C-Series 553C-Series Skid-S kid -Stee teerr l oader oader ..................... ........... .................... ..................... ..................... .................... ............ 38 Fi gure 21—Bobcat 21—Bobcat 763 Skid-S ki d-Stee teerr loader loader ..................... .......... ..................... .................... .................... ..................... ..................... .............. .... 39 Fi gure 22—Bobcat 22—Bobcat 873 Skid-S ki d-Stee teerr loader loader ..................... .......... ..................... .................... .................... ..................... ..................... .............. .... 40 Fi gure 23—Attachme 23—Attachments nts ava avaii lable labl e for the Bobcat Bobcat skid-S ki d-Stee teerr l oaders oaders .................... .......... .................... ................ ...... 43 Fi gure 24—Take 24—Takeuchi uchi TL TL compact track track loader loader .................... ......... ..................... .................... .................... ..................... ................... ........ 45 Figure 25A—DR ® PowerWag owerWagon™ ............................. ........................................... ............................. ............................. ............................ ................ 49 Figure 25B—DR ® PowerWag owerWagon™ ............................. ........................................... ............................. ............................. ............................ ................ 50 Figure 26—DR ® PowerWag owerWagon™ II ............................ .......................................... ............................. ............................. .............................50 ...............50 Figure 27—DR ® PowerWagon™ owerWagon™ Battery Battery Electric lectri c ................... ......... ..................... ..................... .................... .................... ............... ..... 51 Figure 28—Honda Power Carriers.......................................................................................52 Fi gure 29—Whi 29—W hitema teman n Power Buggies Buggies ................... ......... ..................... ..................... .................... ..................... ..................... .................... .......... 54 Fi gure 30—Kawas 30—Kawasaki aki M ules ul es .................... .......... .................... ..................... ..................... .................... .................... ..................... ..................... .............. .... 56 Fi gure 31A—ATV dragg draggii ng a harrow, Pacifi acif i c Crest Crest Trail, rail , Angel Angel es N ational atio nal fores fo restt ........ .... ........ ........ ...... 57 Fi gure 31B—A 31B—ATV TV Perma Permazyme zyme at Mark M ark Twain National Nati onal Forest orest .................... ......... ..................... .................... ................ ...... 58 Figure 32—Tra 32—Trailil Dawg ............................. ........................................... ............................. ............................. ............................. ............................. ................. ...59 59 Fi gure 33—II Tracker racker ..................... ........... .................... ..................... ..................... .................... .................... ..................... ..................... .................... .............. .... 59
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Abstract Land managers are looking for ways to appropriately mechanize their trail work. The USDA Forest Service Washington Office is participating in this effort through its Technology and Development program. About thirty years ago, there was considerable interest in the Forest Service in mechanizing trail maintenance and reconstruction. Trail plows, rotor graders, gravel carriers, trailer backhoes, etc., were evaluated. Much of this equipment was too heavy, too unreliable, and too dangerous to gain wide acceptance. In the intervening 30 years, progress has been made in machine design and performance. Recently, the public’s interest in using trails on National Forest system lands has increased. Our trail program has been funded to meet that need. The objective of this document is to provide information on the mechanized trail equipment currently available to the land managers. The equipment cataloged in this report includes excavators excavators,, dozers d ozers,, trail t rail machines machin es,, l oaders, oaders, haulers and and p powered owered handtool handto ols s.
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HOW TO USE THIS HANDBOOK This handbook lists equipment available for purchase or rent. Some of the models discussed in the following sections may have been discontinued or replaced by other models. The dealer is the best source of information for the newer models. Discontinued models may be available for purchase or rental through equipment rental companies. Table 1 provides an overview of equipment included in this document. The table is broken down by types of equipment, excavators, dozers, and haulers and the report specifications page number is provided. The overall width of the machinery is provided to illustrate the type of trail suited for the equipment. The rated power output of the machinery is provided for quick comparison between similar types of equipment. Each equipment type is discussed separately; including configuration, general discussion, advantages and disadvantages, and equipment specifications. The configuration outlines the basic equipment type. There may be some deviation from the basic con figuration, nevertheless the basic equipment function is the same. The discussion s ection provides a summary, in generic terms, covering all the equipmen t in the section. An advantages/ disadvantages section lists strong and weak points of each equipment type. These lists compare the use of the type of equipment to the manual method and/or to other equipment listed in this document. The final se ction lists the equipment specifications. The equipment is listed in alphabetical order. A short discussion precedes each specifications table. Trails 2000, Appendix C, is provided to illustrate some maintenance and construction techniques and furnish case histories and field observations. PLANNING CONSIDERATIONS Type of Trail The trail type determines the equipment needed. Several small excavators have a track width of 24 inches (0.6 m) or less. For wider trails, larger excavators or dozers can be used. The width of the trail dictates what size and type of equipment to be used. However, as a rule of thumb, wider equipment may be used for “rough cut” on narrower trails; the actual trail tread will be narrower when the outside berm is removed and material “sloughs off”. The presence of, or need for, waterbars, culverts, dips and switchbacks on a trail should also be considered when making a decision on which type of equipment to use. Some equipment is more versatile an d can perform the various tasks nec essary to construct or maintain these items but performance may be compromised. Terrain Rocky terrain and loose or plastic soils require mo re power to traverse. Steep terrain, with significant side slope, may require more stable platforms and operator experience. Soil type and distance to travel dictates whether a tracked or wheeled vehicle is more suitable. The machinery und ercarriage is a major factor in determining stability, traction, and speed of travel. A tracked undercarriage, in most cases, provides greater traction, a more stable platform, but a lower travel speed wh en compared to a wheeled undercarriage. Tracked vehicles have slower travel speeds because of the greater rolling resistance. The rolling rolling resistance is due to the greater contact area provided by a tracked undercarriage. undercarriage. Rental or Purchase Cost The cost to rent or purchase the equipment should be compared to the cost of using labor (hand crews). Once it is established that the cost to rent or purchase trail equipment is more economical than using labor, then determine whether it is more feasible to purchase or rent the equipment. The availability of funds as well as the anticipated frequency of equipment us e are major factors to consider in deciding whether to purchase or rent. Other costs, including ancillary equipment associated with the piece of trail equipment needed and the use of a small crew (three people minimum) to work with the trail equipment should also be considered. Safety Operator training and certification to operate the machinery should be considered. An inexperienced operator may be a safety risk in area s with significant side slope an d narrow trails. Most of the equipment listed was not designed specifically by the manufacturer for trail building or maintenance; however, 1
these machines perform the tasks well. In some ca ses, these machines may need to operate on narrow trails with steep side slopes; caution and common sense must be exercised in in these situations. All operators of Forest Service owned or leased specialized equipmen t must be trained and authorized to operate such equipment. See Fo rest Service Handbook FSH 710 9.11 (f) and FSH 6709.11. 6709.11. Maintenance Cost Maintenance must also be considered when purchas ing equipment. A local equipment rental company may be a good sou rce for this information. Job Site The cost and effort to move equipment to the site is also a concern. In remote areas where moving equipment in and out of the work site is not economical, consider leaving the equipment in place until the project is complete. In cases like this, investigate the need for vandal protection accessories. Summary Table Make / Mod el
Equi pment Type
Wi d t h in (mm)
Bobc at X32 0
E x c a v a to r
3 8 . 6 (9 8 0 )
Bobc at X32 5
Bobc at X33 1
Joh n D eere 1 5
Joh n Deere 25
K o b e lc o S S 6 0
K o b e lc o S K 0 1 5
K o b e lc o S K 0 2 5
K o b e lc o S K 0 3 5
E x c a v a to r
E x c a v a to r
E x c a v a to r
Ex cav ator
Ex cav ator
E x c a v a to r
E x c a v a to r
E x c a v a to r
5 5 . 1 (1 4 0 0 )
6 0 . 7 (1 5 4 2 )
38
57
19
38
57
64
(956 )
(1447 )
(48 3)
(965 )
(144 7)
(162 5)
Ra ted output HP (kW)
Commen ts
Page
1 3 .5 ( 1 0 . 1 )
O p e r a t in g w e i g h t 3 1 8 0 l b s . Steel track diesel, liquid cooled
9
O p e ra t i n g w e i g h t 5 6 6 0 l b s . Steel track diesel, liquid cooled
9
Operating weight 7125 lbs . Steel track diesel, liquid cooled
9
re n ta l o n l y oper operat atin ing g wei weigh ghtt 293 2930 0 lbs lbs.. diesel, liquid cooled
10-1 10-11 1
re n ta l o n l y oper operat atin ing g wei weigh ghtt 642 6426 6 lbs lbs.. diesel, liquid cooled
10-1 10-11 1
b i c y c le t y p e s e a t ru b b e r tr a c k s operating weight 600 lbs.
1 2 -1 4
e x p a n d a b l e tr a c k & b la d e ru b b e r tr a c k s operating weight 3450 lbs.
1 2 -1 4
e x p a n d a b l e tr a c k & b l a d e ru b b e r tr a c k s operating weight 6250 lbs.
1 2 -1 4
23
34
(1 7 )
(25.4)
1 4 .5 ( 1 0 . 8 )
23
3 .5
16
21
27
2
(17)
(2.6)
( 11 . 9 )
(15.7)
(20.1)
ru b b e r t r a c k s constant constant blade & track track width. width. 12-14
Mak e / Model
K u b o t a K H -0 0 7
K u b o t a K X -4 1
K u b o t a K X -7 1
K u b o t a K X -1 0 1
M o r ri s o n Tr a i l b l a z e r
Ta k e u c h i T B 0 0 7
Ta k e u c h i T B 0 1 5
Ta k e u c h i T B 0 2 0
Ta k e u c h i T B 0 2 5
Ta k e u c h i T B 0 3 5
Equi pment Type
Wi d t h in (mm)
Exca vator
3 2 .3 ( 8 2 0 )
Exca vator
Exca vator
E xca vator
t ra i l mac hine
Exca vator
Exca vator
Exca vator
Exca vator
Exca vator
4 0 .9 ( 1 0 3 9 )
6 1 .4 ( 1 5 6 0 )
63.4 (1610 )
24 ( 610 )
29 (739 )
38 (965 )
5 1 (1 (1 2 9 5 )
5 7 (1 (1 4 4 7 )
6 6 (1 (1 6 7 6 )
Rate d output HP (kW)
8 .5 ( 6 . 3 )
2 2 . 2 (1 6 . 5 )
3 2 . 2 (2 4 . 1 )
3 6 . 6 (2 7 .3 )
2 5 ( 1 8 .6 )
8 . 0 (5 . 9 )
1 6 (11 .9 )
2 1 (1 (1 5 .6 )
2 6 (1 (1 9 .4 )
3 3 (2 (2 4 .6 )
3
C o mm e n t s
Pa ge
rental o nly r u b b e r t ra c k operating weight 1951 lbs.
1 9 -2 0
a v a i la b l e in r u b b e r o r s te e l t ra c k operating weight 3485 lbs.
1 7 -1 8
a v a i la b l e in r u b b e r o r s te e l track, ROPS/FOPS canopy or cab operating weight 6605 lbs. a v a i la b l e in r u b b e r o r s te e l track, ROPS/FOPS canopy or cab. operating weight 8100 lbs. s te e l, e x p a n d a b l e ( m a n u a l ) t ra c k dry weight 2150 lbs . Gasoline S t e e l o r r u b b e r t ra c k s . Hydraulically expandable t ra c k fr a m e w i d t h operating weight 1667 lbs. S te e l o r r u b b e r t ra c k s . Hydraulically expandable t ra c k fr a m e w i d t h operating weight 3418 lbs. Simultaneous digging functions. O p e ra ti n g we we i g h t 45 45 4 4 lb lb s . S t e e l o r r u b b e r t ra c k s Simultaneous digging functions O p e ra ti n g we we i g h t 59 59 5 8 lb lb s . S t e e l o r r u b b e r t ra c k s Simultaneous digging functions O p e ra ti n g we we i g h t 76 76 2 5 lb lb s . Steel or rubber tracks S i m u l ta n e o u s d i g g i n g functions
1 7 -1 8
1 7 -1 8
22
24-25
24-25
24-25
27-28
27-28
Make / Mod el
Ta k e u c h i T B 0 4 5
SWECO Do zer
Equi pment Type
Wi d t h in (mm)
Ex cav ator
7 2 (1 8 2 8 )
Do zer
4 8 (1 2 1 9 )
Ra ted output HP (kW)
4 3 . 4 ( 3 2 .4 )
56 (41.7)
Commen ts
Page
O p e r a t in g w e i g h t 1 0 0 9 2 lbs. S t e e l o r ru b b e r tr a c k s Simultaneous digging functions
27-28
7 0 H P (5 2 .2 k W) w it h tu rb o g r o s s w e ig h t 7 8 0 0 lb s . 3 shank rippers available
2 1 -3 2
A c c u tr a c A C - 3 0
Do zer
4 8 ' ’ (1 2 1 9 )
2 8 .5 ( 2 1 )
re n t a l o n ly
33
P a c i f ic C r a w l e r
Do zer
4 7 ' ’ (11 9 4 )
4 4 (3 3 )
re n t a l o n ly
34
Bobc at 4 50
Lo ade r
3 5 . 5 (9 0 1 . 2 )
1 6 . 5 (1 2 .3 )
R a t e d c a p a c it y 6 0 0 l b s . Ti p p i n g l o a d 1 2 1 7 l b s . Gas engine / air cooled
3 6 -3 7
R a t e d c a p a c it y 6 0 0 l b s . Ti p p i n g l o a d 1 4 7 0 l b s . Diesel / liquid cooled
3 6 -3 7
R a t e d c a p a c it y 8 5 0 l b s . Ti p p i n g l o a d 1 7 0 0 l b s . Diesel / liquid cooled
3 6 -3 7
Rated cap acity 8 50 lbs. Ti p p i n g l o a d 1 7 0 0 l b s . Diesel / liquid cooled
41
Rated cap acity 1300 lbs . Ti p p i n g l o a d 2 6 0 0 l b s . Diesel / liquid cooled
41
R a t e d c a p a c it y 1 4 0 0 lb s . Ti p p i n g l o a d 2 9 0 0 l b s . Diesel / liquid cooled
41
R a t e d c a p a c it y 1 7 0 0 lb s . Ti p p i n g l o a d 3 8 0 0 l b s . Diesel / liquid cooled
41
Bobc at 45 3
Bobc at 5 53
Bobc at 75 3
Bobc at 7 53H
Bobc at 7 63
Bobc at 7 73
Bobc at 8 53
Bobc at 8 53H
Lo ade r
Lo ade r
Lo ade r
Lo ader
Lo ade r
Lo ade r
Lo ade r
Lo ade r
3 5 . 5 (9 0 1 . 2 )
4 9 . 5 (1 2 5 7 )
5 5 (1 3 9 7 )
5 5 (1 3 9 7 )
6 8 . 1 (1 7 3 0 )
6 8 . 1 (1 7 3 0 )
6 1 . 5 (1 5 6 2 )
6 1 . 5 (1 5 6 2 )
1 5 (11 . 2 )
2 1 . 5 (1 6 .1 )
40 (29.8)
40 (29.8)
4 0 (2 9 .8 )
4 0 (2 9 .8 )
4 0 (2 9 .8 )
4 0 (2 9 .8 )
4
R a t e d c a p a c it y 1 7 0 0 lb s . Ti p p i n g l o a d 3 4 2 0 l b s . Diesel / liquid cooled
42
R a t e d c a p a c it y 1 7 0 0 lb s . Ti p p i n g l o a d 3 4 2 0 l b s . Diesel / liquid cooled
42
Mak e / Model
Bob cat 873
Ta k e u c h i T L 2 6
Equi pment Type
Load er
Load er
Chiku sui GC-640R S e ri e s
Hauler
Chiku sui GC-640K S e ri e s
Hauler
P o w e rWa g o n
Hauler
Wi d t h in (mm)
7 4 .1 ( 1 8 8 2 )
6 0 .2 ( 1 5 2 9 )
4 2 .7 ( 1 0 8 5 )
4 2 .7 ( 1 0 8 5 )
35
(8 8 9 )
Rate d output HP (kW)
40
(2 9 .8 )
61.5 (45.9)
10
(7 . 5 )
8
(6 .0 )
6
(4 . 5 )
C o mm e n t s
Pa ge
R a te d c a p a c i ty 2 3 0 0 l b s . Ti p p i n g l o a d 4 6 0 0 l b s . Diesel / liquid cooled
42
R a te d c a p a c i ty 1 3 1 0 l b s . Ti p p i n g l o a d 3 7 5 0 l b s . Diesel / liquid cooled Rubber crawler belt R e n ta l o n l y Cha ssis weight 134 2 lbs. (610 k g) Max. load capacity 1760 lbs. (800 kg) Gasoline R e n ta l o n ly Cha ssis weight 141 0 lbs . (640 k g) Max. load capacity 1760 lbs. (800 kg) Diesel 8 0 0 lb s . r a t e d c a p a c i t y ft 3 v o l . C a p a c i t y wheeled undercarriage
44-45
4 6 -4 7
4 6 -4 7
47-48
P o w e rWa g o n I I
Hauler
2 7 .5 ( 6 9 8 .5 )
4
(3 )
5 0 0 l b s . ra t e d c a p a c i ty 2.0 ft 3 vol. capacity
P o w e rWa g o n B a tt e r y -E le c tr i c
Hauler
2 7 .5 ( 6 9 8 .5 )
0 . 4 (0 .3 )
4 0 0 l b s . ra t e d c a p a c i ty ft3 vol. Ca pacity electric motor
47-48
Hon da HP25 0
Hauler
A d j u s t a b l e c a rr ie r b e d 4 0 0 le v e l lo a d c a p a c i ty tracked undercarriage
52
24
(6 1 0 )
2 . 4 (1 7 9 0 )
Hon da HP40 0
Hauler
24 (610 )
4 . 0 (2 9 8 3 )
P e C o Tra c k e r 10 00
Hauler
4 0 (1 (1 0 1 6 )
12 -14 (8 . 9 - 1 0 .4 )
W h i te m a n Powe r B u g g y W B H -1 2
H auler
32 (81)
8 (6.0)
5
A d ju s t a b l e c a rr ie r b e d 770 level load capacity
1 0 0 0 l b s . lo a d c a p a c i t y 40'’x60 40'’x60'’x '’x12 12 bed dimensi dimensions ons tracked undercarriage hydraulic dump bed 1 8 0 0 l b s . lo a d c a p a c i t y 1 2 f t3 t u b c a p a c it y h y d r a u l i c d u m p & re t u r n
4 7 -4 8
52
53
54
Make / Mod el
Equi pment Type
Wh it e m a n Power Bugg y WB H -1 6 /1 6 E
H a u le r
Kawas aki Mule 100 0
Ha uler
K a w a s a k i M u le 251 0
H a u le r
Wi d t h in (mm)
4 4 (11 8 )
5 1 . 8 (1 3 1 6 )
5 7 . 5 (1 4 6 0 )
Ra ted output HP (kW)
11
(8.2)
454 c c
617c c
Commen ts
2 6 0 0 lb s . l o a d c a p a c it y 1 6 f t3 t u b c a p a c it y h y d ra u l ic d u m p & re t u r n 1 0 3 0 l b s . l o a d c a p a c i ty ft 3 bed capacity 4-stroke liquid cooled DOHC Dual-mode differential Tilting cargo bed 25 MPH max. travel speed 4 - s t ro k e li q u i d c o o l e d 9 0 o V-Twin OHC 4 - w h e e l d r iv e 800 load capacity 13.3 ft 3 25 MPH max. travel speed
Page
54
5 5 -5 6
5 5-56
EXCAVATORS Configuration The most common excavator configuration is a boom and shovel with a dozer blade mounted below the boom. See figure 1. A tracked undercarriage is usually used . The primary earthworking implement is the bucket used to dig and move earth. If the excavator is equipped with a small blade, the blade is useful in grading off excess material, leveling and back filling. Most excavator manufacturers have grubhoes or different size buckets available as attachments.
The smallest excavator evaluated has a track width of 19 inches (0.48m) and the largest has an overall width of 63 inches (1.6 m). On some models the track width is variable and can be adjusted depending on trail conditions and operator experience. Horse power rating varies between 3.5 hp and 43.4 hp. D iscussi on The stability of the excavator is dependent on the center of gravity relative to the working surface an d the overall width of the platform. The closer the center of gravity is to the ground and the wider the platform, the more stable the vehicle becomes. If equipped with a blade, the blade can act as an outrigger when excavation is performed. The boom and shovel also serve as a counter weight when using the blade.
Trail work with an excavator is most effectively accomplished with three person crews. One person operates the machine. A second person works forward of the e xcavator performing grubbing, clearing, and/or splitting. The third person works behind the machine finishing the trail. Depending on power output, the excavator could grub out stumps or move large boulders. The excavators also build a “platform” from which to work. The travel speeds of an excavator are from 0.9 to 3.1 mph (1.4 to 5 kph); lower speeds as compared to a skid loader or dozer. The excavators evaluated for this project can easily be transported on the bed of a full size pick-up truck or on a trailer. trailer.
6
Figure 1.—Takeuchi excavator.
Advantages/Disadvantages
Advantages/disadvantages of excava tors when compared to dozers and loaders are listed below. The loader is assumed to be equipped with a backhoe. Excavator Advantages Available in smaller width. The smallest excavator evaluated has an overall track width of 19 inches (0.48 m). Able to build narrower trails. Ideal for trenching and digging tasks. Extensive attachments available. Able to dig out large boulders or tree stumps that a dozer or a loader would not be ab le to move out. Easily transported to-and-from job site. Excavator Disadvantages Stability is compromised with the narrower width especially when swinging the boom ove r large angles. Slower than available dozers and dozer-type trail machines. Cutting a trail tread with a shov el and leveling with a smaller blade takes more time than cutting a trail with a dozer blade. Requires an experienced ope rator. Equipment Specifications A. Bobcat X320, X325, X331
Bobcat X320, X325, and X331 mini-excavators are new entries in the mini-excavator market. The older model, Bobcat 220, has similar specifications as the Bobcat 320. The Melroe Company manufactures Bobcat Skid Loaders with backhoe attachments; these machines are discusse d in the section on loaders.
7
Like most small excavators, these machines do not have outriggers for stability. The overall width varies from 38.6 inches (0.98 m) to 60.7 inches (1.5 m). The wider track increases stability, but requires a wider operating surface. Stability while operating the blade is gained by using the bucket as a counterweight. Positioning the bucket on the uphill side of the slope shifts more weight upslope and reduces the likelihood of rollover. Conversely, the blade could be use as an “anchor” by lowering the blade to ground level when using the bucket and boom. These excavators are mounted on top of a tracked undercarriage making them more stable than wheeled machines. The larger ground contact area of the tracks provides a stable platform and more traction than wheeled vehicles. These excavators could be equipped with steel tracks for additional traction, or rubber tracks to minimize damage on finished surfaces. These machines are equipped with Roll-Over Protection/Falling Object Protection (ROP/FOP) and an enclosed cab is available. (Heaters are available in the X325 and X331 models.). A seatbelt is the primary operator restraint. The ergonomics of these machines are good. Three levers operate the bucket, the blade, and the travel, making them easy to operate. Hydraulic lines on the machinery are routed to avoid being damaged during operation and transport. These new models are a significant improvement from older models. Access to the engine is through the tailgate.
Figure 2.—Bobcat compact excavators construct trails throughout the Rio Grande National Forest.
8
3 2 0 E x c a v a to r
325 E xcav ator
3 3 1 E x c a v a to r
O v e ra l l L e n g th : in ( m m) O v e ra l l W i d t h : i n . ( m m ) H e i g h t: i n . ( m m ) O p e r a t i n g We i g h t : l b . ( k g . ) M a x im u m S p e e d : M P H (K P H )
1 4 4 . 8 (3 6 7 8 ) 3 8.6 (980 ) 8 8.8 (224 3) 3 1 8 0 l (1 4 4 2 ) 1 .1 ( 1 .7 3 )
166 (4217 ) 5 5 . 1 (1 4 0 0 ) 9 5 . 9 (2 4 3 7 ) 566 0. (256 6 k g 1 .4 ( 2 . 2 )
1 9 2 . 7 (4 8 9 5 ) 6 0 .7 ( 1 5 4 2 ) 9 6 .4 ( 2 4 4 8 ) 7 1 2 5 . (3 2 3 1 ) L o : 1 . 3 (2 . 0 ) High: 2.3 (3.7 )
Engine: Mak e: F u e l: F u e l Ta n k C a p a c i t y g a l . ( L )
K u b o t a D -7 5 0 - B Diese l 6 .5 ( 2 4 . 6 )
K ubota D14 02B Diese l
K u b o t a V 1 9 0 2 -B Diesel 14 (54.5 )
L iq u id 4 6 .5 (10.1) @ 250 0
Liquid 11 6 (1 . 9 ) 34 (25.4) @ 2 500
Ge ar 1 2 (4 5 .4 .)
L i q u id 8 5 . 1 (1 .4 ) 2 3 (1 7 ) @ 2500 : Gear 2 1 . 4 (8 1 . 1 .)
8 .0 ( 3 0 . 3 . )
1 4 . 3 (5 1 . 4 . )
1 8 .2 ( 6 9 . 0 . )
3 .7 5 (1 4 .2 )
6 . 8 (2 6 )
1 0 .5 ( 4 0 )
s te e l 5 8.3 (148 0) 9 .8 4 (2 5 0 ) 3 .3 8 (2 3 .3 )
steel 7 0 . 9 (1 8 0 0 ) 1 2 . 6 (3 2 0 ) 4 . 2 (2 6 .9 )
stee l 7 8 .2 ( 1 9 8 7 8 ) 1 2 .6 ( 3 2 0 ) 4 .6 3 ( 3 1 . 9 )
9 5 2 .7 ( 1 3 3 8 ) L e f t: 5 0 R i g h t: 9 0
9.5 8 0 . 8 (2 0 5 2 ) L e f t: 4 0 R ig h t : 7 7 . 5
9 .5 8 2 (20 88) L e ft : 5 0 Right: 9 0
W i d t h x H e ig h t : 3 8 . 6 (980) 6 .6 ( 1 6 7 )
1 3 . 6 (3 4 6 )
14 (357 )
5 .6 ( 1 4 2 )
9 .5 ( 2 4 1 )
11 (2 8 0 )
A r m L e n g t h : in ( m m)
4 0 (1 0 2 3 )
4 5 (11 5 0 )
55 (140 0)
M a x . D ig g i n g H e i g h t : i n (m m )
1 2 9 . 5 (3 2 8 8 )
1 4 8 . 1 (3 7 6 1 )
1 8 2 (4 7 2 5 )
M a x . D u m p i n g H e i g h t: i n (m m )
9 0 .2 ( 2 2 9 1 )
1 0 1 .3 ( 2 5 7 2 )
1 2 6 (3 2 0 0 )
M a x . D ig g i n g D e p t h : i n (m m )
8 0 .0 ( 2 0 3 8 )
9 7 . 3 (2 4 7 2 )
1 2 0 (3 0 5 0 )
M a x . Ve rt ic a l Wa l l
6 1 .8 ( 1 5 7 1 )
6 2 . 7 (1 5 9 4 )
8 2 .5 ( 2 0 9 7 )
1 4 4 (3 6 5 7 )
1 6 5 .9 ( 4 2 1 3 )
1 9 0 . 5 (4 8 4 0 )
3 2 7 2 . (1 4 8 4 )
386 3. (175 2)
5 1 7 0 . (2 3 5 0 )
Specifications:
Bobc at
C o o li n g : Displac ement: c u. In. (L) H o r s e p o w e r : H P (k W ) @ RP M H y d ra u l ic s P u mp t y p e : P u m p To ta l C a p a c i ty : G P M (L/Min.) P u m p A u x il i a ry Hydraulic Flow: GPM (L/Min.) H y d ra u li c Ta n k C a p a c i ty : G a l ( L ) Track Ty p e : Le ngth: W id th : i n ( m m ) G r o u n d p re s s u r e : P S I (K P a ) Maneuverability Swing Sp eed: RPM M i n i mu m S w i n g R a d iu s : i n (m m ) B o o m S w in g
B l a d e : i n (m m ) M a x im u m l if t (above ground): in (mm) M i n i mu m l if t (below grade): in (mm)
Gear (3) 2 7 .3 ( 1 0 3 .5 . )
Working Range
Digging Depth: in (mm) M a x . D ig g i n g R e a c h at Ground Level: in (mm) B u c k e t D ig g i n g F o r c e : lb . (k g )
9
B. John Deere 15 and 25 Mini Excavator
The John Deere 15 and 25 excavators have widths of 38 inches (0.96 m) and 53 inches (1.3 m) respectively and must be operated on trails at least this wide. The finished trail may be slightly smaller when loose material sloughs off after the first season. Like the other excavators evaluated in these handbook, John Deere excavators do not have outriggers. Both models have a rated gradeability of 30 degrees or 50% slope. These excavators are able to negotiate the rated slope independent of surface conditions. Traversing in steeper terrain depends upon the skill of the operator. Inexperienced operators should first gain experience on flatter terrain. These excavators are equipped with Tip-Over Protective Structure and are available with a cab. Like the other excavators, a seat belt is the primary operator restraint. Control lever lockouts and swing locks are standard equipment. The operator has ample room in the canopy and has good visibility while operating the boom and blade. The blade is controlled with a single lever. Instrumentation and warning lights provide the operato r with information on the status of the machinery. Availability: John Deere Models 15 and 25 are no longer manufactured; they are available through equipment rental yards. Specifications:
John Deere
15
25
Engine Mak e & Mo del
YA N M A R 3 T N A 7 2 - U J B
YA N MA R 3 T N 7 8 - R J B
H o r s e p o w e r ( M fg . R a t in g @ rp m) Bore & Stroke D is p l a c e me n t Hydraulic Pumps/System Q u a n ti ty Ty p e S y s te m s To t a l p u m p c a p a c i ty M a x . Sy Sy s t e m op op e ra t i n g pr pr e s s u re Performance Ratings A rm D i g g i n g F o r c e B u c k e t D i g g in g F o rc e M a x . R e a c h @ G ro u n d L e v e l M a x . D i g g in g D e p t h W/ B la d e M a x . D u m p H e ig h t Boom S w i n g A n g le A rm l e n g t h O ff s e t d i s t a n c e L / R Track Tr a c k G a u g e Tr a c k L e n g t h Tr a c k S h o e W i d th S td . G r o u n d C o n ta c t A re a S td . G ro u n d P r e s s u r e Tr a c k R o l l e r s (e a c h s i d e ) Tr a c k C a r ri e r s (e a c h s id e ) M a x . Tr a v e l S p e e d Tr a c k w i d t h G ra d e a b il i ty Swing Spee d
1 4 .5 ( 1 0 . 8 k W ) @ 2 2 5 0 2.83 x2.83 in. (72x 72mm) 5 3 .6 c u . I n . ( 8 7 9 c c )
2 3 (17 kW) @ 2500 3.07 x3.39 in. (78x 86 mm) 7 5 . 2 c u . I n . (1 2 3 2 c c )
3 - s e c ti o n Ge ar o p e n c e n te r/ c o n s t a n t f l o w 1 0 .7 G P M (0 .6 8 L /s ) 2 2 0 4 ps ps i (1 (1 5 .1 9 7 KP KP a )
3 -s e c t io n Ge ar o p e n c e n t e r/ c o n s t a n t fl o w 2 5 G P M ( 1 .5 8 L / s ) 2 1 3 3 ps ps i (1 (1 4 , 7 0 7 KP KP a )
1 5 6 5 lb . (7 k N ) 2 315 lb. (10 kN) 11 f t. 3 i n . (3 . 4 4 m ) 83 in. (2.12 m) 8 7 i n . (2 . 2 0 m )
2 910 lb. (13 kN) 4 519 lb. (20k N) 1 5 f t . 1 in . (4 .6 0 m ) 111 i n . (2 . 8 4 m ) 11 0 in . (2 .8 3 m )
4 5 left / 90 ri g h t 3 7 i n . (0 . 9 5 m ) 1 8 .5 /1 5 . 4 i n . (4 7 0 / 3 9 0 m m )
5 0 left / 90 right 4 7 in . (1 .2 m ) 2 7 . 6 / 2 1 . 1 in . (7 0 0 / 5 3 5 m )
29 in. (0.73 m) 54 in. (1.37 m) 9 in. (230 mm) 8 4 2 in .2 (5432 cm 2) 3 . 4 8 p s i (2 4 k P a ) 3 0 1.24 mph (2.0 km/h) 3 8 i n . (0 . 9 6 m ) 50 % 30 9 rpm
4 4 i n . (1 . 1 3 m ) 7 6 i n . (1 . 9 4 m ) 1 3 i n . (3 2 0 mm ) 1 6 3 5 i n .2 (10,548 cm 2) 3 .9 3 p s i ( 2 7 . 1 0 k P a ) 4 1 1 .2 4 m p h (2 . 0 k m / h ) 5 7 in . (1 . 4 5 m ) 50% 30 1 0 rpm
°
°
°
10
°
°
°
Spe ci fi cat io ns:
J ohn Deer e
15
25
E n g in e M a k e & M o d e l
YA N M A R 3 T N A 7 2 -U J B
YA N M A R 3 T N 7 8 -R J B
Ta i l s w i n g O p e r a t i n g We i g h t S t d . B u c k e t C a p a c i ty G r o u n d C l e a ra n c e Capacities C o o li n g S y s t e m F u e l Ta n k Crankc ase H y d ra u li c S y s te m H y d ra u li c R e s e rv o i r P r o p e l d r iv e g e a r c a s e (each side) Dimensions S t d . Tr a n s p o r t w i d t h S t d . Tr a n s p o r t l e n g t h S t d . Tr a n s p o r t h e i g h t
4 4 in . (1 .11 m ) 2 930 lb. (13 28 kg.) 0 .0 5 c u . y d . ( 0 . 0 4 m3) 8 .3 i n . (2 1 0 m m )
5 5 i n . ( 1 .4 0 m) 6 4 2 6 l b . (2 9 1 5 k g .) 0.10 cu. yd. (0.08 m 3) 11 . 8 in . (3 0 0 m m )
0 .6 6 g a l . (2 .5 L 5 .8 g a l . (2 2 L ) 0 .5 g a l. (1 . 9 L ) 11 . 1 g a l . (4 2 L ) 9 .0 g a l . (3 4 L ) 0 .0 9 g a l . ( 0 .3 5 L )
1.45 12.9 1 .0 5 22.5 17.2 0.13
3 9 in . (1 .0 0 m ) 138 in. (3.50 m) 8 3 in . (2 .1 0 m )
5 7 i n . ( 1 .4 5 m) 185 in. (4.69 m) 9 4 i n . ( 2 .3 8 m)
gal. gal. gal. gal. gal. gal.
(5.5 L ) (49 L) ( 4 .0 L ) (85 L) (65 L) (0.5 L )
C. Kobelco SS 60 Super Shovel , SK015, and SK025 Compact Excavator
The SS 60 Super shovel is the smallest earthmoving machine evaluated in this handbook and has an overall width of 19 inches (0.48 m) and weighs only 600 lbs (272 kg). The operator rides behind the excavator and balances the action of the bucket. The operator has the option of sitting on a bicycle type seat or standing on a platform while operating the machine. The bicycle seat can be folded up when the platform is in use. The platform can be lowered two-inches (51 mm) below ground level to act as an anchor and stabilize the machine. The excavator does not have a blade; all trail work is done with the bucket. The machine is not equipped with ROP/FOP or a restraint system. In case of a roll-over, the operator steps off the machine. The machine is operated entirely with levers. Two levers control the boom and bucket; another two levers provide directional control of the tracks, and two other levers are u sed to shift from high to low travel speeds and raising and lowering the platform. The SS 60 Super Shovel can be transported using a medium-size pickup truck. Mobility on the trail is limited by its maximum speed of 0.87 mph (1.4 kph). The tracks and low ground pressure provide good traction. The rubber tracks minimize damage to finished surfaces such as grass or concrete, but are not as durable as steel tracks. The SK015 track and dozer blade can be expanded from 38 inches (0.97 m) to 52 inches (1.3 m) and can be used to build o r maintain trails of this trail tread width. The dozer blade extends and retracts to match the crawler width. Extending the track provides a wider stance and makes the machine more stable. Inexperienced operators should use a wider stance and avoid rough uneven terrain. The SK015 has a greater travel speed, 2.6 mph (4.3 kph), as compared to the SS60. This improves mobility at the job site. The SK015 is available with a rubber or steel track. Standard safety equipment includes an operator protective structure and seat belt. Swing flashers which warn workers when the machine is swinging, are a standard feature. An enclosed cab is being developed to provide the op erator with ROP/FOP, ROP/FOP, and comfort controls are also being considered. The SK025 is larger than the SK015 and has a larger bucket and dozer blade. Unlike the SK015, the rubber tracks and dozer blade are a fixed width. This excavator has a width of 57 inches (1.4 m) with
11
each track 12 inches (0.3 m) wide y ielding a ground pressure of 3.9 psi (26.9 kPa) which is lower than the SK015. Travel speed ranges from 1.8 to 3.1 mph (2.9 to 5.0 kph). The safety equipment on the SK025 is similar to the SK015. Special Features
Kobelco SK015 Pilot control levers provide smooth and easy operation reducing operator fatigue. Swing flashers. Spanner undercarriage adds to the stability. stability. Cushioned swing cylinders provides shockless stops and starts reducing operator fatigue. Dozer blade can be extended and retracted to match crawler width. Control panels on both sides of the seat tilt up to allow easier access and prevent accidental lever operation when mounting or dismounting the machine. Auxiliary hydraulics add versatility for operating attachments. Quick change buckets saves time when changing buckets. Kobelco SK025 Pilot control levers provide smooth and easy operation reducing operator fatigue Swing flashers. Slow Swing mode provides precise control when working in tight quarters. Swing shockless valve minimizes rebound motion at the end of the swing cycle making starts and stops very smooth and limits spillage. Straight propel system keeps travel on a straight course even during s imultaneous attachment operations. One-touch deceleration puts engine in low idle to reduce fuel consumption during inactive periods. Parking brakes for both swing and travel automatically engage when controls are in idle position. Auxiliary hydraulics add versatility for operating attachments.
Specifications:
Super Shovel SS60
General: Overall Le ngth: O v e r a l l W id th : Height: B u c k e t c a p a c it y : Buck et width: F u e l Ta n k : Performance Tr a v e l S p e e d : Boom swing sp eed : G ra d e a b il i ty : S ti c k d ig g i n g fo rc e B u c k e t d ig g in g fo rc e O p e r a t in g w e ig h t : G ro u n d P r e s s u re
SK 015
SK025
SK 035
1 2 '1 ' ' 3 '2 '' / 4 '4 ' ' 7 '5 '' 1 . 4 c u ft 16 inch es 6.3 US ga l
1 4 '9 '' 4 '9 '' 8 ' 1 '' 2 . 4 c u . ft . 18 inc hes 10.5 US gal
1 6 ' 3 '' 5'4'' 7 '9 ' ' 3 .5 c u . f t. 2 4 in c h e s 1 0 .5 U S g a l
750 lb. 600 lb. ~
2 . 6 mp h 8 . 8 rp m 30 183 0 lb. 245 0 lb. 3 4 5 0 lb . 4 .4 p s i
1.8 / 3.1 mph 9 . 0 / 4 . 5 rp m 30 3 0 2 0 lb . 4 0 1 3 lb . 6 2 5 0 lb . 3.9 psi
2 .9 m p h 9 .0 / 4 .5 r p m 30 3 860 lb. 5 300 lb. 7 400 lb. 4.4 ps i
4 - c y c l e , a i r- c o o l e d
YA N M A R
YA N M A R
YA N M A R
3T NA 72 L
3 TNC 78
3 TN 84 l
Die se l
Die s el
D ies el
7 ' 1 '' 1 '7 '' 3 '7 ' ' 0.25 cu ft 9 in c h e s 2.2 US ga l
0 . 8 7 h i g h , 0 .5 0 lo w 3.7 s ec (90 ) 4 7 % (2 5 ) °
°
°
°
°
Engine:
Ty p e :
ga s olin e
12
Specifications:
Super Shovel SS6 0
SK0 15
S K025
SK0 35
1 6 @ 2 ,5 50 5 3 .6 c u . i n .
2 1 @ 2,5 00 5 9.9 cu. in.
27 @ 2 ,56 0 8 7 . 2 c u . in .
se e note
s ee note
s e e n o te
s ee note 7.6 US gal
s e e n o te 1 5 .8 U S g a l
s e e n o te 15.8 US g al
Rub ber 4 ' 6 .5 '' 3 ' 2 '' / 4 ' 4 ' '
Ru bbe r 6 '3 . 9 ' ' 4 ’9 '' 9 .0 ' '
R ubbe r 6 ' 11 ' ' 5 ’4 '' 1 2 . 0 '' 1 3 .7 ''
9 0 L / 90 R L e ft 1 '11 '' / R i g h t 1 ' 8 ''
90 L / 90 R L e f t 2 ' 3 '' / R i g h t 1 '1 0 ' '
90 L / 90 R Left 2'5'' / R ig h t 2 ' 1 ' '
4 ' 4 '' 3 ' 6 '' 1.3 / 2.6 mph 19 17 lb. 6 .8 ''
4 '1 0 '' 4'2''
5 '7 '' 4 '7 '' 1 .7 / 2 .9 m p h 3968 lb. 11 . 4 ' '
Rated output: (HP @ rpm ) Displac ement
3 .5 @ 1 6 0 0
Hydraulic System Pump s: 2 g e a r p u mp s Max. discharge press ure: 2,13 0 p si H y d ra u li c t a n k c a p a c it y : 1 . 8 5 U S g a l Track Ty p e O v e ra l l L e n g th : O v e ra l l W i d t h : S h o e Wi d t h :
Rub ber
Maneuverability Boo m Swing Angle B o o m O ff s e t :
F r o n t S w in g R a d i u s : Ta i l S w i n g R a d iu s : Tr a v e l S p e e d : Draw B ar Pull: G r o u n d C l e a ra n c e :
°
Figure 3.—Kobelco Super Shovel SS60.
13
°
°
2 976 lb. 11 . 4 ''
°
°
°
Hydraulic System
Main Pumps Ty p e : P re s s u r e : D e l iv e ry : No. Of Pumps: Swing Pump Ty p e : P r e s s u re : D e l iv e ry : No. Of Pumps : Pilot Pump Ty p e : Press ure: D e l iv e ry : No. Of Pumps : Auxiliary Port P r e s s u re : D e li v e ry : Travel Motors Ty p e : No . Of Pumps :
SK0 15
SK 025
SK03 5
Fixed Gea r 284 5 p si 4.12 gp m 2
Va ri a b l e P i s t o n 29 87 psi 8 .0 g p m 2
Va r ia b le P i s t o n 2987 ps i 10.0 gpm 2
Fixed Gea r 16 35 psi 2.9 gpm 1
Fixe d Ge ar 22 04 psi 5 .0 g p m 1
F ix e d G e a r 2631 ps i 5.7 gpm 1
Fixed Gea r 68 2 psi 1.6 gpm 1
Fixe d Gear 4 97 psi 2 .3 g p m 1
Fixed Gea r 497 ps i 2.4 gpm 1
28 45 psi 8.24 gp m
29 87 psi 1 2 .6 g p m
2987 ps i 15.6 gp m
Orbit Motor 2
Orbit Motor 2
O r b it M o t o r 2
Figure 4.—Kobelco SK025.
14
Figure 5.— Kobelco SK015.
15
Figure 6.—Kubota KX-41.
D. Kubota KX-41, KX-71, KX-101, and KH007
Kubota makes several mini-excavators. The models reviewed are KX-41, KX-71, and KX-101. The KX41 is an improved version of the KH-007. These mini-excavators are equipped with a small blade that can be raised and lowered but not tilted or angled. Each exc avator comes equipped with a short arm, and there are three dipper arm length options for each model. Each model is also equipped with either a 4-post ROPS/FOPS or a ROPS/FOPS cab. The ROPS/FOPS are designed so the operator enters or exits the excavator from either side. This feature helps when working in confined areas. These new models have more foot space than the previous model. Operation is controlled by foot pedals and fou r levers. The bucket control levers are mounted on 5 -way adjustable towers on either side o f the operator. The levers to control each track are located in front of the operator. All levers are easily accessible a nd intuitive. The hydraulic system on these excavators is designed to produce up to 15% more power when the turntable swing or dozer blade is not being us ed. A booster valve automatically increases the p ressure of the first and second hydraulic pumps when the third pump (used for slewing, boo m swing, and dozer blade operation) is not used. The Kubota KX-41 and KX-71 is designed with a two-speed swing system. With a flip of a lever, the operator can reduce the swing speed up to 50%. This feature increases safety and adaptability. An inexperienced operator should operate the machinery at the lower swing speed to reduce the probability of significant and sudden changes in center of gravity caused by rapid movement of the cab.
16
Feature
K X -4 1
K X -7 1
R O P S / F O P S Ty p e Track Type
R O P S /F O P S C a n o p y S te e l / R u b b e r
Ca nop y S te e l / Rubbe r
K u b o t a D 11 0 5 -B H 3 -c y l , o v e rh e a d v a lv e li q u id d ie s e l 2 2 . 2 @ 2 4 0 0 rp m
K u b o ta V 1 5 0 5 - B H 4-cyl, ov erhead v alve li q u id d ie s e l 3 2 . 2 @ 2 6 0 0 rp m
K ubota-V190 2-BH5 4-cyl, ov erhead v alve li q u id d ie s e l 3 6 . 6 @ 2 4 5 0 rp m
6 8 . 5 i n3
91.4 in 3
113.6 in 3
140.0 in. 8 8 .2 i n . 4 0.9 in. 6 . 7 in .
1 7 7 .8 i n . 9 6 . 3 in . 6 1 . 4 in 11 . 6 in
3 3 .5 g a l ( P 1 , P 2 ) 2 .6 g a l ( P 3 ) 2985 p si (P1, P 2) 2775 p si (P3) 7 .0 g p m
3 7.7 gal. (P1, P2 ) 4 .8 g a l. (P 3 ) 284 5 p si (P1, P2) 227 5 psi (P3) 15.4 gpm
3 8.5 gal. (P1, P2 ) 5 .6 g a l. (P 3 ) 2985 p si (P1, P2) 277 5 p si (P3) 17.1 gpm
1 .2 5 m p h
1.31 mph
3 600 lb.
712 5 lb.
lo w : 1 . 1 9 m p h high: 2.25 mph 9460 lb.
8 .3 r p m
8.7 rpm
9 .4 r p m
9 0 / 50
90 / 5 0
Engine Mode l C y l i n d e rs C o o li n g Fue l Flywh eel HP (SAEJ1349 gross) Displac ement Dimensions O v e ra l l L e n g th O v e ra l l H e ig h t O v e ra l l W i d t h M i n . G r o u n d C l e a ra n c e Hydraulic System No. of Pump s P u m p C a p a c it y
R e l i e f Va lv e S e t ti n g (@ po wer up ) A u x il i a r y H y d r a u l ic F lo w Rate Drive System M a x . Tr a v e l S p e e d M a x . D ra w b a r P u ll Swing System Unit Swing Sp eed Boom Swing Angle ( L e f t/ R i g h t ) Blade B l a d e W i d t h x H e ig h t M a x . L i ft a b o v e G ro u n d M a x . D ro p B e lo w Ground U n d e rc a r ri a g e S h o e Width G r o u n d C o n ta c t Pressure psi M a x im u m B u c k e t B r e a k o u t F o rc e Coolant & Lubricant Fu el Res ervoir ga l C o o la n t g a l E n g in e O il F i n a l D ri v e (each side) gal S w i n g D ri v e (each drive) gal 1
Steel
2
Rubber
3
°
°
°
K X -1 0 1 Ca b Steel/ Ru Ru b b e r
9 6 .5 i n .
°
Ca nopy S te e l / Rubbe r
Ca b Steel/ Rub ber
196.5 in. 9 7.0 in. 6 3 . 4 in . 11 . 6 in .
80 / 4 3 °
9 7 .2 i n .
°
37.8" x 9.8" 6 .5 i n . 6 .9 i n .
57.1" x 15.2" 1 5.0 in. 1 9 . 5 in .
59.4" x 15.2" 1 5 . 2 in . 1 9 . 1 in .
9 .1 i n .
11 . 8 in .
1 3 . 8 " / 11 .8 "
4 .4 61&3 -4.31 2&3 4.59 1&4 -4.44 2&4
4.06 1&3 - 4.59 2&3 4.15 1&4 -4.70 2&4
2 810 lb. ( @ p o w e ru p )
545 5 lb. (@ p o w e r u p )
5940 lb. (@ p o w e r u p )
6 .3 4 1 .0 6 1 .1 9 0 .0 7
15.06 1 .3 2 1 .5 3 0 .1 3
15.06 2 .11 2 .1 9 0 .1 6
0 .3 4
0 .3 4
4 .4 7
Canopy
4. 4 .37
4
Ca b
17
Feature
KX-41
K X -7 1
R O P S / F O P S Ty p e Track Type
ROPS/FOPS Can opy Steel / Rub ber
Can opy S t e e l/
Cab S te e l/
Can opy S t e e l/
Cab Steel/
Ru Ru b b e r
Ru bber 1 5.58
Rubbe r
3.17
Ru bber 11 .3 6 6415 1&3 6605 1&4 2.30 ft 3
6260 2&3 6450 2&4
81151&3 8300 1&4 3.73 ft 3
7915 2&3 8100 2&4
Hydraulic Reservoir gal Operating Weight (lb.) S ta n d a rd B u c k e t Capacity (SAE J296) Performance
3615 1-3485 2 1 .3 4 f t3
K X -1 0 1
S h o rt -L o n g -E x t e n d A r m A rm A r m A rm L e n g t h (i n . ) 3 5 .4 4 5 . 3 3 1 . 7 49.4 M a x . A rm D ig g i n g F o r c e 1 9 9 5 1 6 3 5 15 1540 lb.(@ power up) M a x . Di Di g g in g He He ig h t ( In In .) 1 2 1 . 5 -1 2 6 . -1 2 3 . 2 Max. Du mping Height 8 0 .1 - 8 4 . 6 - 83 83 . 9 (inches) M a x . Di Di g g in g De De p t h (i (i n . ) 8 1 .1 -9 0 .9 -9 5 .3 M a x . Ve rt ic a l D i g g i n g 6 4 .0 -7 3 .4 -6 8 .9 Depth (in.) M a x . Di Di g g in g Ra Ra d i u s 1 4 2 . 1 -1 5 1 . 4 - 1 5 4 .7 (inches)
S h o rt - L o n g -E x te n d A r m A r m A rm 4 7 .2 5 5 . 1 4 0 .7 64.4 3 330 29 00 26 35
S h o rt -L o n g -E x te n d A r m A rm A r m 5 1 .2 63 6 3 .0 4 7 .2 7 8.7 4 3 3 0 37 3740 3320
1 6 5 . 7 - 1 6 9 .3 -1 6 4 . 4 11 6 . 3 -11 9 . 9 - 11 8 . 9
1 7 9 . 5- 1 8 4 .8 - 18 1 8 2.1 1 2 5 . 4 -1 3 0 . 7 - 13 13 9 .7
1 0 5 . 1 - 11 3 .0 -1 2 2 . 0 7 6 . 8 8 4 . 4 71 7 1.1
1 2 1 . 3 - 1 3 3 .1 - 14 14 9 . 0 88 99.4 10 4.9
1 8 2 . 5 - 1 8 9 . 6 - 1 9 6 .1
1 9 9 . 4 - 2 1 0 . 7 - 22 22 2 .6
M in . S w i n g R a d i u s w /o B o o m S w in g (i n . ) M in . S w i n g R a d i u s w/ Boom Swing (in.) 2 ft . F l a t B o tt o m (i n ) 8 ft . F l a t B o tt o m (i n )
-
7 6 .2 - 7 6 .2
-
-
5 5 .9 - 5 7 .3
-
8 5 .8 - 8 5 6 8 .7 - 6 8 . 9
1
Steel
2
Rubber
3
6 4 .8 -
63.8
4 6 .1 - 4 6 .2
7 9 .7 -8 9 .8 -9 4 .3 5 5 .1 - 6 8 . 9 - 7 5 . 4
Canopy
4
1 0 4 . 1 - 11 2 .2 -1 3 1 . 3 8 4 .1 -9 5 .9 - 1 0 5 . 5
Figure 8.—Kubota KX-101.
18
-
1 2 0 . 5 - 1 3 2 .3 - 14 14 6 . 4 1 0 2 . 2 -11 6 . 1 - 13 1 3 5 .4
Cab Ca b
Figure 7.—Kubota KX-71.
-
Kubota KH007 The Kubota KH007 was replaced by the KX-41, however, the model is still available through used or rental equipment dealers. This model has a rated flywheel horsepower of 8.5 hp (6.3 kw) which is lower than the KX41 (22.2 hp/16.5 kw). A double-section gear pump is used in the hydraulic system to power all the front attachments, dozer, and swing. The boom, in this model, is cushioned by a boom cylinder. cylinder. The cylinder absorbs the shock and minimizes spillage. Auxiliary hydraulic outlets are also available as standard equipment. The swing system is driven by an orbit motor which brakes automatically when the swing control lever is in neutral. A counterbalance valve is used in the swing hydraulic circuitry to make starts and stops smoother. The counter balance valve also minimizes body motion. Specifications:
Figure 9.—Kubota KH007.
Kubota KH007
O p e r a t i n g We i g h t 1951 lbs. (885 kg) w/4 post ROPS N o i s e l e v e l a t o p e ra t o r s e a r M a x im u m tr a v e l s p e e d Engine Mod el Ty p e F l y w h e e l h o rs e p o w e r N u m b e r o f c y l in d e r s Displac ement Hydraulic System Cap acity (@ 2 500 rpm) Auxiliary hydraulic outlet: f lo w r a t e M a i n re li e f p re s s u r e Swing System Swing Sp eed B o o m s w in g a n g l e (L /R ) Undercarriage Blade width x heigh t M a x . li f t h e ig h t a b o v e g r o u n d
1 7 9 7 lb s . ( 8 1 5 k g ) w / 2 p o s t R O P S 79 dB (A) 1 . 0 3 m p h (1 .6 5 k m /h ) K u b o ta Z 4 3 0 - K 4 - c y c le , w a t e r- c o o le d , v e rt i c a l d ie s e l e n g i n e 8 . 5 h p (6 .3 k W) @ 2 5 0 0 rp m 2 2 5 . 9 c u . In . (4 2 5 c c ) gpm x 2 @ 20 62 psi (10.0l/min x 2 @ 145 kgf/cm 2) g p m ( 2 0 l /m i n ) 2 0 6 2 p s i ( 1 4 5 k g f / c m2 ) 9 rp m 1 2 5 d e g r e e s ( 8 0 /45 ) °
°
3 2 .3 i n c h e s (8 2 0 m m ) 5 . 9 in c h e s ( 1 5 0 m m )
19
Specifications: Kubota KH007 Max. d epth below groun d Tr a c k Ty p e Tr a c k P a d Wi d t h Ground Pressure with 2 p ost ROPS with 4 p ost ROPS Te n s io n S y s t e m Capacities F u e l R e s e rv o ir Coolan t Engine Oil Hydraulic Reservoir Ta n k System
3 .7 5 in c h e s ( 9 5 m m ) R ubbe r 7 .1 i n c h e s ( 1 8 0 m m ) p si 3 .7 8 p s i Screw bolt 2 .11 g a l. (8 . 0 l ) 0 .3 7 g a l (1 . 4 l ) 0 .4 0 g a l . ( 1 . 5 l ) 2 .9 1 g a l . ( 11 l) ( ta n k ) 3 . 9 6 g a l . ( 1 5 l ) (s y s t e m )
E. Morrison Trailblazer
The Morrison Trailblazer was one of the first machines d esigned specifically for trail maintenance an d construction. The machine has undergone several improvements since its introduction. Several trail contractors use this piece of equipme nt, and it is still available for purchase and rent. The Trailblazer is equipped with a small blade that can be raised and lowered hydraulically and tilted manually, 15 degrees on either side. The small blade is useful for leveling and building a platform from which the Trailblazer sits while building a trail. The blade also provides stability while operating the backhoe. The tracks on the Trailblazer are expandable from 24 inches (0.6 m) to 30 inches(0.76 m). The wider track provides added stability on steeper side slopes. The narrower tracks, howev er, make it unstable on steep and irregular terrain. The Trailblazer is not equipped with ROP and several trail contractors have modified their equipm ent by adding a roll bar. Other contractors believe that ROP on the Trailblazer is not necessary because the operator could simply “walk off” before the machinery rolls over. Two opposing opinions exist on the stability of the Trailblazer. The first is the machinery is unstable on irregular and steep side slopes due to the narrow track and the shifting center of gravity associated with the movement of the boom. The second is the stability of the machinery is dependent upon the operator. The operator can use the blade as an anchor while using the backhoe adding to the stability of the Trailblazer. Trailblazer. Inversely, the backhoe can be placed on the uphill side o f the slope while using the blade. The overall consensus is that the Trailblazer, Trailblazer, like any other piece of machinery, should only be operated by an experienced o perator. A new operator can gain experience with the equipment by expand ing the track and working in flatter areas. The Trailblazer lacks the ergonomic features now available on newer excavators. Six levers operate the blade, boom, and bucket. The location of the hydraulic lines also makes the Trailblazer more susceptible to breakdown because the line is exposed and could easily shear off. Some of the routing problems have been corrected in the newer Trailblazer models, however, the problem still exists. Two attachments are available, a grubhoe and a bucket. The grubhoe may be used to speed trail construction in light and medium s oil with brushy cover. The bucket is used for digging. When used for trenching, the Trailblazer is capable of digging a 12-inch (305 mm) wide trench 42-inches (1.1 m) deep. The hoe and the bucket are capable of moving large rocks or digging out stumps.
20
Figure 10.— Morrison Trailblazer (old) at San Bernardino National Forest.
Figure 11.—Morrison Trailblazer at San Juan-Rio Grande National Forest.
21
Specifications:
Morrison Trailblazer
General Overall Le ngth O v e r a l l W id th Height We i g h t Maximum Speed Engine Make Fuel Cooling Displacement Horsepo wer D ri v e s S te e r in g Hydraulics P u m p Ty p e Pump Total Total Capacity @ 3 000 rpm Back hoe Tr a c k D r iv e s Relief Valve Settings Back hoe Tr a c k D r iv e s Cylinders Swing Buck et S ti c k Boom Blade Boom Swing arc Tu r n i n g C l e a r a n c e Working Range A rm L e n g t h M a x . D i g g in g H e i g h t Max. Dumping Height M a x . D i g g in g D e p t h Max. Vertical Digging Depth Max. Digging Reach at Ground Level Bucket Digging Force B u c k e t C a p a c it y B u c k e t We i g h t Grubhoe Attachment Blade Heigh t B l a d e W id th G ru b h o e We i g h t
9 fo o t 3 i n c h e s 24 inch es 45 inche s 2 1 5 0 l b . (d ry )
ONAN G a s o li n e
2 5 h p @ 3 0 0 0 rp m 2 D P C h a r ly n n M o t o rs H y d r a u li c .. . in d e p e n d e n t m o t o r s Gear 6 gpm 12 gp m 150 0 p si 1500 p si 2 '' x 1 2 ' ' S in g l e A c ti n g — 2 c y l in d e r s 3 ' ' x 1 0 '' D o u b l e A c t in g — 1 c y l i n d e r 3 '' x 1 0 '' D o u b l e A c ti n g — 1 c y li n d e r 3 ' ' x 1 0 ' ' D o u b le A c t in g — 1 c y li n d e r 3 '' x 6 '' D o u b l e A c t i n g — 1 c y li n d e r 180 w i th i n i ts o w n l e n g t h °
6' 3'' 5' 4' 6''
2 . 7 f t3 (Approximately) 87 lb. 13 inch es 16 inch es 120 lb.
22
F. Takeuchi TB007, TB015, TB020, TB025, TB035, TB045
Takeuchi makes several excavator models. The six models discussed below have an overall width of 72-inches (1.8 m) or less. Fea tures common to all Takeuchi excavators are discussed first and s pecial features are discussed sep arately. Like other excavators included in this document, Takeuchi models have a dozer blade. However, Takeuchi models have the unique feature of a hydraulically adjustable track frame width. In the narrow frame position the excavator can pass through narrow openings and operate in confined areas. In the wide frame position the excavator gains greater stability for heavy digging, operation of attachments, and work on uneven terrain. All excavators have two-speed track drive motors for high torque grad ing and backfilling an d high speed job site mobility. Takeuchi Takeuchi exca vators also have feathered action main control valve spools to eliminate abrupt machine response. Smoother start/stop hydraulic functions provide for precise, safe operation and minimal operator fatigue. These excavators use auxiliary hydraulics which a llow the operator to run different implements without halting operation on the primary hydraulics. The auxiliary hydraulics are fully installed to the dipstick with stop valves. The attachment hoses are routed through the boom yoke improving operator visibility and offering additional protection from external hose damage. Special Features: TB 007 Hydraulically adjustable track frame from 26.8 inches (0.7 m) for narrow areas to 35.4 inches (0.9 m) for greater operating stability. Boom swings 180 for maximum digging offset. Auxiliary circuit routed to the end of the a rm permits quick hook-up of hydraulic attachmen ts. Two-speed travel. Dozer blade for light grading and ba ckfilling. Rubberized tracks. Tilt-back engine cover provides quick access to engine, battery, and filters. Wraparound counterweight protects the engine compartment. Wide angle independent boom swing. °
TB015 Hydraulically adjustable track frame from 26.8 inches (0.7 m) for narrow areas to 35.4 inches (0.9 m) for greater operating stability. Electronic monitoring system apprises operator of vital engine conditions. Automatic fuel bleed system eliminates the n eed for fuel bleeding and priming. Synchronized bucket and arm cylinder speeds for flat bottom trenching. Two-way auxiliary circuit routed to the end of the arm for quick ho ok-up of hydraulic attachments. Simultaneous digging functions for fast cycle times. Wrap around counterweight protects the engine compartment. Available with steel or rubber tracks. Automatic arm acceleration. TB020 Electronic monitoring system apprises operator of engine conditions. Automatic fuel bleed system. Synchronized bucket and arm cylinder speeds. Two-speed travel. Available steel and rubber tracks. Simultaneous digging functions. Variable displacement pressure compensated axial piston main hydraulic pumps. System flows and pressure vary according to the load demand placed on the hydraulic system. TB025 , TB035 and TB045 Electronic monitoring system notifies operator of engine conditions. Automatic fuel bleed system. Synchronized bucket and arm cylinder speeds. Two-speed travel. 23
Available steel and rubber tracks. Simultaneous digging functions. Emergency shutdown system. Engine shuts down during low oil pressure or overheating conditions. Straight travel while operating other functions. Variable Variable displacement pressure compe nsated axial piston main hydraulic p umps. System flows and pressures vary according to the load demand placed on the hydraulic system.
Dimensions & Weight O p e r a t i n g We i g h t
O v e r a l l L e n g t h ( Tr a n s p o rt ) O v e r a l l W id th Overall Height M in . G ro u n d C l e a r a n c e M in . F ro n t S w i n g R a d i u s Ta i l S w i n g R a d iu s Engine M a n u f a c tu re r Horsepo wer @ rpm C y l in d e r s D is p l a c e me n t ( C ID ) F u e l Ta n k C a p a c i ty F u e l C o n s u m p t io n Performance M a x . D i g g in g D e p t h M a x . D u m p H e ig h t Max. Re ach @ Ground Level M a x . D i g g in g D e p t h w/ 2 ft. Flat Bottom M a x . D i g g in g D e p t h w/ 8 ft. Flat Bottom M a x . B u c k e t D i g g i n g F o rc e M a x . S ti c k D i g g i n g F o rc e Tr a v e l S p e e d mp h G ra d e a b il i ty Bucket Wi d t h C a p a c i ty S A E H e a p e d Dozer Blade Wi d t h Height M a x . R a is e Max. Lower Swing System B o o m S w i n g A n g l e (L /R ) Slew S peed S l e w R e d u c ti o n S l e w B ra k e Slew Motor Swing Spee d
TB0 07
TB01 5
TB02 0
16 67 lb.
S te e l Rubb er track track 3 4 18 18 lb . 3 1 9 7 l b .
S t e e l Tr a c k
9 '0 '' 2 9 . 1 '' / 3 5 . 4 ' ' 6'8'' 6 .3 ''
12'2'' 3 '2 '' / 4 '3 ' ' 7 '7 ' ' 7 ''
R u b b e r tr a c k
C ab ab C a n op op y C a b C a no no p y 4672 4544 4406 4278 13'4'' 4 '3 '' 7 '9 '' 12'' 4 ' 0 '' ( 8 0 Boom Swing) 4 '0 '' °
3 1 . 5 ''
43''
Ya n m a r 8 .0 @ 2 5 5 0 2 2 6.8 2 .1 U S g a l
Ya n m a r 16 @ 25 50 3 53.7 6.1 US g al
K u b o ta D 11 0 5 3 21 hp @ 2 500 3 68.5 CID 6.2 US g al 1 . 2 g a l /h r
6 1 in c h e s 7 9 inc hes 1 0 7 in c h e s
8 7 in c h e s 1 02 inche s 145 inch es
7 '7 '' 9 '3 '' 13'3''
5 9 in c h e s
8 4 in c h e s
7 '6 ''
4 '11 ' '
5 '7 ''
1 874 lb. 1 323 lb. 1 .2 / 2 .3
241 5 lb. 183 0 lb. 1.4 / 2.6
25
30
3 3 0 8 lb . 2 4 2 6 lb . s t e e l tr a c k 1.4/2.5 30
°
°
r u b b e r t ra c k .5/2.6
°
1 4 in c h e s . 8 1 f t3
1 8 in c h e s 1.3 ft 3
4 f e e t 3 in c h e s 2.0 cu. ft (1.5 SAE Struck)
2 6 .8 '' / 3 5 . 4 ' ' 7 .9 '' 6 .1 '' 4 .7 ''
3 '2 '' / 4 '3 '' 10'' 7 . 8 '' 8 . 7 ''
4 '3 '' 13'' 15.1'' 10.3''
9 0 /90 9 .1 r p m
90 /50
80 /50 1 0 rp m Bullgear Ma in C o n t ro l C h e c k v a l v e G e r o to r 1 0 rp m
°
°
°
°
9.1 rpm
24
°
°
TB007 Undercarriage Tr a c t i o n M o t o r Ty p e Tr a c ti o n D r iv e Ty p e Tr a c ti o n B r a k e Ty p e
TB0 15
TB0 20
Gerotor P l a n e ta ry F ri c t io n
Gerotor P l a n e ta ry F ri c t io n 3 C r a w l e r Ty p e Dou ble Semi Grouse r 10 inc hes 51 inc hes S t e e l Tr a c k R u b b e r Tra c k Cab Canopy Canopy Cab Canopy Canopy 4.2 psi 4.0 psi 3.8 psi 3.5 psi 1 6 .6 U S g a ls 26 98 psi Tr i p l e G e a r 5.3 x 3 gpm 1 0 .6 g p m
Tr a c k R o ll e r s P e r S i d e S h o e Ty p e
G e ro to r P l a n e ta ry C o u n t e r B a la n c e Valve 2 Rubb er Belt
S h o e Wi d t h G r o u n d C o n t a c t L e n g th Ground Pres sure
7 in c h e s 35.5 inche s 3.1 p si
3 Dou ble S e m i -G r o u s e r 9.1 inch es 40 inc hes 4.1 psi
Hydraulic System S y s te m C a p a c i t y S y s te m O p e ra t i n g P re s . P u m p Ty p e H y d ra u li c F l o w A u x il i a r y H y d r a u l i c F lo w
4.1 US g al 2133 p si Ta n d e m G e a r 2.8 x 2 g pm 5.6 gpm
7.9 US gal 27 74 psi Tr i p le G e a r 4.1 x 2/2.7 x 1 gpm 8.2 gpm
Figure 12.—Takeuchi TB007 compact excavator.
25
Figure 13.—Takeuchi TB015 compact excavator. Figure 14.—Takeuchi TB020 compact excavator.
26
Takeuchi Dimensions & Weight O p e r a t i n g We i g h t ( l b s . ) O v e ra l l L e n g th (Tr a n s p o r t) O v e ra l l W id th O v e ra l l H e ig h t Min. Ground Clearan ce M i n . F r o n t S w in g R a d i u s (80 (8 0 Boom Swing) Ta i l S w i n g R a d iu s Engine M a n u fa c t u re r H o r s e p o w e r @ rp m Cylinders D i s p l a c e m e n t (C I D ) F u e l Ta n k C a p a c it y F u e l C o n s u m p ti o n ( g a l s / h r.) Performance M a x . D ig g i n g D e p t h Max . Dump Height Max . Reac h @ Ground Level M a x . D ig g i n g D e p t h w/ 2 ft. Flat Bottom M a x . D ig g i n g D e p t h w/ 8 ft. Flat Bottom M a x . B u c k e t D i g g in g F o rc e M a x . S t ic k D ig g in g F o r c e Tr a v e l S p e e d m p h G r a d e a b i li t y Bucket W i d th C a p a c i t y S A E H e a p e d (c u . f t. ) Dozer Blade W id th Heigh t Max . Raise Max . Lowe r Swing System B o o m S w i n g A n g l e ( L /R ) Slew Spee d S l e w R e d u c t io n Slew Brake Slew Motor Undercarriage Tr a c ti o n M o t o r Ty p e Tr a c ti o n D r iv e Ty p e Tr a c ti o n B r a k e Ty p e Tr a c k R o ll e r s P e r S id e S h o e Ty p e
T B025
T B035
T B04 5
5958 1 4 ' 6 '' 4 '9 ' ' 7 '11 ' ' 12'’ 4 '11 ' '
7 625 1 6 '6 '' 5 '4 ' ' 7 '11 ' '/ 8 '1 ' ' 1 2'' 4 '11 "
1 0,092 1 8 '4 '’ 6 '0 ' ' 8 '6 ' ' 1 3'' 4 '11 ' "
4 '3 ' '
4 '8 ' '
4 '11 ' '
Ya n m a r 2 6 @ 24 50 3 8 7 .2 7.6 1.4
Ya n m a r 3 3 @ 26 00 3 8 7 .0 8 .9 1.9
Ya n m a r 43.4 @ 20 00 3 1 58 1 5.3 2.4
8 '6 ' ' 9 '5 ' ' 1 4 ' 7 ''
1 0 '2 '' 11 '2 '' 1 6 ' 6 ''
11 '6 '' 1 2 ' 5 '' 1 8 ' 9 ''
8 '5 ' '
1 0 '1 ''
11 '4 ''
6 '8 ' '
8 '7 ' '
1 0 ' 0 ''
3968 3020 1 . 3 / 2 .5 30
5 138 3 870 1 . 4 /2 .7 30
6 967 5 270 1 . 7 /2 .9 30
1 8'' 2.5
2 2'' 3.5
2 2'' 5.0
4 '9 ' ' 1 3 . 8 '' 1 5 . 4 '' 11 . 8 ''
5 '4 ' ' 1 5 '' 1 6 . 5 '' 1 4 .9 ''
6 '0 ' ' 1 6 . 2 '' 1 7 . 3 '' 1 3 . 6 ''
°
G r o u n d C o n ta c t L e n g t h G r o u n d P re s s u r e (p s i ) Steel Track Canopy G r o u n d P re s s u r e (p s i ) Steel Track Cab
°
8 0 /50 10 °
°
°
80 /50 80 /50 1 0 .7 11 .3 P la n e t a r y M a in C o n tr o l C h e c k Va l v e P is to n
°
°
°
P is to n P la n e t a r y F ri c t i o n 3 4 C ra w l e r Ty p e D o u b l e S e m i -G r o u s e r
°
°
4 '7 ' ' 4.0
5 '3 ' ' 4.0
5 D o u b le S e m iGrouser 6 '3 ' ' 3.8
4.2
4.1
3.9
27
G ro u n d P r e s s u r e ( p s i) Rubber Track Canopy G ro u n d P r e s s u r e ( p s i) Rubber Track Cab Hydraulic System S y s t e m C a p a c i ty ( g a l lo n s ) S y s te m O p e r a t i n g P re s . P u m p Ty p e H y d r a u l i c F lo w ( g p m ) A u x i l ia ry H y d ra u li c F l o w
TB 025 3 .8
TB0 35 3 .7
TB 045 3 .8
4 .0
3 .8
3 .8
21.7 28 45 Tr i p l e G e a r
26.4 3 1 .7 28 45 28 45 2 x Va r ia b le D i s p la c e m e n t P i s t o n / 1 x gear x2 x2 5.8 x 1 9.1 x 1 15.0 1 4 .8
x2 5.2 x 1 12.6
Figure 15.—Takeuchi TB025 compact excavator.
28
Figure 16.—Takeuchi TB035 compact excavator.
Figure 17.—Takeuchi TB045 compact excavator.
29
DOZER Configuration Dozers are self-propelled machines mounted on either a wheeled or crawler tractor to exert a push/pull force through a blade, drawbar, or ripper and are used to move objects or materials. The primary trail building implement is the dozer blade. D iscussi on Dozers considered for this section are machines with a width under 72-inches (1.8 m), not including the width of the implement. The three trail building dozers discussed below, the SWECO Dozer, the Accutrac AC-30, and the Pacific Crawler Dozer are all mounted on crawler tractors. The SWECO dozer is the only one currently being manufactured. Information for the other two are provided because they may still be available through used equipment or rental equipment dealers.
All machines considered have quick attachments to an auxiliary hydraulic system to power the dozer blade, drawbar, ripper, ripper, loader bucket, and b ackhoe attachments. There are two p rimary earthworking implements that are used for trail building or maintenance; the dozer blade and a backhoe attachment. All of the equipment in this section have a 6-way dozer blade. The dozers evaluated all have engines mounted on the rear of the frame, making the tractor more stable when lifting or moving earth with the implements mounted in the front. The rear mounted engine also gives the operator better visibility. Advantages/Disadvantages The advantages/disadvantages of dozers co mpared to excavators are listed below. Other advantages/ disadvantages may be observed depending on use, terrain, and local. Advantages Large dozer blade is faster cutting a rough trail tread than using a backhoe bucket. More stable than the backhoe because the center of gravity remains constant. These machines are usually wider than the compact backhoe thus making them more stable. Moving large boulders or tree stumps is easier with a dozer. The larger engine available in these machines makes pushing obstacles out of the way faster than digging them out. The auxiliary hydraulics available makes the dozer an excellent platform to power other hydraulic implements. Disadvantages Larger than most compact backhoes; and cuts a wider trail. Larger trailers and towing vehicles are required for transp ort to the job site. Equipment Specifications A. SWECO Dozer
The SWECO Trail Dozer is well design ed and built for trail use. The dozer is equipped with full ROP, 1 1/4- inch (32 mm) steel plates, oversize hydraulic cylinders with triple filtration in both the hydraulic and air filters adding to the durab ility of the trail dozer. The dozer sits on top of a Berco carriage with the engine mounted in the rear. Two 24-gallon (91 liter) hydraulic and diesel tanks are mounted on each side of the doz er. The hydraulic pumps are easily accessible through a rear panel. The operator sits forward of the engine and operates the dozer with six levers. Two levers control the tracks and four levers operate the blade, rippers, and other attachments connected to the auxiliary hydraulics. Unlike excavators, the SWECO dozer is ab le to cut a rough trail in one pass and has enough po wer to “plow” through brush and large rocks, thus reducing the need to blast. The dozer builds trail faster than an excavator due to the larger blade and more powe r. The overall width of the tractor dictates the width of the trail built. Although the dozer blade is wider than the tractor, the blade could be tilted or angled to reduce the effective width. The actual trail tread is smaller than the 48 inches (1.2 m) width of the 30
tractor when the outside berm is remov ed and when material starts to s lough off the cut slope onto the tread. The dozer blade can be raised and lowered two feet, angled and tilted, making it ideal for building waterbars and dips. The SWECO dozer is available with an air compressor and auxiliary hydraulic connectors. The air compressor can be used to run pneumatic hand tools including pruners and chain saws. Auxiliary hydraulics can power a backhoe or small hydraulic devices (rock drills). Like the excavator, the dozer needs an experienced operator especially in areas with steep side slopes. Since the dozer must operate on a platform, the operator must ensure that the platform is stable. The optional winch can aid in ge tting the dozer out of trouble or stabilizing the d ozer for safer operation. The optimum number of people working with the dozer is three; the o perator, one person ahead of the dozer for safety, safety, and one behind to clean up the trail. The length of trail built or maintained is dependent upon the terrain, the type of work required, and the skill of the operator. For new trail construction the SWECO dozer has a range of 500 ft (152 m) per hour for rocky terrain to 1000 ft (305 m) per hour for softer areas. The dozer is most efficient when used in conjunction with o ther equipment; an ATV ATV dragging a harrow (see ancillary equipment section) could be used to remove the outside berm. The weight of the trail dozer also helps in compacting the soil. Specifications:
SWECO TRAIL DOZER
W id th L e n g t h (w i th b la d e & r i p p e r s ) Heigh t G r o u n d C l e a ra n c e G r o s s w e i g h t (w / b l a d e & ri p p e rs rs ) Tr a v e l S p e e d Max . Blade Lift Max . Blade Drop Max . Blade A ngle M a x . B l a d e Ti l t
4 8 in c h e s 1 2 8 in c h e s 7 6 in c h e s 6 .5 i n c h e s 7 80 80 0 l b . 0 - 5 mp h 2 4 in c h e s 2 4 in c h e s 3 0 degree s 2 5 d e g re e s
Engine: Mak e Horse Pow er Ty p e C o o li n g M e d i u m E l e c t r ic a l S y s t e m M a x . In c l in a t io n , a l l a n g l e s F u e l c o n s u mp ti o n ( Av g .)
Isu zu Diesel 5 6 h p @ 3 0 0 0 rp m, 7 0 h p w / Tu r b o 4 c y li n d e r w a te r 1 2 volts 3 5 d e g re e s 1 .0 g a l/ H r
Tr a n s m is s i o n
S u n s tr a n d t w in h y d r o s t a t i c p u m p s & F a i r fi e l d to rq u e h u b s
Steering H y d ra u li c s Undercarriage Mak e Tr a c k F ra m e Tr a c k R o l le r s S h o e s p e r Tr a c k Tr a c k Wi d t h G r o u n d P re s s u r e
D u a l c o n t ro ls , f u ll h y d ro s ta ti c , c o u n te r ro ta t i n g G e a r p u m p 1 0 -3 0 g p m , t ri p l e fi l tr a t io n B e rc o R ig id F r a m e 1 To p , 4 B o t t o m 30 11 i n . 5 .7 p s i
31
Available Attachments Dozer 6-way, 50 inches (1.2 m) or 60 inches (1.5 m) Rippers, 3 shank Backhoe, 8 ft (203 mm) or 9 ft 229 mm) reach Auger, 4''(101 mm) to 24''(610 mm) diameter Logging Arch/Winch Air Compressor Standard Features Seat Belt ROPs Ta c h /H o u rm e t e r Wa r n i n g l ig h ts Va n d a l P r o t e c t i o n K i t Fuel & Hydraulic Ga uge s Cold Weather Starting Kit
H e a v y D u t y E n g in e C o o l in g S y s t e m S i d e B r u s h S c re e n s R o c k G u a rd s S a fe t y B r a k e L i m b R is e r s A u x il i a ry H y d r a u l ic s
Options R o c k P o in ts S p a r k A r re s t e r F ro n t & R e a r L i g h t s D ra w B a r (o n r i p p e r s ) Trailer (Standard or custom)
H a n d To o l H o ld e rs F l o a t A c t i o n o n Ti l t B a c k u p A la rm F i re E x ti n g u i s h e r
Figures 18A & 18B.—SWECO trail dozers working in Angeles National Forest.
32
B. Accutrac AC-30
At the time of publication, the manufacturer could not be contacted. It is believed this machine is no longer available for purchase; however, it may be available for rent. The machine is included in this publication for reference only. The specifications used are based on da ta issued in 1988. Specifications: Tr a c to r L e n g th Tr a c to r Wi d t h H e i g h t (w / R O P ) We i g h t Engine Mak e Horsep ower
Accutrac AC-30
Displacement C o o li n g E l e c t r ic a l S y s t e m Undercarriage Tr a c k R o ll e r s L e n g t h o f t ra c k o n g r o u n d S h o e s p e r Tr a c k Tr a c k S h o e W i d t h Tr a c k o n G ro u n d G r o u n d P re s s u r e Capacities Fu el H y d ra u li c Steering H y d ro s ta ti c 3 - w a y
Attachments Front end Loader B u c k e t w id th L i f t h e ig h t L o a d e r C a p a c it y Six way blade Max . Blade Lift Max . Blade Drop Max . Blade A ngle M a x . B l a d e Ti l t 3-Point Hitch Frame
8 5 in . (2 1 5 9 m m ) 4 8 in . (1 2 1 9 m m ) 8 4 in . (2 1 3 4 m m ) 4 500 lb. D e u t s F 2 L 5 11 - 2 c y l C o n t in u o u s : 2 8 . 5 h p ( 2 1 k W ) Intermittent: 34 hp (25 kW) 100 cu. in. (1625 cc) F o rc e d A i r 1 2 Vo lt 3 3 A m p Full Floating Track & Sprockets 4 (eac h side) 5 1 . 5 i n . (1 3 0 8 m m ) 3 31 9 .8 5 in . (2 5 0 m m ) 1 0 1 5 s q . I n . ( 6 5 4 8 s q . c m) 4 .3 5 p s i ( 3 0 K P a ) 1 9 US g al (72 L) 2 7 US g al (103 L) F u ll p o w e r o n t u rn s Lock one track Counter rotate
5 4 in c h e s 9 6 in c h e s 1 /3 c u . y d w / ti l t 1 2 0 0 lb . li f t 1/2 cu. yd. straight 1500 lb. lift 2 0 in c h e s 1 2 in c h e s 3 0 degree s 3 0 d e g re e s W i ll a c c e p t c a t e g o ry o n e 3 p o in t a t ta c h m e n ts
St anda rd Equi pm ent ROP Cano py F u ll i n s tr u m e n ta t i o n & g a u g e s F u ll b e l ly p a n S e a t b e lt R e m o te m o u n t o i l f il t e r S i x - w a y hy hy d ra u l ic po po w e r f ro n t & re re a r Powe Powerr tak take e off off conn connec ecti tion ons, s, fron frontt & rear rear Heavy Heavy duty duty under under carri carriag age e w/ w/ 4 seale sealed d a nd nd p re re lu lu br bri ca ca te te d r ol ol le le rs rs e ac ac h s id id e Forced air hydraulic oil cooler Cold weather starting aid
O pt i onal E qui pm ent T h re e s h a n k r ip p e r 3 - p o in t h i tc h a d a p te r, f r o n t & r e a r 6-way d ozer blade 1 2 -i n c h s tr e e t p a d s L i g h ts Drawba r Bolt Bolt on pads pads PTO PTO hyd hydra raul ulic ic driv drive e mot motor or w/ 1-in 1-inch ch dia. dia. k ey ey ed ed s ha ha ft ft a nd nd a llll c on on ne ne ct ct io io n h os os es es
33
C. Pacific Crawler Dozer
At the time of publication, the manufacturer could not be contacted. Although the equipment is not available for purchase, it may be available for rent. The equipment is presented for reference. The specifications are as of 1988. Specifications:
Pacific Crawler Dozer
Wi d t h L e n g th ( i n c l u d i n g r ip p e r s ) Height G ro u n d C l e a r a n c e G r o s s We i g h t B l a d e W id th Blade Lift B e l o w G ra d e B l a d e Ti l t Blade Angle Tr a v e l S p e e d Engine Make H o r s e p o w e r @ rp m Ty p e Cooling E l e c t ri c a l S y s te m M a x . , i n c l i n a t i o n , a ll a n g le s (gradeability) Transmission Ty p e
Steering Hydraulics P u m p Ty p e Number of Pump s P u m p C a p a c i ty H y d r a u l i c Ta n k C a p a c it y Undercarriage Make Tr a c k F r a m e Tr a c k R o l l e r s C a r ri e r R o l l e r L e n g t h o f Tr a c k o n G ro u n d S h o e p e r Tr a c k Tr a c k S h o e W i d t h G ro u n d P r e s s u re Capacities F u e l Ta n k Hydraulic System C ra n k c a s e F ra m e
4 7 i n c h e s (11 9 3 . 8 m m ) 1 2 6 in c h e s ( 3 2 0 0 . 4 mm ) 40 inch es (1016 mm) 3 6 .5 i n c h e s (9 2 7 . 1 m m ) 5 0 0 0 lb . (2 2 6 9 k g ) 4 7 .5 i n . ( 1 2 0 6 . 5 mm ) 2 1 i n . ( 5 3 3 .4 m m ) 14 in. (355 mm) 15 25 0-5 mph ° °
H a t z 2 L o r D e u t z F 2 L - 5 11 D D i e s e l 44 hp (33 kW) @ 280 0 rpm 2 c y l i n d e rs A i r C o o le d 1 2 v o l ts 3 5 (97%) °
S u n d s t ra n d w / t w in h y d ro s t a t ic p u mp s & F a ir fi e l d to rq u e h u b s with independent track, hydrostatic propulsion fully reversible to control speed and direction of travel. Wobble stick, full hydrostatic, counter rotating Gea r 3 1 2 g p m ( 2 0 g p m a v a i la b le ) 2 0 g a l lo n s (7 5 .7 L ) B e rc o Rigid Frame 4 b o tt o m ro l l e r s 1 c a rr i e r ro ll e r 4 8 in c h e s ( 1 2 1 9 m m) 30 1 0 in (254 mm) / 1 2 in (304 mm) 1 0 i n . t r a c k w i d t h = 5 p s i ( 3 4 .5 k P a ) 12 in. track width = 4 psi (27.6 kPa) 1 0 g a l (3 7 . 8 L ) 2 0 g a l (7 5 . 7 L ) 5 qt. U n i t iz e d w i th f u l l b e l l y p a n
34
Attachments Loader with 1/2-cubic yard capacity 4 post ROP 6-way hydraulic dozer with wobble stick control 3-shank parallelogram rippers Backhoe
LOADERS Configuration Loaders are mounted on either a wheeled or tracked undercarriage. These machines have loader buckets up front with engines mounted in the rear. Loaders are ideal for moving rocks, soil, or other trail building material to the job site. They are not designed to c ut trail tread, however an angled blade and a york rake attachment are available for that purpose.
The smallest loader in this section is the B obcat 453 with a width of 35.5 inches (0.9 m). The largest of the loaders is the Bobcat 873 with a width of 74.1 inc hes (1.9 m). Bobcat loaders come standard with wheels, but a track to fit over the wheels is available. The Takeuchi TL26 is the only tracked loader reviewed. D iscuss iscussion The size of the machine dictates the width of the trail on which the machine can operate. Tracks on the vehicle provide more traction because of a large contact area with the ground. The larger contact area also provides better resistance to inadvertent slipping, making it more stable. The larger contact area also provides more “float” over plastic soil conditions. The damping action provide d by the pneumatic tires gives the wheeled vehicle a smoother ride.
The vast assortment of available attachments for these loaders makes them versatile trail machines. The loaders can be used to haul or move trail materials closer to the job site. The number of people working with the machinery varies with the task. For example, when building a trail tread with a backhoe attachment, a crew of three is needed. The crews placement is the same as previously discussed for excavators. The power output and safety considerations define the amount of material or the size of boulders the loader can move. Never exceed the maximum operating capacity of the equipment. These machines are compact and maneuverable which allows operation in confined areas The small size of the loaders allows for easy transport via trailer or on a truck bed. The higher travel speed compared to excavators and dozers allows for greater mobility in and around the job site and also reduces cycle time. Advantages/Disadvantages The following are the advantages/disadv antages of the loader compared to the excavator, dozer, dozer, and hauler. Advantages Versatile with the available attachments the loader performs many other functions. Able to move large volume of material. Higher travel speeds reduce cycle time. Parts and service are widely available. Disadvantages Performance is compromised when use d as other than a loader o r hauler. Additional cost to procure attachments.
35
Equipment Specification A. Bobcat 400, 500, 700, and 800 Series Skid-Steer Loaders
This document evaluates the 400, 500, 700, and 800 series loaders. The skid-steer loaders are wheeled vehicles and have less traction in loose, plastic soil types than tract mounted loaders. Wheeled vehicles, in general, are not as stable o n terrain with large side slopes due to smaller ground contact area thus providing less resistance to slippage. These loaders are compact and very maneuverable making them ideal for working in small areas. Their small size also make s them easy to transport to and from the job site. The Bobcat 453 Skid-Steer is the na rrowest (35.5 inches/0.9 m) Bobcat loader evalua ted. The operator compartment and controls are ergonomically designed. The operator seat is cushioned and can be adjusted fore and aft. The seat bar doubles as a cushioned arm rest when two control levers are being used. The op erator cab has ample room; entering a nd exiting the cab is ea sy. The two levers control the steering and drive. A thumb switch on one of the levers allows the operator to control auxiliary hydraulic functions. Two foot pedals control the hydraulics. Hydraulic ha nd controls are also available. Maintenance of the loaders is aided by easy access to the engine and hydraulic/h ydrostatic componen ts. The engine is accessed though a s wing out tailgate. Fluid levels, battery, battery, and oil drain are also easily accessed. Access to the radiator requires the removal of the oil cleaner. Hydraulics/hydrostatics are serviced by unbolting two nuts and lifting the cab back. The Bobcat Skid-steers also are manufactured with self lubricating axle bearings that do not need greasing. Safety devices in the Bobcat load ers include ROP/FOP cabs with a rear eg ress port which allows the operator to exit the loader if the front exit is obstructed. All loaders are also equipped with the Bobcat Interlock Control System (BICSô). The BICSô locks the hydraulic lift and tilt functions and the traction drive when the seat bar is raised and the engine is running. Also, if the operator moves off the seat for more than one second the s eat sensor relays information to the controller which locks the hydraulic lift and tilt functions. Auxiliary hydraulics are not affected. The seat bar adds additional restraint and also serves as an arm rest. As a safety option, the Bobcat loaders are available with a sound cab which reduces the noise level (at the operators ear) to 85 dBA. Spark arrester mufflers are standard equipment on skid loaders. Additional attachments for these loaders are available and are listed in the specifications section below. Each model may not be equipped with the same attachments. In general, smaller loaders have fewer available attachments. Changing attachments are facilitated by the Bob-Tach System. The operator moves the frame into the attachment flange, pushes the two handle pins down a nd presses the wedge through the frame and attachment hole making a solid connection. The 400 and 500 series Bobcat Skid-Steer Loaders are steered and driven with two levers on each side of the operator. The levers also control attachments which require auxiliary hydraulics (backhoes, grapples & forks). Hydraulics are controlled using two foot pedals. Applying pressure on the top or bottom of the pedal raises/lowers, dumps, and rolls back the bucket. This combination makes the skidsteer easy to control. Specifications: Capacity R a t e d O p e r a t in g C a p a c i ty lb. (kg) Ti p p i n g L o a d lb . (k g ) H y d r a u l i c P u m p C a p a c i ty GPM (LPM) Dimensions L e n g th ( w / b u c k e t) i n . (m m ) Wi d t h (w / b u c k e t ) i n . ( mm )
45 0
45 3
55 3
6 0 0 (2 7 2 )
6 0 0 (2 7 2 )
8 5 0 (4 0 8 )
1 2 1 7 (5 5 2 ) 6 . 8 (2 5 . 7 )
1 4 7 0 (6 6 7 ) 6 .8 ( 2 5 . 7 )
1 7 0 0 (7 7 1 ) 8 (30.3)
9 7 (24 64) 3 5 .5 (9 0 1 . 2 )
9 7 (24 64) 3 5 .5 (9 0 1 . 2 )
1 0 6 . 6 (2 (2 7 0 8 ) 4 9 .5 (1 2 5 7 )
36
Specifications: H e i g h t i n . ( mm ) H e i g h t to B u c k e t P i n in . (m m ) Engine M a k e /M o d e l F u e l/ C o o li n g Cylinders HP/Displacement in 3 ( L ) F u e l Ta n k C a p a c i t y g a l (L ) O p e r a t i n g We i g h t l b . ( k g ) Operation S te e rin g & Dr Dri ve H y d ra u li c s Tr a n s m is s i o n
4 50 7 2 (1 8 2 9 )
453 7 2 (1 8 2 9 )
553 7 2.8 (184 9)
4 50
453
553
9 2 (2 3 3 7 )
9 2 (2 3 3 7 )
1 0 2 .5 ( 2 6 0 4 )
Kohler M1 8QS G a s / A ir 2 1 6 . 5 / 4 2 . 1 9 (0 .6 9 ) 6 .5 ( 2 4 . 6 ) 2 195 (996)
K u b o ta D 7 5 0 - B D i e s e l /L i q u id 3 1 5 / 4 6 . 5 (0 .7 6 ) 6 . 5 ( 2 4 .6 ) 2 5 1 3 ( 11 4 0 )
K u b o ta D 9 5 0 - B D i e s e l /L iq u id 3 2 1 . 5 / 5 6 . 6 (0 .9 3 ) 1 0 (3 8 ) 3622 (164 3)
F o rwa rd , R e v e rs e , Tra v e l S p e ed & S te e rin g c o n tro lle d b y 2 l ev e rs 2 f o o t p e d a ls r a i s e / l o w e r l i ft a rm s & d u mp /r o l lb a c k b u c k e t H y d r o s t a t ic , f o u r w h e e l d ri v e
Figure 19A.—Bobcat 763 Skid-Steer loader with a modified blade.
37
Figure 19B.—Bobcat 400 C-Series Skid-Steer loader.
Figure 20.—Bobcat 553 C-Series Skid-Steer loader.
38
Standard Features A d j u s ta b l e C u s h i o n e d S e a t B o b c a t In In te r l o c k Co Co n tr o l Sy Sy s t e m B o b -Ta c h F l o t a t i o n Ti r e s L i f t A rm S u p p o r t Meters/Gauges/Warning Lights
O p e ra to r C a b P a rk in g Br Bra k e S eat B ar S e a t B e lt S p a r k A r r e s t e r M u ff l e r
Available Attachments A n g le B l a d e A n g le B r o o m Aug er Bac kho e B o x S c ra p p e r B u c k e t s (3 s ty le s a v a i l a b l e ) Econo Grader
G r a p p le s a n d F o rk s H y d r a u l i c B re a k e r P a ll e t F o r k s Swe epe r T h re e P o i n t H i tc h Yo r k R a k e
Figure 21.—Bobcat 763 Skid-Steer loader.
39
Figure 22.—Bobcat 873 Skid-Steer loader. loader.
40
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43
B. Takeuchi TL26 Compact Track Loader
The Takeuchi Takeuchi TL26 Compact Track Loader has an overall width of 60.2 inc hes (1.5 m) (without bucket). The loader is mounted on rubberized crawler tracks which have internal steel cables and exposed mandrels. The internal steel track cables absorb the power generated by the high torque planetary final drives. The track rollers ride on the exposed steel mandrels to prevent inner track damage from rocks and other debris. A tracked undercarriage provides machine stability and the high ground surface contact makes a stable platform. This is important in rough terrain with significant side slope or with an inexperienced operator. The tracks have a rated ground pressure of 5 .8 psi (40 kPa) which allows for flotation in slippery or muddy conditions and in loose materials. The track undercarriage delivers the traction required for excavating tough, heavy materials. The TL26 Compact Loader is equipped with ROP/FOP as part of the cab enclosure. A seat belt is provided and a lap bar is also stan dard equipment for additional restraint. This loader uses a h ydraulically released multi-disc type parking brake that engages whenever the engine stops, the lap bar raised, or the brake lever applied. Windows are provided to ke ep out the elements and noise. The noise level at the operators ear is 87 dBA. The rear a nd top windows are removable if the normal front exit is obstructed. Travel and loader functions are controlled by two joysticks. Auxiliary hydraulics are controlled with a foot pedal that is lockable in the loose position for an attachment requiring continuous fluid flow. The operator compartment is spacious and is equipped with a six-way adjustable suspension seat. The lap bar doubles as an arm rest for the operator when using the joysticks. Like other rear mounted loaders, visibility is excellent. The instruments are grouped to provide information at a single glance. Audible and visual alarms alert the operator to po tential engine problems.
TL26
Specifications: Dimensions & Weight O p e r a t i n g We i g h t Wi d t h w / o b u c k e t Height L e n g th w / b u c k e t L e n g th w / o b u c k e t F ro n t C l e a r a n c e R a d i u s w / B u c k e t R e a r C l e a ra n c e R a d iu s A n g l e o f D e p a r tu re M a x i m u m L if t H e ig h t t o B u c k e t P i n D u m p H e i g h t F u l ly R a is e d M a x i m u m D u m p A n g l e F u l ly R a is e d Maximum Buck et Rollbac k @ Ground L eve l R e a c h F u l ly R a is e d Engine Make/Mod el H o r s e p o w e r/ r p m C y l in d e r s D is p l a c e me n t ( C ID ) N o i s e L e v e l @ O p e r a t o r' s E a r Performance Ti p p i n g L o a d O p e r a t in g C a p a c it y B re a k o u t F o rc e Cycle Time Raise - full Lo ad Lowe r - no load Dump - full load Curl - full load
68 13 lb. 6 0 .2 i n c h e s 7 9 .4 i n c h e s 1 3 0 . 4 in c h e s 1 0 3 . 6 in c h e s 8 1 inc hes 5 9 .1 i n c h e s 26 11 9 . 2 i n c h e s 9 3 .8 i n c h e s 38 30 2 7 .8 i n c h e s °
° °
I s u z u 4 J B 1 PA -2 0 6 1 .5 / 2 6 0 0 4 16 9 8 7 d BA 37 50 lb. 13 10 lb. 49 30 lb. 4.2 2 .5 2.7 2 .1 44
se con ds se con ds se con ds se con ds
TL26
Specifications: Bucket W id th Cap acity - SAE Heap ed Hydraulic System Drive System H y d ro s ta ti c P u m p H y d ra u li c F l o w S y s te m R e li e f Va l v e P r e s s u r e C h a rg e P u m p P re s s u r e Implement System Pump s H y d ra u li c F l o w S y s te m R e li e f Va l v e P r e s s u r e C o n tr o l Va l v e Undercarriage Tr a c ti o n M o t o r Ty p e Tr a c ti o n D r iv e Ty p e Tr a c ti o n B r a k e Ty p e Tr a c ti o n F o r c e Tr a c k R o l le r s ( p e r s id e ) S h o e Ty p e Crawler Belt Width Tr a c k G r o u n d C o n t a c t L e n g t h G r o u n d P re s s u r e M i n i mu m G r o u n d C le a ra n c e M a x im u m Tra v e l S p e e d Capacities H y d ra u li c Ta n k F u e l Ta n k E n g in e O il E n g in e C o o l i n g S y s t e m P l a n e ta ry D r iv e R e d u c ti o n U n i t
6 6 in c h e s 1 2 . 9 ft3
Va r ia b le D i s p la c e m e n t P is to n x 2 2 3 gpm x 2 3 980 ps i 200 ps i g ear x 2 1 7 . 4 G P M / 11 . 0 g p m 2 276 ps i 3 s p o o l s e c ti o n a l P is to n P la n e t a r y M u l ti -D i s c 651 4 lb. 5 Rubb er Crawler Belt 1 2 . 6 in c h e s 4 6 . 5 in c h e s 5 .8 p s i 1 0 . 8 in c h e s 5.3 mph 13.2 gal 15.6 gal 6 .6 q t. 3 .3 g a l 1 .9 q t.
Figure 24.—Takeuchi TL compact track loader.
45
HAULERS Configuration The basic hauler has two componen ts: cargo area and power unit. The cargo area of the ha ulers listed in this document range from a polyethylene tub to a hydraulically tilting dump bed. The power units range from an electric motor to a 4-stroke, liquid-cooled 90 V-Twin. °
D iscussi on Haulers are used to haul material to and from a job site. The hauling capacity and travel speed becomes important when hauling to and from a remote location. Although these machines were designed to traverse unimproved areas, in most cas es the machines travel on trails b eing maintained or trails with a rough cut tread. Advantages / Disadvantages The advantages/disadvantages listed here are by no means complete. The advantages/ disadvantages differ with varying situations. The list compares mechanized and manual hauling. Advantages Greater hauling capacity with shorter cycle. Reduced physical demand to the user. Reduced injury due to manual lab or. Traverses rougher areas than a garden cart or whe elbarrow. Disadvantages Requires more maintenance. Requires transport Need to carry gasoline or batteries High initial capital investment when compared to manual methods. A. Chikusui
Chikusui makes a range of powered haulers. Four of the most common are listed here. These machines are tilting dump beds mounted on rubber tracked crawlers. The rubber tracks are reinforced with steel wires and a steel core. The tracks gives these machines excellent traction and can travel through rough areas. The models RD3 and KD3 are equipped with a three-way tilting bed. Dump beds are hydraulically operated and an automatically opening tail gate assists in the dumping p rocess. The bed will tilt up 57 when dumping. The Chikusui are powered by either a gasoline or diesel engine. °
Specifications: Chassis L e n g th Wi d t h Height Crawler G ro u n d C o n t a c t Wi d t h C e n t e r L e n g th Inside Bed L e n g th Wi d t h Engine Ty p e Max. P ower S ta rt e r S y s t e m
Mod el
G C - 6 4 0 R , G C -6 4 0 K
G C -6 4 0 R D 3 , G C -6 4 0 K D 3
1 0 0 . 4 (2 5 5 0 ) 4 2 .7 ( 1 0 8 5 ) 5 0 .4 ( 1 2 8 0 )
1 0 0 .4 ( 2 5 5 0 ) 4 3 . 9 (111 5 ) 5 0 . 4 (1 2 8 0 )
4 0 .6 ( 1 0 3 0 ) 9 . 8 (2 5 0 ) 2 8 .7 ( 7 3 0 )
4 0 . 6 (1 0 3 0 ) 9.8 (250 ) 2 8 . 7 (7 3 0 )
6 3.6 (161 5) 1 0 .8 ( 2 7 5 )
6 3 . 9 (1 6 2 5 ) 3 9 . 9 (1 0 1 5 )
P e tr o l ( R S e ri e s ) D i e s e l ( K S e ri e s ) 1 0 h p (R ) , 8 h p (K ) R e c o i l o r C e ll (R ) Ha ndle or Cell (K)
P e t ro l (R D 3 S e ri e s ) D ie s e l (K D 3 S e ri e s ) 1 0 h p ( R D 3 ) , 8 h p (K D 3 ) R e c o il o r C e l l ( R D 3 ) H a n d le o r C e ll (K D 3 )
46
Specifications:
Mo del
C h a s s i s We i g h t l b s . ( k g . ) M a x . L o a d C a p a c it y M i n . Tu r n R a d i u s Ground Clearan ce F o rw a r d S p e e d R e v e rs e S p e e d Max . Spee d Dump Sy stem Dump A ngle Clutch Brake C l im b C a p a c i t y
G C -6 4 0 R , G C - 6 4 0 K
GC-640RD3 , GC-640KD 3
1 342 (610 ) 1760 (800 ) 1 760 (800 ) 4.7 (120 ) 4 3 3 . 4 m p h (5 . 4 k p h ) O il P re s s u r e R e c i p r o c a ti n g 57 B e l t Te n s i o n In n e r e x p a n s i o n 25 (880 lbs.)
1 4 1 0 (6 4 0 ) 1 7 6 0 (8 0 0 ) 1 7 6 0 (8 0 0 ) 4 . 7 (1 2 0 ) 4 3 3 . 4 m p h ( 5 .4 k p h ) O i l P r e s s u re R e c i p ro c a t i n g 55 B e lt Te n s io n I n n e r e x p a n s io n 2 5 (880 lbs.)
°
°
°
°
B. DR® PowerWagon ™
The DR PowerWagon is essentially a powered wheelbarrow; a stake bed mounted on a powered whee led undercarriage. Three models are available and are discussed below. The rated load capacities range from 400 to 800 pounds (181.6 to 363 kg) depending on model. Since the PowerWagon is powered, the operator does not have to lift any load. These haulers a re equipped with a tilting (forward) dump body which aids in unloading. The wide tread tires selected for the PowerWagon are designed for carrying loads on uneven or soft soils distributing the load and reducing the impact and provide more traction with h eavier loads. Wheel weights are available to increase traction and provide stability when operating the PowerWagon with the sulky (a trailer with a seat for the operator) without a load. Each wheel weight weighs 41 pounds (18.6 kg) and attaches to the drive wheels. The sulky attaches to a single b all hitch. Sulkies are good for relatively flat ground, however its use adds to the weight the engine has to pull. This could be a problem in steep, rough, or boggy areas where the added weight may be too much for the engine. If this is the case, the operator has to dismount until a more suitable terrain is reached. In general the PowerWagon can climb a 20 slope. This number would change depending on terrain conditions and load distribution. The downhill speed of the h auler is controlled by using a lower gear. °
The controls are mounted on a panel between the handlebars. The PowerWagon is equipped with a “dead-man clutch” or a“dead-man grip” (for electric motors) which automatically stops the e ngine. Electric starters are available for the gasoline models. The PowerWagon can be equipped with two body types, a stake body and molded body. Each body type comes in two sizes, small and la rge, to accommodate the different mode ls. The frame is constructed with hand-welded 1-inch (25.4 mm) diameter 11 gauge cold-rolled steel tubing. The frame is powder coated. Specifications:
P o w e r Wa g o n ™
P o w e r Wa g o n I I™
Ba ttery -Ele ctric Po we r Wagon™ Motor
Engine Ty p e Displac ement Po wer
S t a r te r
Te c u m s e h Ve c t o r 2 0 7 c c . (1 2 .6 c u .i n . ) 6 hp
Te c u m s e h P re mi e r ~ 4 .0 h p
M a n u a l -r e c o il s ta rt E l e c t ri c s t a r t k e y (o p t io n a l )
M a n u a l - re c o i l s t a r t E l e c tr i c s ta rt k e y (optional)
47
3 0 0 Wa t t , 1 8 0 0 r p m , 24 volt, fully enclosed permanent magnet
Specifications:
P o w e r Wa g o n ™
P o w e rWa g o n II ™
B atte ry-E lec tric P ow er Wagon™ Motor
F u e l C a p a c i ty Max Spe ed B ra k e
1 . 5 q t. (1 . 4 3 l i te r ) 5 . 5 mp h D is c b ra k e w i th parking brake latch and and reve revers rse e gear gear stop stop..
1 . 5 q t . ( 1 . 4 3 li t e r ) 3 mph Disc brake with p a rk i n g b ra k e la tc h and and reve revers rse e gear gear stop stop..
R a t e d C a p a c i ty Stake Body F l a tb e d D i m e n s i o n s In s i d e B e d D i m e n s io n s B o d y F lo o r
800 lbs. Large 40'' x 31.5'' 3 9 ' ' x 2 9 . 5 ' ' x 9 '' 5 / 8 '' d e n t -p ro o f p re s s u re tr e a te d p ly w o o d
5 0 0 lb s . Small 3 0 .5 '' x 2 4 '' 3 1 .5 '' x 2 4 '' x 6 ' ' 5 / 8 ' ' d e n t- p r o o f p r e s s u re t re a t e d plywoo d
3 mp h E x t e rn a l b a n d b r a k e mo u n t e d o n t h e dif differe ferent ntia ial. l. With With parking brake. 400 lbs. Small 3 0 . 5 '' x 2 4 ' ' 3 0 . 5 '' x 2 4 '' 5 /8 '' d e n t -p ro o f p re s s u r e tr e a t e d plywo od
Vo l u m e t ri c C a p a c i ty We i g h t ( w / o s u l k y ) H e ig h t @ H a n d le b a rs
5.9 c ubic feet 230 lbs. 3 8 . 5 ''
2 . 0 c u b ic f e e t 1 6 7 lb s . 3 3 ' ' - 3 7 . 5 '' a d j u s t a b l e
2 .0 c u b i c fe e t 1 67 lbs. 3 3 '' - 3 7 . 5 '' a d j u s t a b l e
Sides & Front Pa nel
1 '' x 7 ' ' re m o v a b le 1 ' ' x 5 ' ' re m o v a b le 1 '' x 5 '' r e m o v a b l e p re s s u re tr e a te d p r e s s u re t re a t e d p re s s u r e tr e a t e d wood. woo d. wo od. Overall Le ngth 7 6 . 5 ' ' w /o s u l k y 5 3 '' 53'' O v e r a l l W id th 35'' 27.5'' 2 7 .5 '' Overall Heigh t 4 1 . 5 '' Larg e Mo Mo lde d Bo Body Lar ge Mo Mol ded Bo Body Vo l u m e t ri c C a p a c i ty 5.6 c ubic feet 5 . 6 c u b ic f e e t We i g h t ( w / o s u l k y ) 184 lbs. 1 8 4 lb s . H e i g h t @ H a n d le b a r s 3 8 . 5 '' 3 8 .5 ' ' Overall Le ngth 79'' 7 9 '' O v e r a l l W id th 35'' 3 5 '' F l o o r D i m e n s io n s 30'' x 27'' 3 0 '' x 2 7 '' Insi Inside de Body Body Dime Dimensi nsion ons s Top: op: 40.5' 40.5''' x 30.5 30.5'''' x 9'' 9'' Top: 40.5' 40.5''' x 30. 30.5' 5''' x 9'' 9'' Outs Outsid ide e Bod Body y Dim Dimen ensi s ion ons s Top: op: 43. 43.5' 5''' x 33' 33''' x 9'' 9'' Top: op: 43. 43.5' 5''' x 33' 33''' x 9'' 9'' B o d y M a te r i a l Va c u u m - f o rm e d , . 2 5 " p o l y e t h y le n e Sm al l M ol ded B ody S ma ll Mo Mold ed B ody To t a l We ig h t 1 3 7 lb s . 1 37 lbs. Vo l u m e t ri c C a p a c i ty 2 .7 5 c u . f t . 2 . 7 5 c u . ft . Overall Le ngth 5 4 '' 5 4 '' O v e r a l l W id th 27.5'' 2 7 . 5 '' B o d y M a te r i a l Va c u u m- f o rm e d , . 2 5 “ p o l y e th y l e n e F r o n t Ti r e 1 6 / 6 . 5 0 x 8 tu b e l e s s 1 3 /5 .0 0 x 6 , 1 3/5.00 x 6, tu r f t h r e a d 2 p l y tu b e l e s s 2 ply tubeles s R e a r Ti r e 4 .1 0 / 3 5 0 x 4 , 4 p ly, 4.10/350 x 4 , 4 ply 4 .1 0 /3 5 0 x 4 , 4 p l y s a w to o t h th re a d s a w t o o t h t h re a d s a w to o th t h r e a d tubeless Sulky We i g h t 3 8 lb s . L e n g th 49'' S u l k y Tir e 4 1 0 / 3 5 0 x 6 2 -p l y s t u d thread, tubeless Wh e e l s p re s s e d s te e l ri m s , ball bearings
48
Special Features DR® PowerWagon™ Multi-speed geargear-drive transaxle mounted on outboard ball bea rings for increased capacity and durability. Interior components are immersed in an o il bath. Four-forward speeds, 1 reverse Built-in weight rack to increase traction when empty, and for pulling sulky. Twin-belt drive train for smoother transfer of power from the engine to transaxle. DR® PowerWagon II™ Adjustable handlebars. Height adjusts from 33 inches to 37.5 inches. Multi-speed gear drive mounted on ou tboard ball bearings for increased capa city and durability. Two-forward speeds, 1 reverse, and neutral Transmission: Peerless Series 700 die cast aluminum housing. Oil impregnated bronze bushing and needle bearings on imprint shaft. Heat treated spur gears. Differential: Sintered metal and steel cut automotive-type, hardened thrust washer. Die cast aluminum housing with oil impregnated bearings.
Battery-Electric DR® PowerWagon II™ Forward and reverse controls, turn knob and/or handle with autostop; brake with parking lock. Battery charger: 24-volt with overcharge protection. Recharges overnight. Battery: Two 12-volt, deep cycle, Genesis-sealed lead acid batteries; connected in series. Motor controller: Electronic infinite speed controller, 50% reverse speed built-in motor protection.
Figure 25A.—DR® PowerWagon™.
49
Quick-Detach Sulky
Figure 25B.—DR® PowerWagon™.
Figure 26.—DR® PowerWagon II ™. ™.
50
Figure 27.—DR® PowerWagon™ Battery Electric.
51
C. Honda Power Carriers
The Honda Power Carriers are walk-behind haulers with a stake bed mounted on a tracked undercarriage. The tracked undercarriage provides a stable platform that traverses rough and uneven terrain. Each track can be controlled independently giving the Power Carriers a tight turning radius. The tracked undercarriage gives the Power Carriers a low center of gravity, making it more stable. The controls are mounted on and next to the handle bars. Stake beds on the carriers are sheet metal and the beds can be titled manually for dumping. Specifications:
H P250
HP400
E ngine:
4 -s t ro k e , s i n g l e - c y l i n d e r, a i r -c o o l e d 2 .4 h p , s i n g l e va l v e 2 f o r w a rd s p e e d s , 1 re ve r s e 63' ' x 24'' x 41'' 26 2 l bs. 2 2 .5 i n c h e s 0.25 gall ons 1 s t g e a r 7 6 ft /m i n 2 n d g e a r 1 9 1 f t/ m i n R e v e rs e 7 1 ft /m i n Adjustable 32' ' x 20'' - 31'' x 5.3'' Level operation 440 l bs. I n c l i ne ne d o p e ra t i o n 3 3 0 l b s .
4 -s t ro k e , si n g l e - c y l i n d e r, a i r -c o o l e d 4 hp, overhead valve 2 f o r w a r d s p e e d s , 1 r e v e rs e 74'' x 25'' x 41'' 3 52 l bs. 32 i nches 0 .4 2 g a l l o n s 1 st g e a r 7 6 ft /m i n 2 n d g e a r 1 9 1 f t/ m i n R e v e rs e 7 1 ft /m i n Adjustable 4 3 .7 ' ' - 5 8 ' ' x 2 0 ' ' - 3 0 ' ' x 7 ' ' L e v e l o p e ra t i o n 7 7 0 l b s . In c l in in e d o p e ra t i o n 5 5 0 l b s .
P ower Tr a n s m i s s i o n D i m e n s i o n s (L x W x H ) D ry We i g h t Wheel base F uel Capacity G ro u n d S p e e d
C a rr i e r D i m e n s i o n s (LxWxH) L o a d C a p a ci ty
Special Features
Track steering Manual-tilt cargo bed Adjustable side rails Tie-down hooks Low center of gravity Sealed transmission Transmission protector bar Easy view fuel check
Figure 28.—Honda Power Carrier.
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D. PeCo Tracker 1000
The Tracker 1000 is a rideable hauler. The dump body is mounted on a tracked undercarriage that provides more traction and stability. This hauler has the largest rated capacity of the haulers reviewed. Like the other tracked hauler, the Tracker 1000 has rubber tracks which reduces damage on finish surfaces. The Tracker 1000 comes standard with a flat bed with fold down sides. The flat bed dimensi ons are increased when the sides are folded down. A bucket hopper with 1-yard capacity is availa ble. Specifications:
PeCo Tracker 1000
L o a d C a p a c i ty Length Width We i g h t Tr a v e l S p e e d G r o u n d P r e s s u re (u n l o a d e d ) G r o u n d P r e s s u re (f u l l y l o a d e d ) B u c k e t H o p p e r C a p a ci ty ( o p ti o n a l ) Fl at Bed Dim ensions Length w ith si des folded down Width w ith si des folded down
1000 lbs. 7' 8'' 40'' 750 lbs. 0 to 4 m p h 1.4 psi 4.5 psi 1 yard 4 0 ' ' x 6 0 ' ' x 1 2 ' ' ( fo l d d o w n s i d e s ) 72'' 64''
E n g i n e O p ti o n s
12 12 13 13 14
hp hp hp hp hp
K awasaki Kohler Kawasaki Honda Briggs & Stratton
Special Features
Rubber tracks Hydrostatic drive Infinitely variable speed Easy to reach controls 5 micron supply and return filter Zero turn radius 70 degree dumping angle Hydraulic dumping Self adjusting tracks
E. Whiteman Power Buggy
The original Whiteman Power Buggy was designed over 30 years ago as a convenient way to carry concrete or any bulk material. The Power Buggy could be operated as a “ride-on” or a walk-behind hauler. All controls are conveniently located for easy use by the operator. The machine is compact and lightweight. The buggies are powered by Honda engines with recoil starters. An electric start is an option on the 16 cubic foot model. This hauler utilizes an infinitely variable, fully hydrostatic drive system which allows smooth, steady operation from start to stop. A polyethylene cowling covers the engine and other vital components. This cowling can be easily removed giving access to virtually every control, adjustment, and fluid reservoir. The polyethylene bucket makes clean up easy. Concrete does not stick on the bucket. The bucket is stable to -40 F. The bucket is molded with a splash-shield to prevent material spills during operation. °
53
Specification:
Whiteman Power Buggy M odel
Dimensions (LxWxH) Wheel base C a p a c i t y We i g h t E ngine H o rs e p o w e r Tu b c a p a c i t y ( c u . f t. w a te r l e v e l ) Tr a n s m i s s i o n S peed S te e r i n g D ri v e W h e e l B r a k e s P a rk i n g Tu r n i n g R a d i u s D u m p C o n t ro l O p e r a ti n g We i g h t (l b .) D ri v e t i r e s S t e e r i n g Ti r e s
WBH-12
W B H - 1 6 / -1 6 E
72'' x 32' ' x 47'' ( 1 8 3 x 8 1 x 11 9 c m ) 38'' (97 cm ) 1800 lbs. (816 kg) H o n d a G X -2 4 0 ( re c o i l s ta r t ) 8 hp 1 2 c u . ft . ( 3 4 0 l i t e r) I n fi n i t e l y v a ri a b l e h y d ro st a t i c d ri ve U p to 7 m p h fo r w a r d & r e v e r se Rear wheels O v e r s i z e d h y d ra u l i c d i s k ty p e M echanical 51'' (130 cm ) F u l l y h y d ra u l i c d u m p a n d r e t u rn 8 6 0 l b s . ( 3 9 0 kg ) 5.70 x 8 (4-ply) 4.80 x 8 (4-ply)
Figure 29.—Whiteman Power Buggies.
54
90 '' x 44'' x 46'' ( 2 2 9 x 11 8 x 11 7 c m ) 38' ' (97 cm) 2 6 0 0 l b s. (11 7 9 k g ) H o n d a G X - 3 4 0 (r e c o i l s t a rt ) 11 h p 1 6 c u . f t. ( 4 5 3 l i te r ) U p t o 7 m p h f o rw a rd & re v e r s e R ear wheel s O v e rs i z e d h y d r a u l i c d i s k t y p e M echanical 51" (130 cm) F u l l y h y d r a u l i c d u m p a n d re t u r n 9 0 0 l b s . (4 0 8 k g ) 5 .7 0 x 8 (4 - p l y) 4 . 8 0 x 8 (4 - p l y)
F. Kawasaki Mule 1000/2510
The Mule utility vehicle is a cross between a power hauler and an All-Terrain Vehicle Vehicle with a tilting pickup style bed and a fold down tail gate to aid in unloading material and access the engine. The Mule 1000 has a load capacity of half a ton while the Mule 2510 is l imited to 800 pounds (363 kg). Each of the vehicles is designed to tow up to 1000 pounds (454 kg). Safety features in these machines include: Rollover protection, seatbelts, headlights, tail lights, and stop lights. The Mule 1000 is a two wheel drive (rear wheel drive) with a Dual-Mode differential which allows the operator to lock the drive wheels for added traction or unlock the drive wheels when traveling on delicate surfaces. The Mule 2510 is equipped with selectable 4-wheel drive and a limited-slip differential allowing the vehicle to traverse unimproved surfaces. The short wheelbase aids in the vehicle’s ability to maneuver in rough and close quarters. Special Features Mule 1000
Rack & pinion steering Automatic clutch Dual-mode differential locks the rear wheels together for added traction. Tilting cargo bed. A hydraulic tilt-bed kit is avail able. Spin-on automotive type oil filter, paper air cleaner, and no-points electronic ignition. Sealed drivetrain. Mule 2510
Rubber mounted 4-stroke, OHV, V-Twin V-Twin engine to reduce noise and vibration. Selectable 4-wheel drive and McPherson strut type front suspension. Limited-slip front differential, balloon tires. Tilting cargo bed rated up to 800 and 1200 pounds (363 and 545 kg). Rated trailer hi tch. Sealed, self-adjusting dual front drum brakes. Air-intake snorkel built into cab frame with dual-elem ent air filter. The air filter is located under the driver’s seat. 5.3 gallon (20 L) fuel tank External DC leads provide power for electrical accessories.
Specifications:
M odel
E n g i n e Ty p e Di splacem ent B o r e x S t r o ke C o m p r e ss i o n R a ti o Va l v e S y s t e m C a r b u r e ti o n A i r F i l te r Fi lter Ignition E l e c tr i c a l D r i v e Tra i n Fi nal Drive Ti re s fr o n t /r e a r S u s p e n s i o n ,f r o n t Suspensi on, rear
Mul e 1000 (KAF450-B1)
Mul e 2510 (KAF620-A1)
4 - st r o k e , l i q u i d c o o l e d I n -L i n e Tw i n 4 5 4 cc 7 2 .5 x 5 5 .0 m m 9 .6 :1 DOH C, 8 valves Kei hin CVK30 x 2 dry replaceabl e A u t o m o t i v e - ty p e s p i n o n c a n i s t e r M a i n te n a n c e f re e d i g i ta l 1 2 - v o l t D C ; 1 9 a m p - h o u r b a t te r y, a l te r n a to r A u t o m a t i c to r q u e c o n v e r t e r; f o r w a r d , n e u tr a l , re v e r s e D u a l - m o d e d i ff e r e n t i a l Tu b e l e s s, 2 2 x 11 -1 0 In d e p e n d e n t M cP h e rs o n - s t ru t type In d e p e n d e n t s e m i -t ra i l i n g a r m ty ty p e
4 - s tr o k e , l i q u i d c o o l e d 9 0 V-Twin 6 1 7 cc 76 x 68 mm 1 0 . 3 :1 OH V Mi kuni BV26-18 twin elem ent dry replaceabl e oi l A u t o m o t i v e - ty p e s p i n o n c a n i s t e r Tr a n s i s t o ri z e d 1 2 - v o l t D C ; 1 9 a m p - h o u r b a t te r y, a l te rn a t o r A u t o m a t i c to r q u e co n ve r t e r; fo r w a r d , n e u t ra l , r e v e rs e D u a l - m o d e d i ff e r e n t i a l , 4 W D Tu b e l e s s, 2 2 x 11 -1 0 In d e p e n d e n t M c P h e rs o n - s t ru t type S e m i - i n d e p e n d e n t, D e D i o n ty ty p e
55
°
Specifications:
M odel
W h e e l t ra v e l , f ro n t /r e a r S te e r i n g B ra k e s F uel Capacity D ry We i g h t O v e ra l l D i m e n s i o n s (LxWxH) Wheel base G ro u n d C l e a r a n c e C a rg o B e d ( L x Wx H ) Tr a c k , f r o n t / r e a r Ve h i c l e L o a d C a p a c i t y To w i n g C a p a c i t y Tu r n i n g R a d i u s To p S p e e d Li ghts I n s t ru m e n ta t i o n
M u l e 1 0 0 0 ( K A F 4 5 0 -B 1 )
M u l e 2 5 1 0 ( K A F 6 2 0 -A 1 )
4 . 0 /4 . 0 i n c h e s R ack & pini on 4-wheel hydrauli c drum self a d j u s ti n g 4.5 gallo ns 1065 lbs. 108.7 x 51.8 x 72 i nches
3.9 / 2.8 inches R ack & pini on 4-wheel hydrauli c drum sel f adjusting 5.3 gallo ns 11 8 4 l b s . 11 2 x 5 7 . 5 x 7 5 . 6 i n c h e s
70.3 i nches 8.1 inches x 4 4 .9 x 1 0 . 6 i n c h e s ( 11 .3 c u . ft .) 38 / 40.6 i nches 1030 lbs. 1000 lbs. 14.4 feet 2 5 m p h (g o ve rn e d ) 3 5 w a t t s e a l e d b e a m h e a d l i g h ts w i t h (2 (2 ) 8/ 8/ 2 7 - w a t t ta ta i l/l/ s p o tl ig ig h t S p e e d o m e t e r, o d o m e t e r, f u e l g a u g e , warning lights for oil pressure, coolant temp., parking brake
73.6 i nches 6.7 inches x 5 1 .6 x 9 .6 i n c h e s ( 1 3 .3 c u . f t. ) 4 5 . 7 / 4 6 .5 i n ch e s 800 lbs. 1200 lbs. 11 . 2 f e e t 2 5 m p h ( g o v e rn e d ) 3 5 w a t t s e a l e d b e a m h e a d l i g h ts w i tth h (2 (2 )5 / 2 1 - w a tt ta ta i l/l/ sp ot otl ig ig h t
KAF450-B1
KAF620-A1 Figure 30.—Kawasaki Mules.
56
ALL-TERRAIN VEHICLES (ATV) (ATV) Configuration There are numerous ATV ATV models on the market. The basic configuration resembl es a motorcycle with either three, four, or six wheels. The models come in either a two or four wheel drive. ATV’s typically have a short wheel base with high ground cl earance. Discussion ATV’s ATV’s are versatile trail machines used for hauling material and shuttling personnel to and from the job site. An ATV can tow a trailer to haul material and equipment to the job site. There are numerous attachments which can be purchased or fabricated to adapt the machine to all sorts of tasks. The ATV’s ATV’s are used with a drag/plow (figure 32) or a harrow to groom trails. The drag/plow, Trail Trail Dawg, is a grooming tool requiring two people to operate; an ATV driver and one person to stand on the drag and free it from roots when necessary. The drag has a deep vee shape and a large tee handle for height adjustment. The Trail Dawg was designed and built by the Rampart Range Motorcycle Committee. A harrow, harrow, similar to the ones used on baseball fields, could be dragged behind the ATV ATV to groom the trail or to remove the outside berm on a newl y constructed trail.
After market kits are also available to improve the performance of the ATV. The II-Tracker, shown in Figure 32, bolts on to the Yamaha 350/400, the Honda 350/400, the Kawasaki 400, and the Polaris 350/400 4X4. The II-Tracker kit increases the footprint of the applicable 4X4 ATV by adding another set of wheels. The extra wheels increase the vehicle’s stability, payload, and towing capa city. city. Specifications for the typical ATV’s are not covered in this document because information is readily available through dealers.
Figure 31A.—ATV dragging a harrow, Pacific Crest Trail, Angeles National Fores t.
57
Figure 31B.—ATV Permazyme at Mark Twain National Forest.
Advantages/Disadvantages The advantages and disadvantages listed here are not an all inclusive list. The list is generated by comparing the use of the machinery to the manual method of grooming and hauling materials. Advantages Versatile the ATV ATV can be fitted with implements used for trail building. Readily available. Accessibility most ATV’s ATV’s are small and rugged and can travel over rough unimproved terrain or narrow trails. Able to haul larger loads. Higher travel speed thus covering a larger area. When used to haul tools and material, the higher travel speed reduces the cycle time. Disadvantages Need to transport. Need to carry fuel. Operator has to be trained to operate and handle the machine.
58
Figure 32.—Trail Dawg.
Figure 33.—II Tracker. Tracker.
59
60
Appendix A
Definitions
61
Definitions: Blade Height - The vertical distance from the lower edge, resting on the horizontal reference frame, to the top of the blade. Boom Swing Angle - The angle between the longitudinal centerline and the boom when moved to the left and right. The angles may differ from left to right. Bucket Digging Force - The digging force generated by the bucket cylinde r(s). Capacity SAE Heaped - The volume of material “heaped” over the stuck volume at a 1:1 angle of repose. This does not apply if the hoe must carry the bucket oriented in this attitude or if all the material has a 1:1 angle of repose. Digging Depth, 2 ft. Flat bottom - The vertical distance from the ground line to a flat bottom trench 610 mm (24 inches) in length generated by the bucket teeth. Digging Depth, 8 ft. Flat bottom - The vertical distance from the ground li ne to a flat bottom trench 2440 mm (96 inches) in length generated by the bucket teeth. Drawbar Pull - Horizontal force use to accelerate the vehicle, climb the sl ope, or pull loads. Also called the tractive effort. Excavator - A mobile machine which has an upper structure capable of continuous rotation and which digs, elevates, swings, and dumps material by a ction of the boom and the bucket. The upper carriage may be mounted on a tracked or wheeled undercarriage. The boom and bucket are hydraulically controlled. Flywheel HP - Net engine power. Net flywheel power of a fully equipped engine. Gradeability - The calculated tangent of the slope expressed in percent, independent of surface conditions, that the hydraulic excavator can negotiate based on rated draw bar pull (DBP) and operating weight (W). Hydraulic Lift Capacity - The actual vertical load measured at hinge pin of bucket that can be lifted at a specified position under specific conditions. Lift Capacity, Over End - The load that can be lifted anywhere within an angle of 45 degrees either side of a line through the swing pi vot centerline and parallel to the prime mover. Lift Capacity, Swing Arc -The load that can be li fted by actuating the boom cylinder(s). Boom Lift Capacity - The load that can be lifted by actuating the boom cylinder(s) and can be held by the dipper stick cylinders. Hydraulic Pump Delivery - Combined output flow with engine at “rated engine speed,” of all pumps supplying oil to hydraulic travel motors and at the hydraulic pressure differential required to sustain travel motion on a level surface having a rolling resistance equal to that specified in the definition of rolling resistance. Loading Height - The maximum vertical distance from the ground to the lowest point on the bucket. Bucket is to be positioned so that the line passing through the hinged pin center and passing through the farthest point forward point of the bucket cutting edge shall be 60 degrees m aximum with respect to the horizontal. SAEJ1349.
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Loading Reach - The horizontal distance from the i ntersection of swing pivot centerline and supporting surface to the bucket teeth with bucket positioned and located as describe in the loading height. Maximum Blade Lift, Lower Edge - The maximum vertical height which the lower edge of the blade can be raised from the horizontal reference plane. Tire size should be specified. Maximum Digging Depth - The vertical distance from the ground line to the tip of the bucket teeth. Operating Mass - The mass of the base machine with all equipment specified by the manufacturer, 75 kg (165 lb) operator, full fuel tank, with full lubricating, hydraulic, cooling systems. Operating Weight - The total weight of the unit as specified, fully serviced, and including a full fuel tank and an 80 kg (175 lb.) operator. Rated Boom & Dipperstick Lift Capacity - The lift capacity is 87% of the hydraulic lift capacity; not to exceed 75% of the tipping load, measured at the hinge pi n of the bucket. ROPS/FOPS - Roll-Over Protection Structure / Falling O bjects Protection Structure. Rolling Resistance - The force required to sustain track rotation over a given level surface. It includes losses caused by soil deformation, track chain motion and drive sprocket. For the purpose of developing a uniform rating, a value of 6% of operating weight should be used. Shipping Mass - The mass of the base machine without the operator, with full lubricating, cooling, and hydraulic systems, 10% of the fuel tank capacity and with the equipm ent as specified by the m anufacturer. anufacturer. Slew Speed - See swing speed. Standard Bucket Capacity (SAE J296). Stick Digging Force - The force generated by the arm/dipperstick cylinder. Struck Volume - The volume bounded by the strike plane, side sheets, bottom sheets, and back sheet. Swing Speed - Rotation of the cab about the vertical axi s. Units in revolutions per minute (rpm). Travel Speed - Speeds that can be obtained on a hard horizontal surface in each forward and reverse gear ratio with the engine at rated speed, machine empty of payload.
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Appendix B
Manufacturers
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Manufacturers: PeCo Inc. P.O. B ox 1197 Arden, NC 28704 Phone: (704) 684-1234 1-800-438-5823 Fax: (704) 684-0858
Bobcat Excavators and Loaders Melroe Company P.O. Box 6019 Fargo, ND 58108-6019 Chikusui CO., LTD Daiwa Building 8F, 8F, 39-3 Hashizume-cho, Uchihommachi, Higashi-ku, Osaka, 540 Japan Franksons, Inc. Authorized Sales, Service, & Parts 1004 South Glendale Ave.. Glendale, CA 91205 (818) 247-0306
SWECO Dozer Sutter Equipment Co. Novato, CA 94947 Takeuchi Manufacturing Co. 2711 2711 Peachtree Square Atlanta, GA 30360-2634 Phone (401) 5500 Fax: (404) 451-4544
DR ® PowerWagon Country Home Products ® Ferry Road P.O. Box 89 Charlotte, Vermont 05445
II-Tracker P.O. Box 606 Portland, OR 97207 Phone: (503) 292-8682 Fax: (503) 292-8697
Honda Power Carriers DBA May’s Honda Sale 909 Hwy 2-Dover Highway Sandpoint, ID 83864
Western Trail Builders Association President: Roger Bell Bellfree Contractors, Inc. 505 W. Cypress Ave. Redlands, CA 92373
John Deere RDO Equipment Co. P.O. Box 1069 Riverside, CA 92502-1069 (800) 494-4863
Whiteman Buggies Whiteman Industries 19810 Wilmington Ave. P.O. Box 6254 Carson, CA 90749
Kawasaki Motors Corp. P.O. Box 25252 Santa Ana, CA 92799-5252 Kobelco America Inc. 10515 Harwin Drive Houston, TX 77036 (713) 981-4050 Fax: (713) 981-0150 Kubota Tractor Corporation 550 W. Artesia Blvd. Compton, CA 90220 (310) 370-3370 Morrison Trailblazer 5125 Griffin Lane Medford, OR 97501 (503) 779-8690 Fax: (503) 779-3242
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Appendix C Trails 2000 A Trail Construction and Maintenance Update
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Table of Contents
PREFACE
I. INT IN TRODUCT OD UCTION ION A. State-of-the-art, Forest Service Trail Construction, 1968 B. 1968 to 1994 Update
II. TRAILS 2000 TRAIL CONSTRUCTION AND MAINTENANCE A. Trails 2000 B. Methods 1. Water Bars vs. Rolling Dips 2. Switch backs vs. Climbing Turns a. Switch backs b. Climbing Turns C. Products 1. Construction Materials 2. Soil Stabilization Products 3. Sutter Retaining Wall D. Mechanized Equipment 1. Hands Tools 2. Trail Dozer
III. CASE HISTORIES A. No. 1 - Angeles National Forest (construction) B. No. 2 - Mendocino National Forest (construction) C. No. 3 - California Parks and Rec. (maintenance) D. No. 4 - California Parks and Rec. (construction) E. No. 5 - Dixie National Forest (construction)
IV. TRAIL DOZER OBSERVATIONS A. Trail Dozer B. Trail Dozer Attachments
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Preface I have been managing trail systems for over 20 years and have seen a steady decline in the ability to maintain and construct trails within the Forest Service and other government agencies that provide trail opportunities due to reduced staff and budgets. During those years, I have designed, laid out, constructed and maintained hundreds of miles of trails. In 1993 I completed my most valuable achievement by constructing the last major link in the Pacific Crest Trail. However the government continues busines s as usual; well, we can’t continue to do business as usual. Making a career of swinging a Pulaski or other hand methods is just not good enough for the professional trail manager. But we still have 100,000+ miles of trail in the Forest Service to keep open and safe for the public they are demanding it! I am proposing a strategy to help the Trails Program survive today and in the future - I call it “TRAILS 2000”. It may seem a major diversion from our normal policy, but if its to survive, that’s what’s needed. People who hel ped me make the strategy a reality, such as Mike Dolfey, Dolfey, Don Trammell, Jeff Applegate, Doug Pewitt, Max Larson and Ralph Rawlinson have seen the need and have tried this new approach with much success. I would also like to thank the people at Sutter Equipment Company who have worked with me over the years to develop a machine that can do what we needed it to do, that is, build and maintain multi-purpose trails faster and at l ess cost per mile than any other approach.
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TRAILS 2000 An Approach to Survival I. IN TROD UCTIO UCTIO N A. The state-of-the-art, Trail Construction, 1968 In 1968, a report was prepared by the Missoula Equipment Development Center (MEDC) for ED&T 1831, revised in 1969, that recognized a major trend in trail construction, maintenance, the problems and a recommended solution. The problems identified were (and are even more applicable today): 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
Escalating trail construction costs A growing demand for trails Wilderness trail costs escalating at 10.5%/yr. as they are tied to l abor costs. A huge inventory (50,000 miles) of inadequate trails that need to be repaired. Limited funds available, yet plans call for an additional 22,000 miles of new trails. A desperate need to reduce construction and maintenance costs.
The extensive analysis of this report concluded that the area of highest potential savings is reducing labor associated with trail clearing and earthwork. In a trial project, mechanization of this component reduced overall trail costs significantly (25%) by using a ba ckhoe machine to build 24" and 36" trails. The report also concluded that wider treads (24" to 48") have the following advantages and characteristics: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Increased useful life Decreased maintenance Decreased overall construction costs Initially lower aesthetics i.e. more soil exposed and vegetation disturbance Increased capability to travel faster and safer.
A relationship of tread width to trail mil eage became apparent. 1. Wider treads yielded more trail miles per dollar and shorter construction/maintenance time. 2. Costs per trail mile dropped due to indirect costs becoming a smaller percentage of total cost. The conclusion and recommendations were:
Rather than have a mix of 18", 24". 36", and 48" trails each designated for a specific use, why not standardize on a size that fits all, is easier to build and maintain and thereby reduce the number of trail miles required to satisfy the public. The report published in 1968 by MEDIC for ED&T 1831 stated that 48" trails in 3 to 5 years had sloughing and vegetation growth that reduced the tread width to 3 feet and were aesthetically pleasing, requiring very little maintenance. In Summary:
1. Wilderness demands are increasing rapidly and will compete even more for trail dollars. 2. The biggest factor in reducing costs is mechanization of clearing and earthwork. 3. A 48" trail tread may be the most economical, short and long term.
B. 1968 to 1994 Update This report attempts to update the analysis, conclusion and recommendations of the 1968 report to current conditions.
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Since 1968, there have been considerable changes and events that make the 1968 report even more significant and poignant. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
Congress is cutting budgets and staff dramatically. Public demand for trails is growing e ven more rapidly. Multi-purpose trails are becoming the norm. Wider and smoother trails are needed to accommodate the rapid growth i n urban forests. Wilderness demands for trail funds continue to compete at an escalatin g rate. Trail construction and maintenance is falling even further behind plans and projections due to increased cost of personnel, shrinking funds and staff. 7. Public dissatisfaction with trail conditions may result in pressure on Congress to review or even cut the budgets e ven further.
These events underscore the need to dramatically improve the current methods of trail construction and maintenance, i.e., construct and maintain trails cheaper and faster without sacrificing the environment. The 1968 report compared 18" trails constructed by hand with 24" and 36" trails using some mechanization and found mechanization reduced costs dramatically. This report will review the next step in this progression taking the 24" and 36" trails to 48" wide using advanced methods and reviewing the costs and consequences.
I I . TRAIL TRAILS S 2000 TRAIL TRAIL CO CO N STRU TRU CTI CTI O N AND M AIN TEN TEN ANCE Because of the time and funding constraints, it would be impossible to dupl icate the 1968 report, but I feel comfortable in making observations and comparisons of how far we have come over the past quarter century. century. For the purposes of this report, I did not comment on 5 of the 11 components: blasting, sign installation, bridges, puncheon and crew facilities. My only comment would be to say “all these activities would be greatly enhanced by the use of hydraulic and pneumatic tools. My discussion will be in the form of observations and actual construction and maintenance projects. I didn’t do any controlled engineering analysis of the operations, just field observations and e xperience. I have included the actual report to help refresh people’s memories and give credit to LaMoure B esse who was the author and developer of the 48" wide trail standard. I never met LaMoure, but he sparked the idea that has become a reality today. Before we get into Trails 2000, let’s look at costs. In 1968, they used $3.00 per hour cost for labor; today it can be $30.00 or more for the same labor, and overhead costs have risen from 5-10% to 30% or more while productive work periods have decreased from 6 hours to 4 hours or less if you incorporate all the new mandatory programs required today. Another factor that has required a look at how we develop and maintain trails is the continuing efforts to manage for (OHV) motorcycle/ATV’s motorcycle/ATV’s and mountain bikes. Out continuing efforts to educate ourselves by developing new construction maintenance standards has shown us that we will need mechanized equipment to meet the maintenance needs for this significant segment of our recreating public; i f you combine all these conditions, it is painfully evident we cannot keep up and have steadily fallen further behind in deferred maintenance and new construction. It’s only my opinion, but from my observations and discussions with other trail managers nationwide, our biggest culprit is resistance to change, “This is the way we always do it.” What I am proposing won’t work in wilderness areas or for trails that can’t be developed to the 48" width; but for the vast majority, we can and must take advantage of new technology and products to provide the quality, lowest cost and resource-sensitive trail systems. That is why I propose Trails 2000.
A. Trails 2000 Utilizing a 48" wide trail tractor, mechanical toter, hydraulic/pneumatic tools, and ATV’s with a crew of two or three, I have been able to construct and maintain trails at the ratio of 10:1 or more over conventional methods while maintaining the highest quality with much less long-term resource impacts and at a 73
lower cost per mile. In utilizing the two person crew, it is critical for the persons to be qualified to operate the trail machine and work in shifts to keep pace with the tractor. The key to this crew is mobility and mechanical advantage. A typical day of trail maintenance (which is already 48") proceeds as follows: The two-person crew arrives with all equi pment on one trailer (tractor, toter, hydraulic and pneumatic tools) on site, unloads and begins working. The trail tractor can move large amounts of material and compact it with onl y one person while the other crew member utilizes the toter to carry all tools necessary and pulls a trail groomer. The crew, crew, working in heavy brush and steep side hill, can m ove along at 500 to 1,500 feet per hour. The main deciding factor will be the ability of the crew person(s) to keep pace with the tractor. tractor. The majority of my trail system needs to be reconstructed to replace the water bars with rolling and drain dips. To To make such a change requires moving large amounts of soil and compacting the base to prevent loss of water control. In addition to the water control, I have found the need to redesign switch backs into climbing turns where areas are being managed for mountain bikes or OHV’S. The long-term resource impacts on switch backs warrant the redesign. Using the trail machine requires very little time and effort, 1/2 to 1 hour compared to all day or longer and still not have the ability to compact the soil in the turn to lessen erosion. The other design factor found with OHV’s and mountain bikes is the need to have berm banked or super-elevated areas where the vehicles tend to ride toward the outside of a turn. These areas need a machine to mechanically place and com pact the material to prevent the vehicle from riding off the trail and promotes the direction of travel wi thout barriers or signs. There is a continuous flow of improved equipment and methods for the building of trails and trail maintenance being developed. Some of these will be highlighted below:
B. Method Trail design, planning and construction has advanced significantly in the last few years. Considerable effort has been made to observe and document causes of trail deterioration and misuse and then develop corrective methods.
Water Bars vs. Rolling Dips Not too many years ago, water bars were about the onl y solution to trail water diversion. However, they experienced considerable erosion which necessitated high maintenance. Rolling dips have been tried as an alternative which have proven quite successful. They are constructed over a length of 20' to 40' wi th a smooth 1' to 2' dip in the trail. The cross berm is just slightly sloped to the downhill side and spaced perpendicular where water would naturally drain from the trail. It is imperative the berm be compacted to retain its shape. In severe situations, soil stabilization i s often used. These are described below.
Switch Backs vs. Climbing Turns 1. Switchbacks In the past, switchbacks have tended to be flat turns which resulted in trail bi kes kicking out tread as they power around the turn. This, in turn, accelerated trail erosion and failure. If the turn is banked with the outside edge being the high side, the trail bike doesn’t slide when power is applied but instead puts pressure straight down on the tires which increases traction and reduces tread kick-out thereby eliminating displacing or shearing the soil. This w ill prevent erosion and prolong trail life. 2. Climbing Turns The original design started with the standard switchbacks for foot transportation to gain elevation within a limited area by reversing direction (180 degrees) while maintaining an acceptable trail grade. A climbing turn utilizes a la rger turning arc with a bermed outside edge and has a continuous smooth arc and grade utilizing existing side slope grade. For side slopes up to 30%, climbing
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turns can be constructed without a large amount of disturbance by moving the existing tread material to the outside edge to create a berm. But for side slopes greater than 30%, rolling dips are required before and after the turn, trail grades into and out of the turn should be as l evel as possible and the actual turn is constructed by berming up the outside of the trail tread until a smooth arc has been achieved. Water is then channeled to the inside of the turn and drained at the rolling dip directly after the turn.
C. Products The following products and equipment are all designed to reduce trail construction and maintenance costs, accelerate and simplify the methods and be as environmentally compatible as possible. There are a number of products available for tread construction to reduce or eliminate tread erosion and promote stabilization.
Construction Materials There are a number of building block types of materials that are placed directly on the trail tread that form a foundation for the trail and hold the trail material in place. Some of these are Turfstone, and interlocking paving stone, Geoweb Cellular Confinement System, and expandable honeycomb structure, and Geoblock Porous Pavement System, a flexible pavement system that will support vehicular and pedestrian traffic.
Soil Stabilizat tabil ization ion Products There currently are a number of products available which vary in cost and type of use, are non-toxic chemicals and bind clay structures to form materials that are resistant to moisture penetration. Some of these compounds are Bio Cat, EMC2, Permazyne and Road Bond These are applied in various concentrations, mixed into the soils and com pacted by the use of a heavy roller. These all require the soil or trail tread have at least 5 to 10% clay content. Another product that will bind aggregate containing little or no clay is Road Oyl. This is a pine tar derivative that acts as a cementing agent. The product is mixed in much higher concentrations than the above compounds and therefore is much more expensive.
Sutter Retaining Wall W all Building retaining walls has always been a tedious and labor-intensive process of digging or drilling holes for the vertical support members and support anchors, hauling in cement and back filling with a porous material for drainage. A new product that is a significant time and labor saver has recently bee n developed by Sutter Equipment Co., where the vertical member or post is a steel “H” beam that is either driven into the ground by a hydraulic hammer or sli pped over a steel pin that has been drill ed into the rock foundation. The horizontal members, either treated 2x6 or 2x12 wood or 2x6 or 2x10 recycled reinforced plastic members, are placed in the “H” beam web and fastened with metal screws. Either earth anchors (soil) or chemical (rock) anchors secure galvanized allthread to the vertical steel mem bers. Finally, a steel cap is placed over the top horizontal members to protect against damage from falling rocks, which are fastened to the steel posts tying the total structure into one unit. The vertical posts also have a slot for hand rails to be installed on top of the retaining wall .
Mechanized Equipment Hand Tools A variety of pneumatic and hydraulic hand tools are currently available to perform any task imaginable. They include limb loppers, chain saws, jackhamme rs, rotary drills, cut off saws, post pullers, tampers and more. Normally, limb loppers and chain saws are preferred pneumatic as the single air line is much easier to handle than two hydraulic hoses.
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On the other hand, jack hammers and rock drills are usually recommended hydraulic as they have much more power and are quieter.
Trail Dozer Sutter Equipment Co. realized in 1988 that 48" trails were becoming more popular due to the dramatic growth in the use of ATV’s ATV’s and the basic economics of multi-purpose trails. By 1990, Sutter Equipment Co. had redesigned and tested its 48" wide crawler tractor in the field, building trails of all kinds. Considerable input was received from the Forest Service, BLM, State and County Park and Recreation Departments. The resulting SWECO 450 has a number of features that allows the construction and maintenance of trails are considerable savings, with less staff and is much faster. The tractor was reviewed in detail from both an engineering standpoint for this report (see Appendix I) and then tested in the field by a number of agencies as described in the following section “Case Hi stories.”
III. CASE HISTORIES The following case histories are not intended to be a complete test of the Trails 2000 system trail dozer and its attachments but only to demonstrate what was experienced by di fferent users. In summary, the dozer cut and graded out a 48" tread in easy to extremely rocky ground at the rate of 1,500 ft. to over 8,000 ft./day. This is about ten times faster than the mechanized 24" and 36" wide treads discussed in 1968 report by MDEC. This translates into an 80% cost reconstruction for the clearing and earthwork portions of trail construction. Since this portion is 40% to 50% of total direct and indirect trail costs i.e. does not include bridges, signing, administrative, etc.; the net trail cost reduction will range form 30% to 90%. Other costs were reduced using the dozer which included: 1. Only one operator and one helper is normal ly required which reduces transportation, supply and facility requirements. 2. The dozer has hydraulic connections or “power beyond” as a standard feature both front and rear which means the use of hydraulic hand tools di d not require a separate power source. 3. Dozers equipped with an air compressor can suppl y air to pneumatic tools which elimi nates the need for a separate compressor. 4. Dozers equipped with the chipper elimi nated the need for either stockpiling or hauling out brush and tree limbs. 5. Dozers equipped with the slope board save considerable time and manpower trimming off the high side of the cut bank which greatly reduce future sloughing onto the trail. 6. Dozers equipped with the winch were able to pull trees and boulders out of the way that would take considerable manpower and time otherwise. Overall, the machine is expensive when compared to other currently available equipment. However, when the cost savings are taken i nto account, the machine can pay for itself in a short time. In the case of the Angeles National Forest, approximately $67,000 and 2 months’ time was saved in just one 10day project.
A. History No. 1 Angeles National Forest Pacific Crest Trail In 1960, President Johnson signed into law the building of the Pacific Crest Trail from the Mexican to the Canadian Border.
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By January of 1993, only 7.2 miles were left to complete the Pacific Crest Trail (PCT). This portion is in the Angeles National Forest on the Tejon Tejon Ranch at elevations of 4,000 to 6,000 feet. The trail needed to be laid out, flagged, roughed out and finished. The terrain included considerable brush, rock outcroppings and some very steep slopes, as much as 80%. The Angeles National Forest was requested to com plete this portion by June 5, 1993, the date of the PCT dedication ceremony. A budget was established of $75,000 and 3 months time for compl etion. Staff, however, could not start the work as planned due to required right-of-way documents on the Tejon Ranch. The project was delayed until May, 1993 when all approvals were finally obtained, leaving only 1 month time.
RES RE SU LTS A. Case History No. 1
Angeles National Forest
NAME: Pacific Crest Trail, Tejon Ranch section LOCATION: Angeles National Forest, Saugus Ranger District LENGTH OF TRAIL: 38,016 feet TYPE OF TRAIL: hiker/equestrian TYPE OF TERRAIN: canyons with steep side hill mostly broken rock, shallow soils and bedrock. TYPE OF VEGETATION: VEGETATION: dense chemise chaparral with scrub oak/digger pine average 3-4 root wads per foot. TYPICAL SIDE HILL: 40 to 80% WIDTH: 48 inches GRADE: average 8% with short pitches to 18% CLEARING: 6 ft. wide, 10 ft. high CREW SIZE: 2 persons MACHINE: SWECO 450 RATE OF CONSTRUCTION: average 660 ft. per hour. TOTAL 10 working days. FUEL CONSUMPTION: CONSUMPTION: 67 gal. #2 diesel COMMENTS Construction consisted of side hill tread construction through heavy brush and scrub oak and pines. Clearing, tread construction, water control, back cutting and finish grading were accomplished with two passes. The two passes consisted of one for pioneering, the other for back cutting and finish grading. No breakdowns occurre d with daily servicing consisti ng of air filter clean out, (6) grease fittings, engine/hyd. oil checks and fueling. The tractor didn’t use any oil or lose any fluids. COMPLAINTS Engine cooling fan needed to be reversed to blow air away from operator.
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COMPLIMENTS Ease of operation and power to remove stumps and rocks the size of the machine with relative ease and no breakdowns. COST: Move In/Out Cost: Ve h i c l e M i l e a g e a n d E m p l o y e e S a l a r y Tra i l C o n s tr u c t i o n Tr a c to r C o s t Tra i l C o n s tr u c t i o n AT V C o st Tra i l C o n s tr u c t i o n : Tw o E m p l o y e e s 1 0 h r. x 8 d a y s Tr a v e l a n d D a i l y M i l e a g e , 2 P i c k u p s 1 0 D a y s x 1 2 5 0 M i l e s x $ 0 . 3 0 B ru s h i n g /C l e a r i n g : 8 - P e r s o n F i r e C re w 5 D a y s
ESTIMATED COST if done by crew: Time : 1 2 w e e k s C o s t : ( 1 2 m a n c r e w @ $ 1 2 . 0 0 / h r) In/Out costs:
$ 80 8 0 0 .0 0 1 0 0 .0 0 5 0 .0 0 4,000.00 9 0 0 .0 0 2,560.00 Total otal $8,460 $8,460.00 .00
$ 6 9 ,1 2 0 .0 0 5,880.00 Total $75,000.00
B. Case History No. 2 Mendocino National Forest NAME: Contour Trail LOCATION: Mendocino National Forest, Stonyford Ranger District LENGTH OF TRAIL: 4,800 feet TYPE OF TRAIL: Dirt Bike, ATV, ATV, Mountain Bike TYPE OF TERRAIN: Steep side hill, shallow soils, w ith some large rocks. TYPE OF VEGETATION: VEGETATION: Dense chemise/ceanothus chaparral. Average 1-2 root wads p er foot. TYPICAL SIDE HILL: 40 to 60% WIDTH: 48 inches GRADE: average 6% with short pitches to 10% CLEARING: 6 ft. wide, 10 ft. high CREW SIZE: 4-person brushing crew, plus equipment operator and swampier. MACHINE: SWECO 450 RATE OF CONSTRUCTION: average 480 ft. per hour. TOTAL TOTAL 2.5 working days. FUEL CONSUMPTION: 10 gal. #2 diesel COMMENTS Construction consisted of light chain saw brushing and tractor side hill tread construction through heavy chaparral. Clearing, tread construction, water control, back cutting and finish grading were accomplished with two passes. The two passes consisted of one for pioneering and the other for back cutting of air filter blowout, (6) grease fittings, engine/hyd. oil checks and fueling. The tractor didn’t burn or lose any fluids.
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COMPLIMENTS Ease of operation and pow er to remove large stubs and rocks. All water control features were trackedpacked. All work was completed with proper soil moisture present. This timing is critical for proper compacting of trail tread features. COST: Includes: 1 . P l a n n i n g Location and Layout BE/BA Wildlife/Sensitive Plants Arch Survey ASR NEPA Document - CE 2. Brushing/Clearing 3 . Tr a ct o r C o n s tr u c ti o n 4. Signi ng
ESTIMATED ESTIMATED Cost if done by crew: Time: 5 w e e k s C o s t : L a b o r ( 6 m a n c r e w a t $ 1 2 .0 0 /h r ) In / O u t c o st s :
$1,950.00
5 0 0 .0 0 2 ,0 0 0 .0 0 5 0 0 .0 0 Total$4,950.00
$14,400.00 $4,500.00 Total $18,900.00 $18,900.00
C. Case History No. 3 California Parks & Rec. Maintenance Report NAME: Basalt Trail LOCATION: San Luis Reservoir SRVA, Basalt Campground to Willow Point, CA. Parks & Rec. LENGTH OF TRAIL: 1.5 Miles TYPE OF TRAIL: Hiker/Mountain/Equestrian TYPE OF TERRAIN: Rolling Grass Covered Hills, Deep Soils. TYPE OF VEGETATION: VEGETATION: Grass TYPICAL SIDE HILL: 40 to 80% WIDTH: 48 inches GRADE: Average 9% with short pitches to 15% N/ A CLEARING: N/A CREW SIZE: 2 person MACHINE: SWECO 450 RATE OF CONSTRUCTION: Average 528 ft. per hour. TOTAL 2 Days. FUEL CONSUMPTION: CONSUMPTION: 22.5 gallons of #2 diesel. COMMENTS Construction consisted of widening an existing tread through rolling hills. Back cutting and grading were accomplished with two passes. The trail was finishe d with a hand crew. There were no breakdowns.
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Daily servicing consisted of air filter blowouts, lure of grease fittings, engine/hydraulic oil checks and fueling. The tractor didn’t burn or lose fluids. The crew consisted of one operator and one swampier and a six person hand crew. COST: Includes
1 . Mo M o v e i n /o u t c o s t . Ve h i c l e m i l e a g e & s a l a ry 2 . Tr Tr a c to r c o s t: f u e l , p a r t s & m a i n te n a n c e 3 . AT AT V / To tt e r 1 c o s t: f u e l , p a rt s & m a i n t e n a n c e 4 . Em E m p l o y e e s S a l a ry : b r u s h i n g c r e w /o p e ra t o r 5 . Ve h i c l e M i l e a g e : P i c k u p s o r Tru c k s To t a l
$ 7 0 .0 0 2 3 .0 0 0.00 9 4 3 .0 0 2 0 .0 0 $ 1 , 0 5 6 .0 0
To ta l
$ 11 ,5 2 0 . 0 0 650.00 $ 1 2 , 1 7 0 .0 0
ESTIMATED ESTIMATED Cost if done by crew: C o s t : L a b o r ( 8 m a n c r e w a t $ 1 2 . 0 0 /h r ) TIME : 3 w e e k s I n /O u t c o s ts :
D. Case History No. 4 California Parks & Rec. New Construction NAME: Salt Spring Trail LOCATION: San Luis Reservoir SRVA, Basalt Campground to Willow Point, CA. Parks & Rec. LENGTH OF TRAIL: TRAIL : 1 Mile TYPE OF TRAIL: Hiker/Mountain/Equestrian TYPE OF TERRAIN: Steep canyon wall with sandstone bedrock loosely consolidated. Shallow soils. TYPICAL SIDE HILL: 60 to 90% WIDTH: 48 inches GRADE: 10% with pitches to 15% N/ A CLEARING: N/A CREW SIZE: Operator with one swampier. Six person hand crew. MACHINE: SWECO 450 RATE OF CONSTRUCTION: Average 660 ft. per hour.(8 HOURS TOTAL) FUEL CONSUMPTION: 12 gallons of #2 diesel. COMMENTS Construction consisted of widening an side hill tread across a steep grass covered slope. Underlying material was loosely consoli dated sandstone. Cutting and grading were accomplished wi th 2 or 3 passes. There were no breakdowns. Normal servicing was performed daily. The tractor did not burn or lose fluids. The trail was finished with a hand crew. COMPLAINTS On occasion the trail edge, built of soft material, w ould give way and the tractor would slide d ownhill. On one portion of the trail, the tractor rolled onto its side and had to be jacked onto its tread. 80
There were no injuries or damage to the dozer. COMPLIMENTS The machine moved through the material wi th ease. COST: Includes :
1 . M o v e i n /o u t c o st . Ve h i c l e m i l e a g e & sa l a r y 2 . Tra c t o r c o s t: fu e l , p a r ts & m a i n t e n a n c e 3 . AT V / To t t e r c o s t: f u e l , p a rt s & m a i n t e n a n c e 4 . E m p l o y e e s S a l a r y: b ru s h i n g c r e w / o p e r a to r 5 . Ve h i c l e M i l e a g e : P i c k u p s o r Tr u c ks
$ 8 5 .0 0 1 2 .0 0 0.00 682.00 40.00 To ta ta l $ 81 81 9. 9.0 0
ESTIMATED ESTIMATED Cost if done by crew: Time: 2 w e e k s
C o s t s : L a b o r ( 8 m a n c r e w a t $ 1 2 . 0 0 /h r ) In/out Costs:
$7,680.00 420.00 Total otal $8,1 $8,100 00.0 .00 0
E. Case History No. 5 Dixie National Forest New Construction NAME: Thunder Mountain Trail LOCATION: Dixie National Forest, Powell Ranger District LENGTH OF TRAIL: 22,176 feet TYPE OF TRAIL: Hiker/Mountain Bike/Equestrian TYPE OF TERRAIN: Canyon with steep side hill mostly broken rock, shallow soils and bedrock. TYPE OF VEGETATION: VEGETATION: Scattered conifer and mountain brush. TYPICAL SIDE HILL: 40 to 80% WIDTH: 48 inches GRADE: 8% with pitches to 15% CLEARING: 6 ft. wide, 10 ft. height CREW SIZE: 3 person MACHINE: SWECO 450 Total 5.3 working days. RATE OF CONSTRUCTION: Average 520 ft. per hour. Total FUEL CONSUMPTION: CONSUMPTION: 41 gallons of #2 diesel. COMMENTS Construction consisted of a side hil l tread construction through brush and Pines. Cl earing, tread construction water control, back cutting and finish grading were accomplished with two passes. The two passes consisted of one for pioneering the other for back cutting and finish grading. No breakdowns occurred with daily serving consisting of a ir filter blowout, (6) grease fittings, engine/hyd. oil checks and fueling. The tractor didn’t burn or lose any fluids. Crew consisted of 1-tractor operator, 1 clearing crew, 1 ATV ATV operator pulling a trail groomers. 81
COMPLAINTS None. COMPLIMENTS It provided a base of operation and power to remove stumps and rocks the size of the machine with relative ease and no breakdowns. COST: Includes: 1 . M o v e i n / o u t c o s t . Ve h i c l e m i l e a g e & s a l a ry 2 . Tr a c e r c o s t: f u e l , p a rt s & m a i n t e n a n c e 3 . AT V /To tt e r c o s t : fu e l , p a rt s & m a i n t e n a n c e 4 . E m p l o y e e s S a l a r y : b r u s h i n g c re w /o p e r a t o r 5 . Ve h i c l e M i l e a g e : P i c k u p s o r Tr u c k s To t a l
$ 2 6 0 .0 0 160.00 5 0 .0 0 1 , 5 0 0 .0 0 5 .0 0 $ 2 ,0 4 5 . 0 0
ESTIMATED ESTIMATED Cost if done by crew: (Labor intensive due to extensive rock) C o s t s : L a b o r ( 6 m a n c re w a t $ 1 2 . 0 0 / h r) $ 2 3 ,0 4 0 . 0 0 TIME: 8 w e e k s I n /o u t C o s ts : 3,200.00 To t a l $ 2 6 ,2 4 0 . 0 0
I V TRAIL TRAIL D O ZER ZER O BSERVATIO VATI O N S The following is a brief summary of our observations of the SWECO 450 tractor construction construction and operation:
A. Trail Dozer Undercarriage The tracks, chain, sprockets, and rollers are made of hardened steel; the rollers are sealed for life and the track tensioners are a grease-filled piston with a pre-tensioned spring the same as Case, Cat & Deere crawlers. The life expectancy is ten years or more.
Frame The tractor frame is a unitized structure made of l/2" steel and has a full plate on the bottom to protect the drive components from projecting rocks, etc. There is a removable plate on the back to allow access to the engine drain and hydraulic motors.
Dozer Blade The blade is 60" wide (50" at full angle), has extreme duty hardened steel corner rock bits and cutting edge. The 60" width is designed so that at full angle (30 ), the blade is even with tracks on the uphill side and extends 2" past the tracks on the downhill or spillage side. This eliminates the problem of the tracks riding up on the spillage mound which would interfere with level grading. °
The blade is constructed of l/2" steel plate curved the right amount so the dozed material curls over as it’s graded. The blade is backed by two 3/4 plates separated by a sheet of UHMW (Ultra High Molecular Weight) Teflon Teflon material to reduce friction and wear. The blade is true 6-way blade tilting and angling 30 in all directions and drips 24" below the tractor tracks and raises 24" above. This allows the building of rolling dips and ditches. The cylinders are oversized to take the abuse from working in rocks and l arge roots/stumps. °
The increased working angle and tilt of the blade facilitates cutting roots and prying out large rocks greatly reducing hand work and drilling/blasting.
Rippers/ ippers/ D raw Bar Parallelogram rippers are hydraulically controlled and have 3 - 12" hardened steel shanks with replaceable cutting points. Utilizing the parallelogram mounted on a 3-point hitch arrangement allows for even soil penetration and lifting of material to maximi ze the efficiency of ripping. Utilizing the 3-point hitch allows 82
for even soil penetration and lifting of material to maximize the e fficiency of ripping. Utilizing the threepoint hitch allows adjusting the draw bar height for proper pulling of any implement and tucks away when raised up to the maximum.
Engine Two engines are available, one with a turbo for high altitude applications, and one without. The nonturbo engine is a 56 hp. Isuzu, Model C240 water-cooled 4 cylinder diesel. The turbo engine, recomm ended over 5,000 feet elevation, is a 4JB 1T which produces 80 hp. The engines have been certified by Isuzu in a field test running the engines at full throttle for 6 hours at full load. The radiators are oversized and keeps the engines under 190 F at all times. The engines have three fuel fil ters and a triple air cleaner system. °
Hydraulics The tractor drive system is comprised of two series 48 Sundstrand variable displacement transmissio n pumps and drive motors rated at a maximum of 100 hp. The auxiliary pump is a positive displacement type and is rated at 20 gpm at 2,000 psi for the attachments. The tractor has a manual safety brake that is released only by system hydraulic pressure. Thus, the tractor brakes will engage for any reason when the system loses pressure such as the engine stalling or a line breaks. The hydraulic tank has a 24-gall on capacity and has oversized, double filtration on the suction side and single on the return side. The dozer has hydraulic quick disconnects both front and rear for attachments and hydraulic hand tools.
ROPs The roll-over protection system has been designed to support the weight of the tractor under dynamic conditions and also acts as a complete limb riser protecting the operator and exhaust stack. Side screens are standard to protect the operator.
Operation The tractor was designed to produce a 36" trail or wide r, be easy to operate for reliable and safe, and give the operator good visibility with a wide variety of attachments, eliminating the need for a number of other machines. The engine is in the rear, the operator sits in front, the same as a skid steer tractor. This allows excellent visibility of the dozer blade which is where most of the work is down. This does reduce the visibility in the rear, however, this did not seem to be a problem during the “case history” projects. All the controls for the attachments are on the right side of the operator, including the dozer blade, rippers, winch, backhoe, chipper, lights, air compressor and auxiliary hydraulic system for hydraulic hand tools. On the left side are two steering controls side by side which operate each track separately. They are held in the left hand and movement forward or backwards moves the tractor in the same direction. If the hand is rotated slightly, one track slows down and the other speeds up which provides for full power turns. If the hand is rotated in the “dead center” or neutral position, the tracks counter rotate, which means the tractor will turn in its own length. The handles are spring loaded and return to the neutral position when released. There are no foot pedals on the standard model, unlike the skid steer tractors, which makes learning to operate the dozer much easier and also makes it easier for the operator to brace himself on rough or steep terrain. However, in one case the tractor was modified for foot pedal operation to meet special needs of a one-armed operator. The starting system includes a glow plug for cold weather starting. This is activated by turning the ignition key counterclockwise until the heater element (next to the ignition) glows, usually 20 to 25 seconds, then turning the key clockwise to start the engine.
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The tractor comes with a safety belt and safety helmet and can be equipped with a shoulder harness for the fire operators. The owners manual contains safety precautions, operating tips, maintenance procedures and schedule. The instrument panel includes a tachometer/hour meter, engine temperature gauge, and fuel gauge. The warning lights include low engine oi l pressure, alternator failure and high engine temperature. There is also a hydraulic oil l evel indicator.
B. Trail Dozer Attachments The current SWECO 450 trail dozer has a variety of attachments in addition to the dozer and rippers that are designed to facilitate the the full scope of trail building and maintenance. Sutter Equipment Co. continues to develop new attachments as demand dictates. Current attachments are:
Winch This mounts in the rear on top of the ripper bar. It has a 9,000 pound pull and comes with 125 feet of 3/ 8" wide rope. It is controlled by the auxiliary valve at the operator’s seat and has a free-wheeling feature.
Auger The hydraulic auger mounts in place of the bucket on the backhoe. The auger bits are available in diameters ranging from 6" to 24" and are 48" long with extensions available.
Slope Board The slope board mounts on the dozer, is hydraulically operated and is 4 feet long with hardened steel cutting edges. The slope board is reversible to either side of the blade and rotates from horizontal to vertical. It’s used to trim the upper side of cuts made into the side slope and reduces the amount of long-term sloughing into a trail.
Air Compressor The air compressor is mounted on top of the engine and comes with a 5 gallon air tank built into the dozer frame and a hose reel with 50 feet of 3/8 hose. This 12 cfm, 130 psi compressor allows the use of a variety of pneumatic tools such as chain saw s, limb loppers and mechanics air tools.
Chipper The chipper mounts on the 3-point hitch on the rear L of the dozer. It is powered by the hydraulic system and can chip up to 6" diameter material. It has a self-feeding system and emergency stop bar on the feed chute. The chipping blades are machined steel and reversible for longer life.
Roller Compactor Two types are offered, smooth or with sheepsfoot. One is a pull behind 30 i nch dia. x 4 feet wide. Th e other mounts on the ripper bar; is 12 inch dia x 4 feet wide, which can use the ripper cylinders for down pressure.
Time Harrow The pull behind tine harrow can be pulled by a NATV or tractor. It is used to smooth out trails once roughed in and comes in 4 feet wide sections. Several can be linked together to combine rough and smooth operations.
Flail Mower A 41 inch wide, hydraulically powered flail mower is attached to the dozer blade. This allows adjustment to fit the side slope. It will mow material up to 1 1/2 inch diameter.
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Trailer Sutter Equipment Co. offers a tilt bed trailer specifically designed for use with the SWECO 450. It comes either with a straight tongue or fifth wheel, fir or hardwood decks and utility box for maintenance items and tools. The trailer is of sufficient length to also carry an ATV to facilitate transporting crew, materials, supplies and tools.
Options The SWECO 450 has a number of options including: • B a c k -u p A l a r m • F i r e E x ti n g u i s h e r • F ro n t a n d R e a r L i g h t s • S p a r k A r re st e r • Va n d a l P ro t e c ti o n K i t • Hi gh Altitude Package • B lade Extension • E x t ra H i g h R O P s
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