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mÙkj izns'k

RO/ARO ijh{kk 2017-18

n`f"V ifCyds'kUl

641, izFke ry] MkW- eq[kthZ uxj] fnYyh&110009 nwjHkk"k% 011-47532596, 87501 87501 Website: www.drishtipublications.com, www.drishtiias.com E-mail : [email protected]


çFke laLdj.k& tuojh 2018 ewY; % ` 210

izdk'kd n`f"V ifCyds'kUl]

(A Unit of VDK Publications Pvt. Ltd.)

641] izFke ry] MkW- eq[kthZ uxj] fnYyh&110009

fofèkd ?kks"k.kk,¡  bl iqLrd eas izdkf'kr lwpuk,¡] lekpkj] Kku ,oa rF; iwjh rjg ls lR;kfir fd;s x, gSaA fiQj Hkh] ;fn dksbZ tkudkjh ;k rF; xyr izdkf'kr gks x;k gks rks izdk'kd] laiknd ;k eqnzd mlls fdlh O;fDr&fo'ks"k ;k laLFkk dks igq¡ph {kfr ds fy;s f”kEesnkj ugha gSA  ge fo'okl djrs gSa fd bl iqLrd esa Nih lkexzh ys[kdksa }kjk ekSfyd :i ls fy[kh xbZ gSA vxj dkWihjkbV mYya?ku dk dksbZ ekeyk lkeus vkrk gS rks izdk'kd dks f”kEesnkj ugha Bgjk;k tk,xkA  lHkh fooknksa dk fuiVkjk fnYyh U;kf;d {ks=k esa gksxkA  © dkWihjkbV% n`f"V ifCyds'kUl (A Unit of VDK Publications Pvt. Ltd.)] lokZfèkdkj lqjf{krA bl izdk'ku ds fdlh Hkh va'k dk izdk'ku vFkok mi;ksx] izfrfyihdj.k] ,sls ;a=k esa HkaMkj.k ftlls bls iqu% izkIr fd;k tk ldrk gks ;k LFkkukUrj.k] fdlh Hkh :i esa ;k fdlh Hkh fofèk ls (bysDVªkWfud] ;kaf=kd] iQksVks&izfrfyfi] fjdkWfM±x ;k fdlh vU; izdkj ls) izdk'kd dh iwokZuqefr ds fcuk ugha fd;k tk ldrkA  ,e-ih- fizaVlZ] ch&220] isQ”k&2] uks,Mk (mÙkj izns'k) ls eqfnzrA

nks 'kCn fç; ikBdks] n`f"V ifCyds'kUl dh ,d vfHkuo iqLrd ^mÙkj çns'k leh{kk vfèkdkjh@lgk;d leh{kk vfèkdkjh* (RO/ARO) vkids le{k çLrqr djrs gq, gesa gkfnZd çlUurk dh vuqHkwfr gks jgh gSA ;g iqLrd vkxkeh 08 vçSy] 2018 dks mÙkj çns'k yksd lsok vk;ksx }kjk vk;ksftr dh tkus okyh RO/ARO çkjafHkd ijh{kk dks è;ku esa j[kdj rS;kj dh xbZ gSA ijh{kk ds ikB~;Øe dks è;ku esa j[krs gq, geus iqLrd dks rhu [kaMksa esa foHkkftr dj yxHkx 320 i`"Bksa esa lVhd] laf{kIr] v|ru vkSj çkekf.kd vè;;u lkexzh dk ladyu lgt] cksèkxE;] #fpiw.kZ vkSj çokge; Hkk"kk esa fd;k gSA iqLrd ys[ku ls iwoZ gekjh Vhe us ck”kkj esa miyCèk vU; vè;;u lkefxz;ksa dk lw{e voyksdu fd;kA blds i'pkr~ ge bl fu"d"kZ ij igq¡ps fd ck”kkj esa ,slh dksbZ Hkh iqLrd ekStwn ugha gS tks bl ijh{kk ds laiw.kZ ikB~;Øe (;Fkk& lkekU; vè;;u] lelkef;d ?kVukØe rFkk fgUnh) dks lesVs gq, gksA bl dkj.k vH;fFkZ;ksa dks vyx&vyx [kaM ds fy;s vyx&vyx iqLrdsa [kjhnuh iM+rh gSaA blds vfrfjDr yxHkx lHkh iqLrdksa (fo'ks"kdj fgUnh) esa xyfr;ksa dh Hkjekj gSA bu dfe;ksa dks è;ku esa j[krs gq, geus 8–10 vuqHkoh] ;ksX; ,oa fo"k; ds tkudkj lnL;ksa dh ,d Vhe cukbZ] ftUgksaus yxHkx 6 eghuksa ds vFkd ifjJe ds i'pkr~ blds ys[ku dk;Z dks iw.kZ fd;kA iqLrd ds igys [kaM esa geus ç'ui=k&1 esa iwNs tkus okys lkekU; vè;;u] mÙkj çns'k fo'ks"k rFkk djsaV visQ;lZ ij lVhd ,oa fcanqokj lkexzh çLrqr dh gSA lkekU; vè;;u dh foLr`r vkSj cgqvk;keh fo"k;&oLrq dks ijh{kk dh ekax ds vuqlkj yxHkx 180 i`"Bksa esa lesVuk gekjh Vhe ds fy;s ,d pqukSrhiw.kZ dk;Z Fkk] ysfdu gekjh Vhe us bl dk;Z dks c[kwch fuHkk;kA fiNys ,d o"kZ dh egÙoiw.kZ lelkef;d ?kVukvksa dks geus cgqr gh laf{kIr vkSj oSKkfud us esa vklkuh gks fd ijh{kk esa fdlh fo'ks"k [kaM ls fdrus vkSj fdl çÑfr ds ç'u iwNs tkrs gSaA v'kqf¼;ksa dh laHkkouk U;wure jgs] blfy;s iqLrd dk dbZ pj.kksa esa lw{e fujh{k.k fd;k x;k gSA rkRi;Z ;g gS fd iqLrd dh jpuk esa xq.koÙkk dks ysdj iwjh lrdZrk cjrh xbZ gSA gekjk ç;kl gS fd ge vkidh liQyrk esa lfØ; Hkkxhnkj cusa ftlds fy;s ge ç;kljr Hkh gSaA gesa iw.kZ fo'okl gS fd ;g iqLrd dsoy RO/ARO ijh{kk ds fy;s gh ugha] cfYd yksd lsok vk;ksx dh vkxkeh vU; ijh{kkvksa dh rS;kjh esa Hkh vR;fèkd mi;ksxh fl¼ gksxhA oSls rks bl iqLrd dks =kqfVjfgr cukus dk iwjk ç;kl fd;k x;k gS] ysfdu dksbZ Hkh Ñfr 'kr&çfr'kr nks"kjfgr ugha gksrhA mlesa dfe;ksa dk jg tkuk LoHkkfod gSA vr% esjk fuosnu gS fd vki iqLrd dks ikBd ds lkFk&lkFk vkykspd dh u”kj ls Hkh i<+saA vxj vkidks blesa dksbZ Hkh deh fn[ks rks viuh ckr csf>>d ‘8130392355’ uacj ij okV~l,i eSlst ls Hkst nsaA vkidh fVIif.k;ksa vkSj lq>koksa ds vkèkkj ij ge iqLrd ds vkxkeh laLdj.kksa dks vkSj Hkh csgrj cuk ldsaxsA

lkHkkj] izèkku laiknd n`f"V ifCyds'kUl

vuqØe 1 çFke ç'ui= (lkekU; vè;;u)

1-249

lkekU; foKku........................................................................................................................1 Hkkjr dk bfrgkl] jk"Vªh; vkanksyu rFkk dyk ,oa laLd`fr....................................................... 48 Hkkjrh; jkT;ra=.................................................................................................................. 90 Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk] tula[;k ,oa uxjhdj.k..................................................................... 122 Hkkjrh; d`f"k...................................................................................................................... 135 i;kZoj.k............................................................................................................................ 141 fo'o ,oa Hkkjr dk Hkwxksy.................................................................................................... 147 mÙkj izns'k % ,d uT+kj esa..................................................................................................... 188 djsaV vQs;lZ % ,d uT+kj esa................................................................................................ 218

2 f}rh; ç'ui= (lkekU; fganh)

250-299

foykse 'kCn.......................................................................................................................... 250 okD; 'kqf¼ ,oa orZuh 'kqf¼.................................................................................................... 257 vusd 'kCnksa ds fy;s ,d 'kCn................................................................................................. 272 rRle ,oa rn~Hko 'kCn.......................................................................................................... 282 fo'ks"k.k ,oa fo'ks";............................................................................................................... 286 i;kZ;okph 'kCn.................................................................................................................... 295

3 foxr o"kks± ds gy iz'ui=

300-316

o"kZ & 2016......................................................................................................................... 300 o"kZ & 2014......................................................................................................................... 310

[kaM

01

çFke ç'ui= (lkekU; vè;;u) lkekU; foKku (General Science)

HkkSfrd foKku (PHYSICS) ekiu (Measurement) fdlh HkkSfrd jkf'k dk ekiu ,d fuf'pr] vkèkkjHkwr ,oa ekU;rkizkIr] lanHkZ&ekud ls jkf'k dh rqyuk djuk gS rFkk bl lanHkZ ekud dks êk=kd* dgrs gSaA ;s jkf'k;k¡ ijLij varl±cafèkr gksrh gSA z ewy jkf'k;ksa dks O;Dr djus ds fy;s iz;qDr ek=kdksa dks ewy ek=kd dgrs gSaA z orZeku esa varjkZ"Vªh; Lrj ij ekU; iz.kkyh ^flLVe baVjus'kuy fM ;wfuV~l* gS] ftls ladsrk{kj esa SI fy[kk tkrk gSA SI esa lkr ewy ek=kd gSaA SI ek=kd esa yackbZ dks ehVj] nzO;eku dks fdyksxzke] le; dks lsdsaM] fo|qr/kjk dks ,aih;j] Å"ek xfrd rki dks dsfYou] inkFkZ dh ek=kk dks eksy vkSj T;ksfr&rhozrk dks dSaMsyk esa ekik ”;knk gSA z izdk'k dh fuokZr esa pky 3 × 108 ehVj@ls- gksrh gSA lw;Z ls èkjrh rd igq¡pus esa izdk'k dks yxHkx 8 feuV 20 lsdsaM yxrs gSaA dqN vU; ekiu dh bZdkbZ HkkSfrd jkf'k ekiu dh bdkbZ nkc ikLdy (Pa) èofu izcyrk Mslhcy (db) izdk'k rjaxnSè;Z ,saXlVªke (Å) ukSlapkyu nwjh ukWfVdy ehy (NM) Å"ek dSyksjh (Cal) fo|qr foHkokarj oksYV (v) rki lsfYl;l (°C) vko`fÙk gV~tZ (Hz) ty cgko D;wlsd (Cusec) vkstksu ijr dh eksVkbZ MkWClu bdkbZ (Du) T;ksfr ÝyDl Y;wesu (lm) pqacdh; izsj.k ({ks=k) VsLyk (T) lery dks.k jsfM;u (rad) ?ku dks.k LVsjsfM;u (Sr)

z izdk'k

o"kZ] izdk'k }kjk 1 o"kZ esa r; dh xbZ nwjh (9-46×1015 ehVj) gksrh gSA bls ,d izdk'k o"kZ dgrs gSaA z ikjlsd dk mi;ksx vR;fèkd yach [kxksyh; nwjh dks O;Dr djus esa fd;k tkrk gSA z vR;fèkd de nwjh dks ekius ds fy;s uSuksehVj dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA ,d uSuksehVj esa 1 × 10&9 ehVj gksrk gSA

U;wVu ds xfr ds fu;e (Newton's Law of Motion) U;wVu dk xfr fo"k;d izFke fu;e

;fn dksbZ oLrq fojke voLFkk esa gS rks og fojke voLFkk esa gh jgsxh ;k ;fn ,dleku pky ls lhèkh js[kk esa py jgh gS rks oSls gh pyrh jgsxh] tc rd fd ml ij dksbZ cká cy vkjksfir djds mldh orZeku voLFkk esa ifjorZu u dj fn;k tk,A bl fu;e dks xSyhfy;ks dk fu;e ;k tM+Ro dk fu;e Hkh dgrs gSaA tSls&okgu esa vpkud czsd yxus ij ;k=kh dk vkxs dh vksj >qdukA dacy dks MaMs ls ihVus ij èkwy ds d.kksa dk fudyukA

U;wVu dk xfr fo"k;d f}rh; fu;e

fdlh oLrq ds laosx esa ifjorZu dh nj ml oLrq ij vkjksfir cy ds lekuqikrh gksrh gS rFkk mlh fn'kk esa gksrh gS] ftl fn'kk esa cy dk;Z djrk gSA

laosx (Momentum) fdlh fiaM dk laosx mlds nzO;eku rFkk osx ds xq.kuiQy }kjk ifjHkkf"kr gksrk gSA laosx ,d lfn'k jkf'k gSA SI ek=kd fdxzkehVj izfr lsdsaM gSA nSfud thou esa laosx dk izR;{k vuqHko fd;k tk ldrk gSA tSls& fØdsV f[kykfM+;ksa }kjk xsan dks idM+rs le; xasn dh fn'kk esa gkFkksa dks ihNs [khap fy;k tkrk gS] ftlls xsan jksdus esa vis{kkÑr vfèkd le; yxrk gS vkSj f[kykM+h dks pksV ugha yxrhA

U;wVu dk xfr dk r`rh; fu;e

izR;sd fØ;k dh lnSo leku ,oa foijhr fn'kk esa izfrfØ;k gksrh gSA nSfud thou esa U;wVu ds xfr ds r`rh; fu;e dk mnkgj.k canwd ls xksyh pykrs le; ihNs dh vksj >Vdk yxuk] jkWdsV dk mQij mBuk bR;kfn gSA izdk'k dh xfr ds lerqY; xfr djus okys d.kksa ds lanHkZ esa U;wVu ds xfr fo"k;d fu;e izHkkoh ugha gksrs gSaA

1

n`fÔ ifCydsÓkUl

jlk;u foKku (CHEMISTRY) nzO; (Matter) ;g og oLrq gS] ftldk vk;ru gksrk gS] LFkku ?ksjrh gS] tM+Ro dk xq.k iznf'kZr djrh gS] mQtkZ yxkdj bldh voLFkk esa ifjorZu fd;k tk ldrk gSA nzO; ds fofHkUu Lo:i dks înkFkZ* dgrs gSaA inkFkZ dk fuf'pr xq.k ,oa la?kVu gksrk gSA mnkgj.k& feV~Vh] ekse] pwuk] nwèk] vkWDlhtu vkfnA

nzO; dh voLFkk,¡ (States of Matter) eq[;r% nzO; (inkFkZ) dh rhu voLFkk,¡ gksrh gSa& Bksl] nzo rFkk xSlA vktdy oSKkfud inkFkZ dh ik¡p voLFkkvksa dks Lohdkj dj jgsa gSA cksl&vkbaLVkbu daMulsV] Bksl] nzo] xSl vkSj IykTekA

lkekU; foKku

feJ.k (Mixture) nks ;k nks ls vfèkd 'kq¼ rÙoksa ;k ;kSfxdksa ls feydj cuus okys inkFkZ dks ^feJ.k* dgrs gSaA

lekaxh feJ.k (Homogeneous Mixture)

budk la?kVu ,dleku gksrk gSA lekaxh feJ.k dks ^foy;u* Hkh dgrs gSaA mnkgj.kµ phuh vkSj ued dk ty esa foy;uA

fo"kekaxh feJ.k (Heterogeneous Mixture)

budk la?kVu vleku gksrk gSA mnkgj.kµ ckyw (sand) vkSj phuh dk feJ.kA

fuyacu IykTEkk (Plasma) ;g ,d fo"kekaxh feJ.k gS] ftlesa foys; inkFkZ ?kqyrk ugha gS ;g inkFkZ dh pkSFkh voLFkk ekuh tkrh gSA blesa inkFkZ ds bysDVªkWu cfYd foy;u esa fuyafcr jgrk gSA ;g fuyafcr d.k vk¡[kksa ls ns[ks fdlh fuf'pr ijek.kq ls c¡èks gksus ctk; Lora=k voLFkk esa xfr'khy tk ldrs gSaA jgrs gSaA lw;Z vkSj rkjksa esa izdk'k dk dkj.k Iyk”ek gh gSA dksykbMy foy;u cksl vkbaLVkbu daMulsV vR;ar de ?kuRo okyh fdlh xSl dks cgqr de rkieku rd zzbl foy;u esa foys; d.kksa dk vkdkj vR;fèkd NksVk gksus ds dkj.k vk¡[kksa ls fn[kkbZ ugha nsrk rFkk lekaxh izrhr gksrk gS] ysfdu BaMk djus ij bl voLFkk dk fuekZ.k gksrk gSA bl voLFkk dk uke ;g ,d fo"kekaxh feJ.k gksrk gS] ftlesa dksykbM ds d.k foy;u Hkkjrh; oSKkfud lR;sanzukFk cksl vkSj vYcVZ vkbaLVkbu ds uke ij esa leku :i ls iSQys gksrs gSaA tSls&nwèkA ^cksl&vkbaLVkbu daMulsV* j[kk x;k gSA zzdksykbMy d.k izdk'k fdj.kksa dks iSQyk nsrs gSa] ftls ^fVaMy èkkrq (Metal) izHkko* dgk tkrk gSA zz;s pedhyh rFkk rki vkSj fo|qr dh lqpkyd gksrh gSA zzdksykbMy d.kksa dks Nkudj i`Fkd~ ugha fd;k tk ldrk gS] ysfdu zz;s rU; gksrh gSa] budks rkj ds :i esa [khapk tk ldrk gSA dksykbMy d.kksa dk i`FkDdj.k Ldanu }kjk fd;k tk ldrk gSA zzèkkrqvksa esa vk?kkr oèkZuh;rk (Malleability) dk xq.k ik;k tkrk fiQVdjh ds Al+++ vk;u Í.kkosf'kr dksykbMh v'kqf¼;ksa dks Ldafnr gSA mnkgj.kµ lksuk (Au)] pk¡nh (Ag)] rk¡ck (Cu)] yksgk (Fe)] dj nsrk gSA lksfM;e (Na)] iksVSf'k;e (K) bR;kfnA ifj{ksih ifjf{kIr izdkj mnkgj.k zzikjk (Hg) lkekU; rki ij nzo voLFkk esa ikbZ tkus okyh èkkrq gSA ekè;e izkoLFkk xSl nzo ,sjkslkWy dksgjk] ckny vèkkrq (Non-metal) xSl Bksl ,sjkslkWy èkqvk¡ ;s fofHkUu jaxkas dh gksrh gSa rFkk ;s rki vkSj fo|qr dh dqpkyd nzo Bksl lkWy dhpM+] feYd vkWiQ eSfXuf'k;k gksrh gSaA ;s pedhyh vkSj vk?kkroè;Z ugh gksrh gSaA mnkgj.kµ gkbMªkstu (H2)] vk;ksMhu (I2)] dkcZu (C) bR;kfnA nzo nzo ik;l nwèk esa rsy Bks l Bks l Bks l lkWy jaxhu iRFkj mièkkrq (Metalloid) Bksl nzo tsy iuhj] tsyh dqN rÙo èkkrq vkSj vèkkrq ds chp ds xq.kksa dks izn£'kr djrs Bksl xSl iQkse iQkse jcj gSa] ftUgsa ^mièkkrq* dgrs gSaA mnkgj.kµ cksjkWu (B)] flfydkWu (Si)] tesZfu;e (Ge) bR;kfnA

HkkSfrd ifjorZu (Physical change)

;kSfxd (Compound) og inkFkZ tks nks ;k nks ls vfèkd rÙoksa ds fu;r vuqikr esa jklk;fud la;ksx ls cuk gSA mnkgj.kµ ty] ehFksu] phuh] ued vkfnA

14

HkkSfrd ifjorZu ls inkFkZ dk jklk;fud la?kVu (Composition) vifjo£rr jgrk gSA lkekU;r;k ;g mRØe.kh; (reversible) gksrk gS] tSls&ty ls ciZQ dk cuuk] ikuh esa phuh dk ?kqyuk bR;kfnA

n`fÔ ifCydsÓkUl

lkekU; foKku

fofo/k zzeLVMZ

xSl dk iz;ksx jklk;fud gfFk;kj ds :i esa fd;k tkrk gSA ;g ,d vR;ar fo"kSyk nzo gSA z ek'kZ xSl (CH4) : ehFksu dks êk'kZ xSl* dgk tkrk gSA z LPG xSl esa xaèk bFkkbZy ejdSIVsu ds dkj.k gksrh gSA z VªkbukbVªks VkWywbZu (T.N.T.) dk mi;ksx foLiQksVd ds :i esa fd;k tkrk gSA lkbDyksVªkbZesfFkyhu VªkbukbVªkehu ;k lkbDyksukbV tks lkekU;r% vkj-Mh-,Dl- uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA bldh [kkst izsQMfjd gsfuax }kjk dh xbZ FkhA zzik;jhu (CCl4): dkcZu VsVªkDyksjkbM dk mi;ksx fctyh ls yxh vkx cq>kus esa fd;k tkrk gSA zzjsDlhu (Rexin): ;g lsY;wykst uked ouLifr ls fufeZr ,d Ñf=ke peM+k gSA zzY;wlkbV% ;g ,d vR;ar fo"kSyh xSl gS] ftldk fuekZ.k ,lhfVyhu o vklsZfud VªkbDyksjkbM (AsCl3) dh fØ;k futZy ,Y;qfefu;e DyksjkbM dh mifLFkfr esa djkdj izkIr dh tkrh gSA zzxesDlsu (Gammexane): casthu gsDlkDyksjkbM dks xesDlsu dgrs gSaA bldk mi;ksx dhVuk'kd osQ :i esa gksrk gSA zzMh-Mh-Vh- (D.D.T): bldk jklk;fud uke MkbDyksjks ^MkbfiQukby VªkbDyksjks* bFksu gSA ;g ,d izeq[k dhVuk'kd gSA zzik'pqjhdj.k (Pasteurization): ;g nzo [kk| lkexzh ds laj{k.k dh fofèk gSA blesa nzo dks yacs le; rd xeZ djds 'kh?kzrk ls BaMk dj fy;k tkrk gSA lkekU;r% bldk iz;ksx nwèk esa mifLFkr gkfudkjd dhVk.kqvksa dks u"V djus esa fd;k tkrk gSA zzdksjaMe% ,Y;qfefu;e vkWDlkbM (Al2O3) ds fØLVyh; :i gSA ekf.kD; vkSj uhye Hkh ,Y;qfefu;e ds vkWDlkbM gSaA z DyksjksfifØu%

;kSfxd@rÙo csathu gsDlkDyksjkbM dkcZu VªsVkDyksjkbM iksVSf'k;e ukbVªsV iksVSf'k;e czksekbM iksVSf'k;e lYisQV eksuksiksVSf'k;e VkVZjsV isQfuy (Phenyl) ,lhVksu isVªksy ekfiZQu ,Y;qfefu;e lYisQV ikbjsFkze iksVSf'k;e ijeSXusV gkbMªkstu ijkWDlkbM (H2O2)

24

mi;ksx dhVuk'kh ds :i esaA vfXu'kked esa ck:n cukus esaA iQksVksxzkiQh esa moZjd fuekZ.k esa csdjh esa ?kjsyw jksxk.kquk'kh uk[kwu ikWfy'k gVkus esa 'kq"d èkqykbZ esa nnZ fuokjd esa vfXujksèkh diM+k fuekZ.k esaA ePNj Hkxkus esa jksxk.kquk'kh ds :i esa jklk;fud inkFkks± ds fuekZ.k fojatd ds :i esa fpfdRlk esaA

Hkkjh ty (D2O) fyfFk;e (Li)

ukfHkdh; la;=a k esa eand ,oa 'khryd ds :i esa ok;q;ku fuekZ.k ,oa fo|qr jklk;fud lsy ds fuekZ.k esa fojatd] ty ds 'kqf¼dj.k esa fojatd ,oa ty ds 'kqf¼dj.k esa

Dyksjhu (Cl) iksVfS 'k;e ijeSxusV (KMnO4) (yky nok) vkstksu (O3) ijkcSaxuh fdj.kksa ls j{kk] thok.kquk'kd ,oa vkWDlhdkjd ds :i esa Cyhfpax ikmMj (CaOCl2) thok.kquk'kd ,oa fojatd

tho foKku (BIOLOGY) tSfod leqnk; dk oxhZdj.k tSo leqnk; ds vè;;u ds fy;s gesa thoèkkfj;ksa dks dqN lewgksa esa oxhZÑr djuk iM+rk gS rkfd leku xq.kksa ,oa lajpuk okys thoksa dk vè;;u ,d lkFk fd;k tk ldsA tho foKku ds lqO;ofLFkr ,oa Øec¼ fodkl esa vjLrw ds egÙoiw.kZ ;ksxnku dks ns[krs gq, mUgsa ^tho foKku dk firk* dgk tkrk gSA thoksa ds vkèkqfud oxhZdj.k dh 'kq#vkr oSQjksyl yhfu;l us dhA blhfy;s yhfu;l dks ofxZdh dk firk (Father of Taxonomy) dgk tkrk gSA yhfu;l us gh thoksa ds ukedj.k dh f}uke i¼fr fodflr dh Fkh] ftlds varxZr izR;sd tho ds uke ds nks Hkkx gksrs gSaA igyk Hkkx mlds oa'k (Genera) dk |ksrd gksrk gS tcfd nwljk mldh tkfr (Species) dkA tSls ekuo dk oSKkfud uke gkseks lsfi;al gS tgk¡ gkseks (Homo) oa'k gS] tcfd lsfi;al (Sapiens) tkfrA vkèkqfud tho foKku esa lokZfèkd ekU;rk fOgVsdj (R.H. Whittaker) ds îk¡p txr oxhZdj.k* dks nh tkrh gSA mUgksaus thoksa dks txr (Kingdom) uked ik¡p cM+s oxks± esa ck¡VkA ;s ik¡p txr gSa& 1- eksusjk 2- izksfVLVk 3- dod 4- ikni 5- tarq

dksf'kdk (Cell) zzdksf'kdk

bdkbZ gSA

zzdksf'kdk

çR;sd thoèkkjh dh vkèkkjHkwr lajpukRed o fØ;kRed

dh [kkst loZçFke jkWcVZ gqd us 1665 bZ- esa dh FkhA zzloZçFke thfor ,oa eqDr dksf'kdkvksa dh [kkst Y;wou s gkWd us dh FkhA zzlalkj dh lcls NksVh dksf'kdk êkbdksIykTek xSfylsfIVde* (Mycoplasma Gallisepticum) uked ijthoh thok.kq dh gS ,oa lalkj dh lcls cM+h dksf'kdk 'kqrqjeqxZ osQ vaMs (Egg of Ostrich) dh gksrh gSA zzekuo 'kjhj esa ikbZ tkus okyh lcls NksVh dksf'kdk lsjhcsye dh xzSU;wy lsy (Granule Cell of Cerebellum) gksrh gSA ekuo 'kjhj esa ikbZ tkus okyh lcls cM+h dksf'kdk vaMk.kq (Ovum) dh rFkk lcls yach dksf'kdk raf=kdk ra=k osQ U;wjkWu (Neuron) dh gksrh gSA

lkekU; foKku

ty esa ?kqyu'khy foVkfeu uke lzksr deh osQ izHkko B1 Fkk;ehu vukt] iQfy;k¡] lks;kchu] csjh&csjh nwèk] ;hLV] vaMs] ek¡l B2 iuhj] vaMs] ;hLV] gjh iÙksnkj fdyksfll jkbcksÝySfou lfC”k;k¡] ek¡l] ;Ñr] chUl] esok B3 fu;kflu nwèk] ;hLV] eNyh] ek¡l] ;Ñr] isykxzk vaM]s iQfy;k¡] gjs& eVj] nwèk] e'k:e] ewxa iQyh] esok B5 iSaVksFkhfud nwèk] ;o`Qr] ek¡l] ngh] VekVj] o`f¼ esa deh] peZ vEy ew a x iQyh] xUuk] eDdk] jks x ] cky dk czksdyh] e'k:e] lw;Zeq[kh osQ lisQn gksuk] tuu cht] xksHkh {kerk es a deh] vLFkek] ruko B6 ek¡l] eNyh] ;hLV] ;Ñr] jQfèkj {kh.krk] peZ ikbjhMkWfDlu nwèk] vukt] ikyd] vkyw] jksx] is'kh; ,saBu xktj] 'kdjoaQn] osQyk B12 nwèk ,oa nqXèk&mRikn] ek¡l] jQfèkj {kh.krk] lk;uksdksckyfeu eNyh] vaMk] ;o`Qr ra f =kdk ra = k es a xM+cfM+;k¡ foVkfeu&H ;o`Qr] ek¡l] vaMk] ;hLV] esok peZ jksx] ckyksa dk ck;ksfVu (v[kjks V )] os Q yk] xs g w ¡ ] >M+uk ew a x iQyh] iQy] lfC”k;k¡ ] pkWdysV

foVkfeu&C ,sLdkW£cd

;o`Qr] ;hLV] lks;kchu] gjh iÙks n kj lfC”k;k¡ ] iQfy;k¡ ] czksdyh] xksHkh] 'krkoj uhacw oa'k osQ [kV~Vs iQy] VekVj] iihrk] vkyw] ve:n] czkd s yh] fdoh] LVªkcsjh] ikyd

jQfèkj dh deh] o`f¼ dk vojksèk gksuk LdohZ jksx

foVkfeu&A (jsfVukWy)

olk esa ?kqyu'khy foVkfeu foVkfeu lzksr deh dk izHkko nwèk] eD[ku] ngh] vaMk] dkfuZ;k o Ropk dh dksf'kdkvksa ;o`Qr] eNyh dk rsy] dk 'kYdhHkou] jRkkSaèkh] o`f¼ ikyd] czksdyh] xktj vojQ¼ gksuk] osQjSVkseSlsfl;k v[kjksV eD[ku] ;Ñr] vaMs] lw;Z vkfLV;ksey S fs l;k (o;Ldksa es)a ] dk izdk'k] eNyh] nwèk fjosQV~l (cPpksa esa) foVkfeu&E foVkfeu&D (VksdksisQjksy) (dSfYlisQjksy)

foVkfeu foVkfeu tfVy dkcZfud ;kSfxd gksrs gSa tks 'kjhj dh mikip;h vfHkfØ;kvksa (Metabolism) esa mRizsjdksa dh fØ;kvksa dks fu;af=kr djrs gSaA bUgsa lgk;d vkgkj Hkh dgk tkrk gSA ;s nks Jsf.k;ksa esa oxhÑr fd;s tk ldrs gSa& 1. ty esa ?kqyu'khy foVkfeu 2. olk esa ?kqyu'khy foVkfeuA

iQksfyd vEy lewg

ewaxiQyh rsy] xsgw¡] lks;kchu] cknke] vaMs dh ”knhZ

tuukax rFkk isf'k;k¡ de”kksj] tuu {kerk dh deh

vaMk] ;o`Qr] nqXèk mRikn] pksV yxus ij ij jQfèkj dk gjh iÙksn kj lfC”k;k¡] FkDdk u teus ls vfèkd jDr VekVj] xksHkh] lks;kchu] lzko dk gksuk vukj] vkW f yo ,oa oSQuksyk rsy thoèkkfj;ksa esa iks"k.k dh fHkUu&fHkUu fofèk;k¡ ikbZ tkrh gSaA [kk| izkfIr ds vkèkkj ij thoèkkfj;ksa dks nks lewgksa esa ck¡Vk tkrk gS& Loiks"kh ,oa ijiks"kh@fo"keiks"khA zzLoiks"kh% dsoy ikni gh vius ifjos'k esa mifLFkr ty] dkcZu MkbvkWDlkbM ,oa [kfut ls viuk Hkkstu cukrs gSaA iks"k.k dh og fofèk ftlesa tho viuk Hkkstu Lo;a la'ysf"kr djrs gSa] Loiks"k.k dgykrk gS rFkk ,sls tho Loiks"kh dgykrs gSaA zzijiks"kh@fo"keiks"kh% ekuo lfgr vU; izk.kh viuk Hkkstu ikSèkksa rFkk vU; thoksa ls izkIr djrs gSa] mUgsa fo"keiks"kh dgrs gSaA foVkfeu&K (fiQyksfDouksu)

[kfut yo.k% ;s 'kjhj ds mfpr fodkl ,oa vPNs LokLF; ds fy;s vko';d gksrs gSaA tho osQ fy;s vko';d [kfut% gekjs 'kjhj esa vYi ek=kk esa yxHkx 20 izdkj ds [kfut vk;uksa ds :i esa ekStwn gksrs gSaA 'kjhj dks ;|fi ;s vYi ek=kk esa gh vko';d gksrs gSa] fdarq buds fcuk 'kjhj dk lqpk# :i ls dk;Z djuk vlaHko gksrk gSA mnkgj.kLo:i dSfY'k;e vkSj iQkWLisQV vfLFk;ksa vkSj nk¡rksa ds izeq[k ?kVd gksrs gSaA bUgsa vYi iks"kd rÙo dgk tkrk gSA [kfut rÙoksa dks nks Jsf.k;ksa esa foHkkftr fd;k tkrk gS& (i) y?kq RkÙo (Minor Elements)– dSfY'k;e] iQkWLiQksjl] xaèkd] iksVsf'k;e] Dyksjhu] lksfM;e] eSXuhf'k;e (ii) vYi rÙo (Trace Elements)– vk;ksMhu] yksgk] ftad] rkack] eSXuht] dksckYV] lsyhfu;e] Øksfe;e] ekyhCMsue] ÝyksjhuA

mÙkj çns'k RO/ARO

Loiks"kh Loiks"kh nks izdkj ds gksrs gSa& izdk'k la'ys"kh ,oa jlk;u la'ys"khA izdk'k la'ys"kh bl fofèk esa ikSèkksa dks izdk'k la'ys"k.k dh fØ;k esa CO2 ds vfrfjDr ty ,oa dqN vdkcZfud inkFkks± dh vko';drk gksrh gSA jlk;u la'ys"kh ;fn Loiks"kh viuk Hkkstu jklk;fud ÅtkZ dk iz;ksx djds rS;kj djrs gSa rks mls jlk;u la'Yks"kh dgrs gSaA

41

Hkkjr dk bfrgkl] jk"Vªh; vkanksyu rFkk dyk ,oa laLd`fr

(Indian History, National Movement and Art & Culture) çkphu Hkkjr (ANCIENT INDIA) çkphu Hkkjrh; bfrgkl ds lzksr çkphu Hkkjrh; bfrgkl ds lzksrksa dks nks Jsf.k;ksa esa foHkkftr dj ldrs gSa& ,d lkfgfR;d vkSj nwljk iqjkrkfÙodA

lkfgfR;d lzksr czkã.k lkfgR;

iqjk.k z iqjk.kksa dh la[;k 18 gSA iqjk.kksa ds vkfn ladyudrkZ ykseg"kZ vFkok muds iq=k mxzJok dks ekuk tkrk gSA iqjk.kksa esa eRL; iqjk.k lcls izkphu ,oa izkekf.kd gSA z iqjk.kksa dh egÙkk oa'kkofy;ksa osQ dkj.k gSA eRL; iqjk.k lkrokgu oa'k ls] fo".kq iqjk.k ekS;Z oa'k ls rFkk ok;q iqjk.k xqIr oa'k ls lacafèkr gSA

vFkoZosn

lkeosn

;tqosZn

½Xosn

czkã.ksÙkj lkfgR; ckS¼ lkfgR; osn osn Hkkjr osQ izkphure xazFk gSaA ftudk ladyudrkZ eg£"k z ^f=kfiVd* cq¼ dh f'k{kkvksa dk ladyu gSA bls rhu Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr fd;k x;k gS& fou;fiVd] lqÙkfiVd rFkk vfHkèkEefiVdA o`Q".k }Sik;u osnO;kl dks ekuk tkrk gSA osnksa dh la[;k pkj gS& ÍXosn] ;tqonZs ] lkeosn rFkk vFkoZons A bu z fou;fiVd] la?k lacaèkh fu;e rFkk vkpkj lacaèkh f'k{kkvksa dk laxzg gSA lqÙkfiVd] èkkfeZd fl¼kar rFkk èkeksZins'k dk laxzg gSA pkjksa osnksa dks ^lafgrk* dgk tkrk gSA buds ea=kksa ds mPpkj.k djus okys ogha] vfHkèkEefiVd nk'kZfud fl¼karksa dk laxzg gSA Íf"k;ksa dks Øe'k% ^gksr*` ] ^vèo;q*Z ] ^mn~xkrk*] ^czãk* dgk tkrk gSA z ckS¼ xzaFk ikfy Hkk"kk esa fy[ks x,A tkrdksa esa cq¼ ds iwoZtUe dh lacafèkr czkã.k osn çeq[k rF; ?kVukvksa dk o.kZu gSA xzaFk zz blds rhljs eaMy esa lw;Z nsork ^lfor`* ,srjs;] dks"khrdh tSu lkfgR; dks lefiZr xk;=kh ea=k gSA z tSu lkfgR; dks ^vkxe* dgk tkrk gSA tSu xzaFkksa esa ifjf'k"VioZu] Hknzckgqpfjr] vkpjkaxlw=k] Hkxorhlw=k] dkfydk iqjk.k vkfn ize[q k gSaA 'kriFk] rSfRrjh; zz ;Kksa ds fu;e ,oa foèkkuksa dk o.kZu z tSu èkeZ dk izkjafHkd bfrgkl rFkk rhFk±djksa dh thouh] ^dYilw=k* esa gS] ftldh jpuk Hknzckgq us dh FkhA zz Hkkjrh; laxhr dh mRifÙk blh ls ekuh iapfo'k] "kMfo'k ykSfdd lkfgR; tkrh gSA var esa bldh jpuk vFkoZ rFkk xksiFk vafxjl }kjk dh x;hA zz blesa jksx] vkS"kfèk] tknw&Vksuk dk o.kZu zz lcls

osnkax osnksa dks Hkyh&Hkk¡fr le>us ds fy;s N% osnkaxksa dh jpuk dh xbZ& f'k{kk (mPpkj.k fofèk)] T;ksfr"k (HkkX;iQy)] dYi (deZdkaM)] O;kdj.k ('kCn O;qRifÙk)] fu#Dr (Hkk"kk foKku) rFkk Nan (prq"inh 'yksd)A egkdkO; oSfnd lkfgR; ds ckn Hkkjrh; lkfgR; esa egkdkO;ksa dk le; vkrk gSA blesa jkek;.k vkSj egkHkkjr izeq[kr% 'kkfey gSaA jkek;.k dh jpuk eg£"k okYehfd rFkk egkHkkjr dh jpuk eg£"k osnO;kl us dh FkhA

48

izeq[k lkfgfR;d jpuk,¡ jpukdkj jpuk ikf.kuh fgrksins'k fo'kk[knÙk iapra=k iratfy fdjkrktqZuh;e

jpuk v"Vkè;k;h eqnzkjk{kl egkHkk"; (v"Vkè;k;h ij Vhdk) dFkklfjRlkxj lksenso c`gr~dFkkeatjh {ksesanz vFkZ'kkL=k dkSfVY; (fo"k;&jktuhfr) uhfrlkj

dkeand

f'k'kqiky oèk LoIuoklonÙkk diwZjeatjh] dkO;ehekalk] Hkqoudks'k dkelw=k

jpukdkj ukjk;.k iafMr fo".kq 'kekZ Hkkjoh ek?k Hkkl jkt'ks[kj okRL;k;u

Hkkjrh; bfrgkl

z 12oha

lnh ds eè; esa xksjh oa'k dk mn; gqvkA xksjh lkezkT; dk vkèkkj mÙkj&if'pe viQxkfuLrku FkkA eqgEen xksjh us Hkkjr esa rqdZ jkT; dh LFkkiuk dhA z eqgEen xksjh dk izFke vkØe.k 1175 esa eqYrku ij gqvk FkkA eqYrku ls vkxs c<+rs gq, mlus xqtjkr ij vkØe.k fd;k fdarq xqtjkr osQ 'kkld Hkhe&II ds gkFkksa ijkftr gksuk iM+kA z 1191 esa rjkbu ds çFke ;q¼ esa i`Fohjkt&III us eqgEen xksjh dks ijkftr fd;kA 1192 esa xksjh iwjh rS;kjh ds lkFk vk;k vkSj rjkbu ds f}rh; ;q¼ esa i`Fohjkt&III dks ijkftr fd;kA z eqgEen xksjh ds flDdksa ij ,d vksj dyek rFkk nwljh vksj y{eh dh vkÑfr vafdr feyh gSA z eqgEen xksjh }kjk foftr Hkkjrh; lkezkT; dk Lokeh mldk lcls egÙoiw.kZ xqyke oqQrqcqíhu ,scd FkkA

dqrqcqíhu ,scd (yk[k c['k) (1206&1210)

oa'k@'kkld

izeq[k rF; xqyke oa'k zzlwiQh lar [oktk dqrqcqíhu cf[r;kj dkdh ds uke ij fnYyh esa dqrqcehukj dh uhao j[kh ftls bYrqrfe'k us iwjk djk;kA ckn esa ehukj ds {kfrxzLr gksus ij fiQjkst rqxyd us ejEer djok;k zzykgkSj dks jkt/kuh cuk;k rFkk lqYrku dh mikf/ xzg.k ugha dh zzpkSxku (iksyks) [ksyrs le; ?kksM+s ls fxjdj e`R;q

bYrqrfe'k (1210&1236) (xqyke dk xqyke) jft;k csxe

(1236&1240)

'kklu dh ckxMksj laHkkyus okyh izFke eqfLye efgyk zzjktRo

ds fl¼kar dk izfriknu fd;kA njckj esa fltnk ,oaa ik;cksl tSlh bZjkuh i¼fr dks ykxw fd;k zzlSU; foHkkx ^nhoku&,&vtZ* dh LFkkiuk zzrqdZ&,&pgyxkuh dks lekIr fd;k f[kyth oa'k f[kyth oa'k dk laLFkkid zzf}rh;

fldanj (fldanj&,&lkuh) dh mikf/ èkkj.k dh fnYyh lYrur dk izFke 'kkld ftlus Hkwfe dh iSekb'k (elkgr) djok;h zzlSU; vko'drkvksa dh iw£r ds fy; cktkj fu;a=k.k uhfr LFkkfir dh blds fy, ^fnoku&,&fj;klr* dk xBu fd;k zzlSU; {ks=k LFkk;h lsuk dk xBu] uxn osru rFkk nkx vkSj gqfy;k iz.kkyh ykxw djus tSls dk;Z fd, izFke 'kkld ftlus Lo;a dks [kyhiQk ?kksf"kr fd;k rqxyd oa'k (lcls yack 'kkld dky)

(1320–1325)

f'kgkcqíhu miQZ eqbtqíhu eqgEen xksjh

cycu

dh fot;ksa ls mRlkfgr gksdj mlds iq=k egewn xtuoh us 1000 ls 1027 rd Hkkjr ij 17 ckj vkØe.k fd;kA z egewn xtuoh us 1025 esa xqtjkr fLFkr lkseukFk (f'ko) eafnj ij vkØe.k fd;kA ml le; xqtjkr dk 'kkld Hkhe&I FkkA z ^fdrkcqy fgan* ;k ^fdrkcqy fgan* dk ys[kd ^vyc:uh* egewn xtuoh ds lkFk Hkkjr vk;kA ^'kkgukek* dk ys[kd fiQjnkSlh Hkh mldk njckjh dfo FkkA mRch vkSj iQk#Z[kh Hkh egewn xtuoh ds njckj ls lacafèkr FksA z egewn xtuoh us ,d rjiQ laLo`Qr eqækys[k rFkk nwljh rjiQ vjch eqækys[k osQ lkFk pk¡nh osQ flDosQ fuxZr fd;sA z 1030 bZ- esa egewn xtuoh dh e`R;q gks xbZA

(1266&1286)

z lqcqDrxhu

tykyqíhu f[kyth

egewn xtuoh

lYrur dk okLrfod laLFkkid] zzjkt/kuh ykgkSj ls fnYyh LFkkukarfjr zzrqdZ&,&pgyxkuh dk xBu zzrjkbZu dh rhljh yM+kbZ (1215) esa ;YnkSt dks ijkftr zz'kq¼ vjch izdkj ds flDds pyok,] pkanh dk Vadk vkSj rkacs ds thry

vykmíhu f[kyth (1296&1316)

oa'k (;kfeuh oa'k) dk laLFkkid vyIrxhu FkkA mlus xtuh dks viuh jktèkkuh cuk;kA z vyIrxhu dk nkekn lqcqDrxhu FkkA og izFke rqdhZ Fkk ftlus fganw'kkgh 'kkld t;iky dks ijkftr fd;kA

zzfnYyh

eqckjd f[kyth

z xtuoh

x;klqíhu rqxyd

rqdks± dk vkØe.k

eqgEen fcu rqxyd (tkSuk [kk¡) (1325&1351)

eè;dkyhu Hkkjr (MEDIEVAL INDIA)

mÙkj çns'k RO/ARO

ugjksa ls flpkbZ ,oa Mkd O;oLFkk izkjaHk djus okyk izFke lqYrku zzblus

Ñf"k foHkkx (nhoku&,&dksgh) dh LFkkiuk dh ftldk izeq[k ^vehj&,&dksgh* Fkk ftlus fdlkuksa dks Í.k (lksuèkj@rdkoh) ckaVs zzblus jkt/kuh LFkkukarj.k (fnYyh ls nkSyrkckn)] nksvkc esa dj o`f¼ vkSj lkadfs rd eqnkz (rk¡cas ;k dkalk) dk izpyu tSls dk;Z fd, tks fd vliQy jgsA zz;g gksyh esa Hkkx ysus okyk izFke lqYrku FkkA blds tSu lar ftu izHkk lwjh ls ?kfu"B laca/ FksA

59

Hkkjrh; bfrgkl

mÙkj çns'k RO/ARO

xq# jkenkl

zz ve`rlj

xq# vtqZunso

zz 1604

(1574-1581)

'kgj dh LFkkiukA

esa vkfnxzaFk dk ladyu ve`rlj tyk'k; osQ chp esa gj eafnj lkgc (Lo.kZ eafnj) dk fuekZ.kA eqxy jktoqQekj [kqljks dh lgk;rk ds dkj.k tgk¡xhj }kjk e`R;qnaMA xq# gjxksfoan zz^vdky r[r* (bZ'oj dk flagklu) dh LFkkiukA (1606-1644) fl[kksa dks ,d yM+kowQ leqnk; ds :i ea laxfBr fd;kA xq# gjjk; zz fl[kksa ds lkrosa xq#

(1581–1606)

(1644-1661)

xq# gjfd'ku

(1661-1664)

zz budh

e`R;q pspd ls gks xbZ FkhA

vkbu&,&vdcjh] vdcjukek rcdkrs&vdcjh rkjh[k&,&'ks j 'kkgh ;k rq g q i Qkr&, &vdcj 'kkgh eqUr[kko&mr&rokjh[k eqUr[kko&my&yqckc rqtqd&,&tgk¡xhjh ikn'kkgukek 'kkgtgk¡ukek iqQrqgkr&,&vkyexhjh etek&my&cgjhu (nks leqnkz as dk laxe)

vcqy iQ”ky fu”kkeqíhu vgen vCckl [kk¡ ljokuh cnk;w¡uh [kiQh [kk¡ tgk¡xhj] ekSrfen [kk¡ vCnqy gehn ykgkSjh buk;r [kk¡ bZ'ojnkl ukxj nkjk f'kdksg

xq# rsxcgknqj

bLyke Lohdkj u djus ds dkj.k vkSjax”ksc us orZeku 'kh'kxat xq#}kjs ds fudV ejok fn;kA xq# xksfoanflag zzfl•ksa ds nlosa vkSj vafre xq#A tUe LFkku iVuk (1675-1708) (1666 bZ-)A Lo;a dks lPpk ikn'kkkg dgkA îkgqy iz.kkyh* dh 'kq#vkrA [kkylk iaFk (1699) dh LFkkiukA fl[kksa ds fy;s ik¡p ddkj (ds'k] da?kk] Ñik.k] dPNk] dM+k) vfuok;Z fd;kA ^Ñ".kkorkj* rFkk ^”kiQjukek* dh jpukA ^fofp=kukVd* budh vkRedFkk dk ukeA 1708 esa ukanM s + (egkjk"Vª) esa xqy [kk¡ uked iBku }kjk gR;kA xq#in dh lekfIr rFkk vkfnxzFa k (xq#xzFa k lkfgc) dks gh xq# ?kksf"kr dj fn;kA (1664-1675)

egÙoiw.kZ eè;dkyhu iqLrdsa iqLrd ys[kd rcdkrs ukfljh feugkt&ml&fljkt rkjh[k&,&fiQjks”k'kkgh]iQrok&,&tgk¡nkjh f”k;kmíhu cjuh rkjh[k&,&fiQjks”k'kkgh 'kEl&,&fljkt viQhd rkt&my&ekflj glu futkeh rkjh[k&,&;kfeuh mRch rkjh[k&,&eqckjd'kkgh ;kg~;k fcu vgen ljfganh rqxydukek] [ktk,u&my&iqQrqg] uwg vehj [kqljks fligj] rkjh[k&,&vykbZ iqQrqg&ml&lykrhu blkeh xhr xksfoan t;nso ferk{kjk foKkus'oj in~ekor efyd eqgEen tk;lh pank;u eqYyk nkmQn chlynso jklks ujifr ukYg e`xkorh dqrqcu rqtqd&,&ckcjh (rqdhZ Hkk"kk) ckcj gqek;w¡ukek xqqycnu csxe

vkèkqfud Hkkjr (MODERN INDIA) mÙkjorhZ eqxy lkezkT; mÙkjorhZ eqxy 'kkld izeq[k rF; cgknqj'kkg izFke zz 'kkgs cs[kcj ds uke ls izfl¼ (eqvTte) zz 'kEHkk th ds iq=k 'kkgw dks eqxy dSn (1707–1712) ls eqDr fd;kA tgk¡nkj'kkg (1712–13) lokbZ jktk t;flag dks ^fetkZ* dh mikfèk nhA iQ#Z[kf'k;j (1713–19) tft;k ,oa rhFkZ;k=kk dj lekIr fd;kA eqgEen 'kkg (1719–48) zzcaxky] voèk] gSnjkckn tSls Lora=k (jaxhyk ckn'kkg) jkT; dk mn; zz 1739 esa ukfnj'kkg dk vkØe.k og vius lkFk dksfguwj ghjk vkSj ^r[rs rkml* ys x;kA 'kkg vkye f}rh; blds le; esa cDlj dk ;q¼ (1764) (1759 – 1806) gqvkA cgknqj'kkg f}rh; zz vafre eqxy 'kkld] bls ^”kiQj* uke (1837 – 57) ls tkuk tkrk FkkA zz 1857 esa fonzksfg;ksa dk lkFk nsus ds dkj.k jaxwu fuokZflrA

18oha 'krkCnh esa LFkkfir gq, uohu Lok;Ùk jkT; jkT;@laLFkkid egÙoiw.kZ rF; gSnjkckn 1724 fu”kke& osystyh dh lgk;d lafèk dks ekuus my&eqYd vkliQtkg okyk igyk jkT; (fpufdfyp [kk¡) dukZVd (lvknrmYyk [kk¡) dukZVd dh jktèkkuh vdkZV FkhA

65

n`fÔ ifCydsÓkUl ds vfèkfu;e ds rgr ,d la?kh; U;k;ky; dh LFkkiuk dh xbZA zzdkWUxzsl us bl vfèkfu;e dks fujk'kktud dgdj bldh fuank dhA tokgj yky usg: us bls ^vusd czsdksa okyk fdarq batujfgr xkM+h* dh laKk nh rFkk bls ^xqykeh dk vfèkdkj i=k* dgkA dkWUxzsl ds izeq[k vfèkos'ku vfèkos'ku@ egÙoiw.kZ rF; vè;{k@LFkku zz xksoqQynkl rstiky egkfo|ky; esa vk;ksftr igyk (1885), zz 72 izfrfufèk C;kse's kpanz cuthZ] zz ledkyhu xouZj tujy&ykWMZ MiQfju cacbZ zz izeq[k usrk lqjsanzukFk cuthZ mifLFkr ugha zz lfpo&,- vks- g;we nwljk (1886) bafM;u ,lksfl,'ku vkSj Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; dkWUxzsl nknkHkkbZ ukSjksth] dk foy; dydÙkk izFke eqfLye vè;{k rhljk (1887) cn:íhu rSÕ;c th] enzkl izFke vaxzs”k vè;{k pkSFkk (1888) tkWtZ ;wys] bykgkckn dydÙkk fo'ofo|ky; dh igyh efgyk Lukrd 1890 fiQjks”k'kkg dknafcuh xkaxy q h us dkWUxzl s vfèkos'ku dks lacksfèkr esgrk] dydÙkk fd;kA igyh ckj ôansekrje~* xk;k x;kA 1896 jgerqYyk l;kuh] dydÙkk 1905 xksiky Ñ".k zz caxHkax dh vkykspuk xks[kys] cukjl zz Lons'kh o cfg"dkj dk leFkZu dkWUxzsl dk ewy y{; ^Lojkt izkfIr* ?kksf"kr 1906 nknkHkkbZ fd;k x;kA ukSjksth] dydÙkk 1907 j k l f c g k j h dkWUxzsl dk foHkktu (ujeny o xje ny esa) ?kks"k] lwjr 1915 lR;sanz izlUu ykMZ osfyaxVu us Hkkx fy;kA flUgk] cacbZ zz ujeny vkSj xjeny dk ,dhdj.k 1916 vafcdkpj.k z z fryd o ,uh cslsaV dks iz;kl ls dkWUxzsl etwenkj] y[kumQ vkSj yhx esa le>kSrk ^y[kuÅ iSDV* zz fryd&¶Lojkt esjk tUe fl¼ vfèkdkj gS--¸ izFke efgyk vè;{k 1917 ,uh cslsaV] dydÙkk zz vlg;ksx vkanksyu ds dk;ZØe dk vuqeksnu 1920 lh- fot;kjk?kokpkjh zzblls iwoZ flarcj 1920 esa dydÙkk esa fo'ks"k vfèkos'ku esa vlg;ksx dk;ZØe dks LohÑfr ukxiqj ns nh xbZ FkhA zz1935

84

Hkkjrh; bfrgkl 1924 egkRek xkaèkh]

csyxke 1925 ljksftuh uk;Mw] dkuiqj 1927 ,e-,valkjh]enzkl 1929 tokgjyky usg:] ykgkSj 1931 cYyHkHkkbZ iVsy] djkph 1936 (vizSy) ts-,y- usg:] y[kumQ 1936 (fnlacj) ts-,y- usg:]iSQtiqj 1938 lqHkk"kpanz cksl] gfjiqjk 1939 lqHkk"kpanz cksl] f=kiqjh 1946 ts- ch Ñiykuh] esjB

,dek=k vfèkos'ku ftldh vè;{krk xkaèkh us dh FkhA izFke Hkkjrh; efgyk vè;{k zz Lora=krk

dk izLrko ikfjr deh'ku ds cfg"dkj dk izLrko ikfjr îw.kZ Lojkt* dh ekax zz lkbeu

zz ekSfyd

vfèkdkj dk izLrko le>kSrs dk vuqeksnu tokgjyky usg: us ^lektokn* dks Hkkjr dh leL;kvksa dks gy djus dh dqath crk;kA

zz xkaèkh&bjfou

izFke vfèkos'ku tks xk¡o esa gqvkA jk"Vªh; fu;kstu lfefr lqHkk"kpanz cksl ds bLrhiQk fn;s tkus ds ckn MkW- jktsanz izlkn dks vè;{k pquk x;kA vk”kknh ds le; ts-ch- Ñiykuh gh dkWUxzsl ds vè;{k FksA

xouZj tujy@ok;ljk; ,oa muds dk;Z xouZj tujy jkWcVZ Dykbo (caxky dk xouZj) (1757–60 ,oa

dk;Z esa }Sèk 'kklu dh LFkkiukA zzeqxy lezkV 'kkg vkye ds lkFk bykgkckn dh f}rh; lafèkA zzbls ^LoxZ ls mRiUu lsukuk;d* dgk x;k gSA zzcaxky

1765–67)

okjsu gs¯LVXl (1772–85)

zzcaxky

dk igyk xouZj tujy zzjktdh; dks"kkxkj dks eqf'kZnkckn ls dydÙkk LFkkukarfjr fd;kA zz1772 esa çR;sd f”kys esa ,d iQkStnkjh rFkk ,d nhokuh vnkyrksa dh LFkkiuk dhA zzeqxy lezkV dks feyus okyh ` 26 yk[k dh ok£"kd isa'ku can djok nhA zzcaxkyh czkã.k uan dqekj ij >wBs eqdnes dk vkjksi yxkdj iQk¡lh dh l”kk fnyokbZA zz,dek=k xouZj tujy ftl ij bXySaM ds gkmQl vkWiQ dkWeUl esa egkfHk;ksx pyk;k x;kA zzçFke vkaXy&ejkBk ;q¼ (1775–82), f}rh; vkaXy&eSlwj ;q¼ (1780–1784)

Hkkjrh; bfrgkl xksers'oj ew£r& xax&oa'k ls lacafèkr ea=kh pkeqaM jk; us iwo&Z eè; dky esa Jo.kcsyxksyk (dukZVd) esa izFke rhFk±dj ds iq=k ckgqcyh dh lcls HkO; vkSj 'kkunkj ewfrZ cuokbZ ftls xksers'oj ewfrZ dgrs gSAa

Hkkjrh; fp=dyk zzHkkjrh;

fp=kdyk ds izkphure uewus HkhecsVdk dh xqiQkvksa (jk;lsu] eè; izns'k) esa feyrs gSa tks iqjkik"kk.k dky ds gSaA zzvtark fp=kdyk% egkjk"Vª ds vkSjaxkckn f”kys esa lg~;kfnz dh igkfM+;ksa esa fLFkr vtark esa dqy 30 (dqN lzksrksa esa 29) xqiQk,¡ gSaA xqiQkvksa dh nhokjksa (fHkfÙk) rFkk Nrksa ij cuk, x, fp=kksa esa lokZfèkd egÙoiw.kZ fp=k tkrd dFkkvksa (Ckq¼ ds iwoZ tUe ls lacafèkr) ls lacafèkr gSaA 16oha xqiQk esa loZJs"B fp=k ej.kklUu jktdqekjh rFkk egkRek cq¼ ds mins'k dk gSA zzck?k xqiQkvksa dh fp=kdyk% eè; izns'k ds èkkj f”kys esa fLFkr foaè; ioZr Js.kh esa vofLFkr ck?k esa dqy ukS xqiQk,¡ gSa tks vtark ds ledkyhu gSaA ck?k dh xqiQkvksa esa ckS¼ èkeZ ds vykok lkekU; thou ds fp=k Hkh cgqrk;r esa feyrs gSaA zzvdcjdkyhu fp=kdyk% vdcjdkyhu iz e q [ k fp=k gS a & ge~”kkukek] vuokj lqgy S h] j”eukek (egkHkkjr dk iQkjlh vuqokn)] vdcjukek vkfn dk fp=k.kA vdcjdkyhu izfl¼ fp=kdkj gSa& nloar] felfdu] clkou] euksgj] ealwjA zzvdcj us fp=kdkj vCnqLlen dks ^'khjh dye* dh mikfèk çnku dh FkhA zzckcj

ds ledkyhu izfl¼ bZjkuh fp=kdkj csgtkn FkkA ds njckj esa nks izfl¼ bZjkuh fp=kdkj Fks& vCnqLlen vkSj ehj lS;n vyhA zztgk¡xhjdkyhu fp=kdyk% tgk¡xhj ds dky dks eqxy fp=kdyk dk Lo.kZ;xq dgk tkrk gSA bl dky esa Nfo fp=k.k ds lkFk&lkFk bl dky esa fp=kdyk dh eqjDds 'kSyh (vyce) rFkk vyaÑr gkfFk, dk fodkl gqvkA zzgqek;w¡

mÙkj çns'k RO/ARO zzbl

dky esa NksVs vkdkj ds fp=k (feus;spj) cukus dh ijaijk dh 'kq#vkr gqbZA zztgk¡xhj ds njckj ds izfl¼ fp=kdkj gSa& vdk fj”kk] vcq&vy glu] ealwj] fc'ku nkl] euksgj] xksoèkZu] ckypanA zzizfl¼ fp=kdkj mLrkn ealjw rFkk vcqy glu dks tgk¡xhj us Øe'k% ûkfnj&my&vlz* rFkk ûkfnj&mt&tek¡* dh mikfèk iznku dh FkhA zzealwj us ^lkbcsfj;u lkjl* dk izfl¼ fp=k cuk;k FkkA zz'kkgtgk¡dkyhu fp=kdyk% 'kkgtgk¡ ds vèkhu eqxy fp=kdyk us vius vPNs Lrj dks cuk, j[kk rFkk ;g ifjiDo Hkh gqbZA bl dky ds fp=kksa ds fo"k;ksa esa ;ou lqanfj;k¡] jaxegy] foyklh thou vkSj bZlkbZ èkeZ 'kkfey gq,A

Hkkjr dh nk'kZfud izo`fÙk;k¡ izkphu HkkSfrd n'kZu

iz.ksrk

mPNsnokn

vftr ds'k dEcfyu

vfØ;koknh

iwj.k d';i

fuR;oknh

ioqQèk dPpk;u

fu;froknh

eD[kfy xks'kky

vfu'p;oknh

lat; osyV~iqÙk

zzlka[;]

;ksx] U;k;] oS'ksf"kd] ehekalk vkSj osnkar vkfLrd n'kZu gSaA ukfLrd n'kZu esa ckS¼] tSu rFkk pkokZd izeq[k gSa] bls HkkSfrdrkoknh n'kZu Hkh dgrs gSaA

n'kZu

izorZd

n'kZu

izorZd

lka[;

dfiy eqfu

oS'ksf"kd

mywd d.kkn

;ksx

iratfy

ehekalk

tSfeuh

U;k;

xkSre

osnkar (mÙkj ehekalk)

'kadjkpk;Z

89

Hkkjrh; jkT;ra= (Indian Polity) lafoèkku dh izeq[k fo'ks"krk,¡ ,oa mísf'kdk gj lafoèkku dk ,d n'kZu gksrk gSA Hkkjr ds lafoèkku dk Hkh ,d n'kZu gS] tks tokgjyky usg: }kjk izLrqr ^mís'; çLrko* esa fufgr gSA ;gh mís'; izLrko lafoèkku dh îzLrkouk* (Preamble) dk vkèkkj cuk vkSj blh us laiw.kZ lafoèkku ds ^n'kZu* dks ewrZ :i iznku fd;kA mísf'kdk (izLrkouk) dks ^lafoèkku dh vkRek* Hkh dgk tkrk gSA lafoèkku lHkk ds xBu dk fopkj loZizFke okeiaFkh usrk ,e- ,ujkW; }kjk 1934 eas j[kk x;k FkkA

lafoèkku dh mísf'kdk zzmísf'kdk

dks lafoèkku lHkk us 22 tuojh] 1947 dks Lohdkj fd;k] ftls tokgjyky usg: us 13 fnlacj] 1946 dks mís';&izLrko ds :i esa lafoèkku lHkk ds le{k is'k fd;k FkkA zzizLRkkouk izorZuh; ugha gS vFkkZr~ bldh O;oLFkkvksa dks ykxw djokus ds fy;s U;k;ky; dk lgkjk ugha fy;k tk ldrkA zzHkkjrh; lafoèkku] lafoèkku lHkk }kjk 26 uoacj] 1949 dks LohÑr] vaxhÑr o vfèkfu;fer gqvk Fkk] tcfd 26 tuojh] 1950 ls iw.kZ Hkkjrh; lafoèkku ykxw gqvk FkkA zzlafoèkku dks 26 tuojh ds fnu ykxw djus dk fu.kZ;] Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; dkWUxzsl ds }kjk ykgkSj vfèkos'ku (fnlacj 1929) esa dh xbZ ?kks"k.kk rFkk 26 tuojh] 1930 ds fnu dks iw.kZ LojkT; fnol ds :i esa euk, tkus ds dkj.k fy;k x;kA zzlafoèkku lHkk dk pquko vizR;{k fuokZpu i¼fr }kjk gqvk Fkk] ftlesa lkekU;r% izR;sd 10 yk[k dh tula[;k ij ,d izfrfufèk pquk x;kA lafoèkku lHkk esa dqy 389 lhVsa (fczfV'k Hkkjr 296, ns'kh fj;klrsa 93) Fkha] ftuesa fczfV'k Hkkjr dh lhVksa esa dkWUxzsl dks 208, eqfLye yhx dks 73 o vU; NksVs nyksa dks 15 lhVsa izkIr gqb±A 9 fnlacj] 1946 dks lafoèkku lHkk dh çFke cSBd esa 9 efgyk,¡ mifLFkr FkhaA zzlafoèkku dh fuekZ.k izfØ;k esa Jh ch-,u- jko dks laoSèkkfud lykgdkj fu;qDr fd;k x;k rFkk fo'o ds yxHkx 60 egÙoiw.kZ ns'kksa ds lafoèkku dk vè;;u fd;k x;kA zzlafoèkku lHkk dh igyh cSBd 9 fnlacj] 1946 dks gqbZ FkhA lafoèkku ds iQkbuy MªkÝV dks cukus esa 2 lky 11 ekg vkSj 18 fnuksa dk le; yxk FkkA zzlafoèkku lHkk esa lafoèkku dk çFke okpu 4 ls 9 uoacj] 1948 rd] f}rh; okpu 15 uoacj] 1948 ls 17 vDrwcj] 1949 rd rFkk r`rh; okpu 14 uoacj ls 26 uoacj 1949 rd pykA

90

zzlafoèkku

lHkk izrhd (eqgj)&gkFkh zz,l-,u- eq[kthZ lafoèkku lHkk ds eq[; izk:idkj FksA zzlafoèkku lHkk ds 7osa vfèkos'ku esa egkÙek xkaèkh dks J¼katfy vfiZr dh xbZA zzHkkjrh; lafoèkku dh ewy izfr;ksa dks ghfy;e esa j[kdj lqjf{kr j[kk x;k gSA zzHkkjrh; lafoèkku iw.kZr% gLrfyf[kr gSA bls Jh izse fcgkjh ukjk;.k jk;tknk us fy[kk FkkA zzlafoèkku ds i`"Bksa (fganh laLdj.k) dks ltkus dk dk;Z 'kkafr fudsru ds dykdkj uanyky cksl }kjk fd;k x;kA zzewy lafoèkku esa dqy 395 vuqPNsn] 22 Hkkx o 8 vuqlwfp;k¡ FkhaA orZeku Hkkjrh; lafoèkku esa yxHkx 465 vuqPNsn] 25 Hkkx [ IV (d)] XIV (d)] IX (d)] IX ([k) ds tksM+s tkus rFkk VII ds fujflr fd;s tkus ds ckn] vkSj 12 vuqlwfp;k¡ gSaA gkyk¡fd vHkh Hkh vafre vafdr vuqPNsn la[;k 395 gh gS o Hkkx la[;k Hkh 22 gh gSA zzds'kokuan Hkkjrh cuke dsjy jkT; (1973) ds ekeys esa vfèkdrj U;k;kèkh'kksa us ekuk fd mísf'kdk lafoèkku dk vax gSA vr% mísf'kdk esa Hkh la'kksèku fd;k tk ldrk gS] ijarq ;g la'kksèku ^vkèkkjHkwr lajpuk ds fl¼kar* ds vèkhu gksxkA izLrkouk dk iz;ksx lafoèkku dh O;k[;k ds fy;s fd;k tk ldrk gSA zzmísf'kdk esa dsoy ,d ckj 42osa lafoèkku la'kksèku vfèkfu;e] 1976 }kjk la'kksèku dj rhu u, 'kCn ^lektoknh*] îaFkfujis{k* vkSj ^v[kaMrk* tksM+s x,A zz26 uoacj Hkkjr esa lafoèkku fnol ds :i esa euk;k tkrk gSA bldh 'kq#vkr 2015 ls gqbZ] D;ksafd ;g o"kZ lafoèkku fuekZrk MkW- Hkhejko vacMs dj ds 125osa tUeo"kZ ds :i esa euk;k x;k FkkA 22 tqykbZ] 1947 24 tuojh] 1950

lafoèkku lHkk }kjk LohÑfr jk"Vªh; èot (frjaxk) jk"Vªh; xku (tu x.k eu)] jk"Vªh; xhr

lafoèkku fuekZ.k ls lacafèkr dk;Z lfefr;k¡ cM+h lfefr;k¡ vè;{k la?k 'kfDr lfefr] la?kh; lafoèkku lfefr] tokgjyky usg: jkT;ksa ds fy;s lfefr izk:i lfefr MkW- ch-vkj- vacsMdj ewy vfèkdkjksa ,oa vYila[;d lacaèkh ljnkj oYyHkHkkbZ iVsy ijke'kZ lfefr] izkarh; lafoèkku lfefr

n`fÔ ifCydsÓkUl

Hkkjrh; jkT;ra= jkT;lHkk] yksdlHkk] foèkkulHkk vkSj foèkku ifj"kn~ dh rqyuk

lnu → rqyuk dk vkèkkj ↓ xBu

pquko iz.kkyh dk;Zdky vofèk

lnL;rk ds fy;s vgZrk2

jkT;lHkk zzvuqPNsn&80 zzvfèkdre

lnL; = 250 (238 fuokZfpr + 12 euksuhr) zzorZeku lnL; = 245 (ftuesa 12 euksuhr] 233 fuokZfpr) zzlaln }kjk 7oas lafoèkku la'kksèku 1956 }kjk fnYyh dks 3 o iqnqPpsjh dks 1 LFkku jkT;lHkk esa fn;k x;k lHkh la?k {ks=kksa dk izfrfufèkRo ckè;dkjh ughaaA zzvizR;{k fuokZpu zzLFkk;h lnu zzlnL;ksa dk dk;Zdky – 6 o"kZ zzHkkjr

dk ukxfjd] vk;q U;wure 30 o"kZ

yksdlHkk

foèkku ifj"kn~

zzvuqPNsn&81 zzvfèkdre

lnL; = 552 zzjkT;ks a ds vfèkdre izfrfufèk = 530 zzla ? k jkT; {ks = kks a ds vfèkdre izfrfufèk = 20 zzjk"Vªifr }kjk nks vkaXy Hkkjrh; lnL;ks a dk euksu;u (vuqPNsn 331) zzorZ e ku lnL; = 545 (530 jkT; ls] 13 la?k jkT;] 2 euksuhr)

zzvuqPNsn& 171

zzvuqPNsn& 170 lnL; = 40 zzvfèkdre la[;k = 500 zzvfèkdre lnL; = zzU;wure la[;k = 60 foèkkulHkk lnL; dh dqy la[;k (vuqPNsn 371 ds rgr ds 1/3 ls vfèkd ugha dgha&dgha de Hkh) (1/6 lnL; jkT;iky }kjk euksuhr) zzxksok& 40 zzflfDde& 32 viokn&tEew vkSj d'ehj (36 lnL;) zzdqN jkT;ksa esa 1 vkaXy& Hkkjrh; dk euksu;u jkT;iky }kjk vuqPNsn &333 zz2 la ? k jkT; {ks = kks a es a foèkkulHkk& fnYyh (70)] iqnqPpsjh (30) zzU;wure

zzizR;{k

fuokZpu zzlkekU;r% 5 o"kZ] ijarq jk"Vªifr muls igys Hkh fo?kVu dj ldrk gSA

zzvizR;{k

zzHkkjr

zzHkkjr


foèkkulHkk

fuokZpu1 zzizR;{k fuokZpu lkekU;r% 5 o"kZ (tEew& zzLFkk;h lnu zzlnL;ksa dk dk;Zdky& 6 o"kZ d'ehj es a 6 o"kZ ) ija r q jkT;iky mlls igys Hkh fo?kVu dj ldrk gSA dk ukxfjd] vk;q U;wure 30 o"kZ

zzHkkjr


1. lafoèkku ds vuqPNsn 171 (3) ds vuqlkj foèkku ifj"kn~ ds 1/3 lnL; foèkkulHkk ds lnL;ksa }kjk 1/3 LFkkuh; laLFkkvksa lnL; 3 lky ls Lukrd ;k Lukrd ds lerqY; ds }kjk] 1/12 lnL; tks 3 lky ls ekè;fed Lrj ;k mlls m¡Qps Lrj gSa] ds }kjk] (1/6) lnL; jkT;iky }kjk euksuhr tks lkfgR;] dyk] foKku] lektlsok ,oa lgdkfjrk vkanksyu ls tqM+s

ds lnL;ksa }kjk] 1/12 dh d{kkvksa esa f'k{kd gksaA 2. mi;qZDr pkjksa lnuksa ds fy;s laln }kjk ikfjr fdlh fofèk ds vèkhu fuèkkZfjr vgZrk o lafoèkku dh rhljh vuqlwph esa bl iz;kstu ds fy;s fn;s x, izk:i ds vuqlkj 'kiFk ysuk o ekufld :i ls foÑr u gksuk vko';d gSA zzjkT;lHkk] yksdlHkk] foèkkulHkk] foèkku ifj"kn~ dk dksbZ lnL; vxj lnu ls vuqefr fy;s cxSj 60 fnuksa rd vuqifLFkr jgrk gS rks mldh lnL;rk lekIr dh tk ldrh gSA zzjkT; foèkkulHkk@foèkku ifj"kn~ ds fy;s mlh jkT; ds foèkkulHkk {ks=k dk iathÑr ernkrk gksuk vko';d gSA

èku foèks;dksa dh izfØ;k zzdksbZ

foèks;d èku foèks;d (Money Bill) gS ;k ugha] ;g fuf'pr djus dh 'kfDr foèkkulHkk vè;{k ds ikl gSA bl lacaèk esa mldk fu.kZ; vafre gksrk gSA zzèku foèks;d dsoy foèkkulHkk esa jkT;iky dh iwoZ lgefr ij iqu%LFkkfir fd;k tkrk gSA ;g ,d ljdkjh foèks;d gksrk gS tks fliZQ ,d ea=kh }kjk gh iqu%LFkkfir fd;k tkrkA f}lnuh; foèkkueaMy gksus ij foèkkulHkk ls ikfjr èku foèks;d foèkku ifj"kn~ ds fopkjkFkZ Hkstk tkrk gSA bl foèks;d dks vLohdkj djus ;k la'kksèku djus dh 'kfDr foèkku ifj"kn~ ds ikl ugha gksrh gSaA

108

og dsoy fliQkfj'k dj ldrh gS rFkk foèks;d dks vfèkdre 14 fnuksa rd jksd ldrh gSA foèkku ifj"kn~ dh fliQkfj'kksa dks foèkkulHkk ekuus] ;k u ekuus ds fy;s Lora=k gksrh gSA zzbl izdkj nksuksa lnuksa ls ikl gksus ds ckn foèks;d jkT;iky ds le{k is'k fd;k tkrk gSA foèkkulHkk vè;{k foèks;d ds lkFk bl vk'k; dk izek.k&i=k i`"Bkafdr djrk gS fd ;g èku foèks;d gSA vuqPNsn 200 ds rgr èku foèks;d ds ekeys esa jkT;iky dks ;g vfèkdkj ugha gS fd og mls jkT; ds foèkkueaMy dks iqufoZpkj ds fy;s ykSVk ldsA mlds ikl rhu gh fodYi gksrs gSaµ igyk ;g fd og ml ij LohÑfr ns] nwljk ;g fd LohÑfr jksd ys

n`fÔ ifCydsÓkUl 249

jkT; lwph ds fo"k; ds lacaèk esa jk"Vªh; fgr esa dkuwu cukus dh laln dh 'kfDrA

262

varjkZT;h; ufn;ksa ;k unh&?kkfV;ksa ds ty lacèa kh fooknksa dk U;k;&fu.kZ;uA

vkSj vfuok;Z f'k{kk ds fy;s funsZ'kA

263

varjkZT;h; ifj"kn~ ds lacaèk esa micaèkA

vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa] vuqlwfpr tutkfr;ksa vkSj vU; det+ksj oxks± ds f'k{kk vkSj vFkZ lacaèkh fgrksa dh vfHko`f¼ ds fy;s funsZ'kA

265

fofèk ds izkfèkdkj ds fcuk djksa dk vfèkjksi.k u fd;k tkukA

275

dqN jkT;ksa dks la?k ls vuqnkuA

43 [k (43 B)

lgdkjh lfefr;ksa ds LoSfPNd xBu dks izkRs lkfgr djukA

44

ukxfjdksa ds fy;s ,d leku ukxfjd lafgrk ds fy;s funsZ'kA

45

46

6 o"kks± ls de vk;q okys ckydksa ds fy;s fu%'kqYd

50

dk;Zikfydk ls U;k;ikfydk ds i`FkDdj.k ds fy;s funs'Z kA

280

foÙk vk;ksxA

51

varjkZ"Vªh; 'kkafr vkSj lqj{kk dh vfHko`f¼ ds fy;s funs'Z kA

300

okn vkSj dk;Zokfg;k¡A

300d (300A)

laifÙk dk vfèkdkjA

51d (51A)

ekSfyd drZO;A

61

jk"Vªifr ij egkfHk;ksx pykus dh izfØ;kA

72

{kek vkfn dh vkSj dqN ekeyksa eas naMkns'kksa ds fuyacu] ifjgkj ;k y?kqdj.k dh jk"Vªifr dh 'kfDrA

74 75

311

la?k ;k jkT; ds vèkhu flfoy gSfl;r esa fu;ksftr O;fDr;ksa dk inP;qr fd;k tkuk] in ls gVk;k tkuk ;k inkour fd;k tkukA

jk"Vªifr dks lgk;rk vkSj lykg nsus ds fy;s eaf=kifj"kn~A

312

vf[ky Hkkjrh; lsok,¡A

jk"Vªifr izèkkuea=kh dks fu;qDr djsxk rFkk izèkkuea=kh dh lykg ij 'ks"k eaf=k;ksa dks fu;qDr djsxkA eaf=kifj"kn~ yksdlHkk ds izfr lkewfgd :i ls mÙkjnk;h gksxhA

315

la?k vkSj jkT;ksa ds fy;s yksd lsok vk;ksxA

320

yksd lsok vk;ksxksa ds ÑR; A

78

jk"Vªifr dks tkudkjh nsus vkfn ds lacaèk esa izèkkuea=kh ds drZO;A

110

èku foèks;d dh ifjHkk"kkA

112

okf"kZd foÙkh; fooj.kA

123

323d (323A)

iz'kklfud vfèkdj.kA

324

fuokZpuksa ds vèkh{k.k] funs'Z ku vkSj fu;a=k.k dk fuokZpu vk;ksx esa fufgr gksukA

330

yksdlHkk esa vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa vkSj vuqlwfpr tutkfr;ksa ds fy;s LFkkuksa dk vkj{k.kA

laln ds foJkafrdky esa vè;kns'k iz[;kfir djus dh jk"Vªifr dh 'kfDrA

335

lsokvksa vkSj inksa ds fy;s vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa vkSj tutkfr;ksa ds nkosA

143

mPpre U;k;ky; ls ijke'kZ djus dh jk"Vªifr dh 'kfDrA

338

jk"Vªh; vuqlwfpr tkfr vk;ksxA

155

jkT;iky dh fu;qfDrA

161

{kek vkfn dh vkSj dqN ekeyksa eas] naMkns'k ds fuyacu] ifjgkj ;k y?kqdj.k dh jkT;iky dh 'kfDrA

340

163

jkT;iky dks lgk;rk vkSj lykg nsus ds fy;s eaf=kifj"kn~A

350 d

167

jkT;iky dks tkudkjh nsus vkfn ds lacaèk esa eq[;ea=kh ds drZO;A

352

vkikr dh ?kks"k.kk [jk"Vªh; vkikrdky]A

356

jkT;ksa esa laoSèkkfud ra=k ds foiQy gks tkus dh n'kk esa micaèkA

338 d

jk"Vªh; vuqlwfpr tutkfr vk;ksxA fiNM+s oxks± dh n'kkvksa ds vUos"k.k ds fy;s vk;ksx dh fu;qfDrA izkFkfed Lrj ij ekr`Hkk"kk esa f'k{kk dh lqfoèkk,¡A

169

jkT;ksa esa foèkkuifj"knksa dk mRlknu ;k l`tuA

200

foèks;dksa ij vuqefrA

360

foÙkh; vkikr ds ckjs esa micaèkA

213

foèkkueaMy ds foJkafrdky esa vè;kns'k iz[;kfir djus dh jkT;iky dh 'kfDrA

365

la?k }kjk fn;s x, funsZ'kksa dk vuqikyu djus esa ;k mudks izHkkoh djus esa vliQyrk dk izHkkoA

226

dqN fjV fudkyus dh mPp U;k;ky; dh 'kfDrA

368

lafoèkku dk la'kksèku djus dh laln dh 'kfDr vkSj mlds fy;s izfØ;kA

370

tEew&d'ehj jkT; ds lacaèk esa vLFkk;h micaèkA

239dd (239AA)

120

Hkkjrh; jkT;ra=

fnYyh ds lacaèk esa fo'ks"k micaèkA

Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk] tula[;k ,oa uxjhdj.k

(Indian Economy, Population and Urbanization) LokLF; (nh?kZ ,oa LoLFk thou) nh?kZ ,oa LoLFk thou dks ^tUe ds le; thou izR;k'kk* ls vFkZO;oLFkkvksa (ns'kksa) }kjk viukbZ xbZ mRiknu iz.kkfy;ksa rFkk muesa jkT; ;k ljdkj dh Hkwfedk ds vkèkkj ij vFkZO;oLFkkvksa dk O;Dr fd;k tkrk gSA bls LokLF; dk ladsrd Hkh dgrs gSa rFkk thou izR;k'kk lwpdkad (Li) ds :i esa vkdyu djrs gSaA oxhZdj.k fuEufyf[kr izdkj ls fd;k tkrk gS&

vFkZO;oLFkkvksa dk oxhZdj.k

vFkZO;oLFkk% bl vFkZO;oLFkk esa mRiknu] vkiwfrZ] dher dk fuèkkZj.k ck”kkj }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA iwathoknh vFkZO;oLFkk rFkk 'kkL=kh; vFkZ'kkL=k dk mn~xe lzksr ,Me fLeFk dh iqLrd ^n osYFk vkWiQ us'kal* (1776) dks ekuk tkrk gSA zzjkT; vFkZO;oLFkk% bl vFkZO;oLFkk esa mRiknu] vkiw£r vkSj dher dk iQSlyk ljdkj }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA ,slh vFkZO;oLFkkvksa dks osaQæhÑr fu;ksftr vFkZO;oLFkk Hkh dgrs gSaA bl izdkj dh vFkZO;oLFkk dk igyk fl¼kar teZu nk'kZfud dkyZ ekDlZ (1818–1883) us fn;k FkkA zzfefJr vFkZO;oLFkk% fefJr vFkZO;oLFkk esa jkT; vFkZO;oLFkk rFkk iwathoknh vFkZO;oLFkk] nksuksa ds y{k.k fo|eku jgrs gSaA Hkkjr lkoZtfud rFkk futh {ks=k ds lgvfLrRo ds dkj.k ,d fefJr vFkZO;oLFkk okyk ns'k gSA zziwathoknh

vk£Fkd fodkl dh ekiu fofèk;k¡ bldk izfriknu varjkZ"Vªh; Jfed laxBu (ILO) ds fo'o jks”kxkj lEesyu (WEP), 1976 esa la;qDr jk"Vª (UN) rFkk fo'o cSad ds lg;ksx ls fd;k x;kA (PQLI)

bldk izfriknu ekfj'k Mh- ekfj'k }kjk fd;k x;k ftUgksaus thou izR;k'kk] f'k'kq e`R;q nj rFkk lk{kjrk dks feykdj PQLI dk fuekZ.k fd;kA

Ø;'kfDr lerk fofèk

(PPP)

loZizFke bl fofèk dk iz;ksx 1993 esa varjkZ"Vªh; eqnzk dks"k }kjk fd;k x;k rFkk orZeku esa fo'o cSad fofHkUu ns'kksa ds jgu&lgu ds Lrj dh rqyuk rFkk xjhch nj ds ekiu ds fy;s dj jgk gSA

ekuo fodkl lwpdkad

(HDI)

ekuo fodkl lwpdkad] vFkZ'kkL=kh egcwc&my&gd }kjk fodflr voèkkj.kk gSA ;g lwpdkad fdlh ns'k esa thou izR;k'kk] f'k{kk rFkk izfr O;fDr vk; ds vkèkkj ij rS;kj fd;k tkrk gS tks lacafèkr ns'k esa vkfFkZd fodkl ,oa vkfFkZd dY;k.k dks iznf'kZr djrk gSA ,p-MhvkbZ- (HDI) dk vkdyu fuEu rhu vk;keksa ij vkèkkfjr gS&

122

thou Lrj bls izfr O;fDr ldy jk"Vªh; vk; (GNI) }kjk O;Dr fd;k tkrk gSA bldk vkdyu GNI lwpdkad (Ii)ds :i esa fd;k tkrk gSA vr% ,pMhvkbZ (HDI) = (Li × Ei × Ii)1/3 mi;qZDr vkèkkjksa ij rS;kj HDI dks ,d fjiksVZ ds :i esa HDR (Human Development Report) uke ls UNDP }kjk izfro"kZ tkjh fd;k tkrk gSA HDI lwpdkad ,d dh Ldsy (0–1) ds chp ns'kksa dks muds izn'kZu ds vkèkkj ij LFkku nsrk gSA

xzkWl us'kuy gSIihusl GNH (Gross National Happiness) dh

vkèkkjHkwr vko';drk n`f"Vdks.k

thou dh HkkSfrd xq.koÙkk funsZ'kkad

f'k{kk (Kku) bls nks ladsrdksa }kjk O;Dr fd;k tkrk gS% LowQfyax ds vkSlr o"kZ] LowQfyax ds izR;kf'kr o"kZ bldk vkdyu f'k{kk lwpdkad (Ei) ds :i esa fd;k tkrk gSA

ladYiuk fgeky;h ns'k HkwVku us o"kZ 1970 ds n'kd esa fn;k tks thou Lrj] LokLF;] le; mi;ksx] f'k{kk] lkaLÑfrd fofoèkrk] lq'kklu] lkeqnkf;d thoarrk] ikfjfLFkfrd fofoèkrk] yphykiu rFkk ekufld LokLF; ij vkèkkfjr gSA

fo'o [kq'kgkyh fjiksVZ ;g fjiksVZ la;qDr jk"Vª la?k ds ,d fudk; ^lLVsuscy MsoyiesaV lkWY;w'ku usVodZ* }kjk tkjh dh tkrh gSA bldh igyh fjiksVZ o"kZ 2012 esa tkjh dh xbZ FkhA fo'o [kq'kgkyh fnol 20 ekpZ dks euk;k tkrk gSA [kq'kgkyh eki ds vkèkkj gSa& izfr O;fDr ?kjsyw mRikn] lkekftd lg;ksx] LoLF; thou izR;k'kk] thou fodYiksa ds p;u dh Lora=krk] mnkjrk] Hkz"Vkpkj dk cksèkA

jk"Vªh; vk; (National Income) fdlh Hkh vFkZO;oLFkk esa ,d o"kZ ds nkSjku mRikfnr vafre oLrqvksa rFkk lsokvksa ds ekSfnzd ewY; ds ;ksx dks jk"Vªh; vk; (NI) dgrs gSaA Hkkjr esa jk"Vªh; vk; lacaèkh vka¡dMs+ foÙkh; o"kZ 1 vizSy ls 31 ekpZ rd ds gksrs gSaA osaQæh; lkaf[;dh dk;kZy; (CSO) jk"Vªh; vk; ds vkdyu rFkk izdk'ku ds fy;s mÙkjnk;h gS tks bl dk;Z esa jk"Vªh; izfrn'kZ losZ{k.k dk;kZy; (NSSO) dh enn izkIr djrk gSA

Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk] tula[;k ,oa uxjhdj.k Hkkjr esa èkkfeZd tux.kuk (Religious Census) ds vkadM+s èkk£ed tula[;k izfr'kr èkk£ed tula[;k izfr'kr 79.8 14.2 fganw eqfLye 2.3 1.7 bZlkbZ fl[k 0.7 0.4 ckS¼ tSu 0.7 vU; zzfo'o es bZlkbZ èkeZ dh lokZfèkd vkcknh gS blds ckn bLyke èkeZ dh vkcknh gSA

mÙkj çns'k RO/ARO z Hkkjr

esa lokZfèkd uxjh@'kgjh tula[;k izfr'kr okys jkT; (vojksgh Øe esa) Øe'k% xksok] fe”kksje] rfeyukMq ,oa osQjy gSa tcfd U;wure 'kgjh tula[;k izfr'kr okys jkT; Øe'k% fgekpy izns'k] fcgkj] vle] vksfM'kk ,oa es?kky; gSaA egkuxj (Metropolitan City): ftl ûxj@'kgj* dh tula[;k 10 yk[k ;k mlls vfèkd gks] mls êgkuxj* dgrs gSaA Hkkjr esa izeq[k egkuxj fuEufyf[kr gSa& eqacbZ] fnYyh] dksydkrk] psUubZ] caxyw:] gSnjkckn] bankSj] y[kuÅ] i.kth] f=kosanze vkfnA

Hkkjr ds izeq[k egkuxj (?kVrs Øe esa) o"kZ 2011 dh tux.kuk ds vuafre vk¡dM+ksa ds vuqlkj& uxjh; {ks=k (Urban Area) z eq acbZ & 18.41 fefy;u] fnYYkh & 16.31 fefy;u] dksydkrk & z tux.kuk 2011 ds vuqlkj uxjh; {ks=k dks nks Jsf.k;ksa esa ifjHkkf"kr 14.11 fefy;u] psUubZ & 8.70 fefy;u fd;k x;k gS& 1. oSèkkfud uxj 2. tux.kuk uxj Hkkjr ds 10 yk[k ;k vfèkd (1 fefy;u Iyl) z ôSèkkfud uxj* ls rkRi;Z ,sls lHkh {ks=kksa ls gS tgk¡ uxjikfydk] tula[;k okys uxj&2011 uxjikfydk lfefr] uxj fuxe] dSaVksuesaV (Nkouh) cksMZ vkfn z z mÙkj iz n s ' k& 7 (dkuiq j] y[kuÅ] vkxjk] xkf”k;kckn] okjk.klh] LFkkuh; fudk; gksaA os Q jy& 7, egkjk"Vª&6, xqtjkr&4, rfeyukMq&4 vkaèkz es j B] bykgkckn) z ^tux.kuk uxj* ls rkRi;Z ,sls lHkh {ks=kksa ls gS tks fuEufyf[kr izns'k&3, >kj[kaM&3, jktLFkku&3, iatkc&2, fcgkj&1 ekunaMksa dks iwjk djrs gSa& ftldh U;wure tula[;k 5 g”kkj gks ,oa iq#"kksa dh dk;Z'khy z tux.kuk 2011 ds vuqlkj 10 ls 40 yk[k tula[;k okys uxjksa dh la[;k 44 (2001 esa 35) gS] tcfd 40 yk[k ls vfèkd tula[;k dk de&ls&de 75 izfr'kr xSj&Ñf"k dk;ks± esa layXu tula[;k okys uxjksa dh la[;k 9 gSA gksA ml {ks=k dk tula[;k ?kuRo de&ls&de 400 O;fDr izfr esxk flVh (Mega City): ,sls uxj@'kgj ftudh oqQy uxjh; oxZ fdyksehVj gksA z ,sls uxj dks tgk¡ dh tula[;k 1 yk[k ;k mlls vfèkd gS ^'kgj* laoqQyu tula[;k 1 djksM+ ls vfèkd gks] êsxk flVh* dgykrs gSaA Hkkjr esa izeq[k esxk flVh gSa& eqacbZ] fnYyh] dksydkrkA (City) dh laKk nh tkrh gSA

tux.kuk&2011 ds vafre vk¡dMs+ vkèkkj tula[;k (jkT;) tula[;k (dsanz 'kkflr izns'k) n'kdh; tula[;k o`f¼ nj (jkT;) n'kdh; tula[;k o`f¼ nj (dsanz 'kkflr izns'k) tula[;k ?kuRo (jkT;) tula[;k ?kuRo (dsanz 'kkflr izns'k) fyaxkuqikr (jkT;) fyaxkuqikr (dsanz 'kkflr izns'k) f'k'kq fyaxkuqikr (jkT;)

vojksgh Øe esa vkjksgh Øe esa mÙkj izns'k (19,98,12,341), egkjk"Vª (11,23,74,333), flfDde (6,10,577), fe”kksje (10,97,206), v#.kkpy fcgkj (10,40,99,452) izns'k (13,83,727) fnYyh (1,67,87,941), iqnqPpsjh (12,47,953), paMhx<+ y{k}hi (64,473), neu vkSj nho (2,43,247), nknjk ,oa (10,55,450) ukxj gosyh (3,43,709) es?kky; (27.95%), v#.kkpy izns'k (26.03%), fcgkj ukxkySaM (–0.6%), dsjy (4.91%), xksok (8.23%) (25.42%)

nknjk ,oa ukxj gosyh (55.9%), neu ,oa nho (53.8%), iqnqPpsjh (28.1%) fcgkj (1106), if'pe caxky (1028), dsjy (860) fnYyh (11320), paMhx<+ (9258), iqnqPpsjh (2547)

y{k}hi (6.3%), vaMeku&fudksckj }hi lewg (6.9%), paMhx<+ (17.2%) v#.kkpy izns'k (17), fe”kksje (52), flfDde (86) vaMeku&fudksckj }hi lewg (46), nknjk ,oa ukxj gosyh (700), y{k}hi (2149) dsjy (1084), rfeyukMq (996), vkaèkz izns'k (993) gfj;k.kk (879), tEew&d'ehj (889), flfDde (890) iqnqPpsjh (1037), y{k}hi (946), vaMeku&fudksckj }hi neu ,oa nho (618), nknjk ,oa ukxj gosyh (774), paMhx<+ (818) lewg (876) v#.kkpy izns'k (972), fe”kksje (970), es?kky; (970) gfj;k.kk (834), iatkc (846), tEew&d'ehj (862)

131

n`fÔ ifCydsÓkUl f'k'kq fyaxkuqikr (dsanz 'kkflr izns'k) lk{kjrk nj (jkT;) lk{kjrk nj (dsanz 'kkflr izns'k) iq#"k lk{kjrk nj (jkT;) efgyk lk{kjrk nj (jkT;) iq#"k lk{kjrk nj (dsanz 'kkflr çns'k) efgyk lk{kjrk nj (dsanz 'kkflr çns'k) vuqlwfpr tkfr tula[;k (jkT;) vuqlwfpr tkfr tula[;k izfr'kr (jkT;) vuqlwfpr tutkfr tula[;k izfr'kr (jkT;@ dsna z 'kkflr çns'k) xzkeh.k tula[;k (jkT;) xzkeh.k tula[;k izfr'kr (jkT;) 'kgjh tula[;k (jkT;)

Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk] tula[;k ,oa uxjhdj.k vaMeku&fudksckj }hi lewg (968), iqnqPpsjh (967), nknjk ,oa ukxj gosyh (926) dsjy (94%), fe”kksje (91.3%), xksok (88.7%) y{k}hi (91.8%), neu ,oa nho (87.1%), vaMeku& fudksckj }hi lewg (86.6%) dsjy (96.1%), fe”kksje (93.3%), xksok (92.6%) dsjy (92.1%), fe”kksje (89.3%), xksok (84.7%) y{k}hi (95.5%), neu nho (91.5%), iqnPq psjh (91.26%)

fnYyh (871), paMhx<+ (880), neu ,oa nho (904) fcgkj (61.8%), v#.kkpy izn's k (65.4%), jktLFkku (66.1%) nknjk ,oa ukxj gosyh (76.2%), iqnPq psjh (85.8%), paMhx<+ (86.05%)

fcgkj (71.2%), v#.kkpy izn's k (72.6%), vkaèkz izn's k (74.9%) fcgkj (51.5%), jktLFkku (52.1%), >kj[kaM (55.4%) nknjk ,oa ukxj gosyh (85.1%), paMhx<+ (89.9%), vaMeku&fudksckj }hi lewg (90.2%) y{k}hi (87.9%), vaMeku&fudksckj }hi lewg (82.4%), nknjk ,oa ukxj gosyh (64.3%), neu ,oa nho (79.5%), paMhx<+ (81.1%) iqnqPpsjh (80.6%) mÙkj izn's k (4,13,57,608), if'pe caxky (2,14,63,270), fe”kksje (1218), es?kky; (17,355), xksok (25,449) fcgkj (1,65,67,325) iatkc (31.9%), fgekpy izns'k (25.2%), if'pe caxky fe”kksje (0.1%), es?kky; (0.58%), xksok (1.74%) (23.5%)

y{k}hi (94.7%), fe”kksje (94.4%), v#.kkpy çns'k mÙkj çns'k (0.56%), rfeyukMq (1.10%), fcgkj (1.28%) (68.7%)

mÙkj izn's k (15,53,17,278), fcgkj (92,341,436), if'pe flfDde (4,56,999), fe”kks j e (5,25,435), xks o k (5,51,731) caxky (62,183,113) fgekpy izn's k (89.9%), fcgkj (88.7%), vle (85.9%) xksok (37.83%), fe”kksje (47.89%), rfeyukMq (51.60%) egkjk"Vª (5,08,18,259), mÙkj izns'k (4,44,95,063), flfDde (1,53,578), v#.kkpy izn's k (3,17,369), ukxkySMa (5,70,966) rfeyukMq (3,49,17,440) xksok (62.17%), fe”kksje (52.11%), rfeyukMq (48.40) fgekpy iz n s ' k (10.03%), fcgkj (11.29%), vle

'kgjh tula[;k izfr'kr (14.10%) (jkT;) uksV% iqnqPpsjh] iatkc] gfj;k.kk] fnYyh] paMhx<+ esa dksbZ vuqlwfpr tutkfr fuokl ugha djrh gSA

Hkkjr ds lanHkZ esa xjhch z Hkkjr esa xjhch fuèkkZj.k dk vkèkkj miHkksx O;; gSA z Hkkjr esa vk”kknh ds ckn izFke ckj 1971 esa nkaMsdj&jFk iQkewZys ds vkèkkj ij oSKkfud rjhds ls xjhch js[kk dk fuèkkZj.k fd;k x;kA z 1979 esa vy?k lfefr dh fjiksVZ ds vkèkkj ij xzkeh.k {ks=kksa esa 2400 oSQyksjh vkSj 'kgjh {ks=kksa esa 2100 oSQyksjh ls de miHkksx djus okys O;fDr dks xjhc ekuk x;kA z jk"Vªh; uewuk losZ{k.k laxBu (NSSO) ds 68 osa nkSj ds vk¡dM+s (2011-12) ds vuqlkj Hkkjr esa NÙkhlx<+ esa lokZfèkd fuèkZurk vuqikr (39.93 izfr'kr) gSA blds i'pkr~ >kj[kaM (36.96 izfr'kr)] ef.kiqj (36.89 izfr'kr)] v#.kkpy izns'k (34.67 izfr'kr) rFkk fcgkj (33.74 izfr'kr) gSA lcls de fuèkZurk xksok (5.09 izfr'kr), dsjy (7.05 izfr'kr)] fgekpy izns'k (8.06 izfr'kr), flfDde (8.19 izfr'kr) tSls jkT;ksa esa gSA xjhch osQ ;s vk¡dM+s rsanqydj fofèk }kjk ifjdfyr fd;s x, FksA

132

cgqvk;keh xjhch lwpdkad

(Multidimensional Poverty Index– MPI) z ,e-ih-vkbZ-

dh voèkkj.kk dks ;w,uMhih (UNDP) }kjk çdkf'kr ekuo fodkl fjiksVZ&2010 esa fodflr fd;k x;kA cgqvk;keh xjhch funsZ'kkad ds rhu vk;keksa] ;Fkk&LokLF;] f'k{kk ,oa thou fuokZg dk Lrj ds varxZr nl laosQrd& f'k'kq e`R;q] iks"k.k] Ldwy esa ukekadu] fo|ky;h f'k{kk] laifÙk;k¡] [kkuk cukus dk b±èku] vkokl] fo|qr] ty ,oa 'kkSpky; 'kkfey gSaA z cgqvk;keh xjhch lwpdkad Hkkjr esa xjhch dh rhozrk dh eki ds fy;s lcls mi;qDr gSA

Xykscy gaxj baMsDl (GHI) ,d ,slk lwpdkad tks {ks=kh;] jk"Vªh; rFkk oSf'od Lrj ij Hkw[k dks ekius rFkk ml ij uT+kj j[kus ds fy;s varjkZ"Vªh; [kk| uhfr vuqlaèkku laLFkku (IFPRI) }kjk fodflr fd;k x;k gSA

Hkkjrh; d`f"k (Indian Agriculture) Hkkjr esa Ïf"k Hkkjr ,d Ñf"k izèkku ns'k gSA ;gk¡ dh 50 izfr'kr ls vfèkd vkcknh izR;{k ;k vizR;{k :i ls Ñf"k ls viuh vkthfodk izkIr djrh gSA zz1950–51 esa Hkkjr ds ldy ?kjsyw mRikn (GDP) esa Ñf"k dk ;ksxnku tgk¡ 52 izfr'kr Fkk] ogha 2016–17 ds vkfFkZd losZ{k.k ds vuqlkj Ñf"k ,oa lacafèkr {ks=k dk ;ksxnku ek=k 17 izfr'kr jg x;k gSA zzHkkjr esa dqy Hkwfe ds yxHkx 60 izfr'kr Hkkx ij Ñf"k dk;Z fd;k tkrk gSA zzHkkjr esa tksr (Ñf"k Hkwfe) dh miyCèkrk ds vkèkkj ij Ñ"kdksa dks fuEufyf[kr Jsf.k;ksa esa ck¡Vk x;k gSA tksr lhekar tksr NksVh tksr vèkZ&eè;e eè;e tksr cM+h tksr

tksr dk vkdkj 1 gsDVs;j ls de 1 – 2 gsDVs;j 2 – 4 gsDVs;j 4 – 10 gsDVs;j 10 gsDVs;j ls vfèkd

izfr'kr 67.10 17.91 10.04 4.25 0.70

zzHkkjr

esa fØ;k'khy tksrksa dk vkSlr vkdkj 2010 – 11 ds vk¡dM+ksa ds vuqlkj 1.15 gsDVs;j gSA

Hkkjr dh izeq[k Qlysa pkoy (èkku) zzpkoy

m".kknzZ tyok;q dh [kk| iQly gSA bldh jksikbZ ds fy;s 25° ls- ls vfèkd rkieku] ,slh e`nk,¡ ftudh ty&èkkj.k {kerk vfèkd gksrh gSA tSls& tyks<+d e`nk ,oa 100 ls-eh- ls vfèkd o"kkZ dh vko';drk gksrh gSA zzxksYMsu èkku dh fdLe esa lokZfèkd ek=kk esa foVkfeu A ik;k tkrk gSA zz;g Hkkjr dh lokZfèkd egÙoiw.kZ iQly gS] ftldk dqy [kk|kUu mRiknu esa 43 izfr'kr fgLlk gSA zzphu ds ckn pkoy mRiknu esa Hkkjr fo'o esa nwljs LFkku ij gSA zzHkkjr esa pkoy mRiknu esa i- caxky] mÙkj izns'k] (èkku dh [ksrh ds varxZr lokZfèkd {ks=k) rFkk iatkc vxz.kh jkT; gSaA nf{k.kh jkT;ksa rFkk if'pe caxky esa tyok;q vuqdwyrk ds dkj.k ,d Ñf"k o"kZ esa pkoy dh nks ;k rhu iQlysa cksbZ tkrh gSa] ijarq fgeky; rFkk ns'k ds mÙkj if'pe Hkkxksa esa ;g nf{k.k&if'pe ekulwu

Írq esa mxkbZ tkrh gSA ns'k ds fofHkUu {ks=kksa esa pkoy dh bu iQlyksa dks fHkUu&fHkUu uke ls tkurs gS& jkT; if'pe caxky vle vksfM'kk fcgkj dsjy rfeyukMq

'kjn Írq vkWl vgw fc;kyh HknbZ fo:iq dq:obZ@ lksukZojh

'khr Írq veu lyh ljn vxguh eaqndu lkack@FkykM+h

xzh"e Írq cksjks cksjks Myqvk xjek iaqtk uojkbZ

èkku dh izeq[k fdLesa t;k] lkdsr] iwlk] lqxaèkk] xksfoan] dkosjh] ekgh lqxaèkk] jruk] ljtw] iwjx&33, ywuhJh vkfnA

xsgw¡ zz;g

'khrks".k tyok;q dh [kk| iQly gSA bldh cksvkbZ ds fy;s mitkmQ cyqbZ e`nk] 10° ls 15° ls- rkieku ,oa 50 lseh- rd okf"kZd o"kkZ vko';d gSA zzHkkjr esa xsgw¡ mRiknu esa mÙkj izns'k] eè; izns'k rFkk iatkc vxz.kh jkT; gSaA zzfo'o esa xsgw¡ mRiknu esa Hkkjr phu ds ckn nwljs LFkku ij gSA

xsgw¡ dh izeq[k fdLesa zzyekZ&jkstks] lksukjk&64] eSdksjkuh] VL– 829, H.S –420, H.S – 355

eDdk zzeDdk

v¼Z 'kq"d tyok;q dh [kk| ,oa pkjk iQly gS] ftls ^vuktksa dh jkuh* ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA bldh [ksrh ds fy;s 18°–27° ls- rkieku] mPp tyèkkj.k {kerk ;qDr e`nk] 50 lseh- ls 100 lseh- o"kkZ rFkk ikykjfgr ekSle mi;qDr gSA ;g jch] [kjhiQ ,oa tk;n rhuksa Írqvksa dh iQly gSA zzHkkjr esa egkjk"Vª] dukZVd rFkk eè; izn' s k Øe'k% eDdk ds lcls cM+s mRiknd jkT; gSAa vesfjdk fo'o esa lcls cM+k mRiknd ns'k gSA

eDdk dh izeq[k fdLesa zzizrki] iwlk vyh] ladj&5, foosd eDdk&

11, fxjtkA

nygu zznyguh

iQlysa e`nk dh moZjrk dh n`f"V ls egÙoiw.kZ gksus ds lkFk izksVhu ;qDr [kk|kUu gSA zzHkkjr fo'o esa nky dk lcls cM+k mRiknd ,oa miHkksDrk ,oa vk;krd ns'k gSA

135

i;kZoj.k (Environment) ikfjfLFkfrdh ra= (Ecosystem)

thoksa dk leqnk; vkSj lkFk gh og i;kZoj.k ftlesa os fuokl djrs gSa] îkfjfLFkfrdh ra=k* vFkok îkfjra=k (bdksflLVe)* dgykrk gSA ;g ,d [kqyk ra=k gSA ikfjra=k dk vkdkj ,d NksVs rkykc ls ysdj ,d fo'kky egklkxj rd gks ldrk gSA lkeqfnzd ikfjfLFkfrdh ra=k i`Foh dk lcls cM+k o LFkk;h ikfjfLFkfrdh ra=k gSA ikfjfLFkfrdh (Ecology) thoksa ds vkilh lacaèkksa vkSj i;kZoj.k ds chp muds lacèa kksa dk oSKkfud vè;;u îkfjfLFkfrdh* (bdksykWth) dgykrk gSA bl 'kCn ds çFke ç;ksxdrkZ ^vusZLV gsdsy* FksA

fudsr (Niche) ,d çtkfr dks thus ds fy;s ftu tSfod] HkkSfrd ;k jklk;fud dkjdksa dh ”k:jr gksrh gS] mu lcdks lfEefyr :i ls fudsr dgrs gSaA nwljs 'kCnksa esa fudsr ,slk LFkku gS] tgk¡ fdlh iztkfr ds vfLrRo ds fy;s vko';d i;kZoj.kh; n'kk,¡ lqyHk gksaA lkekU;r% nks fHkUu iztkfr;ksa dk fudsr ,d leku ugha gksrkA Hkkjrh; ou fLFkfr fjiksVZ] 2015 Hkkjrh; ou fLFkfr fjiksVZ] 2015 ds vuqlkj ns'k esa ouksa o o`{kksa ds nk;js esa 5081 oxZ fdyksehVj dh o`f¼ gqbZ gSA Hkkjr esa ou vkSj o`{k vkPNkfnr {ks=k blds dqy HkkSxksfyd {ks=k dk 24-16 çfr'kr gS] tcfd i;kZoj.k larqyu gsrq oukarxZr {ks=kiQy 33 izfr'kr gksuk pkfg;sA çeq[k fcanq zzns'k esa dqy ou vkPNkfnr {ks=k 7,01,673 oxZ fdyksehVj gS] tks dqy HkkSxksfyd {ks=kiQy dk 21-34 çfr'kr gSA zzo`{k vkPNkfnr {ks=k 92,572 oxZ fdyksehVj gS] tks dqy HkkSxksfyd {ks=kiQy dk 2-82 çfr'kr gSA zz2013 ds fiNys ewY;kadu dh rqyuk esa ou vkPNkfnr {ks=kiQy esa 3,775 oxZ fdyksehVj dh vkSj o`{k vkPNkfnr {ks=kiQy esa 1,306 oxZ fdyksehVj (dqy 5,081 oxZ fdyksehVj) dh o`f¼ gqbZ gSA zz2013 dh rqyuk esa 16 jkT;ksa@dsanz'kkflr izns'kksa esa oukoj.k esa deh vkbZ gSA lcls ”;knk deh fe”kksje esa gqbZA zzeSaxzkso ouksa dk lokZfèkd oxZ fdeh- foLrkj Øe'k% if'pe caxky (2,106)] xqtjkr (1,107)] vaMeku vkSj fudksckj }hilewg (617)] vkaèkz çns'k (367) vkSj vksfM'kk (231) eas gSA zzns'k esa ou {ks=kiQy dh n`f"V ls lcls cM+k jkT; eè; çns'k gSA mlds ckn v#.kkpy çns'k rFkk NÙkhlx<+ gSA zzçfr'kr dh n`f"V ls lokZfèkd ou {ks=kiQy fe”kksje (88.93 çfr'kr) dk gSA nwljs LFkku ij y{k}hi (84.56 çfr'kr) gSA

vknzZHkwfe ikfjra= zzvknzZHkwfe;k¡

oSls nynyh ;k ty okys {ks=k gSa] tgk¡ lkyHkj ;k lky ds oqQN eghuksa esa izkÑfrd ;k Ñf=ke :i ls 'kkar ;k cgrk gqvk] ehBk ;k [kkjs ikuh okyk] leqnzh ;k xSj&leqnzh ty teko gksA zzikfjfLFkfrdh O;oLFkk cuk, j[krs gq, ;s iks"kd rÙoksa dk iqufuZekZ.k o ”kgjhys rÙoksa dks fuf"Ø; djrh gSA blfy;s vknzZHkwfe;ksa dks îzÑfr dh fdMuh* dgrs gSaA Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk 1985–86 esa jk"Vªh; vknzZHkwfe laj{k.k dk;ZØe pyk;k x;kA oSf'od Lrj ij vknzZHkwfe;ksa ds laj{k.k ds fy;s o"kZ 1971 esa jkelj (bZjku) esa ,d varj&ljdkjh cgqi{kh; lEesyu gqvkA jkelj le>kSrs ds varxZr Hkkjr esa 26 vknzZHkwfe gSA

eksaVªsDl fjdkWMZ jkelj lEesyu ds rgr eksaVªsDl fjdkWMZ varjkZ"Vªh; egÙo dh vknzZHkwfe;ksa dh lwfp;ksa ij ,sls vknzZHkwfe LFkyksa dk ,d jftLVj gS tgk¡ rduhdh fodkl] iznw"k.k ;k vU; ekuoh; gLr{ksi ds dkj.k ikfjfLFkfrdh Lo:i esa udkjkRed ifjorZu vk;k gS] vkus okyk gS ;k vkus dh laHkkouk gSA Hkkjr ds dsoyknso jk"Vªh; m|ku (jktLFkku) ,oa yksdVd >hy (ef.kiqj) eksaVªsDl fjdkWMZ ds varxZr lwphc¼ gSaA

eSaxzkso ikfjra= m".k vkSj miks".k dfVcaèkh; leqnzrVh; {ks=kksa esa ik, tkus okys o`{kksa vkSj >kfM+;ksa ds ,sls lewg] ftuesa yo.kh; ty dks lgus dh vPNh {kerk gksrh gS] eSaxzkso dgs tkrs gSaA bu ouksa dh ikfjfLFkfrdh mRikndrk (dkcZfud inkFkks± ds mRiknu dh nj) ?kkl o leqnzh ikfjra=k ls Hkh vfèkd gksrh gSA Hkkjr esa laqnjou eSaxzkso fo'o dk lcls foLr`r eSaxzkso gSA vksfM'kk dk Hkhrjdf.kdk eSaxzkso Hkh dkiQh foLr`r gSA ;s eSaxzkso cgqr lkjs tho& tUrqvksa ds vkokl vkSj iztuu LFky gSaA

izoky fHkfÙk (Coral Reefs) zzizoky (Coral)

,d izdkj dk tarq gS] tks twtSaFkys uked ,ddksf'kdh; 'kSoky (Algae) ds lkFk lgthfork (Symbiotic Relation) esa jgrk gSA ;s izk;% xeZ vkSj LoPN leqnzh ty esa ik, tkrs gSaA izoky dh tSo fofoèkrk vkSj ikfjfLFkfrdh mRikndrk vR;fèkd gksus ds dkj.k gh bUgsa ^leqnz dk o"kkZou* dgrs gSaA zzHkkjr esa izoky fHkfÙk vaMeku ,oa fudksckj] y{k}hi] eUukj dh [kkM+h rFkk dPN dh [kkM+h esa ikbZ tkrh gSA

141

fo'o ,oa Hkkjr dk Hkwxksy (World and Indian Geography) fo'o dk Hkwxksy (WORLD GEOGRAPHY) czãkaM (Universe) zzczãkaM

dk oSKkfud vè;;u dkWLeksykWth (Cosmology) dgykrk gSA zzxkWM ikfVZdy (fgXl ckslkWu) ls czãkaM dh mRifÙk osQ jgL;ksa dks lqy>kus dk iz;kl fd;k tk jgk gSA zzczãkaM esa ik, tkus okys lHkh vkdk'kh; fiMksa dh fo'ks"krkvksa dk oSKkfud vè;;u [kxksy'kkL=k (Astronomy) ds varxZr vkrk gSA zzloZizFke dkWijfudl us 16oha 'krkCnh esa ;g izfrikfnr fd;k fd lw;Z gekjs lkSjeaMy dk osaQæ gS vkSj i`Foh mldh ifjØek djrh gSA zz[kxsky'kkL=kh dsiyj us 17oha 'krkCnh esa xzgksa ds xfr lacaèkh fu;eksa dk izfriknu fd;k FkkA

vkdk'kxaxk (Galaxy) czãkaM esa ik, tkus okys rkjksa] xzgksa] mixzgksa vkfn ds teko (iqat) dks vkdk'k xaxk dgrs gSaA czãkaM esa vkdk'kxaxk dh nh?kZ o`Ùkkdj (Elliptical), lfiZy (Spiral) rFkk vO;ofLFkr (Irregular) izdkj dh vkÑfr;k¡ igpkuh xbZ gSa gekjh vkdk'kxaxk nqXèk es[kyk@eankfduh (Milky Way) lfiZy vkÑfr dh gSA

rkjk (Star) zzrkjs

czãkaM esa ik, tkus okys xSlksa osQ pednkj fiaM gksrs gSaA buesa viuk izdk'k ik;k tkrk gS ftldk lzksr ukfHkdh; lay;u gksrk gSA zzrkjksa esa lokZfèkd ek=kk gkbMªkstu xSl (70%) dh gksrh gSA blds ckn ghfy;e xSl dh ek=kk gksrh gSA zz,d fuf'pr vkÑfr esa O;ofLFkr rkjksa ds lewg dks u{k=k dgk tkrk gSA zzrkjksa dk jax mudh vk;q dk lwpd gksrk gSA tks rkjk ftruk pedhyk gksrk gS mldh vk;q mruh gh de gksrh gSA zzi`Foh ds èkzqo ij 90 fMxzh dk dks.k cukus okyk rkjk èkzqo (Pole Star) rkjk dgykrk gSA zztc paæek] lw;Z vkSj i`Foh osQ chp vk tkrk gS rks bls lw;Zxzg.k dgk tkrk gSA ;g ?kVuk osQoy vekoL;k dks gh gksrh gSA

lkSjeaMy zzlw;Z

rFkk blds pkjksa vksj pDdj yxkus okys fofHkUu xzgksa] {kqnzxzgksa] èkwedsrqvksa rFkk vU; vkdk'kh; fiaMksa ds lewg dks lkSjeaMy dgrs gSaA zzgekjs lkSjeaMy esa 8 xzg gaSA

vkdkj osQ vuqlkj xzgksa dk vojksgh Øe 1. c`gLifr 2. 'kfu 3. v#.k 4.o#.k 5. i`Foh 6. 'kqØ 7. eaxy 8. cqèk nzO;eku osQ vuqlkj xzgksa dk vojksgh Øe 1. c`gLifr 2. 'kfu 3. o#.k 4. v#.k 5. i`Foh 6. 'kqØ 7. eaxy 8. cqèk ?kuRo osQ vuqlkj xzgksa dk vojksgh Øe 1. i`Foh 2. cqèk 3. 'kqØ 4. eaxy 5. o#.k 6. c`gLifr 7. v#.k 8. 'kfu ifjØe.k vofèk ,oa lw;Z ls nwjh osQ vuqlkj xzgksa dk vkjksgh Øe 1. cqèk 2. 'kqØ 3. i`Foh 4.eaxy 5. c`Lifr 6. 'kfu 7. v#.k 8. o#.k d{kh; osx osQ vuqlkj xzgksa dk vojksgh Øe 1. cqèk 2. 'kqØ 3. i`Foh 4.eaxy 5. c`gLifr 6. 'kfu 7. v#.k 8. o#.k VsjsLVªh;y xzg 1. cqèk 2. 'kqØ 3. i`Foh 4. eaxy tksfc;u xzg 1. c`gLifr 2. 'kfu 3. v#.k 4. o#.k

lw;Z (Sun) zzlkSj

eaMy dk dsanzh; lnL; lw;Z i`Foh dk fudVre rkjk gSA zzlw;Z vkdk'kxaxk ds dsanz dh ifjØek yxHkx 22.5 djksM+ o"kks± esa iwjh djrk gS ftls czãkaM o"kZ (Cosmic Year) dgrs gSaA zzlw;Z ds izdk'k dh xfr yxHkx 3 yk[k fdyksehVj izfr lsdaM gSA i`Foh rd lw;Z dk izdk'k igq¡pus esa 8 feuV 20 lsdaM dk le; yxrk gSA zzlw;Z dh vkarfjd lajpuk osQ osaQæh; Hkkx dks dksj (Core) dgk tkrk gS tcfd cká lajpuk osQ ckgjh Hkkx dks dksjksuk (Corona) dgk tkrk gS] tks lw;Z xzg.k osQ le; fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA blls X-Ray mRlftZr gksrk gSA izdk'k eaMy (Photosphere) lkekU; le; esa lw;Z dk fn[kus okyk Hkkx gSA zzlw;Z ds dksj dk rkieku tgk¡ 15 fefy;u °C gS ogh iQksVksLisQ;j (lrg) dk rkieku 6000°C gksrk gSA lw;Z ds èkCcksa dk rki 1500°C gksrk gSA

lkSjeaMy ds xzg z xzg

ftUgsa uaxh vk¡[kksa ls ns[kk tk ldrk gS& cqèk] 'kqØ] eaxy] c`gLifr o 'kfuA

147

n`fÔ ifCydsÓkUl vkYIl (1200 fdeh-) MSªoSaQloxZ (1000

fdeh-) ekmaV fdyheatkjks fr,u&'kku lqyseku Js.kh tkxzksl Js.kh fijsuht okWLtst CySd iQkWjsLV vykLdk Js.kh dkWLosQM Js.kh oklkp Js.kh fl,jk usoknk ckYdu ioZr ,Vyl

iBkj dksyafc;k&Lusd dksyjSMks dacjySaM

152

fo'o ,oa Hkkjr dk Hkwxksy

;wjksi (izQk¡l] vkWfLVª;k] Lyksosfu;k] fydVsaLVhu] bVyh] teZuh] fLoV~tjySMa ) vizQhdk (nf{k.k vizQhdk] yslksFkks] LokthySaM)

loksZPp pksVh& eksaV Cykd (ofyr ioZr) loks Z P p pks V h&rckuk ,aVhysu;kuk (ofyr ioZr)

ra”kkfu;k

vizQ hdk dh loksZ Pp pksVhA o"kZHkj ciZQ ls
ykWjsf'k;k fdacjys frCcr cksxksVk nDdu dk iBkj

dukMk vkWLVªsfy;k phu dksyafc;k Hkkjr

eslsVk fp;kikl ;wdkWu xszV csflu

eSnku

Lisu eè; esfDldks dukMk] ;w-,l-,;w-,l-,ns'k

dkaVks eSnku

tkiku ds gksa'kw }hi ds iwohZ Hkkx esa fLFkrA

eapwfj;u eSnku

phu ds mÙkj iwoZ esa fLFkrA

;kaxRth eSnku

phu esa fLFkr pkoy mRiknu ds fy;s izfl¼A

esdkax ?kkVh

dacksfM;k] pkoy mRiknu ds fy;s izfl¼A

bjkonh dk eSnku

E;k¡ekj pkoy ds fy;s izfl¼A

xaxk&czãiq=k dk eSnku Hkkjr o ckaXykns'k pkoy mRiknu ds fy;s fo[;krA flaèkq&lryt dk eSnku Hkkjr o ikfdLrku xsg¡w mRiknu ds fy;s fo[;krA ejs&Z Mkfy±x dk eSnku

vkWLVsªfy;k ds iwohZ Hkkx esa xsg¡w mRiknu ds fy;s fo[;krA

MkmUl eSnku

vkWLVsfª y;k esa 'khrks".k dfVcaèkh; ?kkl dk eSnku] HksM+ ikyu {ks=kA

gaxjh dk eSnku

dkjisfFk;u o fMukfjd vkYIl ioZr ds eè;A

yksEckMhZ dk eSnku

bVyh ds mÙkjh Hkkx esa fLFkr] ;wjksi dk lokZfèkd pkoy mRiknd {ks=kA

fo'o osQ çeq[k e#LFky e#LFky lgkjk] ukehc] uwfc;u flEilu] fxClu] xzsV lSaMh] xzsV foDVksfj;k jc&vy&[kkyh xksch dkykgkjh dkjkdqe vVkdkek n'r&,&dfoj] nLr&,&yqr ekstkos iSVkxksfu;k lksuksjku] fpgqvkgqvku rdyk edku vu&ukiqQn

vofLFkfr vizQhdk vkWLVsªfy;k lÅnh vjc] vkseku] ;eu] ;w,bZ eaxksfy;k] phu ('khrks".k e#LFky) cksRlokuk] ukehfc;k] nf{k.k vizQhdk rqdZesfuLrku mÙkjh fpyh (fo'o dk 'kq"dre e#LFky) bZjku ;w-,l-,vts±Vhuk] fpyh ('khrks".k e#LFky) vesfjdk] esfDldks phu lÅnh vjc

mÙkj izns'k % ,d uT+kj esa (Uttar Pradesh : At a Glance) jktuhfrd iz'kklu zzvizSy 1937

esa fczfV'k jkt ds le; ^la;qDr izkar* ds uke ls bldk xBu fd;k x;k Fkk ,oa 26 tuojh] 1950 dks bldk uke ^la;qDr izkar ls cnydj ^mÙkj izns'k* dj fn;k x;kA zz1858 rd bldh jktèkkuh vkxjk Fkh fiQj 1858&1921 rd bykgkckn jgh vkSj 1921 ls vkt rd y[kuÅ gSA zzo"kZ 1921 esa ;gk¡ foèkkuifj"kn dk xBu fd;k x;kA zz9 uoacj] 2000 dks mÙkj izns'k dk foHkktu gqvk rFkk 13 f”kys vyx djds ,d i`Fkd~ jkT; ^mÙkjkapy* (2007 esa uke cnydj mÙkjk[kaM fd;k x;k) cuk;k x;kA zzjkT; foèkkulHkk dk izFke xBu 1937 esa fd;k x;kA zzjk"Vªh; jktèkkuh {ks=k (NCR) esa mÙkj izns'k ds 7 f”kys lfEefyr gSaA ;s gSa& esjB] xkf”k;kckn] xkSre cq¼ uxj] cqyan'kgj] gkiqM+] ckxir o eq”kÝiQjuxjA zzizns'k esa ernkrkvksa dh dqy la[;k 14.16 djksM+ (tuojh 2016 esa) gSA zzmÙkj izns'k foèkkuifj"kn ds izFke lHkkifr Jh pUnzHkky FksA

mÙkj izns'k& jkT; izrhd zzmÙkj izn' s k dk jktdh; fpÉµ ,d o`Ùk esa 2 eNyh rFkk ,d rhj&èkuq"k (1938 esa LohÑr) zzmÙkj izns'k dk jktdh; o`{kµ v'kksd zzmÙkj izns'k dk jktdh; iq"iµ iyk'k (Vslw) zzmÙkj izn' s k dh jktdh; Hkk"kkµ fganh (1947)] f}rh; mnwZ (1989) zzmÙkj izns'k dk LFkkiuk fnolµ uoacj 1956 zzmÙkj izns'k dk jktdh; i'kqµ ckjgflaxk zzmÙkj izns'k dk jktdh; i{khµ lkjl ;k ØkSap zzmÙkj izn's k dk jktdh; [ksyµ gkWdh

zzpkSèkjh

pj.k flag ,oa fo'oukFk izrki flag mÙkj izns'k ds ,sls eq[;ea=kh Fks ftUgsa Hkkjr ds izèkkuea=kh gksus dk xkSjo izkIr gSA zzeks- 'kiQh dqjS'kh mÙkj izns'k ds nks ckj dk;Zokgd jkT;iky jgs gSaA zzmÙkj izns'k foèkkulHkk vè;{k Jh cukjlh nkl ,oa Jhifr feJk dks izns'k dk eq[;ea=kh cuus dk Hkh xkSjo izkIr gqvkA zzorZeku esa mÙkj izns'k ds eq[; fuokZpu vk;qDr Vh- osadVs'k gSaA zz17oha foèkkulHkk esa usrk foi{k Jh jke xksfoUn pkSèkjh (lektoknh ikVhZ) gSaA zzorZ e ku es a (7os a ) yks d k;q D r U;k;ew f rZ Jh la t ; feJk (31.013.2016 ls) gSaA zzizn's k esa izFke ckj jk"Vªifr 'kklu 25-2-1968 ls 25-2-1969 rd jgk FkkA zzlokZfèkd ckj foèkkulHkk vè;{k Jh vkRekjke xksfoUn [ksj o ds'kjh ukFk f=kikBh (3-3 ckj) cus gSaA zzfoèkkulHkk esa lnL;ksa dh dqy la[;k&404 (403 fuokZfpr] 1 euksuhr) zzfoèkkuifj"kn esa lnL;ksa dh la[;k&100 zzyksdlHkk lnL;ksa dh la[;k & 80 zzjkT;lHkk lnL;ksa dh la[;k & 31 zzlokZfèkd foèkkulHkk lhV okyk f”kyk& bykgkckn (11) zzlcls cM+s eaMy& dkuiqj vkSj y[kumQ zzlcls NksVk eaMy& lgkjuiqj zzizns'k dk igyk dsanzh; dkjkxkj& cjsyhA zzjkT; esa vHkh rd dqy 10 ckj jk"Vªifr 'kklu yxk;k x;kA zzizFke eq[;ea=kh& xksfoan oYyHk iar zzizFke efgyk eq[;ea=kh& lqpsrk Ñiykuh zzizFke jkT;iky (,dek=k efgyk jkT;iky)& ljkstuh uk;Mw zzlokZfèkd ckj eq[;ea=kh & ek;korh zzorZeku jkT;iky & Jh jke ukbZd

iz'kklfud bdkb;k¡ f”kyksa dh la[;kµ 75 eaMyksa dh la[;kµ 18 (18ok¡ vyhx<+) HkkSfrd lajpuk vkfFkZd laHkkx {ks=kµ 4 uxjksa ,oa uxj lewgksa dh la[;kµ 915 zzmÙkj izns'k dk {ks=kiQy 2,40,928 oxZ fdeh- gS (Hkkjr ds {ks=kiQy xzke iapk;rµ 59073 rglhyµ 342 dk yxHkx 7-33%)A uxj iapk;rµ 423 uxjikfydk ifj"knµ 193 zz{ks=kiQy dh n`f"V ls ;g ns'k dk pkSFkk lcls cM+k jkT; gS uxj fuxeµ 16 dqy xzkeµ 106774 (jktLFkku] eè; izns'k] egkjk"Vª Øe'k% igys] nwljs ,oa rhljs vkckn xzkeµ 97814 LFkku ij gSa)A zzlokZfèkd {ks=kiQy okys 4 f”kys Øe'k% y[kheiqj [khjh] lksuHknz] zzukjk;.k nÙk frokjh ,dek=k ,sls jktusrk jgs ftUgksaus mÙkj izns'k gjnksbZ o lhrkiqj gSaA ds vykok mÙkjk[kaM ds eq[;ea=kh in dks Hkh lq'kksfHkr fd;kA z z lcls de {ks=kiQy okys 4 f”kys Øe'k% gkiqM+] xkf”k;kckn] Hknksgh zzizn' s k esa lcls de foèkkulHkk lhVksa okys f”kys Øe'k% fp=kdwV] o 'kkeyh gSaA egksck rFkk JkoLrh (izR;sd esa 2 lhV) gSAa

188

mÙkj izns'k % ,d uT+kj esa

mÙkj çns'k RO/ARO

uxj fudk; ç.kkyh

z ns'k

mÙkj çns'k esa uxj Lok;Ùk ç'kklu dh 'kq#vkr 1916 esa la;qDr çkar Vkmu ,fj;k vfèkfu;e o la;qDr uxj çkar ikfydk vfèkfu;e] 1916 ikfjr gksus ds ckn gqbZA 74osa lafoèkku la'kksèku ds i'pkr~ mÙkj çns'k LFkkuh; Lo'kklu dkuwu (la'kksèku) vfèkfu;e] 1994 cuk;k x;k rFkk f=kLrjh; O;oLFkk ykxw dh xbZA uxj fuxe uxjikfydk ifj"kn uxj iapk;r

uxj fuxe z es;j&

çR;{k :i ls pquko (5 o"kZ ds fy;s) z lHkkln& çR;{k :i ls pquko z mi es;j& lHkklnksa }kjk pquko (1 o"kZ ds fy;)s z es;j ds f[kykiQ vfo'okl çLrko in xzg.k frfFk ls nks o"kZ rd ugha yk;k tk ldrk gSA

uxjikfydk ifj"kn~ z vè;{k&

çR;{k pquko z mikè;{k& vçR;{k pquko z fuokZfpr lnL;& 25 ls 55 rd z euksuhr& 3 ls 5 lnL;

uxj iapk;r zzvè;{k&

çR;{k fuokZpu zzmikè;{k& vçR;{k fuokZpu zzfuokZfpr lnL;& 10 ls 24 rd zzeuksuhr lnL;& 2 ls 3 lnL; z iapk;rksa dk dk;Zdky çFke vfèkos'ku ls ik¡p o"kZ rd gksrk gSA

tux.kuk & 2011 z izns'k

dh dqy tula[;k rFkk ns'k dk izfr'kr& 19,98,12,341

(16.51%) z jkT;

dh dqy tula[;k esa iq#"kksa dk izfr'kr& 52.29% efgykvksa dk izfr'kr& 47.71% z jkT; dh dqy xzkeh.k tula[;k dk izfr'kr& 77.7% z jkT; dh dqy uxjh; tula[;k dk izfr'kr& 22.3% z ns'k dh dqy xzkeh.k vkcknh esa mÙkj izns'k dh izfr'krrk 18.63% (ns'k esa izFke) gSA

dh dqy 'kgjh vkcknh esa mÙkj izns'k dh izfr'krrk 11.79% (egkjk"Vª ds ckn nwljk) gSA z fo'o lanHkZ esa mÙkj izns'k tula[;k esa phu] Hkkjr] vesfjdk o b.Mksusf'k;k ds ckn 5osa LFkku ij gSA blls igys ;g NBs LFkku ij FkkA bl nkSjku czk”khy blls ihNs NwV x;kA z ns'k esa {ks=kiQy dh n`f"V ls mÙkj izns'k dk LFkku jkTkLFkku] eè; izns'k o egkjk"Vª ds ckn pkSFkk gS] ysfdu tula[;k ds ekeys esa mÙkj izn's k izFke LFkku ij gSA z mÙkj izns'k esa ns'k dh dqy tula[;k ds 16.51% yksx jgrs gSa] ysfdu {ks=kiQy esa ns'k ds dqqy {ks=kiQy dk ek=k 7.33% gSA z lokZfèkd tula[;k okys 5 f”kys& (1) bykgkckn] (2) eqjknkckn] (3) xkf”k;kckn] (4) vk”kex<+ vkSj (5) y[kumQA z U;wure tula[;k okys 5 f”kys& (1) egksck] (2) fp=kdwV] (3) gehjiqj] (4) JkoLrh vkSj (5) yfyriqjA z 2011 dh tux.kuk ds vuqlkj lokZfèkd xzkeh.k vkcknh& (1) bykgkckn] (2) vk”kex<+] (3) tkSuiqjA z lcls de xzkeh.k vkcknh& (1) xkSre cq¼ uxj] (2) egksck] (3) gehjiqjA z lokZ f èkd 'kgjh vkcknh& (1) xkf”k;kckn] (2) y[kuÅ] (3) dkuiqj uxjA z lcls de 'kgjh vkcknh& (1) JkoLrh] (2) fp=kdwV] (3) dkS'kkEchA z lokZfèkd iq#"k vkcknh okys 5 f”kys (?kVrs Øe esa) µ bykgkckn] eqjknkckn] xkf”k;kckn] dkuiqj uxj] y[kuÅA z lokZfèkd efgyk vkcknh okys 5 f”kys (?kVrs Øe es) a µ bykgkckn] vk”kex<+] tkSuiqj] eqjknkckn] y[kuÅA z U;wure xzkeh.k izfr'krrk okys 5 f”kys Øe'k% µ xkf”k;kckn] y[kuÅ] dkuiqj uxj] xkSre cq¼ uxj] esjBA z tux.kuk 2011 ds vuqlkj lokZfèkd eqfLye vkcknh okyk jkT;& mÙkj izns'kA

f'k'kq tula[;k z 0&6

o"kZ vk;q oxZ dh dqy tula[;k rFkk izfr'kr & 3,07,91,331 esa f'k'kq tula[;k 19.0% Fkh] bl izdkj 2011 esa f'k'kq tula[;k esa 3.59% dh fxjkoV vkbZ gSA) z 0-6 o"kZ vk;q oxZ esa tula[;k dk lokZfèkd izfr'kr cgjkbp (18.77%) rFkk lcls de dkuiqj uxj (11.13%) esa gSA z lokZ f èkd cky tula [ ;k (xz k eh.k)& (1) ;w - ih-] (2) fcgkj] (3) jktLFkku] (4) eè; çns'kA z lcls de cky tula[;k (xzkeh.k)& (1) y{k}hi] (2) paMhx<+] (3) neu ,oa nho] (4) vaMeku vkSj fudksckj }hi lewgA z lokZfèkd cky tula[;k ('kgjh)& (1) ;w-ih- (2) egkjk"Vª] (3) rfeyukMq] (4) xqtjkrA z lcls de cky tula[;k ('kgjh)& (1) y{k}hi] (2) vaMeku vkSj fudksckj] (3) flfDde] (4) neu ,oa nhoA (15.41%) (2001

207

djsaV vQs;lZ % ,d uT+kj esa (Current Affairs : At a Glance) z gky

gh esa ukxkySaM esa ,d DyksjksfiQy foghu ikS/s dh [kkst gqbZ gS tks ikS/ksa dh vU; iztkfr;ksa dk Hk{k.k dj thfor jgrk gSA bl iztkfr dk uke ukxkvksa dh fdl tutkfr ij j[kk x;k gS\ dksU;kd tutkfr z gky gh esa Hkkjrh; ukSlsuk esa ftl igyh efgyk ik;yV dh fu;qfDr dh xbZ gS og gSa& 'kqHkkaxh Lo:i z gky gh esa dksydkrk vkSj ckaXykns'k ds [kqyuk ds eè; 'kq: dh xbZ jsy lsok gS& ca/u ,Dlizsl z fo'o foKku fnol euk;k tkrk gS& 10 uoacj dks z gky gh esa Hkkjr dk igyk gfFk;kj laxzgky; cuk;k x;k gS vksfM'kk ds pkanhiqj esa z gky gh esa rfeyukMq ds ftl eafnj dks ^;wusLdks ,f'k;k iz'kkar iqjLdkj* ls lEekfur fd;k x;k gS] og gS Jh jaxukFkLokeh eafnj z gky gh esa ^Cyw ÝySx&17* ;q¼kH;kl vk;ksftr fd;k x;k& b”kjk;y esa z jk"Vªh; ,drk fnol euk;k tkrk gS& 31 vDrwcj dks z gky gh eas leySafxd fookg dks ekU;rk nsus okyk 26ok¡ ns'k cu x;k gS& vkWLVªsfy;k z og ns'k ftlesa Mªkbojysl cl l£ol 'kq: dh xbZ gS& teZuh z gky gh esa dkfynkl iqjLdkj ls lEekfur fd;k x;k gS& jkexksiky ctkt dks z fo'o dh igyh fcuk iVjh okyh LekVZ Vªsu pykbZ xbZ gS& phu esa z Ldwyh cPpksa esa Mkd fVdV laxzg dks izksRlkfgr djus ds fy;s dsUnz ljdkj }kjk 'kq: dh xbZ ;kstuk gS nhu n;ky Li'kZ ;kstuk z o"kZ 2018 esa 69osa x.kra=k fnol lekjksg esa eq[; vfrfFk gksaxs& 10 vkfl;ku ns'kksa ds izeq[k z n gsx fLFkr ^baVjus'kuy dksVZ vkWiQ tfLVl* esa ftl Hkkjrh; dks U;k;k/h'k ds :i esa iqu£uokZfpr fd;k x;k gS] os gSa& tfLVl nyohj HkaMkjh z felz esa v'kkar flukbZ {ks=k esa vkrafd;ksa us ,d efL”kn dks fu'kkuk cuk;k ftlesa rhu lkS ls vf/d yksxksa dh ekSr gks xbZ] ml efL”kn dk uke gS& vy&jkSnk efL”kn z gky gh esa vkfl;ku ds lkFk Hkkjr dh 15oha f'k[kj cSBd rFkk 12ok¡ iwohZ ,f'k;k f'k[kj lEesyu laiUu gqvk& euhyk esa z gky gh esa ^,isd* ns'kksa dk 25ok¡ f'k[kj lEesyu laiUu gqvk gS& ns ukax (fo;ruke)

218

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vU; egÙoiw.kZ ?kVukØe (Other Important Issues) jk"Vªh; ?kVukØe pØokr ^vks[kh* gky gh esa vk, pØokr vks[kh ls dsjy vkSj rfeyukMq esa Hkkjh uqdlku gqvkA bl pØokr dk uke ^vks[kh* ckaXyksn'k }kjk fn;k x;kA caxkyh esa bldk vFkZ ^vk¡[k* (Eye) gksrk gSA

meax iz/kuea=kh ujsanz eksnh us ,d u, eksckby ,i ^meax* (Umang– 'kqHkkjaHk gky gh esa fd;kA ;g ukxfjdksa dks ,d gh IysViQkeZ ij dbZ ljdkjh lsokvksa dks izkIr djus esa enn djsxkA bu lsokvksa esa vk/kj] fMthykWdj] Hkkjr fcy isesaV lfoZl (BBPS) vkfn Hkh 'kkfey gSaA Unified Mobile Application for New Age Governance) dk

224

Hkkjr usV&2 zz gky

gh esa ns'k dh lHkh iapk;rksa rd gkbZ LihM czkMW cSMa igqp ¡ kus dh egÙokdka{kh HkkjrusV ifj;kstk dk nwljk pj.k 'kq# fd;k x;k gS& zz igys pj.k esa ,d yk[k xzke iapk;rksa dks czkWMcSaM ls tksM+us dk y{; FkkA vuqeku gS fd igyk pj.k 2017 ds var rd iwjk gks tk,xkA zz Hkkjr usV ifj;kstuk ds nwljs pj.k ds rgr ekpZ 2019 rd 1.5 yk[k xzke iapk;rksa es gkbZ LihM czkWMcSaM igq¡pkus dk y{; gSA

varjkZ"Vªh; dBiqryh lekjksg gky gh esa varjkZ"Vªh; dBiqryh lekjksg dk vk;kstu dksydkrk esa fd;k x;kA bl lekjksg esa ;wukbVsM fdaxMe] teZuh] is:] iqrZxky] bVyh] fyFkqvkfu;k] czk”khy] flaxkiqj vkSj Hkkjr ds dykdkjksa us

djsaV vQs;lZ % ,d uT+kj esa zz ;g

unh vius lgk;d ufn;ksa ds lkFk csryk jk"Vªh; m|ku ds mÙkjh {ks=k ds chp ls gksdj xqtjrh gSA

fd'kuxaxk ,oa jkrys ty fo|qr ifj;kstuk Hkkjr }kjk >sye dh lgk;d fd'kuxaxk unh ij ^ju&vkWiQ&n&fjoj* fd'kuxaxk ty fo|qr ifj;kstuk ,oa psukc unh ij jkrys ty fo|qr ifj;kstuk ds rgr nks bdkb;ksa dk fuekZ.k fd;k tk jgk gSA

jkT; ds i`Fkd~ >aMs dk ekeyk dukZVd ljdkj us jkT; ds fy;s ,d i`Fko~Q (dUuM+) èot dks fM”kkbu djus rFkk bldh oSèkkfud fLFkfr ,oa laHkkouk dk vè;;u djus gsrq ,d ukS lnL;h; lfefr dk xBu fd;k gSA

dLrwjhjaxu iSuy ekuo lalkèku fodkl ea=kky; us varfj{k oSKkfud ds- dLrwjhjaxu dh vè;{krk esa ,d 9 lnL;h; iSuy dk xBu fd;k gSA bldk mís'; ,d ubZ jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr rS;kj djuk gSA

ikbd fonzksg jk"Vªifr us ubZ fnYyh esa laLo`Qfr ea=kky; }kjk vk;ksftr vksfM'kk ds ikbd fonzksg (1817) dh 200oha o"kZxk¡B ij lekjksg dk mn~?kkVu fd;kA lkFk gh vksfM'kk eaf=keaMy us 1817 ds ikbd fonzksg dks Hkkjrh; Lora=krk ds igys ;q¼ ds :i esa ?kksf"kr djus ds fy;s dsanz dks izLrko nsus dk iSQlyk fd;kA

pkoy vuqla/kku dk nf{k.k ,f'k;kbZ dsanz zz gky

gh esa dsna hz ; eaf=keaMy us okjk.klh fLFkr jk"Vªh; cht vuqlèa kku ,oa izf'k{k.k dsanz ds ifjlj esa varjkZ"Vªh; pkoy vuqlaèkku laLFkku (International Rice Research Institute) dk nf{k.k ,f'k;kbZ {ks=kh; dsanz LFkkfir djus ds izLrko dks ea”kwjh nhA zz KkrO; gS fd varjkZ"Vªh; pkoy vuqlaèkku laLFkku euhyk] fiQyhihal esa fLFkr gSA

dsaæh; osru HkÙkksa ij v'kksd yoklk lfefr dh fjiksVZ lkrosa dsanzh; osru vk;ksx }kjk HkÙkksa ij is'k dh xbZ fliQkfj'kksa ij xkSj djus ds fy;s Hkkjr ljdkj ds foÙk ea=kky; }kjk HkÙkksa ij xfBr dh xbZ lfefr us gky gh esa viuh fjiksVZ dsanzh; foÙk ea=kh dks lkSaihA Hkkjr ljdkj ds foÙk ea=kky; esa foÙk ,oa O;; lfpo v'kksd yoklk dh vè;{krk esa bl lfefr dk xBu fd;k x;k FkkA

mÙkj {ks=h; ifj"kn~ dh cSBd&paMhx<+ ebZ dks gfj;k.kk] fgekpy çns'k] tEew ,oa d'ehj] iatkc o jktLFkku jkT;ksa] jk"Vªh; jktèkkuh {ks=k fnYyh vkSj dsaæ'kkflr jkT; paMhx<+ dh mÙkjh {ks=kh; ifj"kn~ dh 28oha cSBd dsanzh; x`g ea=kh jktukFk flag dh vè;{krk esa paMhx<+ esa vk;ksftr dh xbZA 12

mÙkj çns'k RO/ARO iqfyl vuqla/kku ,oa fodkl C;wjks ds jk"Vªh; lEesyu dk vk;kstu gky gh esa ubZ fnYyh esa iqfyl vuqlaèkku ,oa fodkl C;wjks }kjk lapkfyr jk"Vªh; iqfyl fe'ku ds nks fnolh; jk"Vªh; lEesyu dk vk;kstu fd;k x;kA

ns'k esa igyh ^rstl* Vªsu dk çpkyu 'kq: ebZ ls ns'k esa igyh ^rstl* Vªsu dh 'kq#vkr eqacbZ ls dekZyh (xksok) ds chp gqbZA 22

iwokZsÙkj esa pyh igyh 'krkCnh ,Dlçsl vle esa iwokZsÙkj {ks=k dh igyh 'krkCnh ,Dlçsl Vªsu dk ifjpkyu 'kq: gqvkA ;g ubZ 'krkCnh ,Dlçsl Vªsu fMczwx<+ vkSj xqokgkVh ds chp pykbZ xbZ gSA

ch,l,u,y us 'kq: dh lSVsykbV Qksu lsok ebZ dks lkoZtfud {ks=k ds laLFkku Hkkjr lapkj fuxe fy(ch,l,u,y) us lSVsykbV iQksu lsok dh 'kq#vkr dhA zz ;g lsok varjkZ"Vªh; lkeqfæd mixzg laxBu (INMARSAT) }kjk çnku dh tk,xh] ftlds ikl 14 mixzgksa dk lewg ekStwn gSA zz 24

eè; çns'k vkSj >kj[kaM esa foÙk o"kZ cnyus dh ?kks"k.kk zz eè;

çns'k us ns'k esa lcls igys foÙk o"kZ cnyus dk iQSlyk fd;k gS] tgk¡ ij 2018 ls foÙk o"kZ tuojh ls fnlacj rd ykxw gksxkA zz eè; çns'k ds ckn >kj•aM us Hkh viuk foÙk o"kZ tuojh ls fnlacj ds chp djus dk fu.kZ; fy;k gSA >kj[kaM dk 2018 dk ctV fnlacj eghus esa is'k gksxkA

ns'k ds lcls yacs dscy iqy dh 'kq#vkr zz çèkkuea=kh

ujsaæ eksnh us xqtjkr ds Hk:p fLFkr ueZnk unh ij pkj ysu ds cus ns'k ds lcls yacs dscy fczt dh 'kq#vkr dhA zz ;g ns'k dk lcls yack ,DLVªk MkTM (Dogged) dscy fczt gSA

ns'k dh igyh esd bu bafM;k Vªsu êsèkk* iwjh rjg ls ns'k esa fodflr dh xbZ igyh Vªsu êsèkk* 18 ekpZ ls iVjh ij nkSM+us yxhA ;g Vªsu eqacbZ ds ppZxsV ls yksdekU; fryd VfeZul rd pysxhA ns'k dh igyh Lons'kh yksdy Vªus êsèkk* gSnjkckn esèkk lokZs MªkbOl iQeZ }kjk çk;ksftr gS vkSj psUubZ dksp iQSDVªh esa fufeZr gSA

varjkZ"Vªh; ?kVukØe Hkkjr&vkfl;ku zz 10–14 uoacj

ds chp fiQyhihal (euhyk) esa 15ok¡ vkfl;ku&Hkkjr f'k[kj lEesyu vkSj 12 osa iwohZ ,f'k;k lEesyu ds lkFk&lkFk ^{ks=kh; O;kid vkfFkZd Hkkxhnkjh okÙkkZ liQyrkiwoZd laiUu gqbZA

227

n`fÔ ifCydsÓkUl

gST+kk QSyus ls ;eu esa jk"Vªh; vkikrdky ?kksf"kr vÚhdh ns'k ;eu esa gS”kk ls lSdM+ksa yksxksa dh ekSr ds ckn jktèkkuh luk esa bl chekjh dks ysdj vkikrfLFkfr ?kksf"kr dj nh xbZA

fo'o ds lcls cM+s foeku dk lQy ijh{k.k gky gh esa nqfu;k ds lcls cM+s foeku dk liQy ijh{k.k yanu esa fd;k x;kA gkbfczM ,;jySaMj 10 uked bl foeku dks gsyhdkWIVj vkSj vU; ,;jØkÝV dh la;qDr rduhd ds lkFk rS;kj fd;k x;k gSA

bafM;u vks'ku fje ,lksfl,'ku f'k[kj lEesyu 5&7 ekpZ rd Association-IORA)

fgan egklkxj fje la?k (Indian Ocean Rim ds çFke f'k•j lEesyu dk vk;kstu tdkrkZ] baMksufs 'k;k esa fd;k x;kA bl lEesyu esa Hkkjr dk çfrfufèkRo mijk"Vªifr eksgEen gkfen valkjh us fd;kA

vkfFkZd ?kVukØe rFkk ;kstuk,¡ us'ku czkaM~l–2017 zz gky

gh esa yanu fLFkr ^czkaM iQkbusal* }kjk fo'o ds ewY;oku jk"Vªksa dh lwph ûs'ku czkaM~l&2017* uked fjiksVZ tkjh dh xbZA bl lwph esa vesfjdk dks igyk vkSj phu dks nwljk LFkku çkIr gqvk gS] tcfd Hkkjr dks vkBok¡ LFkku çkIr gqvk gSA zz fjiksVZ ds vuqlkj Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk dh o`f¼ esa fxjkoV ds pyrs Hkkjr fiNys o"kZ dh rqyuk esa bl o"kZ ,d LFkku uhps f•ld x;k gS] ftl dkj.k Hkkjr ds czkaM ewY; esa ,d çfr'kr dh deh vkbZ gSA

^ladY‍i* vkSj ^L‍Vªkbo* çèkkuea=kh dh vè‍;{krk esa vkfFkZd ekeyksa dh eaf=keaMy lfefr us fo'‍o cSad lefFkZr nks ubZ ;kstukvksa– vkthfodk lao¼Zu ds fy;s n{krk gkfly djus vkSj Kku c<+kus (ladY‍i) Skills Acquisition And

Knowledge Awareness for Livelihood Promotion (SANKALP) rFkk vkS|ksfxd ewY‍; lao¼Zu gsrq n{krk lqn`<+hdj.k (L‍Vªkbo) Skill Strengthening for Industrial Value Enhancement (STRIVE)

;kstukvksa dks ea”kwjh çnku dj nh gSA zz bu nksuksa gh ;kstukvksa dk mís'‍; n{krk fodkl] çf'k{k.k ds fy;s nh?kZdkfyd ,oa vY‍idkfyd nksuksa ekeyksa esa xq.koÙkk ,oa ck”kkj dh lkFkZdrk ds n`f"Vxr laL‍Fkkxr lqèkkj ykuk gSA zz ladY‍i vkSj L‍Vªkbo nksuksa fu"‍d"kZ vkèkkfjr ;kstuk,¡ gSaA buesa O‍;kolkf;d f'k{kk vkSj çf'k{k.k ds {ks=k esa ljdkj dh dk;kZU‍o;u j.kuhfr dks buiqV ds lkFk ifj.kkeksa ls tksM+k x;k gSA

bdksukWfed ,Mokbtjh dkmafly dsæa h; ljdkj us uhfr vk;ksx ds lnL; fccsd nscjkW; dh vè;{krk esa çèkkuea=kh dh vkfFkZd lykgdkj ifj"kn~ (EAC) dh LFkkiuk dh gSA gky gh esa bldh izFke cSBd Hkh vk;ksftr dh xbZA

230

djsaV vQs;lZ % ,d uT+kj esa zz bl

iSuy ds vU; lnL;ksa esa vFkZ'kkL=kh lqjthr HkYyk] jkfFku jkW; vkSj vkf'kek xks;y 'kkfey gSaA jru okVy] eq[; lykgdkj] uhfr vk;ksx dks iSuy dk lnL; lfpo fu;qDr fd;k x;k gSA zz bZ,lh ,d Lora=k fudk; gS] tks vkfFkZd vkSj lacafèkr eqíksa ij fo'ks"k :i ls çèkkuea=kh dks lykg nsrh gSA

çèkkuea=h ,yihth iapk;r isVªksfy;e vkSj çkÑfrd xSl ea=kky; us xqtjkr esa xkaèkhuxj f”kys ds eksVk b'kkuiqj xk¡o esa izèkkuea=kh ,yihth iapk;r ;kstuk dh 'kqjQvkr dhA ;g ;kstuk xzkeh.k {ks=kksa esa ,yihth dusD'ku forfjr djus ds fy;s ns'kO;kih Lrj ij 'kq: dh xbZ gSA ;g ekStwnk çèkkuea=kh mTToyk ;kstuk dh iwjd ;kstuk ds :i esa dk;Z djsxhA bl ;kstuk dk mís'; ,yihth mi;ksxdrkZvksa ds chp ;g tkx:drk iQSykuk gS fd dSls lkiQ b±èku vkSj blds mi;ksxh ykHkksa dk mi;ksx fd;k tk,A

çèkkuea=h o; oanuk ;kstuk gky gh esa dsaæh; foÙk ea=kh v#.k tsVyh us fnYyh esa ^çèkkuea=kh o; oanuk ;kstuk* (ih,eohohokbZ) dk 'kqHkkjaHk fd;kA

;kstuk ds eq[; fcanq zz çèkkuea=kh

o; oanuk ;kstuk Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk ?kksf"kr ,d isa'ku ;kstuk gS] tks fo'ks"k :i ls 60 o"kZ ;k mlls vfèkd vk;q ds ofj"B ukxfjdksa ds fy;s gSA zz bl ;kstuk dks Hkkjrh; thou chek fuxe (,yvkbZlh) ds ekè;e ls vkWiQykbu ds lkFk&lkFk vkWuykbu Hkh •jhnk tk ldrk gSA zz ;g ;kstuk 4 ebZ] 2017 ls 3 ebZ] 2018 rd miyCèk jgsxh vFkkZr~ blh vofèk ds nkSjku bl isa'ku ;kstuk dks [kjhnk tk ldrk gSA zz ;g ;kstuk 10 lky ds fy;s 8 çfr'kr çfro"kZ ekfld ns; (çHkkoh :i ls 8.30 çfr'kr çfro"kZ) dk fuf'pr fjVuZ lqfuf'pr djkrh gSA zz bl ;kstuk dks lsok dj@th,lVh ls NwV nh xbZ gSA

lkSHkkX; ;kstuk çèkkuea=kh ujsaæ eksnh us ns'k ds lHkh xzkeh.k vkSj 'kgjh {ks=kksa esa gj ?kj rd fctyh lqfuf'pr djus ds fy;s ,d uohu ;kstuk ^çèkkuea=kh lgt fctyh gj ?kj ;kstuk (Pradhan Mantri Sahaj Bijli Har ghar Yojana)–lkSHkkX;* dk 'kqHkkjaHk fd;k gSA

mtkyk ;kstuk flracj] 2017 dks dsaæh; ÅtkZ ea=kky; ds varxZr ÅtkZ n{krk lsok fyfeVsM (bZbZ,l,y) }kjk eysf'k;k ds esykdk esa mtkyk ;kstuk dh 'kqjQvkr dh xbZA zz mtkyk dks çèkkuea=kh ujsaæ eksnh us 5 tuojh] 2015 dks çkjaHk fd;k rFkk Hkkjr dh ÅtkZ •ir dks vf}rh; rjhds ls de djus dh igy 'kq: dhA zz;g lLrs ,ybZMh cYc ds forj.k dh fo'o dh lcls cM+h ;kstuk gSA zz 7

n`fÔ ifCydsÓkUl


izeq[k lwpdkad lwpdkad oSf'od ekuo iwath lwpdkad] 2017 lkekftd çxfr lwpdkad] 2017 oSf'od uokpkj lwpdkad] 2017 oSf'od 'kkafr lwpdkad] 2017 oSf'od Hkq[kejh lwpdkad] 2017 fo'o çsl Lora=krk lwpdkad] 2017 fo'o çlUurk fjiksVZ] 2017 oSf'od vkradokn lwpdkad] 2017 oSf'od ;qok fodkl lwpdkad] 2016 ekuo fodkl fjiksVZ] 2016 lekos'kh fodkl lwpdkad] 2017 vkfFkZd Lora=krk lwpdkad] 2017 bZ”k vkWiQ Mwbax fctusl baMsDl] 2018 bZ”k vkWiQ Mwbax fctusl baMsDl] 2017 oSf'od ySafxd varjky lwpdkad] 2017

Hkkjr dk LFkku 103ok¡ LFkku 93ok¡ LFkku 60ok¡ LFkku 137ok¡ LFkku 100ok¡ LFkku 136ok¡ LFkku 122ok¡ LFkku 8ok¡ LFkku 133ok¡ LFkku 131ok¡ LFkku 60ok¡ LFkku 143ok¡ LFkku 100ok¡ LFkku 130ok¡ LFkku 108ok¡ LFkku

dqy lfEefyr ns'k 130 ns'k 128 ns'k 127 ns'k 163 ns'k 119 ns'k 180 ns'k 155 ns'k 163 ns'k 183 ns'k 188 ns'k 79 ns'k 180 ns'k 190 ns'k 190 ns'k 144 ns'k

çFke LFkku ukWosZ MsuekdZ fLoV”kjySaM vkblySaM —

ukWosZ ukWosZ bjkd teZuh ukWosZ ukWosZ gkWUxdkWUx U;w”khySaM U;w”khySaM vkblySaM

[ksy ?kVukØe gkWdh izfr;ksfxrk dk uke ,f'k;k di] 2017 ,f'k;k di (efgyk)] 2017

vk;kstu LFky
fotsrk Hkkjr Hkkjr

mifotsrk eysf'k;k phu

loksZPp Ldksjj gjeuçhr flag (Hkkjr) >kax ft;kdh (phu)

fczVsu dfyaxk ykallZ Hkkjr Hkkjr vts±Vhuk vkWLVªsfy;k

vkWLVªsfy;k ncax eqacbZ csfYt;e ckaXykns'k uhnjySaM fczVsu

VkWe Øsx (vkWLVªsfy;k) Xysu VuZj (dfyaxk ykallZ) ,MoMZ gksyZj (baXySaM) iadt dqekj (loZJs"B xksydhij) izsQMfjd ekYVk (uhnjySaM) fnyizhr flag (Hkkjr)

cSMfeaVu izfr;ksfxrk dk uke

vk;kstu LFky

mifotsrk

fdnkach Jhdkar (Hkkjr)

dsaVk fuf'keksrks (tkiku)

MsuekdZ vksiu oYMZ lqij lhjh”k MsuekdZ izhfe;j] 2017


yh áwu&II (nf{k.k dksfj;k)

fo'o cSMfeaVu pSafi;uf'ki] 2017 Xyklxks (LdkWVySaM)

uks”kkseh vksdqgkjk (tkiku) ih-oh- flaèkq (Hkkjr)

izQsap vksiu lqij lhjh”k] 2017

vkWLVªsfy;u vksiu] 2017

240

isfjl (Úk¡l)

fotsrk

flMuh (vkWLVªsfy;k)


psu ykax (phu)

n`fÔ ifCydsÓkUl


[ksy lacaf/kr vU; rF; zz ^fMªou

n fojkV dksgyh LVksjh* uked iqLrd ds ys[kd fot; yksdiYyh gSaA zz Hkkjrh; efgyk HkkjksÙkksyd ehjkckbZ pkuw us fo'o HkkjksÙkksyu pSfa i;uf'ki esa Lo.kZ ind thrdj nks n'kd ckn ;g dkjukek djus okyh Hkkjrh; efgyk cuus dk fjdkMZ vius uke fd;kA pkuw us LuSp esa 85 fdxzk vkSj Dyhu ,aM tdZ esa 109 fdxzk mBkdj 48 fdxzk Hkkj oxZ esa dqy 194 fdxzk mBkdj u;k jk"Vªh; fjdkMZ Hkh cuk;kA zz lkbuk usgoky dks varjkZ"Vªh; vksyafid lfefr ds ,FkyhV vk;ksx dk lnL; fu;qDr fd;k x;kA zz :l esa o"kZ 2018 esa gksus okys iQhiQk oYMZ di dk 'kqHkadj ”kkfcokdk (HksfM+;k) dks pquk x;k gSA zz ^LVksd ,aclsMj iQkWj bafM;k* iwoZ fØdsVj lquhy xkoLdj dks cuk;k x;k gSA zz loksZPp U;k;ky; }kjk Hkkjrh; fØdsV daVªksy cksMZ (chlhlhvkbZ) esa pkj iz'kkldksa dh fu;qfDr fouksn jk; dh vè;{krk esa dh xbZA zz psUubZ vksiu] 2017 Vsful izfr;ksfxrk esa iq#"k flaxYl f[krkc Lisu ds jkWcVksZ ckWfrLrk ,xqr us thrkA zz fojkV dksgyh yxkrkj pkj fØdsV lhjht esa nksgjs 'krd yxkus okys fo'o ds izFke cYysckt gSaA zz iQhiQk ds lapkyu lfefr dk vè;{k iwoZ U;k;ewfrZ eqdqy eqn~xy dks pquk x;kA zz lS;n eksnh xzka izh xksYM cSMfeaVu VwukZesaV] 2017 dk efgyk ,dy f[krkc ih-oh- flaèkq us thrkA zz fnO;kax f[kykfM+;ksa ds fy;s ns'k ds izFke mRÑ"Vrk dsanz dh LFkkiuk xqtjkr dh jktèkkuh xkaèkhuxj esa dh xbZ gSA zz fojkV dksgyh dks fo”kMu fØdsVlZ vyekuSd us o"kZ 2016 dk yhfMax fØdsVlZ vkiQ n bZ;j pquk gSA ohjsUnz lgokx vkSj lfpu rsna y q dj ds ckn ;g lEeku izkIr djus okys rhljs Hkkjrh; f[kykM+h gSAa ^yh¯Mx oweus fØdsVlZ bu n oYMZ* vkWLVªfs y;k dh ,fyl isjh dks fn;k x;kA blds vykok fo”kMu }kjk o"kZ ds ik¡p f[kykfM+;ksa ds :i esa ikfdLrku ds felckg my gd vkSj ;wful [kku rFkk baXySMa ds csu MdsV] VkWch jksyMaS tksl a ,oa fØl oksDl dks pquk x;kA zz Hkkjrh; efgyk fØdsV Vhe dh rs”k xsanckt vkSj iwoZ dIrku >wyu xksLokeh us nf{k.k vizQhdk esa u;k fjdkWMZ vius uke fd;k gSA mUgksaus efgyk ,dfnolh; varjkZ"Vªh; fØdsV esa lcls ”;knk fodsV ysus dk fjdkWMZ cuk;k gSA zz FkkbZySaM ds cSadkd esa 20 ls 23 ebZ rd gqbZ nwljh ,f'k;kbZ ;qok ,FkysfVDl pSafi;uf'ki esa Hkkjr us ik¡p Lo.kZ] ik¡p jtr vkSj pkj dkaL; lfgr dqy 14 ind thrdj rhljk LFkku gkfly fd;kA zz gky gh esa phu ds 'ka?kkbZ esa vk;ksftr gqbZ rhjank”kh fo'o di izfr;ksfxrk esa pkSFkh ojh;rk çkIr Hkkjr dh daikmaM iq#"k Vhe us Lo.kZ ind thrkA

246

zz iwoZ

Hkkjrh; vksyafi;u feY[kk flag dks fo'o LokLF; laxBu (WHO) us viuk ln~Hkkouk nwr fu;qDr fd;k gSA zz iwtk dkfn;ku us :l esa vk;ksftr oq'kq fo'o pSafi;uf'ki esa Lo.kZ ind izkIr fd;kA ,slk djus okyh og igyh Hkkjrh; efgyk f[kykM+h gSaA zz Hkkjrh; fØdsV f[kykM+h ohoh,l y{e.k dks esycuZ fØdsV Dyc (MCC) dh vkthou lnL;rk iznku dh xbZA zz fojkV dksgyh dks 2015 – 16 ds fy;s chlhlhvkbZ dk loZJs"B varjkZ"Vªh; lhfu;j fØdsVj&ikWyh vejhxj vokMZ rFkk ykbiQ Vkbe vphoesaV ds fy;s lh ds uk;Mw vokMZ jftanj xks;y vkSj in~ekdj f'koYdj dks iznku fd;k x;kA zz efgykvksa ds fy;s chlhlhvkbZ (BCCI) ykbiQ Vkbe vphoesaV vokMZ& 2015 – 16 'kkark jaxkLokeh dks iznku fd;k x;kA ;g iqjLdkj ikus okyh os izFke efgyk fØdsV f[kykM+h gSaA zz izdk'k iknqdks.k dks cSMfeaVu ,lksfl,'ku vkWiQ bafM;k (BAI) dh vksj ls igyk ykbiQ Vkbe vphoesaV vokMZ nsus dh ?kks"k.kk dh xbZA zz iQhiQk }kjk iznku fd;s tkus okf"kZd iqjLdkjksa esa 2017 dk loZJs"B iQhiQk iq#"k f[kykM+h dk iqjLdkj iqrZxky ds fØfLV;kuks jksukYMks dks tcfd loZJs"B iQhiQk efgyk f[kykM+h dk iqjLdkj uhnjySaM dh fy;sds ekVs±l dks fn;k x;kA ftusfnu ftMku (izQk¡l) dks loZJs"B iQhiQk iq#"k dksp rFkk fx;kuyqbxh cqiQksu (bVyh) dks loZJs"B iQhiQk xksydhij dk iqjLdkj izkIr gqvkA zz ik¡p ckj dh fo'o pSafi;u Hkkjrh; efgyk eqDdsckt ,e-lheSjhdkWe us ASBC ,f'k;u efgyk eqDdsckth pSafi;uf'ki 2017 ds 48 fdxzk- Hkkj oxZ ds iQkbuy esa mÙkj dksfj;k dh fde Þ~;kax fe dks 5 – 0 ls gjkdj Lo.kZ ind izkIr fd;kA ;g pSafi;uf'ki fo;ruke ds gks&fp&feUg flVh esa vk;ksftr gqbZ tgk¡ Hkkjr us dqy 7 ind (1 Lo.kZ] 1 jtr rFkk 5 dkaL;) thrsA zz 2017 esa 9 jsl thrdj fczfV'k pkyd yqbZl gSfeYVu us pkSFkh ckj iQkWewZyk ou pSafi;uf'ki dk f[krkc thr fy;kA

vkbZlhlh iqjLdkj 2016 zz vkbZlhlh

o"kZ dk loZJs"B fØdsVj & jfopanzu vf'ou (Hkkjr) zz o"kZ dk VsLV fØdsVj & jfopanzu vf'ou zz o"kZ dk ouMs fØdsVj & fDoaVu fM dkWd (n- vizQhdk) zz o"kZ dh efgyk ouMs ,oa Vh&20 fØdsVj & lwth csV~l (U;w”khySaM)

ykWfj;l fo'o [ksy iqjLdkj ([ksyksa dk vkWLdj)&2017 LiksV~lZ

eSu vkWiQ n bZ;j & mlsu cksYV (teSdk) LiksV~lZ owesu vkWiQ b bZ;j & fleksu ckbYl (vesfjdk)

[kaM

2

f}rh; ç'ui= (lkekU; fganh) foykse 'kCn

ifjHkk"kk lkekU; vFkks± esa 'kCn ds foijhr vFkZ dk cks/ djkus okys 'kCn dks foykse 'kCn dgrs gSaA foykse 'kCn ltkrh; 'kCn gksrs gSa] tSls& laKk dk foykse laKk] fØ;k dk foykse fØ;k] fo'ks"k.k dk foykse fo'ks"k.k gksrk gSA lkekU;r;k v] vi] vu~] ful] fuj] fo] izfr] nqj] nql~] dq vkfn milxks± ds iz;ksx ls foijhrkFkZd 'kCnksa dk fuekZ.k gksrk gSA blds vykok Lora=k :i ls Hkh foijhrkFkZd 'kCnksa dk fuekZ.k fd;k tkrk gS] tSls& ykHk&gkfu vkfnA vxj ^ykHk* dk foykse ^vykHk* fy;k rks blls Hkk"kk dh lqanjrk izHkkfor gksxh tcfd ^vykHk* 'kCn ykHk dk foijhrkFkZd 'kCn gSA vr% milxks± rFkk Lora=k vFkZ okys 'kCnksa ds }kjk izpfyr ,oa lqnjre~ Hkk"kk fLFkfr ds lkFk foykse dk p;u fd;k tkrk gSA

foxr o"kks± dh ijh{kkvksa esa iwNs x;s foykse 'kCn 'kCn izfrdwy vè;olk; ccZj èoal vfuok;Z ;FkkFkZ fpjaru uSlfxZd vfuok;Z O;f"V uwru vkfoHkkZo r:.k ßLo 'kq"d laiUu mis{kk x.kra=k ijra=k

250

foykse

'kCn

o"kZ 2016 vuqdwy mies; vuè;olk; lqyHk lH; nh?kkZ;q fuekZ.k r`".kk ,sfPNd fuf"k¼ Ñf=ke Hkwxksy u'oj lg;ksxh Ñf=ke tksM+ ,sfPNd iks"kd — lef"V o"kZ 2015 iqjkru deZ.; frjksHkko four o`¼ eaMu nh?kZ LFkkoj vknzZ vuar foiUu Fkksd vis{kk iqjLdkj jktra=k dhfrZ Lora=k Fkksd

foykse vuqies; nqyZHk vYik;q for`".kk fofgr [kxksy izfr;ksxh ?kVko 'kks"kd —

vdeZ.; m¼r [kaMu taxe var iqQVdj naM vidhfrZ iqQVdj

'kCn l`f"V lkgp;Z fojkV~ Li`'; vkfe"k vkosf'kr vtZu dfFkr izPNUu izHkkoh

viz;qDr ik'pkR; v'yhy ewd vko`Ùk mip; tkxzr Hkzkar

foykse

'kCn

o"kZ 2014 izy; vFk vyxko vfHkK {kqnz@lw{e vK vLi`'; iq"V fujkfe"k bZfIlr vukosf'kr xkSjo O;;u xzLr vdfFkr lef"V izfriUu xzkÞ; vizHkkoh] vkgwr fu"izHkkoh rFkk izHkko'kwU; iz;qDr voj ikSokZR; vFkok ladYi ikSjLR; 'yhy vuqxzg okpky oknh vuko`Ùk tfVy vip; cfgjax lqIr mn;kpy — fuHkzkar

foykse bfr vK foK {kh.k vuhfIlr yk?ko eqDr O;f"V R;kT; vukgwr

izoj fodYi foxzg izfroknh ljy varjax vLrkpy —

okD; 'kqf¼ ,oa orZuh 'kqf¼ okD; 'kqf¼ 'kq¼ ,oa =kqfVghu vfHkO;fDr gsrq Hkk"kkxr okD;&jpuk lacaèkh fo'ks"k foèkku gksrs gSa vkSj bUgha ds vkèkkj ij Hkk"kk;h 'kq¼rk dh iw.kZ vfHkO;fDr gksrh gS] Hkys gh vfHkO;fDr dk ekè;e ys[ku gks vFkok okpu (okrkZ)A fganh esa Hkh 'kq¼] Li"V] lqanj ,oa iw.kZ Hkko dh vfHkO;fDr gsrq okD;&jpuk ds vU;kU; foèkku gSa] ftudk Øfed] O;ofLFkr ,oa foLr`r o.kZu ;gk¡ izLrqr gSA okD;&jpuk ds fu;e Hkk"kk ds ekè;e ls tks fopkj ;k Hkko dh vfHkO;fDr gksrh gS] og dekscs'k iw.kZ okD; ds :i esa gksrh gSA okD;] lkFkZd 'kCn&lewg dk ;ksx gksrk gS] vkSj ;s 'kCn&lewg oqQN fo'ks"k foèkku ds vuq:i okD; esa LFkkuxr gksrs gSa] rnqijkar gh fopkj@Hkko dh lkFkZd ,oa Li"V vfHkO;fDr laHko gks ikrh gSA bl n`f"Vdks.k ls 'kq¼] laiw.kZ ,oa lkFkZd okD;&jpuk gsrq fuEu foèkku dk Kku gksuk vR;ko';d gSµ 1. 'kCn&Øe 2. vUo; ;k esy, vkSj 3. in@'kCn&iz;ksx

'kCn&Øe ^'kCn&Øe* dk vFkZ gS 'kCnksa dk ØeA 'kCnksa ds bl Øe ls vk'k; okD; esa budh okD;&jpuk ds foèkkukuqlkj iz;qDrrk ls gSA lkFkZd okD; rHkh curk gS] tc mlesa iz;qDr 'kCn&lewg ,d fo'ks"k fu;e ds vuqlkj LFkkuxr gksrk gSA vr% 'kq¼ ,oa lqanj ys[ku ,oa okpu (okrkZ) gsrq 'kCn&Øe lacaèkh foèkku (fu;eksa) dk Kku vR;ar vko';d gSA ;gk¡ bu fu;eksa dk Øfed fooj.k fuEukafdr :i ls izLrqr gSµ zzokD;&jpuk esa loZizFke (izkjaHk esa) drkZ] rRi'pkr~ deZ ,oa var esa fØ;k dh iz;qDrrk gksuh pkfg,A mnkgj.kµ eSa fdrkc i<+rk gw¡A jke us Hkkstu fd;kA ';ke LowQy x;kA bu okD;ksa esa êSa*] ^jke* vkSj ^';ke* drkZ gksus ds dkj.k okD; ds izkjaHk esa] tcfd ^fdrkc*] ^Hkkstu* vkSj ^LowQy* deZ gksus ds dkj.k okD; ds eè; esa vkSj î<+rk gw¡*] ^fd;k* vkSj ^x;k* Øe'k% fØ;k gksus ds dkj.k okD; ds var esa vk;s gSaA zzdrkZ ds foLrkj (mís';) dks drkZ ds iwoZ rFkk fØ;k ds foLrkj (foèks;) dks fØ;k ds iwoZ okD; esa iz;qDr djsaA mnkgj.kµ uez O;fDr uezrkiwoZd ckr djrs gSaA vPNs fo|kFkhZ èkhjs&èkhjs fy[krs gSaA bu okD;ksa esa ûez* ,oa ^vPNs* tks drkZ&foLrkj gSa] Øe'k% drkZ}; Ô;fDr* ,oa ^fo|kFkhZ* ds iwoZ vk;s gSa] tcfd ûezrkiwoZd* ,oa ^èkhjs&èkhjs* fØ;k&foLrkj gksus ds dkj.k Øe'k% fØ;k}; ^ckr* vkSj ^fy[krs* ls igys vk;s gSaA

zzokD;

esa dkjd dh vge~ Hkwfedk ds dkj.k vfèkdj.k] viknku] laiznku vkSj dj.k dkjd dks Øekxr (Øfed) :i ls drkZ rFkk deZ ds eè; iz;qDrrk gksuh pkfg,A mnkgj.kµ jke us xkM+h esa (vfèkdj.k) j[kh FkSyh ls (viknku) cPpksa ds fy, (laiznku) vius gkFk ls (dj.k) VkWfiQ;k¡ fudkyhaA zzlacksèku dkjd ds foHkfDr&fpÉ okD; esa lnSo izkjaHk esa iz;qDr fd;s tkus pkfg,A mnkgj.kµ gs bZ'oj! bl Hkh"k.k d"V ls eq>s eqfDr ns nksA vgk! D;k euksje@euHkkou n`'; gS! zzokD; esa fo'ks"k.k dks lnSo fo'ks"; ;k laKk ls iwoZ j[kk tkuk pkfg,A mnkgj.kµ esjh yky dye dgk¡ j[k nhA esjk dkyk twrk dgha fn[k ugha jgkA zzokD; esa fØ;k&fo'ks"k.k dh iz;D q rrk lnSo fØ;k ls iwoZ gksuh pkfg,A mnkgj.kµ og èkhjs&èkhjs nkSM+rk gSA jke rst fy[krk gSA okD; esa iz'ulwpd 'kCn dks lnSo drkZ ;k laKk ds iwoZ j[kk tkuk pkfg,A mnkgj.kµ D;k rqeus Hkkstu fd;k\ esjh dye fdlus rksM+h gS\ nz"VO;µ ^D;k* ^fdlus* ds vykok vU; iz'uewyd 'kCn_ tSlsµdgk¡] D;ksa] dSls] dc] dkSu vkfn bl fu;e ds viokn ekus tk ldrs gSaA mnkgj.kµ rqe dgk¡ Fks\ rqe D;ksa ogk¡ x, Fks\ rqeus ?kj ls ckgj dne j[kus dh fgEer dSls dh\ rqe dc tkvksxs\ og dkSu Fkk\

vUo; ;k esy 'kq¼ ,oa lqanj okD;&jpuk esa vUo; ;k esy dh egrh Hkwfedk gksrh gSA ^vUo;* 'kCn dk vk'k; lacaèk ;k esy ls gS] tks okD; esa iz;qDr 'kCnksa fo'ks"kdj fyax] opu] iq#"k vkSj dky ds eè; gksrk gS] exj izeq[k :i ls ;g (vUo;@esy) drkZ&fØ;k] deZ&fØ;k rFkk laKk&loZuke ds eè; gh gksrk gSA vc bu rhuksa dk Øexr foLr`r fooj.k fuEuor~ gSµ drkZ&fØ;k dk esy% okD; ds mís';&vkSfpR; ds eísutj okD;&jpuk esa vUo; ds varxZr izFke ,oa izeq[k vUo; drkZ&fØ;k dk gSA drkZ&fØ;k ds vUo; ds fuEu izeq[k fu;e gSa& zz;fn drkZ dr`ZokD; esa foHkfDr&jfgr gks] rks mldh fØ;k ds fyax] opu ,oa iq#"k drkZ ds ¯yx] opu ,oa iq#"k ds gh vuqlkj gksrs gSaA mnkgj.kµ jke iqLrd i<+rk gSA firkth Hkkstu djrs gSaA lhrk i=k fy[krh gSA jf'e [ksy jgh gSA

257

mÙkj izns'k RO/ARO

okD; 'kqf¼ ,oa orZuh 'kqf¼

orZuh 'kqf¼ ifjHkk"kk dHkh vkapfyd izHkko ds dkj.k rks dHkh fyax&opu dh vYiKrk ds dkj.k ge 'kCnksa dks fy[kus ,oa cksyus esa v'kqf¼;k¡ djrs gaSA ;s v'kqf¼;k¡ eq[;r% o.kZ] v{kj ys[k] lafèk] lekl] folxZ] vuqLokj] ;kstd fpUg] panz fcanq vkfn ls lacafèkr gksrh gSaA uhps bu lHkh izdkj dh v'kqf¼;ksa dks izLrqr fd;k x;k gSA ijh{kkvksa esa iwNs x;s iz'uksa ds lkFk&lkFk vH;kl gsrq lkexzh Hkh lEefyr gSA

foxr o"kks± dh ijh{kkvksa esa iwNs x;s orZuh 'kqf¼ v'kq¼ orZuh

'kq¼ orZuh

vfo"dkj

vkfo"dkj

fu'kCn nsok£"k tekrk fuisZ{k vuUukl U;kSNkoj jkT; egy

fu%'kCn nso£"k tkekrk fujis{k vukukl U;ksNkoj jktegy

dqeqnuh tkTToY;eku laiznkf;drk

o"kZ&2016

dqeqfnuh tkToY;eku lkaiznkf;drk Dys'k Ükàxkj mTToy laU;kl izR;qidkj nqjoLFkk dSykl mi;qZDr ,drk

rRdkfyd

rkRdkfyd vkuq"kafxd ijh{kk ujd fVIi.kh vUR;k{kjh iwtuh; rnqijkar

'kq¼ orZuh

fdfy"V

fDy"V

"kV~n'kZu i;kZolku vukisf{kfir vuqxzfgr vgkj l`"Bk dkseykafxuh

"kM~n'kZu i;Zolku vuisf{kr vuqx`ghr vkgkj lz"Vk dkseykaxh

o"kZ&2015

Dys"k Jàxkj mTtoy lU;k'k izR;widkj nqjkoLFkk dSyk"k mijksDr ,sdrk

vuq"kka¯xd ijhPNk uoZQ VhIi.kh vark{kjh iwT;uh; rnksijkar

v'kq¼ orZuh

fu%ijkèk vfr';ksfDr tkx`r

o"kZ&2014

mn~?kks'k vkèkhu O;ogkfjd fe"Bku oSeUL;rk dfo=kh izekf.kd ohnq"kh fgj.;d';i~ —

o"kZ&2013

mTtoy fu"ps"V ikjvykSfdd nqjèk"kZ vkf'kjokn èkkschu HkxhjFkh

fujijkèk vfr'k;ksfDr tkxzr mn~?kks"k vèkhu O;kogkfjd fe"VkUu oSeuL; dof;=kh izkekf.kd fonq"kh fgj.;df'kiq

v'kq¼ orZuh 'kq¼ orZuh leqTToy leqTToy iztfofyr izTofyr Hkq[[kM+ dksdu fNnzUos'kh fujkuqukfld xR;;FkZ vUrk'psruk lwJw"kk bZ"kkZ mYyka?ku ekuksjFk

HkqD[kM+ dksad.k fNnzkUos"kh fujuqukfld xR;FkZ vUr'psruk 'kqJw"kk bZ";kZ mYya?ku euksjFk

ckRly nq%fuokj }kfjdk iwT;kuh;k vUrè;kZu

oRly nq£uokj }kjdk iwtuh;k vUrèkkZu

Jh efr dkyhnkl iztfyr jpbrk

Jh erh dkfynkl izTofyr jpf;rk

oslHkw"kk euh'kk lqJw"kk l`¼k mijksDr

os'kHkw"kk euh"kk 'kqJw"kk J¼k miq;ZDr

vuqxzghr vk£'kokn

—

o"kZ&2010

—

mTToy fu'ps"V ikjykSfdd nqèkZ"kZ vk'khokZn èkksfcu HkkxhjFkh

v'kq¼ orZuh 'kq¼ orZuh fojg.kh fojfg.kh

vuqx`ghr vk'khokZn

vfgfY;;k vkdky vkthodk lU;k'kh okaxe; oUnuk lgL=k vuq"kafxd "k"Be jkgqy lkaLÑR;k;u dkSflY;k okYehdh vukfèkdkj peksZRd"kZ —

o"kZ&2007

ikS:"k l`"Vk v{kq.; —

o"kZ&2007

xjh"V vatyh eSFkyh'kj.k vukfèkÑr —

o"kZ&2006

izse pUæ mÙkhZ.k

—

vgY;k vdky vkthfodk laU;klh okÄ~e; oanuk lgL=k vkuq"kafxd "k"B jkgqy lkaÑR;k;u dkSlY;k okYehfd vufèkdkj pjeksRd"kZ —

ikS#"k lz"Vk v{kq..k —

xfj"B vatfy eSfFkyh'kj.k vufèkÑr —

izsepUn mÙkh.kZ

269

vusd 'kCnksa ds fy;s ,d 'kCn ifjHkk"kk fdlh Hkh le`¼ Hkk"kk dk ,d egÙoiw.kZ xq.k gksrk gS&de 'kCnksa esa Hkkoksa ,oa fopkjksa dh vf/dkf/d vfHkO;fDrA fganh Hkk"kk bl {ks=k esa vR;ar le`¼ gSA laf/] lekl vkfn fganh Hkk"kk ds blh xq.k ds ifjpk;d gSa vkSj blh Js.kh esa ôkD;ka'k ds fy;s ,d 'kCn* Hkh leku :i ls lfEefyr gSaA bls ^vusd 'kCnksa ds fy;s ,d 'kCn* ds uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA lkekU;] fof'k"V o xq.koÙkkiw.kZ ys[ku vkSj fo'ks"kdj laf{kIrhdj.k esa bldh mi;ksfxrk Lor% fl¼ gSA buds ekè;e ls de ls de 'kCnksa esa vf/d&ls&vf/d vFkks± ;k Hkkoksa dh vfHkO;fDr gks ldrh gSA ;gk¡ ;g dguk rdZlaxr gksxk fd ;fn vusd 'kCnksa ds iz;ksx dh ctk; ,d 'kCn gh iw.kZ vFkZ iznku djus esa l{ke gks rks ,d 'kCn dk iz;skx ;qfDrlEer gksxkA

foxr o"kks± dh ijh{kkvksa esa iwNs x;s ^vusd 'kCnksa ds fy;s ,d 'kCn* okD;ka'k o"kZ 2016

'kCn

loky&tcko cgl&gqTtr fn;s x, mÙkj ij mÙkj efnjk ihus dk I;kyk tks L=kh ds o'khHkwr gS cqjs mís'; ls dh xbZ xqIr ea=k.kk og dU;k ftlds lkFk fookg dk opu fn;k x;k gS ,slh thfodk ftldk dqN Bhd&fBdkuk u gks ej.kklUu voLFkk okyk rSjus ;k ikj gksus dk bPNqd ;q¼ dh bPNk j[kus okyk ftls viuh txg ls vyx dj fn;k x;k gks ftldk neu fd;k x;k gks ftl ij midkj fd;k x;k gks rqjar mRiUu gksus okyh lw>&cw> vfrfFk lRdkj dh Hkkouk og ftlds ;gk¡ vfrfFk Bgjk gks lkeus vk;k gqvk ;k vfrfFk ;k lkèkq&laU;klh

izR;qÙkj izR;qÙkj izR;qÙkj p"kd L=kS.k nqjfHklafèk okXnÙkk vkdk'ko`fÙk eqew"kqZ frrh"kqZ ;q;qRlq foLFkkfir nfer miÑr izR;qRiUuefr vkfrF; vkfrFks; vH;kxr

ftldk mÙkj u fn;k x;k gks ftldk mÙkj fn;k x;k gks

vuqÙkfjr mÙkfjr

ftlds vanj vFkZ Hkjk gks tks vkykspuk ;ksX; gks

vFkZxfHkZr vkyksP;

o"kZ 2015 FkksM+k uik rqyk Hkkstu djus okyk xq# ds lehi jgdj vè;;u djus okyk rSjus dh bPNk mÙkjkfèkdkj esa izkIr lEifÙk O;kdj.k ds Kkrk

ferkgkjh vUrsoklh frrh"kkZ fjDFk oS;kdj.k

272

okD;ka'k ftlesa ;q¼ djus dh bPNk gks ftldh eki&rkSy gks lds nwljs ds nks"k [kkstus okyk tks
'kCn ;q;qRlq ifjes; fNnzkUos"kh vuko`Ùk nzqrxkeh

vukfedk nkeksnj vuqpj] vuqxkeh ftldh dksbZ dher u gks lds vewY; ftlds ân; ij vk?kkr gqvk gks eekZgr tks vius in ls gVk;k x;k gks inP;qr ftls fdlh oLrq dh Li`gk u gks fu%Li`g] fuLi`g ftldh iwoZ ls dksbZ vk'kk u gks vizR;kf'kr ftldk mipkj u gks lds vlkè; ftldh lgk;rk dfBukbZ ls dh tk lds nq%lká ftldk mipkj Je ls gks Je lkè; lkèku ls jfgr lkèku ghu ifjJe ls gksus okyk Je lkè; ohj iq=k dks tUe nsus okyh ohjizlw 'kfDr'kkyh] n;kyq] 'kkar&èkhj vkSj ;ks¼k uk;d èkhjksnkÙk 'kwjohj fdarq vfHkekuh uk;d èkhjks¼r 'kwjohj fdarq yfyr dykvksa dk izseh uk;d èkhj yfyr og ukf;dk tks vius ifr ds ijns'k esa gksus ds fo;ksfxuh@ dkj.k nq%[kh gks fojg.kh ftl L=kh dk ifr fons'k pyk x;k gks izksf"krifrdk fojg (nq%[k) esa tyus okyh L=kh fojgfonXèkk

rRle ,oa rn~Hko 'kCn ifjHkk"kk ;fn dksbZ 'kCn fdlh Hkk"kk dk ewy 'kCn gS rks og ^rRle* 'kCn dgykrk gSA fganh Hkk"kk eas dbZ 'kCn ewy :i ls laLÑr ls vk;s gSa] vr% fganh esa rRle 'kCnksa dh Hkjekj gSA mnkgj.k& vkez] HkDr] {khj---vkfnA fganh Hkk"kk esa rn~Hko 'kCn mu 'kCnksa dks dgrs gSa tks laLÑr vkSj izkÑr Hkk"kk ls foÑr gksdj fganh esa vk;s gSaA mnkgj.k& vke] Hkkr] [khj---vkfnA

foxr o"kks± dh ijh{kkvksa esa iwNs x;s rRle ,oa rn~Hko 'kCn rRle

rn~Hko rRle o"kZ 2016 p.kd puk pRoj os=k csar Å.kZ LFkkyh Fkkyh tacq gLr gkFk 'kdqu Mkfduh Mk;u u;u foufr fourh iq×t uksV% vVy rFkk iathjh rn~Hko 'kCn gSaA tcfd iatj] vkrqj] vfrfFk rFkk vftj vkfn rRle 'kCn gSaA o"kZ 2015 izLrj iRFkj HkDr diZV diM+k Li'kZ nf/ ngh {ks=k lwfpdk ;k lwfp lqbZ /fj=kh naM MaMk pØ — rkez rk¡ck o"kZ 2014 i{k ia[k i`"B yTtk ykt funZj lIr'krh lrlbZ 'kdZjk gksfydk gksyh ekSfDrd {khj [khj uO; diwZj diwj ef{kdk gfjnzk gYnh mYykl ukfjdsy ukfj;y Ükàx ,dy vdsyk diZV dSDrZ dsoV x`/z lk;a 'kke ikn

282

rn~Hko pcwrjk Åu tkequ lxqu uSu iwath iapkyh] iafMr]

Hkxr ijl [ksr /jrh pkd —

ihB] iUuk fuMj 'kDdj eksrh u;k eD[kh gqykl lhax diM+k xh/ ik¡o

rRle rn~Hko rRle x`gLFkh fxfjLrh }kj dksfdy dks;y daVd vk'p;Z vpjt vV~Vkfydk =khf.k rhu uXu Hkzej HkkSajk xnZHk fiz; fi;k Lusg uksV% 'kqJw"kk] eqeq{kq] fnu vkfn rRle 'kCn gSaA o"kZ 2013 pw.kZ pwju jkf=k rhrk frDr 'olqj ekuo eubZ ekr` O;k?kz ck?k /`"B eqfnzdk eqnjh n`f"V Ükàxkj flaxkj peZ rh{.k rh[kk v¼Z dwi dqvk¡ e`fRrdk dikV fdokM+ fodkj o"kZ 2010 rhFkZ rhjFk vfXuf"Bdk lw;Z lwjt vf{k eq[k eq¡g d.kZ ftg~ok thHk nar [k.Mx`g [k¡Mgj f}oj ez{k.k eD[ku dksfV fiIiy ihiy rSy [kiZV [kIij vk| /S;Z /hjt ?k`r diZV diM+k xEHkhj

rn~Hko nqvkjk dkaVk vVkjh uaxk x/k usg

jkr llqj ek¡
fo'ks"k.k ,oa fo'ks"; ifjHkk"kk laKk ,oa loZuke dh fo'ks"krk ;k xq.k dks vfHkO;Dr djus okys 'kCn dks fo'ks"k.k dgrs gSaA fdlh Hkh laKk ds vusd xq.k gksrs gSa] ftls O;Dr djus gsrq fo'ks"k.k&inksa dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA ;g xq.k laKk ds :i] vkdkj] la[;k] xq.k&fLFkfr ds :i esa gksrk gSA ^fo'ks"k.k* dk iz;ksx fuEufyf[kr :i esa fd;k tkrk gSµ djus esa% fo'ks"k.k&'kCn }kjk fdlh O;fDr vFkok oLrq dh fo'ks"krk dk cksèk djk;k tkrk gS_ tSlsµlhrk lqanj gSA bl okD; esa ^lqanj* 'kCn lhrk dh fo'ks"krk dks O;Dr dj jgk gS] vr% ^lqanj* fo'ks"k.k gSA zzek=kk&O;Dr djus esa% izfrfufèk fo'ks"k.k&'kCn ds }kjk ek=kk dk cksèk djk;k tkrk gS_ tSlsµnl fdyks pkoyA ;gk¡ ^nl* fo'ks"k.k&'kCn pkoy dh ek=kk dk cksèk djkrk gSA zzLoHkko&O;Dr djus esa% izfrfufèk fo'ks"k.k&'kCn ds }kjk laKk ds LoHkko dk Hkh cksèk djk;k tkrk gS_ tSlsµjke 'kkar O;fDr gSA bl okD; esa ^'kkar* 'kCn jke ds LoHkko dks O;Dr dj jgk gS] vr% ^'kkar* 'kCn fo'ks"k.k gSA zzla[;k&O;Dr djus esa% izfrfufèk fo'ks"k.k&'kCn ds ekè;e ls la[;k dk cksèk djk;k tkrk gS_ tSlsµd{kk esa pkyhl Nk=k gSaA bl okD; esa ^pkyhl* 'kCn Nk=kksa dh la[;k dk cksèk djk jgk gS] vr% ^pkyhl* 'kCn fo'ks"k.k gSA mi;qZDr okD;ksa esa fo'ks"k.k ds vfrfjDr è;ku nsus ;ksX; nks vU; egÙoiw.kZ ckrsa Hkh gSaµ 1. izfo'ks"k.k] vkSj 2. fo'ks";A zzizfo'ks"k.kµfo'ks"k.k ,oa fØ;k&fo'ks"k.k dh fo'ks"krk dk cksèk ftl izfrfufèk&'kCn ds ekè;e ls gksrk gS] mls îzfo'ks"k.k* dgrs gS_a tSlsµ (i) eukst cgqr cnek'k yM+dk gSA (ii) lhrk cM+h lkglh yM+dh gSA mi;qZDr okD;ksa esa iz;qDr ^cgqr* ,oa ^cM+h* 'kCn Øe'k% ^cnek'k* ,oa ^lkglh* fo'ks"k.k dh fo'ks"krk dk cksèk djkrs gSa] vr% ;s îzfo'ks"k.k* gSaA zzfo'ks";µfo'ks"k.k ds ekè;e ls ftldh fo'ks"krk O;Dr gksrh gS] mls fo'ks"; dgrs gSa_ tSlsµ (i) xhrk vPNh yM+dh gSA (ii) eksgu 'kjkjrh cPpk gSA (iii) iz'kkar lqanj ckyd gSA bu okD;ksa esa iz;qDr ^yM+dh*] ^cPpk* ,oa ^ckyd* fo'ks"; gSa] ftudh fo'ks"krk Øe'k% ^vPNh*] ^'kjkjrh* ,oa ^lqanj* fo'ks"k.k ds ekè;e ls O;Dr gks jgh gSA okD; esa fo'ks"k.k ,oa fo'ks"; esa ?kfu"B lacaèk gksrk gSA oLrqr% okD; esa fo'ks"k.k dk iz;ksx nks izdkj ls fd;k tkrk gSA dHkh fo'ks"; ls iwoZ rks dHkh fo'ks"; ds i'pkr~ fo'ks"k.k dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS] vr% fo'ks"k.k ds fuEukafdr nks Hksn fd, tk ldrs gSaµ zzfo'ks"krk&O;Dr

286

fo'ks"k.k% okD; esa tks 'kCn fo'ks"k.k] fo'ks"; ls iwoZ vkrk gS] og ^fo'ks"; fo'ks"k.k* vFkok ^mís'; fo'ks"k.k* dgykrk gS_ tSlsµvfHkthr vPNk yM+dk gSA bl okD; esa ^vPNk* fo'ks"k.k ^yM+dk* (fo'ks";) ls iwoZ vk;k gS] vr% ^vPNk* fo'ks"; fo'ks"k.k gSA zzfoèks; fo'ks"k.k% ftl okD; esa fo'ks"k.k dk iz;ksx fo'ks"; ds i'pkr~ fd;k tkrk gS] mls foèks; fo'ks"k.k dgrs gSa_ tSlsµesjk ?kj cM+k gSA bl okD; esa ^cM+k* (fo'ks"k.k) ^?kj* (fo'ks";) ds ckn iz;qDr gqvk gS] vr% ^cM+k* foèks; fo'ks"k.k gSA zzfo'ks";

fo'ks"k.k ds Hksn fo'ks"k.k ds eq[; :i ls pkj Hksn ekus x, gSaµ fo'ks"k.k lkoZukfed fo'ks"k.k] vkSj xq.kokpd fo'ks"k.k la[;kokpd fo'ks"k.k zzifjek.kokpd fo'ks"k.kµlaKk ds ifjek.k vFkkZr~ ek=kk] la[;k vkfn dk cksèk djkus okys fo'ks"k.k dks ifjek.kokpd fo'ks"k.k dgrs gSaA mnkgj.kµ (i) esjh xk; cgqr nwèk nsrh gSA (ii) jke dks FkksM+h dkWiQh nksA bu okD;ksa esa iz;qDr ^cgqr* ,oa ^FkksM+h* 'kCnksa ls ifjek.k dk cksèk gksrk gSA ifjek.kokpd fo'ks"k.k ds Hkh nks Hksn ekus x, gSaµ fuf'pr ifjek.kokpd fo'ks"k.k] vkSj vfuf'pr ifjek.kokpd fo'ks"k.kA zzfuf'pr ifjek.kokpd fo'ks"k.kµftl izfrfufèk fo'ks"k.k&'kCn ls laKk ds ifjek.k dk fuf'pr cksèk gksrk gS] mls fuf'pr ifjek.kokpd fo'ks"k.k dgrs gSaA mnkgj.kµ (i) esjh xk; ik¡p yhVj nwèk nsrh gSA (ii) esjs ikl nl ,dM+ tehu gSA mi;qZDr okD;ksa esa îk¡p yhVj* o ^nl ,dM+* ifjek.k dk fuf'pr cksèk djkrs gSaA zzvfuf'pr ifjek.kokpd fo'ks"k.kµftl izfrfufèk fo'ks"k.k&'kCn ls laKk ds ifjek.k dk fuf'pr cksèk ugha gksrk gS] mls vfuf'pr ifjek.kokpd fo'ks"k.k dgrs gSaA ifjek.kokpd

i;kZ;okph 'kCn ifjHkk"kk ftu 'kCnksa ds vFkZ esa lekurk gks vFkkZr~ tks vFkZ dh n`f"V ls leku gksa] î;kZ;okph* 'kCn dgykrs gSaA laLÑr ds vfèkdka'k 'kCnksa dks vkRelkr djus ds dkj.k fganh esa i;kZ;okph 'kCn cgqyrk esa gSaA i;kZ;okph 'kCnksa dk okD; iz;ksx ds vuqlkj gh mfpr fu:i.k gksrk gSA

foxr o"kks± dh ijh{kkvksa esa iwNs x;s i;kZ;okph 'kCn 'kCn

i;kZ;okph o"kZ 2016

'kCn czãk

i;kZ;okph deyklu] prqjkuu] lnkuUn] v.Mt] fgj.;xHkZ] vt] fojafp

Hkzej

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295

[kaM

03

foxr o"kks± ds gy iz'ui=

(Previous Years Solved Papers) o"kZ & 2016

;qXeksa esa ls dkSu&lk lgh lqesfyr ugha gSa\ (a) oh-Mh- lkojdj µ nh bf.M;u okj vkWiQ bf.Mis.Msal (b) vkj-lh- etwenkj µ nh lsikW; E;wfVuh ,.M fjoksYV vkWiQ 1857 (c) jkèkkdey eq[kthZ µ voèk bu fjoksYV (1857-1858) (d) ,l-ch- pkSèkjh µ flfoy fjcsfy;u~l bu nh bf.M;u E;wfVuht (1857-1859) 2. fczfV'k Hkkjr ds fuEufyf[kr izkUrkas ij fopkj dhft, vkSj mu izkUrksa dks igpkfu, tgk¡ 1937 esa Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; dk¡xzsl dk efU=ke.My ugha cuk\ 1. eè; izkUr 2. mfM+lk 3. caxky 4. iatkc fuEufyf[kr dwV ls lgh mÙkj pqfu,% (a) 1 vkSj 2 (b) 3 vkSj 4 (c) 2 vkSj 3 (d) 1 vkSj 4 3. vxLr 1925 esa ls.Vªy ysftLysfVo ,lsEcyh dk vè;{k fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu Fkk\ (a) lh-vkj- nkl (b) eksrhyky usg: (c) ,e-vkj- t;dj (d) foV~ByHkkbZ iVsy 4. fuEufyf[kr esa ls fdlus ¶ikWfyfVDl bu bf.M;k¸ iqLrd fy[kh gS\ (a) jtuh dksBkjh (b) ,e-,u- Jhfuokl (c) vk'kh"k uUnh (c) Mh-,y- lsB 5. fuEufyf[kr laLFkkvksa ij fopkj dhft,% 1. caxHkk"kk izdkf'kdk lHkk 2. yS.MgksYMlZ lkslk;Vh 3. caxky fczfV'k bf.M;k lkslk;Vh 4. bf.M;u yhx bu laLFkkvksa dh LFkkiuk o"kZ ds lgh dkykuqØe dks fuEufyf[kr dwV ls pqfu,% (a) 1, 2, 3, 4 (b) 1, 3, 2, 4 (c) 2, 1, 3, 4 (d) 2, 3, 4, 1 6. fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu ,d Hkkjrh; lafoèkku ds vUrxZr vkikr dh mn~?kks"k.kk dk vkèkkj ugha gks ldrk gS\

(1. fuEufyf[kr

300

(a) ;q¼ (c) l'kL=k

(b) cká vkØe.k fonzksg (d) vkUrfjd v'kkfUr 7. Hkkjrh; lafoèkku ds izkfèkÑr fgUnh ikB dks fuEufyf[kr lafoèkku la'kksèkuksa esa ls fdlds }kjk izdkf'kr djus ds fy, vfèkÑr fd;k x;k\ (a) 57ok¡ la'kksèku] 1987 (b) 58ok¡ la'kksèku] 1987 (c) 59ok¡ la'kksèku] 1988 (d) 60ok¡ la'kksèku] 1988 8. fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu Hkkjrh; lafoèkku ds vUrxZr lgh leqsfyr ugha gS\ (a) iapk;r µ Hkkx 9 (b) uxjikfydk,¡ µ Hkkx 9&d (c) lgdkjh lfefr;k¡ µ Hkkx 9&[k (d) vfèkdj.k µ Hkkx 10 9. Hkkjrh; lafoèkku ds lUnHkZ esa fuEufyf[kr dFkuksa ij fopkj dhft,% 1. la?k eaf=kifj"kn yksd lHkk ds izfr lkewfgd :i ls mÙkjnk;h gksxkA 2. la?k ds ea=kh] izèkkuea=kh ds izlkn i;ZUr vius in èkkj.k djsaxsA buesa ls (a) dsoy 1 lgh gSA (b) 1 vkSj 2 nksuksa lgh gSaA (c) u rks 1 u 2 lgh gSA (d) dsoy 2 lgh gSA 10. lwph&I dks lwph&II ls lqesfyr dhft, rFkk lwfp;ksa ds vUr esa fn, dwVksa ls lgh mÙkj pqfu,% lwph–I lwph–II A. lkroha vuqlwph 1. Hkk"kk,¡ B. vkBoha vuqlwph 2. ny ifjorZu ds vkèkkj ij fujgZrk C. uoha vuqlwph 3. foèkk;h 'kfDr;ksa dk forj.k D. nloha vuqlwph 4. dqN vfèkfu;eksa dk fofèkekU;dj.k dwV% A (a) 3 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4

B 1 3 1 2

C 2 4 4 1

D 4 1 2 3


dwV%

A (a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 1 (d) 2

mÙkj çns'k RO/ARO C 3 4 4 3

D 4 3 3 4

134. 1857 ds

fonzksg ds nkSjku cgknqj 'kkg us fdls ^lkgc&,&vkye cgknqj* dk f[krkc fn;k Fkk\ (a) vtheqYykg (b) fcjftl dnz (c) c[r [kku (d) glu [kku 135. lwph&I dks lwph&II ds lkFk lqesfyr dhft, rFkk lwfp;ksa ds var esa fn;s dwV ls lgh mÙkj pqfu,% lwph-I lwph-II A. ikWf.Mpsjh 1. Mp B. xksok 2. izsaQp C. Vªkudsckj 3. iksVqZxht D. lnzkl 4. Msfu'k (Msu)

dwV%

A (a) 2 (b) 1 (c) 3 (d) 4 136. fuEufyf[kr

rFkk (R) nksuksa lgh gSa] fdUrq (R), (A) dk lgh Li"Vhdj.k ugha gSA (c) (A) lgh gS] fdUrq (R) xyr gSA (d) (A) xyr gS] fdUrq (R) lgh gSA 140. lwph&I dks lwph&II ds lkFk lqesfyr dhft, rFkk lwfp;ksa ds var esa fn;s dwV ls lgh mÙkj pqfu,% lwph-I lwph-II (ØkfUrdkfj;ksa ds uke) (LFkku) A. ukuk lkgsc 1. fnYyh B. uokc gkfen vyh [kku 2. dkuiqj C. ekSyoh vgewn mYykg 3. y[kumQ D. euh jke nhoku 4. vle

B 2 1 2 1

B 3 2 4 1

C 4 3 1 2

D 1 4 2 3

esa ls fdlus egkHkkjr dk iQkjlh esa vuqokn fd;k Fkk\ (a) vCnqy O+kQkfnj cnk;w¡uh (b) vcqy iQ”y (c) futkeqíhu vgen (d) 'ks[k eqckjd 137. vle ds loZizFke pk; dEiuh dh LFkkiuk dc gqbZ Fkh\ (a) 1835 esa (b) 1837 esa (c) 1839 esa (d) 1841 esa 138. fuEufyf[kr fooj.k ij fopkj dhft,% ¶1853 esa tUes ;s if'peh Hkkjr ds ikjlh FksA ;s ¶bf.M;u LisDVsVj¸ rFkk ¶ok;l vkWiQ bf.M;k¸ ds lEiknd FksA ;s ,d lekt lqèkkjd Fks vkSj lEefr vk;q vfèkfu;e 1891 ds i{k esa izeq[k la?k"kZdrkZ FksA¸ mi;qZDr iSjkxzkiQ fdlds fo"k; esa gS\ (a) nknkHkkbZ ukSjksth (b) ch- ,e- ekykckjh (c) ch-ih- okfM;k (d) ukSjksth iQjnkSu th 139. fuEufyf[kr dFkuksa ij fopkj dhft,% dFku (A) : tokgjyky usg: us nwljs xksyest lEesyu (1932) esa Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; dk¡xl sz dk izfrfufèkRo fd;k FkkA dkj.k (R) : xkUèkh bjfou le>kSrk (1931) esa Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; dk¡xlsz dk nwljs xksyest lEesyu (1932) esa Hkkx ysuk vUrfuZfgr FkkA uhps fn;s x, dwV lss lgh mÙkj pqfu,% (a) (A) rFkk (R) nksuksa lgh gSa rFkk (R), (A) dk lgh Li"Vhdj.k gSA

(b) (A)

dwV%

A (a) 1 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 2

B 2 2 1 1

C 4 3 4 3

D 3 4 3 4

mÙkjekyk 1. (c) 6. (d) 11. (b) 16. (a) 21. (a) 26. (a) 31. (d) 36. (a) 41. (b) 46. (b) 51. (c) 56. (a) 61. (a) 66. (b)

71. (d) 76. (c) 81. (d) 86. (a) 91. (d) 96. (c) 101. (b) 106. (b) 1 11. (b) 1 16. (d) 121. (d) 126. (a) 13 1. (b) 1 36. (a)

2. (b) 7. (b) 12. (d) 17. (d) 22. (b) 27. (**) 32. (c) 37. (a) 42. (a) 47. (d) 52. (a) 57. (a) 62. (b) 67. (d) 72. (b) 77. (d) 82. (a) 87. (a) 92. (b) 97. (b) 102. (d) 107. (a) 112. (a) 117. (d) 122. (c) 127. (c) 132. (d) 137. (c)

3. (d) 8. (d) 13. (b) 18. (b) 23. (*) 28. (b) 33. (b) 38. (c) 43. (d) 48. (b) 53. (c) 58. (c) 63. (d) 68. (a) 73. (c) 78. (a) 83. (b) 88. (b) 93. (c) 98. (d) 103. (a) 108. (a) 113. (a) 118. (d) 123. (c) 128. (c) 133. (b) 138. (b)

4. (a) 5. (a) 9. (a) 10. (c) 14. (c) 15. (c) 19. (c) 20. (a) 24. (a) 25. (c) 29. (c) 30. (a) 34. (d) 35. (b) 39. (a) 40. (d) 44. (d) 45. (a) 49. (c) 50. (a) 54. (b) 55. (d) 59. (d) 60. (d) 64. (c) 65. (a) 69. (b) 70. (c) 74. (a) 75. (d) 79. (c) 80. (c) 84. (d) 85. (c) 89. (b) 90. (a) 94. (d) 95. (a) 99. (c) 100. (c) 104. (b) 105. (a) 109. (c) 110. (c) 114. (c) 115. (b) 119. (d) 120. (b) 124. (b) 125. (d) 129. (d) 130. (a) 134. (c) 135. (a) 139. (d) 140. (d)

bl iz'u ds lHkh fodYi lqesfyr gSaA ** fodYi (c) vkSj (d) nksuksa lqesfyr ugha gSaA *

309


n`fÔ ifCydsÓkUl

o"kZ & 2014 1. fczfV'k

ds laofèkku ds fdl Hkkx esa la?k jkT; lEcUèkksa dk mYys[k fd;k x;k gS\ x;k Fkk (a) Hkkx X (nl) (b) Hkkx XI (X;kjg) (a) 1899 esa (b) 1901 esa (c) Hkkx XIV (pkSng) (d) Hkkx XV (ianzg) (c) 1903 esa (d) 1905 eas 13. ;fn Hkkjr ds jk"Vªifr vkSj mi&jk"Vªifr nksuksa R;kxi=k ns nsa] rks 2. îwQV Mkyks vkSj jkT; djks* dh j.kuhfr viukbZ xbZ Fkh ,slh fLFkfr esa jk"Vªifr ds :i esa dkSu dk;Z djsxk\ (a) ykWMZ dtZu }kjk (b) ykWMZ feUVks }kjk (a) yksd lHkk dk vè;{k (b) izèkkuea=kh (c) ykWMZ MygkSth }kjk (d) ykWMZ osyst~yh }kjk (c) x`gea=kh 3. xnj ikVhZ dk eq[;ky; Fkk (d) loksZPp U;k;ky; ds eq[; U;k;kèkh'k (a) lSu izQkfUlLdks esa (b) U;w;kWdZ esa 14. fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu&lk ,d jkT; dk uhfr&funs'kd fl¼kUr] (c) enzkl esa (d) dydÙkk esa lafoèkku esa ckn esa tksM+k x;k\ 4. buesa ls dkSu mxz jk"Vªokn ds mYys[kuh; usrkvksa esa ls ugha Fkk\ (a) xzke iapk;rksa dk laxBu (b) xksoèk&fu"ksèk (a) xksiky Ñ".k xks[kys (b) fcfiu panz iky (c) eqÝr dkuwuh lykg (d) leku ukxfjd lafgrk (c) yksdekU; fryd (d) ykyk yktir jk; 15. Hkkjr esa Û;kf;d lfØ;rk* lEcfUèkr gS 5. buesa ls fdls ^fn xzSUM vksYM eSu* ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gS\ (a) izfrc¼ U;k;ikfydk ls (b) tufgr ;kfpdk ls (a) [kku vCnqy xÝiQkj [kk¡ (b) MCY;w- lh- cuthZ (c) U;kf;d iqujoyksdu ls (d) U;kf;d Lora=krk ls (c) nknkHkkbZ ukSjksth (d) eksrhyky usg: 16. 2015-16 esa la?k ljdkj ds ctV esa fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu&lh 6. buesa ls dkSu Hkkjrh; lafoèkku lHkk dk vè;{k Fkk\ isU'ku ;kstuk dks iqu% izkjEHk fd;k x;k gS\ (a) MkW- jktsUnz izlkn (b) ia- tokgjyky usg: (a) jke euksgj yksfg;k isU'ku ;kstuk (c) ljnkj iVsy (d) MkW- ch-vkj- vEcsndj (b) izèkkuea=kh isU'ku ;kstuk 7. Lora=krk dk uo&xzghr frjaxk igyh ckj dc ygjk;k x;k\ (c) vVy isU'ku ;kstuk (a) 31 fnlEcj] 1928 (b) 31 fnlEcj] 1929 (d) fujUrj isU'ku ;kstuk (c) 31 fnlEcj] 1930 (d) 31 fnlEcj] 1931 17. 2015-16 esa la?k ljdkj ds ctV esa chek dEifu;ksa dh va'kiw¡th 8. Hkwnku vkUnksyu dk izkjEHk loZizFke fdl jkT; esa gqvk Fkk\ ds fons'kh izR;{k fuos'k dh lhek c<+kdj dj nh xbZ gS (a) vkUèkz izns'k (b) dukZVd (a) 49% (b) 76% (c) rfeyukMq (d) mÙkj izns'k (c) 81% (d) 99% 9. Hkkjrh; la f oèkku es a lekurk dk vfèkdkj 5 vuq P Ns n ks a 18. îzfrPNk;k cSafdax* D;k gS\ }kjk LohÑr gSA os gSa (a) cSad ds dk;Z dks cSad }kjk vkmVlkslZ djuk (a) vuqPNsn 13 – 17 (b) vuqPNsn 14 – 18 (b) xSj&cSafdax foÙkh; laLFkkvksa }kjk foÙkh; rFkk vU; (c) vuqPNsn 15 – 19 (d) vuqPNsn 16 – 20 xfrfofèk;ksa dks lEiUu djuk 10. Hkkjr ds lafoèkku ds fuekZrkvksa us ekSfyd vfèkdkjksa dh voèkkj.kk (c) ?kjsyw cSadksa dh fons'k esa xfrfofèk;k¡ dks mèkkj fy;k Fkk (d) fons'kh cSad }kjk nwljs ns'k ds vUnj cSafdax fØ;k,¡ o (a) ;w-,l-,- ds lafoèkku ls vU; xfrfofèk;k¡ djuk (b) vk;jyS.M ds lafoèkku ls 19. fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu&lh cgqn's kh; laLFkk,¡ Hkkjr esa dk;Zjr gSa\ (c) dukMk ds lafoèkku ls 1. fgUnqLrku yhoj fyfeVsM (d) lksfo;r la?k ds lafoèkku ls 2. lSelax dkWiksZjs'ku 11. fduds chp lEcUèkksa dh iqujh{kk ds fy, ljdkfj;k vk;ksx dk 3. xsLV dhu ,.M fofy;El iQkekZ 4. ,y-thxBu fd;k x;k Fkk\ (a) izèkkuea=kh vkSj jk"Vªifr uhps fn, x, dwV dk mi;ksx dj viuk mÙkj nhft,A (b) foèkkf;dk vkSj dk;Zikfydk dwV% (c) dk;Zikfydk vkSj U;k;ikfydk (a) 1, 2, 3 vkSj 4 (b) 2 vkSj 4 (d) dsUnz vkSj jkT; (c) 2, 3 vkSj 4 (d) 1 vkSj 3

310

oLrqvksa ds cfg"dkj dks jk"Vªh; uhfr ds :i essa viuk;k

12. Hkkjr


n`fÔ ifCydsÓkUl (a) vk;ksMhu&;qDr ued (b) leqnzh ued (c) lsaèkk ued (d) lalkfèkr lkèkkj.k 126. izkÑfrd

ued

diwj izkIr gksrk gS (a) fgeky; ioZr ds mPp LFkkuksa dh pV~Vkuksa ls (b) osustq,yk esa ,sfUty izikr ds isQu (>kx) ls (c) phu rFkk tkiku ds ,d ns'kt o`{k ls (d) vUneku ds fudV leqnzh Tokj&HkkVk ds volkn ls 127. xk; dk nwèk ihys&liQsn jax dk gksrk gS] ftldk dkj.k mlesa fuEufyf[kr esa ls fdldh mifLFkfr gS\ (a) dslhu (b) ySDVksl (c) dslhu ds lkFk&lkFk dSjksVhu (d) ySDVksl ds lkFk&lkFk C;wfVfjd ,sflM 128. fuEufyf[kr dFkuksa ij fopkj dhft;s% dFku (A) : lksrs le; rhoz izdk'k vokaNuh; gksrk gSA dkj.k (R) : rhoz izdk'k esa 'kjhj esa esykVksfuu dk mRiknu vfèkd gksrk gSA uhps fn;s x;s dwV dk mi;ksx dj viuk mÙkj nhft;s% (a) (A) rFkk (R) nksuksa lgh gSa vkSj (A) dk lgh Li"Vhdj.k (R) gSA (b) (A) rFkk (R) nks u ks a lgh gS a ] fdUrq (A) dk lgh Li"Vhdj.k (R) ugha gSA (c) (A) lR; gS] fdUrq (R) vlR; gSA (d) (A) vlR; gS] fdUrq (R) lR; gSA 129. buesa ls fdls 'kkgtgk¡ us ^'kkg cqyan bdcky* dh inoh nh Fkh\ (a) nkjk f'kdksg (b) 'kwtk (c) vkSjax”ksc (d) eqjkn 130. û;ukj* dkSu Fks\ (a) oS".ko èkekZuq;k;h (b) 'kSo èkekZuq;k;h (c) 'kkDr (d) lw;ksZikld 131. ^lIri.khZ xqiQk* fLFkr gS (a) lk¡ph esa (b) ukyUnk esa (c) jktx`g esa (d) ikokiqjh esa 132. ^}kjleqnz* fdl jktoa'k dh jktèkkuh Fkh\ (a) xax (b) dkdrh; (c) gks;ly (d) dnEc 133. ^xksiFkczkã.k* lEcfUèkr gS (a) ;tqosZn ls (b) lkeosn ls (c) vFkoZosn ls (d) ÍXosn ls 134. egkHkkjr ewyr% fdl :i esa tkuh tkrh Fkh\ (a) o`gr~dFkk (b) czkã.k (c) o`gr~lafgrk (d) t;lafgrk 135. fdl vfHkys[k ls Kkr gksrk gS fd LdUnxqIr us gw.kksa dks ijkftr fd;k Fkk\

316

(a) Hkhrjh LrEHk&ys[k (b) bykgkckn LrEHk&ys[k (c) eUnlkSj vfHkys[k (d) mn;fxfj vfHkys[k 136. oYyHkh fo'ofo|ky; fLFkr Fkk (a) fcgkj esa (b) mÙkj izns'k esa (c) caxky esa (d) xqtjkr esa 137. g"kZ us fuEufyf[kr esa ls fdu jpukvksa dk ys[ku fd;k

1. 3.

fiz;nf'kZdk g"kZpfjr

2. 4.

ukxkuUn jRukoyh

Fkk\

dwV%

(a) 1, 2, 3 vkSj 4 (b) 1, 2 vkSj 4 (c) 1, 2 vkSj 3 (d) 2 vkSj 3 138. ghu;ku voLFkk dk fo'kkyre ,oa lokZfèkd fodflr

'kSyÑr pSR;x`g fLFkr gS (a) ihry[kksjk esa (b) tqUukj esa (c) dkysZ esa (d) csMlk esa 139. ^jkSyV ,sDV* fdl okbljk; ds dky esa ikfjr gqvk Fkk\ (a) ykWMZ gkfM±t II (b) ykWMZ jhfMax (c) ykWMZ psEliQksMZ (d) ykWMZ feUVks II 140. Hkkjrh; Lora=krk vfèkfu;e] 1947 izHkkoh gqvk Fkk (a) tqykbZ 4, 1947 bZ- dks (b) tqykbZ 10, 1947 bZ- dks (c) tqykbZ 18, 1947 bZ- dks (d) vxLr 14, 1947 bZ- dks

mÙkjekyk 1. (d) 6. (a) 11. (d) 16. (c) 21. (d) 26. (b) 31. (b) 36. (b) 41. (a) 46. (a) 51. (b) 56. (b) 61. (d) 66. (c)

2. (b) 7. (b) 12. (b) 17. (a) 22. (b) 27. (c) 32. (c) 37. (c) 42. (d) 47. (c) 52. (b) 57. (b) 62. (c) 67. (c) 71. (d) 72. (c) 76. (b) 77. (a) 81. (a) 82. (b) 86. (c) 87. (b) 91. (b) 92. (d) 96. (d) 97. (c) 101. (c) 102. (c) 106. (d) 107. (c) 111. (a) 112. (d) 116. (d) 117. (b) 121. (c) 122. (a) 126. (d) 127. (c) 1 31. (c) 132. (c) 1 36. (d) 137. (b)

3. (a) 8. (a) 13. (d) 18. (b) 23. (b) 28. (a) 33. (c) 38. (c) 43. (a) 48. (a) 53. (d) 58. (d) 63. (d) 68. (c) 73. (a) 78. (b) 83. (d) 88. (a) 93. (c) 98. (a) 103. (a) 108. (d) 113. (d) 118. (b) 123. (a) 128. (c) 133. (c) 138. (c)

4. (a) 5. (c) 9. (b) 10. (a) 14. (c) 15. (b) 19. (b) 20. (a) 24. (c) 25. (d) 29. (d) 30. (d) 34. (a) 35. (d) 39. (a) 40. (a) 44. (c) 45. (b) 49. (a) 50. (d) 54. (a) 55. (b) 59. (d) 60. (a) 64. (b) 65. (c) 69. (c) 70. (a) 74. (b) 75. (a) 79. (d) 80. (b) 84. (a) 85. (d) 89. (d) 90. (b) 94. (d) 95. (b) 99. (c) 100. (d) 104. (b) 105. (d) 109. (a) 110. (c) 114. (a) 115. (d) 119. (c) 120. (d) 124. (b) 125. (b) 129. (a) 130. (b) 134. (d) 135. (a) 139. (c) 140. (c)

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