UNIVERSIDAD DE LOS ANDES FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS ECONÓMICAS Y SOCIALES ESCUELA DE ADMINISTRACIÓN Y CONTADURÍA CÁTEDRA DE MÉTODOS CUANTITATIVOS PARA LA GERENCIA
TEORÍ A DE JUEGO S MÉRIDA ESTADO MÉRIDA
Autores:
A/tu5$ 6" ,$-7C"I !)"488"4)) A" F+/c +/cn M" L$id $idi A" C"I ()".8 ".88"10 "109 Guti Guti:r :rrr$; <" L+ur L+ur+ + M" C"I C"I (!"( (!"((0 (0"8 "804 04 M:n M:nd$; M" Eri=+ Y" C"I (4") (4")8 81"4( "4(4 Vi$/>+ M" M+$/5i- C"I !8"!.."840 M" O>+?+ P" Ric+rdo C"I !9"@8."104 A" Pro$-orB C$-+r G+rc*+"
INDICE GENERAL DE CONTENIDO Pági na
Introduccin
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!4"# A2/ic+cin d$ /+ T$or*+ d$ ,u$'o- $n /o- N$'ocio-
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INDICE DE IGURAS ! CUADROS Pági na
Fi'ur+ !"!" Áro/ d$ ,u$'o-"
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Cu+dro !"!" M+tri; d$ G+n+nci+-"
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Cu+dro !"(" E&$>2/o !" ,u$'o- no coo2$r+ti5o-"
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T$or*+ T$or*+ d$ ,u$'o- H -u +2/ic+cin $n /o/o- n$'ocio-
2 5
2 5 INTRODUCCI"N
L+ t$or*+ d$ &u$'o- u$ $/+or+d+ con $/ %n d$ r$+/i;+r +n/i-i$con>ico d$ ci$rto- 2roc$-o- d$ n$'oci+cin3 $- un+ r+>+ d$ /+ >+t$>tic+3 u$ -$ $nc+r'+ d$ $-tudi+r -itu+cion$- $-tr+t:'ic+- dond$ /o+'$nt$- $/i'$n di-tinto- cur-o- d$ +ccin 2+r+ >+i>i;+r -u- $n$%cio-" E/ o&$ti5o d$ /+ t$or*+ d$ &u$'o- -$ +-+ $n /+ d$t$r>in+cin d$ 2+tron$- d$ co>2ort+>i$nto r+cion+/ $n /+ u$ /o- r$-u/t+do- d$2$nd$n d$ /+- +ccion$d$ /o- &u'+dor$- int$rd$2$ndi$nt$-3 dond$ /o- &u'+dor$- 2u$d$n n$'oci+r contr+to- 5incu/+nt$- u$ /$- 2$r>it+n +do2t+r $-tr+t$'i+- con&unt+- o no" L+ t$or*+ d$ &u$'o- $- +2/ic+d+ $n di-tint+- r$+-3 $ntr$ $//+- -$ $ncu$ntr+n /+ +d>ini-tr+cin3 /+ $cono>*+ H n$'ocio-3 /+ :tic+3 /+ %/o-o*+3 /+- ci$nci+2o/*tic+-3 $ntr$ otr+-" L+ t$or*+ d$ &u$'o- -$ +2/ic+ u-u+/>$nt$ $n /+$>2r$-+-3 co>o un+ $rr+>i$nt+ 2+r+ 2r$5$r /+- r$+ccion$- H $-tr+t$'i+u$ /+ co>2$t$nci+ 2u$d+ +do2t+r d$ido + /+ d$ci-in u$ -$ + to>+do3 $n /+ >+Hor*+ d$ c+-o- -$ + u-+do 2+r+ +n+/i;+r un +>2/io n7>$ro d$ 2ro/$>+- r$/+cion+do- + duo2o/io- H o/i'o2o/io-" En $/ 2r$-$nt$ tr++&o -$ r$co2i/+r+n +/'un+- d$%nicion$- d$ &u$'o3 $/ ori'$n H /+ d$%nicin d$ /+ t$or*+ d$ &u$'o-3 -u- ti2o- H -u $&$>2/i%c+cin3 $-tr+t$'i+- >ini>+ H >+i>in3 +-* co>o +-2$cto- conc$2tu+/$r$/+cion+do- + $-t+ t$or*+ co>o $/ $ui/irio d$ N+-3 ro/ d$ &u$'o H >+tri; d$ '+n+nci+"
2 5 #$% &'u( es un )uego*
A /o /+r'o d$ /+ i-tori+ d$ /+ u>+nid+d $/ &u$'o + $i-tido co>o un+ or>+ d$ di-tr+ccin d$ un+ >+n$r+ or'+ni;+d+ $n /+ >+Hor*+ d$ /o- c+-o-3 $n /+ u$ /o- 2+rtici2+nt$- -on /ir$- $n /+ to>+ d$ d$ci-ion$-3 2$ro -i'ui$ndo un+- r$'/+- $-t+/$cid+- 2r$5i+>$nt$" L+ 2ri>$r+ r$$r$nci+ d$ &u$'o d+t+ d$/ +?o )444 +"c3 -in $>+r'o +7n -$ d$-conoc$n /+- or>+- 2ri>iti5+- u$ uti/i;++n /o- +nti'uo- 2+r+ -u di5$r-in H $ntr$t$ni>i$nto" T+/ 5$; 2or /+ +/t+ d$ inor>+cin $i-t$nt$3 o ui; +H+ -ido 2or /+ di%cu/t+d 2+r+ int$r2r$t+r /o- d+to- $ncontr+do- $n $/ tr+n-currir d$ /+ i-tori+" Lo- &u$'o- +n ido $5o/ucion+ndo +/ 2+-+r d$ /o- -i'/o-3 -i$ndo inJu$nci+do- 2or /+ cu/tur+ H /o- ito- d$ conduct+ d$ /+ -oci$d+d" Aor+ i$n3 -$ +c$ n$c$-+rio d$%nir u$ $- $/ &u$'o" L+ 2+/+r+ &u$'o ti$n$ connot+cion$- /7dic+- H r$/+ti5+- +/ +;+r3 -in $>+r'o /+ t$or*+ d$ &u$'o- no ti$n$ co>o o&$ti5o 2ri>ordi+/ /o- &u$'o- d$ -+/n3 +unu$ -i $ntr+n d$ntro d$ -u do>inio" S$'7n /o- -i'ui$nt$- +utor$- $/ &u$'o -$ d$%n$ d$ /+ -i'ui$nt$ >+n$r+B “Un juego es una representación formal de una situación en la que las decisiones son interdependientes”. (Galetovic, 2002). “Un juego en cualquier situación en la que los individuos deen tomar decisiones estrat!gicas " en la que el resultado #nal depende de lo que cada uno decida $acer”. (%ic$olson, &''). “ualquier prolema de toma de decisiones, donde el rendimiento (que otiene una persona) depende no solo de sus propias decisiones sino tami!n de las decisiones de las otras personas que participan en el juego”. (*addala " *iller, &''&). +Un juego es una situación conictiva en la que uno dee tomar una decisión saiendo que los dem-s tami!n toman decisiones, " que el
2 5 resultado del conicto se determina, de algn modo, a partir de todas las decisiones reali/adas”. (o$n von %eumann).
To>+ndo $n cu$nt+ /o- conc$2to- d$-crito- 2or /o- di$r$nt$- +utor$2od$>o- $ncontr+r un+ r+-$ $n con&unto3 $n /+ u$ un &u$'o $- un+ -itu+cin $n /+ cu+/ $/ indi5iduo d$$ to>+r d$ci-ion$-3 2+r+ /o'r+r $/ o&$ti5o u$ 2$r-i'+ $/ >i->o" P+r+ un+ >$&or i/u-tr+cin -$ 2u$d$n d+r co>o $&$>2/o d$ &u$'o- /oconJicto- >i/it+r$-3 /+- c+>2+?+- 2o/*tic+-3 c+>2+?+- d$ 2u/icid+d o 2ro>ocin H >uc+- otr+- -itu+cion$- u$ -$ 2r$-t$n 2+r+ /+ co>2$t$nci+ $ntr$ indi5iduo-3 $>2r$-+-3 n+cion$-3 $ntr$ otro-"
2$% &'u( es +a Teor,a -e Juegos*
L+ T$or*+ d$ ,u$'o- $-tudi+ d$ >+n$r+ or>+/ H +-tr+ct+ /+d$ci-ion$- 2ti>+- u$ d$$n to>+r di5$r-o- +d5$r-+rio- $n conJicto3 2udi$ndo d$%nir-$ co>o $/ $-tudio d$ >od$/o- >+t$>tico- u$ d$-cri$n $/ conJicto H /+ coo2$r+cin $ntr$ $nt$- int$/i'$nt$- u$ to>+n d$ci-ion$-" T+/$- d$ci-ion$- -$ con-id$r+n $-tr+t:'ic+-3 $- d$cir3 u$ /o- $nt$- u$ 2+rtici2+n $n $/ &u$'o +ct7+n t$ni$ndo $n cu$nt+ /+- +ccion$- u$ to>+r*+n /o- d$>-" L+ t$or*+ d$ ,u$'o- $- un ti2o d$ +n/i-i- >+t$>tico ori$nt+do + 2r$d$cir cu/ -$r $/ r$-u/t+do ci$rto o $/ r$-u/t+do >- 2ro+/$ d$ un+ di-2ut+ $ntr$ do- indi5iduo-" E/ o&$ti5o 2rinci2+/ d$ /+ t$or*+ d$ &u$'o $- /+ d$t$r>in+cin d$ 2+tron$- d$ co>2ort+>i$nto r+cion+/ $n /+ u$ /o- r$-u/t+do- d$2$nd$n d$ /+- +ccion$- d$ /o- &u'+dor$- int$rd$2$ndi$nt$-" En /+ T$or*+ d$ ,u$'o- /+ intuicin no $- un+ $rr+>i$nt+ >uH 5i+/$ $n -itu+cion$- $-tr+t:'ic+-3 2or $-t+ r+;n -$ d$$ $ntr$n+r to>+ndo $&$>2/o-
2 5 in-tructi5o-3 -in u$ -$+n $-trict+>$nt$ r$+/$-3 $- d$cir -$ 2u$d$ +c$r u-o d$ /+ -i>u/+cin d$ -itu+cion$- u$ -$ 2u$d+n d+r $n /+ r$+/id+d3 con $/ %n d$ uti/i;+r $-tr+t$'i+- u$ 2$r>it+n /o'r+r $/ o&$ti5o inici+/" .$% &C/0o se origin/ +a Teor,a -e Juegos*
Fu$ di-$?+d+ H $/+or+d+ 2or $/ >+t$>tico ,on Von N$u>+nn H $/ $cono>i-t+ O-=+r Mor'$n-t$rn $n !8)83 con $/ %n d$ r$+/i;+r +n/i-i$con>ico d$ ci$rto- 2roc$-o- d$ n$'oci+cin" Von N$u>+nn H Mor'$n-t$rn $-crii$ron $/ /iro c/-ico KT$or*+ d$ ,u$'o- H co>2ort+>i$nto Econ>ico T$ T$orH o G+>$- +nd Econo>ic 6$+5iour3 2u/ic+do $n !8.." E-t$ /iro 2$r>iti d$-+rro//+r t$>+- co>o 2ro'r+>+cin /in$+/ H t$or*+ d$ /+ d$ci-in $-t+d*-tic+ d$ +/d" Ant$rior + $-t$ /iro3 otro- +utor$- +*+n +ntici2+do +/'un+- id$+-" Lo$cono>i-t+- cournot H Ed'$ort u$ron 2+rticu/+r>$nt$ inno5+dor$- $n $/ -i'/o QIQ" Otr+- contriucion$- 2o-t$rior$- >$ncion+d+- u$ron $c+- 2or /o>+t$>tico- 6or$/ H $r>$/o" E/ >i->o Von N$u>+nn H+ +*+ 2u$-to /ound+>$nto- $n $/ +rt*cu/o 2u/ic+do $n !8(@" Sin $>+r'o3 no u$ +-t+ u$ +2+r$ci $/ /iro d$ Von N$u>+nn H Mor'$n-t$rn u$ $/ >undo co>2r$ndi cun 2ot$nt$ $r+ $/ in-tru>$nto d$-cui$rto 2+r+ $-tudi+r /+r$/+cion$- u>+n+-" Von N$u>+nn H Mor'$n-t$rn in5$-ti'+ron do- 2/+nt$+>i$nto- di-tintod$ /+ T$or*+ d$ ,u$'o-" E/ 2ri>$ro d$ $//o- $/ 2/+nt$+>i$nto $-tr+t:'ico o no coo2$r+ti5o" Von N$u>+nn H Mor'$n-t$rn r$-o/5i$ron $-t$ 2ro/$>+ $n $/ c+-o 2+rticu/+r d$ &u$'o- con do- &u'+dor$- cuHo- int$r$-$- -on di+>$tr+/>$nt$ o2u$-to-" A $-to- &u$'o- -$ /$- //+>+ $-trict+>$nt$ co>2$titi5o-3 o d$ -u>+ c$ro3 2oru$ cu+/ui$r '+n+nci+ 2+r+ un &u'+dor -i$>2r$ -$ $ui/ir+ $+ct+>$nt$ 2or un+ 2:rdid+ corr$-2ondi$nt$ 2+r+ $/
2 5 otro &u'+dor" E/ +&$dr$;3 $/ +c='+>>on H $/ 2u$r -on &u$'o- tr+t+do+itu+/>$nt$ co>o &u$'o- d$ -u>+ c$ro" En $/ -$'undo d$ $//o- d$-+rro//+ron $/ 2/+nt$+>i$nto coo2$r+ti5o3 $n $/ u$ u-c+ron d$-criir /+ conduct+ 2ti>+ $n &u$'o- con >uco &u'+dor$-" Pu$-to u$ :-t$ $- un 2ro/$>+ >uco >- di*ci/3 no $- d$ -or2r$nd$r u$ -u- r$-u/t+do- u$r+n >uco >$no- 2r$ci-o- u$ /o+/c+n;+do- 2+r+ $/ c+-o d$ -u>+ c$ro H do- &u'+dor$-" En 2+rticu/+r3 Von N$u>+nn ++ndono todo int$nto d$ $-2$ci%c+r $-tr+t$'i+- 2ti>+- 2+r+ &u'+dor$- indi5idu+/$-" En /u'+r d$ $//o -$ 2ro2u-o c/+-i%c+r /o- >od$/o- d$ or>+cin d$ co+/icion$- u$ -on con-i-t$nt$- con conduct+- r+cion+/$-" A"" Tuc=$r $- ui$n di-$? $/ +>o-*-i>o 2ro/$>+ d$/ KDi/$>+ d$/ Pri-ion$ro" E/ >+t$>tico ,on For$- N+-3 ,r" !8(@ cr$ $n !804 /+ nocin d$ Eui/irio N+-3 u$ corr$-2ond$ + un+ -itu+cin $n /+ u$ do2+rt$- ri5+/$- $-tn d$ +cu$rdo con d$t$r>in+d+ -itu+cin d$/ &u$'o o n$'oci+cin3 cuH+ +/t$r+cin or$c$ d$-5$nt+&+- + +>+- 2+rt$-" Otroi>2ort+nt$- r$2r$-$nt+nt$- d$ /+ t$or*+ d$ &u$'o- u$ron $/ 7n'+ro n+cion+/i;+do $-t+dounid$n-$ ,on +r-+nHi !8(4 H $/ +/$>n R$in+rd S$/t$n" N+-3 +r-+nHi H S$/t$n r$cii$ron $/ Pr$>io No$/ d$ Econo>*+ d$ !88. 2or -u- contriucion$- + /+ T$or*+ d$ ,u$'o-"
1$% Tios -e )uegos 1$#$% Juegos Cooerati3os
Un &u$'o $- coo2$r+ti5o -i /o- &u'+dor$- 2u$d$n n$'oci+r contr+to5incu/+nt$- u$ /$- 2$r>it+n +do2t+r $-tr+t$'i+- con&unt+-" Un $&$>2/o d$ &u$'o coo2$r+ti5o $- /+ n$'oci+cin $ntr$ un co>2r+dor H un 5$nd$dor -or$ $/ 2r$cio d$ un+ +/o>r+" Si cu$-t+ !44 2roducir/+ H $/ co>2r+dor /+ 5+/or+ $n (443 $- 2o-i/$ d+r un+ -o/ucin coo2$r+ti5+ +/
2 5 &u$'o 2oru$ /+ %r>+ d$ un +cu$rdo 2+r+ 5$nd$r/+ + cu+/ui$r 2r$cio -itu+do $ntr$ !4! H !88 >+i>i;+r+ /+ -u>+ d$/ $c$d$nt$ d$/ con-u>idor H /o$n$%cio- d$/ 5$nd$dor H >$&or+r+ +/ >i->o ti$>2o $/ i$n$-t+r d$ +>+2+rt$-" Otro &u$'o coo2$r+ti5o $- +u$/ $n $/ u$ 2+rtici2+n do- $>2r$-+d$ un+ indu-tri+3 u$ n$'oci+n un+ in5$r-in con&unt+ 2+r+ d$-+rro//+r un+ nu$5+ t$cno/o'*+ H+ u$ nin'un+ d$ /+- do- t$ndr*+ -u%ci$nt$ conoci>i$nto 2+r+ ot$n$r :ito 2or -$2+r+do" Si 2u$d$n %r>+r un contr+to 5incu/+nt$ 2+r+ r$2+rtir-$ /o- $n$%cio- u$ '$n$r$n /+ in5$r-in" 1$2$% Juegos No Cooerati3os
Lo- &u'+dor$- no 2u$d$n n$'oci+r contr+to- 5incu/+nt$-" KC+d+ uno $/i'$ -u $-tr+t$'i+ 2ti>+ ind$2$ndi$nt$>$nt$ Un $&$>2/o d$ &u$'o no coo2$r+ti5o $- un+ -itu+cin $n /+ u$ do$>2r$-+- ri5+/$- ti$n$n $n cu$nt+ /+ conduct+ 2ro+/$ d$ c+d+ un+ H 2/+n$+n ind$2$ndi$nt$>$nt$ un+ $-tr+t$'i+ d$ 2r$cio- o d$ 2u/icid+d 2+r+ con-$'uir un+ cuot+ d$ >$rc+do" 5$% E+e0entos -e un )uego
Lo- $/$>$nto- u$ int$'r+n un &u$'o -on /o- -i'ui$nt$-B Jugadores: /o- cu+/$- -on +u$//o- indi5iduo- u$ d$$n to>+r
d$ci-ion$- $ntr$ un con&unto d$ di5$r-+- +/t$rn+ti5+-" Estrategias: Son +u$//o- cur-o- d$ +ccin u$ 2u$d$ $/$'ir un &u'+dor" E/ &u'+dor d$$ $/$'ir 2or r+cion+/id+d3 /+ u$ >- /$ con5$n'+"
Ganancias: corr$-2ond$n + /o- r$ndi>i$nto- u$ oti$n$ un
&u'+dor un+ 5$; %n+/i;+do $/ &u$'o" Reglas: Son /+- nor>+ti5+- o 2r$c$2to- u$ d$$ r$-2$t+r c+d+ &u'+dor" 4$% &C/0o se ue-e reresentar un )uego*
2 5 P+r+ /+ r$2r$-$nt+cin d$ un &u$'o $i-t$n do- >+n$r+-3 2u$d$ -$r + tr+5:- d$ un ro/ d$ &u$'o- o un+ >+tri; d$ '+n+nci+-" E/ ro/ d$ &u$'o$- /+ or>+ >- $t$n-i5+3 $- d$cir3 $- $/ >odo >- /+r'o d$ r$2r$-$nt+r/o"
4$#$% r6o+ -e Juegos
E/ ro/ d$ &u$'o- $- un+ r$2r$-$nt+cin 'r%c+ d$ un+ -itu+cin $-tr+t:'ic+" C+d+ ndu/o r$2r$-$nt+ /o- 2o-i/$- cur-o- d$ +ccin 2+r+ c+d+ &u'+dor3 +/ %n+/ d$/ ro/ -$ 2r$-$nt+n /+- '+n+nci+- u$ oti$n$ c+d+ &u'+dor" Cu+/ui$r -uc$-in d$ &u'+d+- 2u$d$ r$2r$-$nt+r-$ 2or un c+>ino con$o d$ntro d$/ ro/ d$ &u$'o" Con /+ $&$>2/i%c+cin d$/ 'r%co ! 2od$>o- o-$r5+r u$3 $/ 2ri>$r >o5i>i$nto d$/ &u$'o -$ id$nti%c+ con un nodo di-tinti5o u$ -$ d$no>in+ r+*; d$/ &u$'o" Un+ &u'+d+ con-i-t$ $n un+ c+d$n+ d$ r+>+- con$ct+d+- u$ co>i$n;+ $n /+ r+*; d$/ ro/ H t$r>in+3 -i $/ &u$'o $- %nito3 $n $/ nodo t$r>in+/" L+- r+>+- 2+rt$n d$ /o- nodo- H r$2r$-$nt+n /+- $/$ccion$- o +ccion$- di-2oni/$- d$ c+d+ >o5i>i$nto H +/ %n+/ -$ 2r$-$nt+n /or$-u/t+do- ot$nido- 2or c+d+ &u'+dor"
igura #$#" 1rol de uegos. 4$2$% 7atri8 -e Ganan9ias
2 5 E- un+ r$2r$-$nt+cin d$ un+ -itu+cin + tr+5:- d$ un+ t+/+" L+$-tr+t$'i+- d$ c+d+ &u'+dor -$ r$2r$-$nt+n + /+ i;ui$rd+ H $n /+ 2+rt$ -u2$rior d$ /+ t+/+" L+- '+n+nci+- ot$nid+- 2or c+d+ uno d$ /o- &u'+dor$+/ %n+/ d$/ &u$'o -$ 2r$-$nt+n $n /+ 2+rt$ in$rior d$ /+ t+/+" G$n$r+/>$nt$ 2+r+ c+d+ $-tr+t$'i+ u$ $-co'$ un &u'+dor3 $i-t$n 5+ri+- $-tr+t$'i+- u$ 2u$d$ +do2t+r $/ otro &u'+dor" E/ r$-u/t+do d$ /+ co>in+cin d$ /+- $-tr+t$'i+- uti/i;+d+- 2or /o- &u'+dor$- -$ conoc$ co>o r$ndi>i$nto o '+n+nci+" Lo- &u'+dor$- 2u$d$n //$'+r + t$n$r $-tr+t$'i+- do>in+nt$-3 $- d$cir3 un+ $-tr+t$'i+ u$ r$-u/t$ 2ti>+ 2+r+ un &u'+dor ind$2$ndi$nt$ d$ /o u$ +'+n -u- +d5$r-+rio-" Un $&$>2/o d$ un+ >+tri; d$ '+n+nci+- con $-tr+t$'i+- do>in+nt$- $- $/ -i'ui$nt$B Do- $>2r$-+- duo2/ic+-3 -u2on'+>o- /+ $>2r$-+ A H /+ $>2r$-+ 6 5$nd$n 2roducto- ri5+/$- H ti$n$n u$ d$cidir -i $>2r$nd$n o no un+ c+>2+?+ 2u/icit+ri+" L+ d$ci-in u$ to>$ c+d+ un+ +$ct+r+ /+ d$ /+ otr+" Indiu$ -i +/'un+ $>2r$-+ 2r$-$nt+ un+ $-tr+t$'i+ do>in+nt$" PindHc= H Ruin$/d3 !88@"
L+ >+tri; d$ '+n+nci+- -$ r$2r$-$nt+r*+ d$ /+ -i'ui$nt$ >+n$r+B Cua-ro #$#$ 7atri8 -e Ganan9ias.
Estrategias E0resa
A; E>2r$nd$r un+ c+>2+?+ d$ 2u/icid+d
No $>2r$nd$r un+ c+>2+?+ d$ 2u/icid+d
2 5 Estrategias E0resa <;
E>2r$nd$r un+ c+>2+?+ d$ 2u/icid+d
!40
!04
No $>2r$nd$r un+
#1@
!4#(
c+>2+?+ d$ 2u/icid+d
L+ >$&or $-tr+t$'i+ 2+r+ /+ $>2r$-+ KA -$r*+ u$ $>2r$ndi$r+ un+ c+>2+?+ 2u/icit+ri+3 2$ro u$ -u co>2$tidor no /o ici$r+" Por otr+ 2+rt$3 -$ o-$r5+ u$ /+ $>2r$-+ K6 ti$n$ un+ $-tr+t$'i+ do>in+nt$ -* /+ $>2r$-+ KA d$cidi$r+ no +c$r un+ c+>2+?+ 2u/icit+ri+" L+ $-tr+t$'i+ d$ /+ $>2r$-+ K6 -$r*+ $>2r$nd$r un+ c+>2+?+ 2u/icit+ri+3 2u$-to u$ -u- '+n+nci+-$r*+n >+Hor$- H /+- '+n+nci+- d$ -u co>2$tidor in>$di+to -$r*+n co>2/$t+>$nt$ nu/+-"
=$% E>ui+i6rio -e Nas?
E/ $ui/irio d$ N+- $- un con&unto d$ $-tr+t$'i+- $n $/ u$ c+d+ &u'+dor +c$ /o >$&or 2+r+ :/3 d+do /o u$ +c$n -u- +d5$r-+rio-" PindHc=3 (44)" E-t$ $ui/irio $- +>2/i+>$nt$ u-+do 2+r+ $-tudi+r /+ 2roduccin H %&+cin d$ 2r$cio- d$ /+- $>2r$-+- o/i'o2o/*-tic+-" E/ $ui/irio d$ N+- $- $-t+/$ 2oru$ un+ 5$; $/$'id+- /+$-tr+t$'i+-3 nin'7n &u'+dor -$ +/$&+ uni/+t$r+/>$nt$ d$ $//+-" E-t$ $ui/irio ocu2+ un /u'+r c$ntr+/ $n /+ t$or*+ d$ &u$'o-3 H+ u$ or>+ d$ +/'un+ >+n$r+ un $-t+do >*ni>o d$ r+cion+/id+d indi5idu+/" E-to -i'ni%c+ u$3 cu+ndo un+ co>in+cin d$ $-tr+t$'i+- no $- $ui/irio d$
2 5 N+-3 $i-t$ +/ >$no- un &u'+dor u$ 2u$d$ +u>$nt+r -u- '+n+nci+c+>i+ndo -u $-tr+t$'i+ inici+/ d$ $ui/irio3 2or t+nto -$ 2u$d$ con-id$r+r u$ $/ $ui/irio d$ N+- $- di*ci/>$nt$ un+ -o/ucin d$/ >od$/o3 $n /+ >$did+ u$ cu+/ui$r+ d$ /o- &u'+dor$- $-t: int$r$-+do $n c+>i+r -u $/$ccin3 d$-2u:- d$ conoc$r /+ d$ /o- otro-"
@$% Estrategias -e 7ini0a
D$ntro d$ /o- +2ort$- u$ r$+/i; $/ >+t$>tico ,on 5on N$u>+nn -$ $ncu$ntr+ un+ +%r>+cin u$ -$ $2r$-+ d$ /+ -i'ui$nt$ or>+B +iempre e3iste una forma racional de actuar en juegos de dos participantes, si los intereses que los goiernan son completamente opuestos”.
E-t+ +%r>+cin 2o-t$rior>$nt$ -$ d$>o-tr + tr+5:- d$ /o u$ -$ conoc$ oH co>o $/ t$or$>+ d$/ >ini>+3 $2r$-+do or>+/>$nt$ 2or Von N$u>+nn $n $/ +?o !8(@" E-t$ t$or$>+ d$ >ini>+ -$ d$%n$ co>o un >:todo d$ d$ci-in 2+r+ >ini>i;+r /+ 2:rdid+ >i>+ $-2$r+d+ $n &u$'ocon +d5$r-+rio- H con inor>+cin 2$r$ct+3 $/ uncion+>i$nto d$ Mini>+ 2u$d$ r$-u>ir-$ co>o $/$'ir $/ >$&or >o5i>i$nto 2+r+ ti >i->o -u2oni$ndo u$ tu contrinc+nt$ $-co'$r $/ 2$or 2+r+ ti" A/t$rn+ti5+>$nt$3 2u$d$ -$r 2$n-+do co>o /+ >+i>i;+cin d$ /+ '+n+nci+ >*ni>+" Ori'in+/>$nt$ or>u/+do 2+r+ do- &u'+dor$- $n /+ t$or*+ d$ &u$'o- d$ -u>+ c$ro3 u$ ++rc+ t+nto /o- c+-o- $n u$ /o- &u'+dor$ti$n$n >o5i>i$nto- +/t$rn+ti5o- H +u$//o- dond$ -$ +c$n >o5i>i$nto-i>u/tn$o-3 -ino u$ t+>i:n -$ + $t$ndido + /o- &u$'o- >- co>2/$&o- H d$ to>+ d$ d$ci-ion$- $n 2r$-$nci+ d$ inc$rtidu>r$ $n /+ d$ci-in '$n$r+/"
2 5 E-t+ $-tr+t$'i+ ti$nd$ + //$5+r + /+ d$ci-in d$ no +c$r n+d+3 + >$nou$ no +H+ 2ro+i/id+d d$ 2:rdid+" E- un crit$rio >uH con-$r5+dor" L+ 2$r-on+ u$ u-$ $/ >ini>+ -$ 5$r*+3 +/ %n+/ d$ cu$nt+-3 +nt$ /+ +>$n+;+ d$ >orir-$ d$ +>r$ +/ no +c$r n+d+ H $-t+r*+ o/i'+do + +ctu+r" En t:r>ino- d$ /+- +cti5id+d$- $>2r$-+ri+/$-3 /+ cor2or+cin -$ $-t+nc+r*+ H -$ri+ -u2$r+d+ 2or /+ co>2$t$nci+ di-2u$-t+ + inno5+r H + to>+r ri$-'or+;on+/$- d$ -urir 2:rdid+-" B$% Estrategias -e 7ai0,n
E- /+ $-tr+t$'i+ u$ >+i>i;+ /+ 2ro2i+ r$nt+i/id+d >*ni>+ u$ un &u'+dor 2u$d$ ot$n$r3 $-to -$ d$ri5+ d$/ conc$2to d$/ $ui/irio d$ N+-3 $n $/ cu+/ $/ -u2u$-to d$ r+cion+/id+d d$ /o- +'$nt$- $- und+>$nt+/" E- 2or $//o u$3 -* un indi5iduo -o-2$c+ u$ -u o2on$nt$ no -$ co>2ort+ r+cion+/>$nt$3 2odr*+ t$n$r -$ntido u$ +do2t+r+ un+ $-tr+t$'i+ d$ >+i>*n3 2+r+ >+i>i;+r -u '+n+nci+ >*ni>+" M+i>*n -$ uti/i;+ 2+r+ &u$'o- u$ -$ d$no>in+n -u>+ c$ro3 $/ cu+/ -$ d$%n$ co>o +u:/ $n $/ u$ /o u$ '+n+ un &u'+dor $- $+ct+>$nt$ i'u+/ + /o u$ 2i$rd$ o d$&+ d$ '+n+r $/ otro" L+ $-tr+t$'i+ d$ >+i>*n $- con-$r5+dor+3 2u$-to u$ $5it+ ri$-'o- H no >+i>i;+ $n$%cio-"
#$% A+i9a9i/n en +os nego9ios
L+- $>2r$-+- di+ri+>$nt$ -$ $nr$nt+n + -itu+cion$- $n /+- cu+/$d$$n to>+r d$ci-ion$-3 H+ -$+ $n $/ >ito d$ /o- 2o-i/$- $n$%cio- u$ -$ 2u$d+n '$n$r+r $n un corto 2/+;o o /+r'o 2/+;o" E- 2or t+nto u$ /+ t$or*+ d$ &u$'o- -$ +2/ic+ +itu+/>$nt$ $n /+- $>2r$-+-3 2+r+ 2r$5$r /+r$+ccion$- H $-tr+t$'i+- u$ /+ co>2$t$nci+ 2u$d+ +do2t+r d$ido + /+ d$ci-in u$ -$ + to>+do"
2 5 P+r+ /+ +2/ic+cin d$ /+ t$or*+ d$ &u$'o- no +c$ +/t+ >+n$&+r o +c$r u-o d$ r>u/+- >+t$>tic+- +-tr+ct+-3 /o >- i>2ort+nt$ $- $nt$nd$r H -+$r /o u$ -$ 5+ + &u'+r H d$-curir /o- co>2on$nt$- d$ /+- $-tr+t$'i+-3 2+r+ +-* d$-curir -u- und+>$nto- H $n$%ci+r-$ d$ -u uti/id+d" L+- $>2r$-+- -i$>2r$ co>2it$n con -u- ri5+/$- H3 coo2$r+n con -u2ro5$$dor$- H c/i$nt$-" Sin $>+r'o3 con $-t+ +%r>+cin -o/o -$ t$ndr un+ 5i-in -i>2/i%c+d+ d$ /+- r$/+cion$- $>2r$-+ri+/$-" Y+ u$ $n $-t$ $nou$ -$ d$&+ 2or u$r+ un cu+rto 2+rtici2+nt$ $n $/ &u$'o3 $/ u$ +ric+ H di-triuH$ +u$//o u$ +u>$nt+ $/ 5+/or d$/ 2roducto o -$r5icio u$ /+ $>2r$-+ 2roduc$3 -$ tr+t+ d$ /o- co>2/$>$nt+dor$-3 /o- cu+/$- 2u$d$n conducir + /+ $>2r$-+ +/ :ito o r+c+-o" Cu+ndo -$ d$&+ 2or u$r+ + /o- co>2/$>$nt+dor$-3 -$ t$ndr*+ $n cu$nt+ un -o/o ti2o d$ r$/+cin $ntr$ /o- co>2$tidor$-3 u$ -$r*+ /+ co>2$t$nci+" Sin $>+r'o3 /+- $>2r$-+- + 5$c$- co>2it$n H coo2$r+n con /o- &u'+dor$- $n $/ >undo d$ /o- n$'ocio-" D$ $-t+ r$+/id+d -$ d$ri5+ /+ connot+cin Co#o2$ticin3 /+ cu+/ $- un+ co>in+cin d$ co>2$tir H coo2$r+r $ntr$ &u'+dor$-" E-t+ +2/ic+cin d$ /+ t$or*+ d$ &u$'o- $n /on$'ocio- r$cii $/ 2r$>io no$/ $n $/ +?o !88." A 2+rtir d$ $-t+ connot+cin3 -$ 2u$d$n or>u/+r di$r$nt$- $-tr+t$'i+- u$ -$+n 7ti/$- 2+r+ c+d+ &u'+dor3 cu+ndo $i-t+n -itu+cion$- dond$ /o- r$-u/t+do- d$2$nd+n d$ >uco- +ctor$- int$rd$2$ndi$nt$-" P+r+ +ront+r $-t$ ti2o d$ -itu+cion$- +c$ +/t+ t$n$r un nu$5o $nou$3 co>2r$nd$r u$ $/ &u$'o d$ /o- n$'ocio- 2/+nt$+ d$ >+n$r+ di-tint+ /+ or>+ d$ 5$r /o- n$'ocio- H u$ $/ r$-u/t+do %n+/ no -$+ /+ 5i$&+ du+/id+d $c/uH$nt$" Pu$d$ -uc$d$r u$ tod+- t$r>in$n -i$ndo 5ictorio-+-3 -in $>+r'o 2+r+ 2od$r +2r$nd$r + &u'+r +H u$ conoc$r ui:n$- -on /o &u'+dor$-3 u$ 5+/or +?+dido +2ort+ c+d+ uno3 con u$ r$'/+- o tctic+- -$ &u$'+ H cu/ $- $/ >ito d$/ &u$'o"
2 5 Ant$- d$ u$ -$ co>i$nc$ + &u'+r +H u$ t$n$r c/+ro u$ co>2$tir ti$n$ un co-t$ >+t$ri+/ H u>+no u$ d$$ -$r con-id$r+do3 $-t$ $- un ti2o d$ $rror u$ >uc+- $>2r$-+- co>$t$n +/ co>$n;+r + co>2$tir $n $/ &u$'o" Por /o cu+/ -$ d$$ 2on$r $n $5id$nci+ u$ $i-t+ c+>io -i'ni%c+ti5o con r$-2$cto + /+ 5i-in tr+dicion+/ u$ i>2/ic+ +/'uno- +-2$cto- co>o -onB •
Se
a0+,a
e+
n0ero
-e
)uga-ores
oten9ia+es: Co>o
con-$cu$nci+ d$ u$ +/ c/i$nt$ /$ i>2ort+ >- $/ 2roducto %n+/ u$ -u co>2$t$nci+3 $/ &u$'o -$ +>2/*+ + >uco- >- 2+rtici2+nt$-" É-to-$rn todo- +u$//o- cuH+ +cti5id+d +'+ /+ nu$-tr+ >$no- int$r$-+nt$ 2+r+ $/ c/i$nt$" •
Ca-a )uga-or arti9ia en 3arios )uegos a +a 3e8: S$'7n u:
2o-icin +-u>+3 /+- $>2r$-+- co>2it$n o -$ co>2/$>$nt+n" Cu+ndo -$ tr+t+ d$ cr$+r >$rc+do3 /+- $>2r$-+- -$ co>2/$>$nt+n" Cu+ndo -$ tr+t+ d$ di5idir/o3 co>2it$n" •
Eisten re+a9iones si0(tri9as entre 9a-a are)a: Lo- c/i$nt$- H
/o- 2ro5$$dor$- +Hud+n + /+ $>2r$-+ + cr$+r 5+/or d$ +>o- -$ 2u$d$n +2r$nd$r" L+ 7nic+ di$r$nci+ $ntr$ /+ d$%nicin d$ co>2$tidor$- H /+ d$ co>2/$>$nt+dor$- $- u$ un+ >$r>+ $/ +tr+cti5o H otr+ +u>$nt+ $/ +tr+cti5o" •
A 3e9es es ne9esario >ue ?aa 0ás 9+ientes: En +/'un+-
-itu+cion$- d$ >$rc+do $- con5$ni$nt$ +u>$nt+r $/ t+>+?o d$ /+ t+rt+" E-to 2u$d$ +c$r-$ $duc+ndo +/ >$rc+do3 2+'+ndo 2+r+ con-$'uir/o-3 d$-+rro//+ndo co>2/$>$nto- o inc/u-o con5irti:ndo-$ $n c/i$nt$" •
A 3e9es es ne9esario >ue eistan 0ás ro3ee-ores: E-to -uc$d$
cu+ndo -$ ui$r$ 2or $&$>2/o r$ducir $/ 2od$r un 2ro5$$dor $n
2 5 2+rticu/+r" Un+ +/t$rn+ti5+ $- or>+r c/u$- d$ co>2r+ 2+r+ +u>$nt+r $/ int$r:- d$ >- 2ro5$$dor$- 2or con-$'uir $/ n$'ocio" •
A
3e9es
son
ne9esarios
0ás
9o0+e0enta-ores:
Lo-
co>2/$>$nt+dor$- +u>$nt+n $/ +tr+cti5o d$/ -$'>$nto" En 5i-t+ d$ $//o con5i$n$ t$n$r t+nto- co>o -$ 2u$d+" Inc/u-i5$ $- un+ o2cin u$ /+ 2ro2i+ $>2r$-+ +riu$ -u- 2ro2io- co>2/$>$nto- -i -on $-tr+t:'ico- 2+r+ /+ continuid+d d$ /+ $>2r$-+" •
A 3e9es es ne9esario >ue eistas 0ás 9o0eti-ores: L+
co>2$t$nci+ +Hud+ + >$&or+r /+ c+/id+d" Sin $>+r'o3 $n otr+oc+-ion$-3 todo- 2r$%$r$n $nr$nt+r-$ + 2oco- $n$>i'o-" •
Los 3a+ores aFa-i-os -e+ )uego: Cu+ndo -$ 2roduc$ +/'7n c+>io
$n /o- &u'+dor$-3 5+r*+n t+>i:n /o- 5+/or$- +?+dido- d$/ &u$'o3 $-to $-B /+ -u>+ d$ 5+/or +?+dido d$ c+d+ 2+rtici2+nt$" E- +/'o +-* co>o $/ tro;o d$ t+rt+ $/ >$rc+do u$ c+d+ $>2r$-+ cr$+" L+- $>2r$-+2u$d$n +c$r un+ d$ $-t+- do- co-+-B u$d+r-$ con tod+ /+ t+rt+ o tr++&+r 2+r+ con-$'uir un u$n 2$d+;o" Sin $>+r'o3 $/ 2ro/$>+ -$ 2r$-$nt+ cu+ndo +H >uco- co>2$tidor$-" L+ cu$-tin $- c>o d$-+rro//+r un u$n 5+/or +?+dido3 /o u$ -u2on$ $/$'ir $ntr$ d+r >c+/id+d o r$ducir /o- co-t$-" P$ro W-$ 2u$d$n +c$r /+- do- co-+-X S*" D$ $co $- /o id$+/ o3 +/ >$no-3 2roH$ct+r $-+ i>+'$n" A/'un+$>2r$-+- +n con-$'uido $-t$ do/$ o&$ti5o >$di+nt$ /o- 2ro'r+>+d$ %d$/i;+cin 2+r+ $n$%ci+r-$ d$ /+ /$+/t+d d$ -u- c/i$nt$-" P$ro 2+r+ todo &u$'o $i-t$ un ri$-'o" E/ d$ +u>$nt+r $/ 5+/or +?+dido3 $/ t+>+?o d$ /+ t+rt+3 $- u$ /+ $>2r$-+ no -$2+ c>o di'$rir/o H -$ 2i$rd+ $/ contro/ d$/ >$rc+do"
2 5 •
Jugar segn +as reg+as: G$n$r+/>$nt$ /+- r$'/+- /+- $-cri$ $/ u$
>+nd+ $n $/ >$rc+do3 +unu$ 2+r+d&ic+>$nt$ -u$/$ //$'+r + /id$r+r/o tr+- ro>2$r +/'un+" Entr$ /+- r$'/+- >- u-+d+- -on +u$//+- u$ +$ct+n + /o- contr+to-3 t+nto con c/i$nt$- co>o con 2ro5$$dor$-" Un $&$>2/o d$ contr+to- $ntr$ /+ $>2r$-+ H -u c/i$nt$ $- /+ $i-t$nci+ d$ /+- c/u-u/+- $-2$ci+/$- co>o /+- d$ c/i$nt$ 2r$$r$nci+/3 -i>i/+r$- + /+- d$ 2+*- >- +5or$cido3 o /+- u$ '+r+nti;+n u$ /+ $>2r$-+ tr++&+r 2+r+ -u c/i$nt$ 2or $/ 2r$cio >- +&o d$/ >$rc+do" En $/ c+-o d$ /o- contr+to- $ntr$ /+ $>2r$-+ H -u 2ro5$$dor3 -$ $ncu$ntr+n +u$//o- $n /o- u$ -$ o/i'+ + un+ $>2r$-+ + co>2r+r un 5o/u>$n d$t$r>in+do -o 2$n+ d$ -$r +on+r un+ >u/t+ 2or /+ c+ntid+d r$c+;+d+" A c+>io3 $/ 2ro5$$dor or$c$ un+ r$+&+ $n $/ 2r$cio" Nor>+/>$nt$ -$ +2/ic+n $n -$ctor$- con +/to- co-t$- %&o-3 o cu+ndo $/ 2ro5$$dor no ui$r$ o no 2u$d$ +c$r-$ c+r'o d$/ +/>+c$n+>i$nto" •
Tá9ti9as e0resaria+es: L+- tctic+- -u$/$n -$r >uco >- -uti/$-3
dond$ -u o&$ti5o $- inJuir $n /+- 2$rc$2cion$- d$ /o- &u'+dor$-3 -$+n co>2$tidor$-3 c/i$nt$- o 2ro5$$dor$-3 d$ or>+ u$ $nti$nd+n $/ &u$'o d$ /+ or>+ >- con5$ni$nt$ 2+r+ nu$-tro- int$r$-$-" En $-t$ 'ru2o -$ inc/uH$n /+- c+>2+?+- 2u/icit+ri+- o $/ ritu+/ d$ 7-u$d+ d$ $>2/$o3 con curr*cu/o-3 $ntr$5i-t+-"
##$% E)e0+i9a9i/n -e +a teor,a -e )uegos ##$#$% E)er9i9io -e )uegos No 9ooerati3os
KL+ 'u$rr+ d$ /+- to+//it+- 7>$d+- 2+r+ $$- Dur+nt$ >- d$ !( +?o-3 /+ indu-tri+ d$ to+//it+- 7>$d+- 2+r+ $$d$ Gr+n 6r$t+?+ + $-t+do do>in+d+ 2or do- $>2r$-+- -o/+>$nt$B To+//it+$$ d$/ic+dito TO6ED3 u$ ti$n$ un+ cuot+ d$ >$rc+do d$ 04#14 2or
2 5 ci$nto +2roi>+d+>$nt$3 H To+//it+- >i tr+5i$-o TOAMIT3 u$ ti$n$ otro )4 2or ci$nto" WC>o co>2it$n $-t+- $>2r$-+-X WY 2or u: no +n -ido c+2+c$d$ $ntr+r otr+- H u$d+r-$ con un+ 2+rt$ -i'ni%c+ti5+ d$ $-t$ >$rc+do d$ 0"444 >i//on$- d$ d/+r$- +nu+/$-X Aunu$ -/o +H do- 'r+nd$- $>2r$-+-3 /+ co>2$t$nci+ $- int$n-+ H -$ +-+ 2rinci2+/>$nt$ $n inno5+cion$- u$ r$duc$n /o- co-t$-" L+ c/+5$ d$/ :ito r+dic+ $n 2$r$ccion+r $/ 2roc$-o d$ +ric+cin3 d$ t+/ >+n$r+ u$ un+ 2/+nt+ 2u$d+ +ric+r >- 2+?+/$- con un +&o co-t$" E-to no $- t+n -$nci//o co>o 2+r$c$" P+r+ cr$+r $/ >+t$ri+/ +d$cu+do 2+r+ $/ cuid+do d$/ $$3 +?+dir /*uido- H +ro>+- +2ro2i+do-3 cort+r3 H $>2+u$t+r /+- to+//it+-# + un rit>o d$ !4444 to+//it+- 2or >inuto H con un co-t$ d$ +/r$d$dor d$ . + 1 c$nt+5o- 2or to+//it+# -$ n$c$-it+ un 2roc$-o inno5+dor3 >inucio-+>$nt$ di-$?+do H 2$r$ct+>$nt$ coordin+do" Por otr+ 2+rt$3 /+- 2$u$?+- >$&or+t$cno/'ic+- introducid+- $n $/ 2roc$-o d$ +ric+cin 2u$d$n d+r un+ 5$nt+&+ co>2$titi5+ con-id$r+/$" Si un+ $>2r$-+ 2u$d$ r$cort+r3 +unu$ -$+ /$5$>$nt$3 -u- co-t$- d$ 2roduccin3 2u$d$ +&+r -u 2r$cio H +u>$nt+r -u cuot+ d$ >$rc+do" Por con-i'ui$nt$3 +>+- $>2r$-+- $-tn o/i'+d+- + r$+/i;+r 'r+nd$- '+-to- $n in5$-ti'+cin H d$-+rro//o ID $n un+ c+rr$r+ 2+r+ r$ducir $/ co-t$" L+ >+tri; d$ '+n+nci+ d$/ cu+dro !"! >u$-tr+ $-t$ c+-o" Si /+- do$>2r$-+- r$+/i;+n 'r+nd$- '+-to- $n ID3 2u$d$n $-2$r+r >+nt$n$r -u cuot+ +ctu+/ d$ >$rc+do" En $-t$ c+-o3 To+//it+- $$ d$/ic+dito ot$ndr uno- $n$%cio- d$ .4 H To+//it+- >i tr+5i$-o u$ ti$n$ un+ cuot+ d$ >$rc+do >$nor ot$ndr (4" Si nin'un+ d$ /+- do- $>2r$-+- '+-t+ din$ro $n ID3 -u- co-t$- H -u- 2r$cio- 2$r>+n$c$rn con-t+nt$- H $/ din$ro +orr+do 2+-+r+ + or>+r 2+rt$ d$ /o- $n$%cio-" Lo- $n$%cio- d$ To+//it+$$ d$/ic+dito +u>$nt+rn + 14 H /o- d$ To+//it+- >i tr+5i$-o + .4" Sin $>+r'o3 -i un+ d$ /+- $>2r$-+- contin7+ +ci$ndo ID H /+ otr+ no3 /+ $>2r$-+ inno5+dor+ +c++r u$dndo-$ con /+ >+Hor 2+rt$ d$ /+ cuot+ d$ >$rc+do d$ -u co>2$tidor+ 2or $&$>2/o3 -i To+//it+- >i tr+5i$-o +c$ ID H
2 5 To+//it+- $$ d$/ic+dito no3 TO6ED3 2u$d$ $-2$r+r 2$rd$r (43 >i$ntr+- u$ /o- $n$%cio- d$ TOAMIT +u>$nt+rn + 14" Por /o t+nto3 /+- do- $>2r$-+-$ $ncu$ntr+n $n un di/$>+ d$/ 2ri-ion$ro3 '+-t+r din$ro $n ID $- un+ $-tr+t$'i+ do>in+nt$ 2+r+ +>+-" WPor u: no + -ur'ido un+ $-tr+t$'i+ d$ coo2$r+cinX A/ %n H +/ c+o3 /+- do- $>2r$-+- //$5+n +?o- co>2iti$ndo $n $-t$ >$rc+do H /+ d$>+nd+ d$ to+//it+- $- +-t+nt$ $-t+/$" E- $-2$ci+/>$nt$ di*ci/ 2or 5+ri+- r+;on$r$-o/5$r un di/$>+ d$/ 2ri-ion$ro $n $/ u$ int$r5i$n$ /+ ID" En 2ri>$r /u'+r3 $- di*ci/ 2+r+ un+ $>2r$-+ 5i'i/+r /+ ID d$ -u co>2$tidor+ d$ /+ >i->+ >+n$r+ u$ 2u$d$ 5i'i/+r $/ 2r$cio" En -$'undo /u'+r3 -$ t+rd+ 5+rio+?o- $n t$r>in+r un 2ro'r+>+ d$ ID u$ -$ tr+du;c+ $n un+ i>2ort+nt$ >$&or+ d$/ 2roducto" Por con-i'ui$nt$3 $n >$no- 2ro+/$ u$ d$n r$-u/t+do /+- $-tr+t$'i+- d$/ o&o 2or o&o3 $n /+- cu+/$- /+- do- $>2r$-+ coo2$r+n +-t+ u$ un+ d$ $//+- incu>2/$ $/ +cu$rdo" Un+ $>2r$-+ 2u$d$ no $nt$r+r-$ d$ u$ -u co>2$tidor+ + $-t+do +ci$ndo ID $n -$cr$to +-t+ u$ :-t+ +nunci+ un 2roducto nu$5o H >$&or3 H 2+r+ $ntonc$- $- 2o-i/$ u$ -$+ d$>+-i+do t+rd$ 2+r+ 2r$2+r+r -u 2ro2io 2ro'r+>+ d$ ID" Lo- continuo- '+-to- d$ TO6ED H TOAMIT $n ID t+>i:n -ir5$n 2+r+ di-u+dir + otr+- $>2r$-+- d$ $ntr+r" Ad$>- d$/ r$conoci>i$nto d$ /+ >+rc+3 $-t+- do- $>2r$-+- +n +cu>u/+do t+nto- conoci>i$nto- t$cno/'ico- H co>2$t$nci+ $n /+ +ric+cin u$ t$ndr*+n un+ 5$nt+&+ d$ co-tocon-id$r+/$ r$nt$ + cu+/ui$r otr+ $>2r$-+ u$ +c++r+ d$ $ntr+r $n $/ >$rc+do" Ad$>- d$ con-truir nu$5+- ric+-3 /+ $>2r$-+ u$ $ntr+r+ t$ndr*+ u$ r$+/i;+r 'r+nd$- '+-to- $n ID 2+r+ con-$'uir +unu$ -/o u$r+ un+ 2$u$?+ cuot+ d$ >$rc+do" Un+ 5$; u$ co>$n;+r+ + 2roducir3 t$ndr*+ u$ continu+r r$+/i;+ndo con-id$r+/$- '+-to- $n ID 2+r+ r$ducir -uco-t$- con $/ 2+-o d$/ ti$>2o" S/o -$r*+ r$nt+/$ $ntr+r -i TO6ED H TOAMIT d$&+r+n d$ +c$r ID H /+ nu$5+ $>2r$-+ 2udi$r+ d+r/$- +/c+nc$ H +c++r con-i'ui$ndo un+ 5$nt+&+ d$ co-t$-" P$ro co>o $>o- 5i-to3 nin'un+ $>2r$-+ r+cion+/ $-2$r+r*+ u$ -uc$di$r+ +-*"
2 5 Cua-ro #$2$ E)e0+o #$Juegos No 9ooerati3os$ Co0etir or TO
TOA7IT
IHD
1 2
@ %2
No IHD
%2 4
4 1
##$2$% E)er9i9io -e )uegos Cooerati3os
KE/ 2ro/$>+ d$ /+ $/$ccin d$ un 2roducto Do- $>2r$-+- d$ G+//$t+- -$ $nr$nt+n + un >$rc+do $n $/ u$ $2o-i/$ introducir do- nu$5+- 5+ri$d+d$- d$ c$r$+/$- con :ito3 -i$>2r$ u$ c+d+ un+ -$+ introducid+ 2or un+ -o/+ $>2r$-+" +H un >$rc+do 2+r+ un+nu$5+- '+//$t+- KCru&i$nt$- H otro 2+r+ un+- nu$5+- '+//$t+- KSu+5$-3 2$ro c+d+ $>2r$-+ ti$n$n r$cur-o- 2+r+ introducir -o/+>$nt$ un nu$5o 2roducto" En $-$ c+-o3 /+ >+tri; d$ '+n+nci+- d$ /+- do- $>2r$-+- 2odr*+ 2+r$c$r-$ + /+ d$/ cu+dro )"
2 5 En $-t$ &u$'o + /+- do- $>2r$-+- /$- d+ /o >i->o 2roducir un+- u otr+'+//$t+-3 -i$>2r$ H cu+ndo no introdu;c+n $/ >i->o" Si -$ co/oc+n d$ +cu$rdo3 2ro+/$>$nt$ 2u$d$n +cord+r r$2+rtir-$ $/ >$rc+do H +-* ot$n$r '+n+nci+ +>+- $>2r$-+-" Cua-ro #$.$ E)e0+o 2$ Juegos Cooerati3os$ E+ ro6+e0a -e +a e+e99i/n -e un ro-u9to E0resa #
E0resa 2 Sua3e
Cru)iente
Cru)ient e #03 #0
Sua3e
!43 !4
#03 #0
!43 !4
CONCLUSI"N
L+ T$or*+ d$ ,u$'o- + /o'r+do un +/to 'r+do d$ -o%-tic+cin >+t$>tic+ H + $2r$-+do un+ 'r+n 5$r-+ti/id+d $n /+ r$-o/ucin d$ 2ro/$>+-" Muco- c+>2o- d$ /+ $cono>*+ -$ +n 5i-to $n$%ci+do- 2or /++2ort+cion$- d$ $-t$ >:todo d$ +n/i-i-" L+ t$or*+ d$ &u$'o- uti/i;+ >od$/o2+r+ $-tudi+r int$r+ccion$- $n $-tructur+- or>+/i;+d+- d$ inc$nti5o&u$'o- H //$5+r + c+o 2roc$-o- d$ d$ci-in" En /+ +ctu+/id+d /+- $>2r$-+- uti/i;+n /+ t$or*+ d$ &u$'o- co>o un+ $rr+>i$nt+ d$ 'r+n uti/id+d $n /+ to>+ d$ d$ci-ion$- H+ u$ +n+/i;+ H 2r$dic$ d$ >+n$r+ $%c+; /+- 2o-i/$- r$+ccion$- o conduct+- u$ ti$n$n /odi$r$nt$- int$'r+nt$- d$/ K&u$'o co>o con-$cu$nci+ d$ /+- d$ci-ion$to>+d+- d$ntro d$ /+ or'+ni;+cin3 $-to $5id$nci+ /o u$ 2o-tu/ ,on N+- $n dond$ $-t+/$ci u$ /+- or'+ni;+cion$- >+i>i;+n -u- $n$%ciot$ni$ndo $n cu$nt+ /+- +ccion$- d$ /o- otro-" En $/ $ui/irio d$ N+- un+ d$
2 5 /+- 2rinci2+/$- uncion$- $- +Hud+r +/ &u'+dor $/ cu+/ to>+ co>o 2+2$/ und+>$nt+/ uti/i;+r /+- >$&or$- $-tr+t$'i+- 2+r+ to>+r d$ci-ion$-"
2 5 REERENCIAS
PindHc=3 Ro$rt S" H Ruin%$/d L" (44) ). *icroeconom4a" M+dridB Pr$ntic$ +//" Internet:
Au/+ ci/"co> (4!. teor4a de juegos. " Etr+*do $/ (! d$ A'o-to d$ (4!. d$-d$Btt2BZZ"+u/++ci/"co>Zcur-o-$n5i+do-Zcur-o>icro$cono>i+ZL $cc#!@"t> An;i/3 F" (440 T$or*+ d$ &u$'o-" 5-cticas. Etr+*do $/ (! d$ +'o-to d$ (4!. d$-d$B tt2BZZ"$con/in="co>"+rZd$%nicionZt$ori+d$&u$'o-"-t>/ E#CENTRO (4!. 5eor4a de juegos" Etr+*do $/ () d$ A'o-to d$ (4!. d$-d$B tt2BZZc$ntrod$+rti'o-"co>Z+rticu/o-#uti/$-Z+rtic/$[!!).01"t>/ L$+ndro3 G" (440 6ligopolio7 teor4a de juegos" Etr+*do $/ () d$ A'o-to d$ (4!. d$-d$B tt2BZZ"+u/+d$$cono>i+"co>Z>icro+2#>+t$ri+/8"t> Nu$5+- id$+- $n $/ M+n+'$>$nt (44. 8a o9opetition. 8a teor4a de juegos aplicada al mundo de los negocios" Etr+*do $/ () d$ A'o-to d$ (4!. d$-d$B tt2BZZ@("!10"!)!"()8Zo-tin'Z$>2r$-+Zc+&+'r+n+d+Z/$ccion"+-2X cur-o\0]/$ccion\)8 Pro$-or$- (4!) :mportancia del juego" Etr+*do $/ (( d$ A'o-to d$ (4!. d$-d$B tt2BZZ"i>2ort+nci+"or'Z&u$'o"22 S/o+n Scoo/ o M+n+'$>$nt M+--+cu-$tt- In-titut$ o T$cno/o'H (44. 8o esencial de la teor4a de juegos. Etr+*do $/ () d$ A'o-to d$ (4!.
d$-d$B
tt2BZZ>it"oc"uni5$r-i+"n$tZ!0"4!4ZNRZrdon/Hr$-ZG/o+/ZS/o+n#
Scoo/#o#M+n+'$>$ntZ!0#4!4F+//#(
[email protected]#.66F#.)D9#6D.!# .!)ECE49D6!8Z4Zt$[-c['+>$[tH"2d
2 5 i=i2$di+ /+ $ncic/o2$di+ /ir$ (4!. 1rol de juego. Etr+*do $/ (! d$ A'o-to d$ (4!. d$-d$B tt2BZZ$-"i=i2$di+"or'Zi=iZ ^C)^@!ro/[d$[&u$'o
