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TE P[ST lN5UTAL 1TY A ew type of society is bein born oday which is diffeen from ay oth that peceded it This post-idustria society is one in which socia eationships have been rasfomd pofondy In his anaysis of th studen move mnt, the ew social classes, and h pobms linked to the new etepses, the atho bras wh he od criteia of socooica aalyss. Th ss Soe s a majo a tempt by a adical socioost to nd a new way o tak abo soca confct Formrly adica ad ibea thnes defind conttion and opposion withi a iven socity by oweship and work; the sg was bween he cap iasts who owd the mans of prodction and the wokers who we smply xpoitd by them he eemy was cear and vsib, and socity wod be rightd whn the man o prodction ad the oods tha were procd wee moe eqay shaed Now we hav a damaticay ag cass o woers and technicias who share mQre of the pie he uos have obtaied muh for the woes; moe peope have access to edca tion and sks; there is a eaty panded
bk
o
by
Alai Touraie
The May Movement: Revlt nd form
HE POS-INDUSIAL SOCIEY
TE POSTNDUSTRAL SO�ETY omorrow's ocial istory: Classes, Conficts and Culture in the rogrammed ociety AA AE
Tanlad by Lnad F X ahw
RANDOM OUE
�
rk
Acknowledgments
pght © 197 y ndom Huse, I
r r unde tea31 d Pn Aein pght ·eio uls te States y Rdo ou Jnc. Nw Yrk ad mut'uy Cada y Rado ou f Cad mt! T Ogay pused Fa as L Socit p by Eds e SARL as C © 969 tos Dn SA
wree
ISB: 0257-2 ba ess Caog ad mbe 4074 Mauaud e Ue Ses o Amea by Kgpt p T 786 t Amean to
The essenial eemets of the texts which me up his book are oiga Some o them are etirely so. Othe are based o pubished atces which have been po oudy asome tha seemed ecessar o chage eve hei tites ] must evetheess cite the oigi of the arces which have seve as poi o depaue o seveal chaptes o hs boo, ad I han he pubishes ad diecos o the peodica or colecios for hei peissio to use hem he Itroducton "The Pogamme Society ad it Socioogy has no been publshed beore he t chapter s a new vesio o he artice Ancie e ouvelles casses socales, whch appeae in he coleco pv la oolo onmpon published in honor of Geoges ritch uder he dec io o eoges Baae aris, UF 1968 hs ex was wtten in 65. he next chape has wo pa The ha no been pubishe before The second which beas o ta· ioa aaysis o he stuet movemens, ws pubished Inomo n oa aris Consei inte· atioa des sciences sociales Ap 1969 hs ex was witte i December 68 he thid chapte is a proouy modied vesion of he atice "L'eteprise: atoasation e poiique
clmowedget
publshed in a specia umbe of En q directed by F�ois Peoux a Fanos Bloch-Lain. as UF OctoberDecembe 1965 The nt o departue o the fourth chape s the arce "osrs av societ which appeae n a special numbe o E devoted o lesue. 199 I owe haks to ranoise Quae who eead these texs ad sueed sefu coectios. and also o Yete Duo Colee idie a Fay ezak who wached ove the maeril prepaaio of h book
�onens Intoducon: e Programmed Sociey and ts Sociology Old and New Socal Classes
3 7
The Sudet Movemet Crss ad Cofic
6
e Firm Power, sttuon and Orgizaio
139
IV
Leisure Acites Social Pacpation, and Cultural Innoatio
I
Posscrpt: Why Socologss?
193 7
ndex
235
HE -AL EY
THE POST-INDUSTRIAL SO(IETY
E POST-I NDUSTRIAL
SOCIETY
NDUN
The Programmed Society and Its Socioogy A e pe f cey beig fmed ee e cetie ca be labeed ptdutal t te h df eet they ae m e duta cete that peceded em, ahugi bth captat and ciali atn tey e me caacteic f thee eale cete ey may a be caed eccatic beaue f te pe tha dmate them O e ca ca them pgammed etie dee em accdig t the ate f ei duc med ad ecmic gai lat em eem me te m uef becae i m ac caely dcae te ae f tee cieie' ie k g ad ecmic acvity A hee tem dee a cey accdig i hic eaiy it tciy, e ay it act telf a d
TH POST.IDUSTRA SOCETY
accordng to is pas. Usng ODe em o he ohe ep resents a choce; speakng of mass socieies or societies in ux, o socetes n which achevemen anks higher han hetage, repesens denie choices qte dierent fom r own It s no a mater of opposng hese choces agas each ohe as if one o the oher was deologicaly pefeable We ms howeve recognze hat they pon towad deen pes o problems and socia fact To dene a sociey on he bass o is foms o socal ogana ton s to place acos in a saton and hen observe thei eacions o t They wll be well adapted o devan, ce tal o peipheal negraed o rooless Their acons wll be dened ehe as opposon and essant o Change o as innovave and saegcall measred Anasis w then focs on he ntenons and saements of the actos on he neacon echanges negoiaons and ma inencesn be on socal inerplay The mehod I choose t folow s dieen: t wil qes ion s o all he socal and cltral oentaons of socey the nate of he socia conct and ower stg gles thoh whch tese oentaons ae woked ot and what it is ha he ling soca eement repres that p vokes soc movement My anasis wll not focus on te inne wokings of te socia sstem b on the formaton of hisocal aci the manner n which men fahion their hitoy
Th Scy Quo It ma come as a sise tha the most widespead chaaceisc o he pogammed societ is that economc decisons and stggles no longe possess ethe he a-
he ogr S
tnomy o he centa mpoance the had n an earlie socey whch wa dened b the eort to accmlate and anicpate pot rom decty podcive work Sch satement may seem paradoxica snce socety as a whoe is moe than eve nenced by the insments o eco nomc gowh and its tangbe esuls Are not a socia and poliical egimes meaed b he capact o de veopmen and enchment? Ths does not mean hat pos-ndstal socey having eached a cetain level of podcvty and hence, of wealh can abandon concern wh podcton and become a consme and lese so ce. Sch an ntepeaion s beed b the most obvos acts The pe o socey we ve n s moe 'diven" b economc gowth han any othe The ndvdalized eaes of pvae lfe as wel as local socetes and he ways o lie have been profondly aecedeven de stoedby evergowng geogaphc and socl mobii by he msive dsion of nomaon and popaganda and by broader polcal prtcipaton han eve befoe Pecisel these facor make i impossble o eclsvey economc mechanisms to be mantaned any longer a he cene o soca oganization and activty Gowh esult from a whole complex o socia facor not jst fom he accumlaton o capia Nowadays depends mch moe direcl han eve befoe on know edge and hence on he capaci of soce t call oth ceaii All he domans of socia lfedcaton con smpon infomaton etcae being moe and moe inegaed no wha sed to be caled podcton acos Ths is te o scientic and echnca eseach profes sional aining the abli o pogam change and eglae is elemens he managemen of oganzaons wih ml tpe socia eaonships and he commncaon of a
TH POS.IDUSRIA SOIETY
itudes tha avr the iliati ad cinua tras frati f al hese pdcti facrs. is destadale hat ertain defesive eatins e t the surface i sh a sitai They resele ertai eatis served dring the nieteeth etury when idusrilai vertued traditial patte life La cuities edatial istitutins r par iclar cultres ay strggle agaist all his pheaval ad ay aept aiain he ir aty heir adherets seties hl he asati f techcracy" agins thse wh isis he hld f ecni grwh and sia hage ver ever aspect sial ad lral life But we ust fge he eaple f capitalist indsrializati Has he sruggle agaist apitalis ee waged re sccessully y thse wh appeaed t agarian and raft ideals r y thse wh dened theselves n tes apitalist sciety, rgaized the wkers, and reaed the sialis idea? Our ask is recgize the ew type prdcti, the ew pwer, ad he new ci nits istead f isistig n resisane y lde fs sial rgizati ad ltura activity I is ch re accrate t view grwth as ditined y the entire plitia prcess than t neive it as siply dependen ecnic pesses peating alst indepedetly f ial Whether the ecny is ceived i ers f plaing r a r is see as a decisinakig syste, srit silgial aalysis denstrates he ireasig depedee f the cditis r devepet the entire stctue f sial rganiatin t is apparet tha relative the grea cetratins f ei pwer, even the auy the State is weak, ideed fte illusy The s sive ivesen are nt gved y the traditin standard f a ai ern,
Th Prgrd Sciy
ut are ade n the asis expsin ad pwe The traditinal frs f sia diai have een prfndy ransred y his fa We tie t speak f ei explitati ut this prcess is e ad re dicult t isate he ter ses its jetive eanig whe fred t dene r nsciusness scial adictis etter expessed as alieati," hat ch criticied ti whih is, neverheless, re sef tha ever Sial diati nw e clearly tha ever efre, taes hree iprta frs a ocial Inteaton he pdctin prcess ipses a life·style that athes its etives ad its pwer syste_ The individl is pressued int paticipatignt y i tes f his wr equally i ters f suptin ad edaiin the systes f sia rganizatins and pwer which rther the ais f prdctin Siety's lwarks, whether il in the nae f a skilled rat, lfty priipe, prfessial idepedene a parila cceptin ha nature r cultal heiage, are refred y a syste prduti i whih everye has his plae ad his se rles withi a reglated, hier achica city, cered stly wih its w hesiveness the diti essetia its eetiveness ltal Manipation The diis fr grwth are t liited the real f prdutin inuee ver eeds and aitdes us als e tled dcatin is lnger in the hands the aily, r even he shl sidered as a ats iie Me and e i is transited hrgh what Gerges rieda has caled the parallel schl," where the inuece hse at the cente f siey is fet st direy. . oitica Aine his siety f intelkig agencies diaed y geat pliicecic gaiza
POS.NSR SOC
ions, is more han eve oente owa powe a strcly poliica conrol ove s tea funcong a i en· vmen. Tis expans viv awaees o he i eren imperialsm o ese agencies is potles o explain hese apprely ivese foms of social omao as a ew sage of capalsm They may afe all be obseve iere ut vey dea foms i socees a cl temselves socas Cera smal bu hgy oginal nellecua gous suc as "ocalisme u Babae have long ejece e ovely tualstc an absoute sncon beween capalst an socas soce es wh wc many ae oo easly satse hs s no o say ta thee is no eence bewee capialis an so calis socetes bu only a beneah e profou o poston ee ae commo poblems whc ema a eeio o he eences among usralize so ceies oay i s more usefu to speak of alieaon an o exploaion; e ome ees a soca, e lae merely a ecoomc elatonsip A man s o aenae because s natua ees are cruse by a eumaize" s0cey by wo o an assembly e by urban congeso or the mss mea Such expessons only give rise o vage moral phosopy I is easy o uersan why tey i rtate phlosopers wo ave eane the moe exacing use Hege mae o this oon Aenaton mus be ee ems of socal elaonss ma s alenae we s ony eaosp o the social a culua ectos of is sociey s the oe e n nn Tro yie g publshed a rw whee me of h rlst n rouht ys f bur�r n tenocy, eell n h llts ot pea, nr th dirhip o Pee Cueu.
h Pammd Sy
ulng as accos im s compaibe wh e mane nace of i ow omiance lenaion means canceling ou ocil coc y ceaing dpndn piptin· he actvies of te aleae man mae o sese us hey ae seen as the counerp o the iteres of os wo aieae hm Oeig te wokes fo exampe prticipio i he ogazaon of an iusy witou eir having auoy ove its economc ecisions lea o alenao uness hey consie suc pacpato a sa egc move n er coc wth the maages o nustry us s a sociey o aenaion not because it euces peo ple o msey o because imposes lice escton bu because it seuces mapulaes a enfoces conformsm Tee ae new soca concts pecula o e socey we obseve beng ome Raer than simpy a conc b wee capal a labor, e new conct s bewee he suctures of economic a polical ecsonmang an those wo are euce o epenen pcpaon We coul use othe erms an say a e coc is beween tose segmet of sociey wich are cenal an hose wc ae periperal or magna These are te es use to escribe e opposio betwee the lie natons a the Tr Wor Tey have e avanage of rem g us tat imperialist omation s no ecessarily t be equae wh economic exploiaion but hat ere again i s moe exac to speak of epene partciion Te buens boe an e a receve by the ueevelope coues ae eerme by he economically ominan coues Tese aions may employ mtay ineven on to maina s elationshp of epenency eve h tr fequely n e n d a e· foe bee ralaed traly
10
T H E P O S T . I N D U S R AL S O C I E T Y
when it s no caed fo o defend hei sictly economc intess. This new social conct is inaugaed when he battle aginst his alenaion begs and he maginal semens of society eject he assgned ole, become conscious of her dependency and begn o a with heir sigh oused on themselves and he sef-deenaton This aion may even lead hem to accept a esser share of maeal goods in ode to break ou of he dependeny his cont however ony eahes fu intensy when he will to break he elationshp o dependence s joined to he eor owad independen development and, o oppose he u ng powers, appeals to the vey theme of development wth whch he ules denfy themselves The eecon o alienaton can be simply he ecogion o he soca conct beween those who run thngs and utual values his s wha makes youh so impotant Not ha ths age goup is ess avored han othes; s acually n a much bete posion han ohers because, n a priod o rapd change, it he east acted by obsoscence Be cause youh s prvleged oh s poducer ad consume aso most suscepbe o dependen picipion d mos capbe of opsiion o those who ideniy heir own cass ineess wh economc gowth In sociees whch depended on decly poducve labo the skilled worker who was elavey prvleged (the deence beween he wages fo sklled and manual labo was geae han o da� ) was he pme opponen o the aptalst In a socey dened by change, the goup most open to change and most avoed by i s he bes equpped o ebe agns he ehnoas hs ebellion s moe socal and culual han e< nomc, fo oday's socal batles lke yestedayS arouse
The Progammd Scie y
1
wO mathng eacions among he people hey appea to he pncples gneally acepted by her soce and n voke them in potes ainst he appopaton o seve he speia ntersts o he rung cass Likewse on he bass o ther sona and colective expeience hey e sst changes whch ae not unde the conrl of a he people Young peope- any ohe goup in socie ene the batle boh beause hey ae orented o hange and beause they oppose their own epeene o the counefe and mpesona raonalty which he ulng lasses use as a disguise. n capitalst ndusalzed soce es ths esstane based on pesonal expeence was de ned by the woking class and was based on ones ca or eonal loyaltes ow, n the face of ower whch uses he weapns of ntegaton and manpulaon and s conse queny abe o aect evey acet of socal le esstance must be mobed in terms of the ente pesonalty he esult is an appeal o magnation agns pseud< aonaty o sexuaiy agins he at of compomse o ceatviy as opposed o the auomatc pang on o ta dto and codes Long enevated by saisacon with s materal success scie i reecting no echnical progess and economic gowh bu s own subecon to a pwe whch boass o beng impeonal and aona a powe whch enouages he dea that s merely the conglomeae of all he de mands made by change and poges Against ths knd of socal dominane, which dentes beneal gowth wth isef, whch consides he whole specum o lfe·syles n soiey meely as ools to be tted to he needs of ths gowth whch it coneves as a natual rahe than a soa poess), savage ebellon s bound o beak ou he countepa of hs rebellion s always he postve stuggle
1
TH OST.SA SOCTY
fo cetviy gnst te gt n constins o e owe scte eenency becoes conct; tici on ns nto conontion I wnt to inss on one sec of s ebeion n into ce ee eRection on e nivesity wic yon Aon o instnce s ey jge "eosteos Be cse e otgonsts of soc conic e neve siy e neiviege bt so ose ost bon to te in novtive obecives o socety n eefoe ost sbjecte by i o eenen ticon te nivesty is toy becoing e vege cente o ositon to ecnoc cy n e foces ssocite wt it ong s scenic knowege i no y ny esen oe in econoc eveoent co not en consetion s octve oce te nvesity oe ws bove o n own n o een titon cte n te soci oe e enoos neic gowt o te s en on is n ce o e ogess of scentc n tecnic knowege Ecton s n ev oe ont k o istncton wtn te soci iecy It s becong ncesingy oe ict to nk o even gy foze knowege s isineeste. oiics s e its wy nto e nvesity becse knowege is ocion co t te e eson es even ee e nivesiy bings togete te ocesses of esec n te ebeion of e yong s es t s e ony o soci eniy t cn by i vey ne be sce o confonion beween c n ec noc stctes. Wen oes no f is oe t becoe-in site o ny conty intention on te t o e teces-n instent of eenent icition o enton ose wo conceive e nvesiys y
he Sey
1
funct on as p o es so nal t a g a e co ec t be cn cne d abo t w hat e mp oyme n he st de nts w i be p e · p ed f o t the end o hei st udie s. To o oe n, ho we ve ll the y cully d o is t in functio nries nd sp ecilss w ho hav e nev e be en caed on o citicaly analy ze the socie ty th wi e mp o y them Such c t c ny sis my ake ve ry elemenal f o ms su ch as, f o ex amp le , qe sto n. ng the socil use ulne ss of he skls h hve been e ned It oug ht , ho we ver o be nensied o the p int h t e xmnes the socil dete mnn of know ledge i· se. For it w oud be na ve o believe hat some kind o f
p ure scence can be cons uct ed out de a co nce e social rmewo k nd tht a ht nee d b e d one is o w tch ou hat t is use d fo r ife ·g iving , athe t han d eahd eang ses niveses ve entee new se o tei exstence T her ro le in socie ty ha been p ofo undly nsfo med . e be nvey beong o e s e inec be eon now s wee te nvesty w becoe te ocus o f int eg aio n o o conr ontaio n. In bo th cases gve nges y eten te cetion o new knowege which s the spe c c uncton o he univesity The stude nt ev olt coud , o e xamp e , gv e ise o a d omatc d ev otion to confr onta io n which woud be as bude nsome s confoist itegtion Noting wo be oe bs tn to e e coice cing sociey in bsoe bck n wte es bt e coety n icty of esent obes st neve be owe o obsce te necessiy of king nen coce t wo be eoneos to conce o ese intoc toy eectons tt soci sgge wi t e en o insty n be oistee witin te nivesties wi
TH POSTIDUSTRA SOCIEY
expain how-rom a concrete historica viewpointhis eveuaity can be avoided. Avoded i must e, i the ame of he reasoig we have 5 far foowed Because the unversity can no longer reman uninoed in the problems i here deveopmen, socia confict which have uversa sigcace have appeared here If hey were experieced merely as itramura proems, hey woud e deprived of their essentia mportace The niersiy is he pvieged arena or scen socal strug ges or hree reaso: socia cosai are ess werl there tha esewhere; the germiato o deas aways pre cedes the orgaizatio of poitica srugges he socia roe o kowedge is a geera probem The programmed society w be eingy cofrted oy to the degee hat he srugge agast deede participaio orgaizes ielf i evey domai o sca life This proce w proaly e grad ad dicut i wll ake dieret fons n diere countries Fraceespite he eceptioal mortace of he May Movemetmay no be he ato most rapidy ivoved i the process I additio to major socia orgaatos urba dweers and the cosumer populatio ms eme ivoled i socia coc ad the strugggle agas depede partcipaio.
Mvng fm O Sy h Uder the impact of ew probems and soca cocs isucey orgized socia moemes are oud o ase their progams o anayses whh date rom a eaier siuatio ad isist on the cotnuity betwee the great ates of the past ad hose o the presen It is so much more dict o accept a break wih the past tha it s to
T Pd Si
come o agreeme on opposiion i some ew siatio hat some coiuiy, practice at least, may eist I his way mits i oe socia moemet may brig their iece commitme ad ideoogica oato o the moemen ha succeds i I somewhat resembles the way a ew ruig cass does ot ecessariy reak with he cass whch rued efore i ut ofte assocates isef wth t both to share a commo sense of beig eite ad to aod creatig a opeig or he forces o oppositio. Such cotiuiy ewee socia moeme is pricu larly srog Frace. Thi s paraly due to the weak stituionazato o he workers' strgges ad the com mon pater of employer paternalism but more s to the powerfu roe o the tae in a coury where eve he g reat capialis enterprses are relaively weak. The power o the Gaulis ae ad doue roe as catayst o he so of 1o successe ruig casses ad as suprter o a cetraied, stratied breaucratic ad in many re spects preindusria socia orgazato, make i easy for e soca strugges of various oups to e meded into a commo attack agist the poitica reg ime The chief sgan of the geeral strike of May , 16 is eoquet: "e Years Is Enogh The passage rom studet reo to worker moveme, occasioed by common opposiio o poce repressio was guaranteed by he commo strg ge against Gauism Ths co juncio gave the May Moemen a importace the stdet prsng woud ot otherwise have had We ms no coclude om his hstorc c a he new socia movemes are he proogato or reuea tio o the worker movementdened according to i specc aims raher ha its respose to poiica power (In Chapter 3 hae ried o dee the present stuaio
T POTNDUTRIA OCIETY
of the rad nions.) We a no revering to meanngl mes k te end of working clss or te nd of tade unonism. Nobody, I spos has sriosly defnded the da tat we a shortly apoaching a oial suaton in wh he Orkes will eome a ngigbe catgy Economic gowh s sll tid o he dvelomen of indsy A urey consume socity in which t indsta sco would e vry much resticted and h poblms o work no onger of ntrest to esrd wage·ears s sociologial con Quaid obsevrs ave orrcty inssed at incesd and more indvdalizd coum ton maks the demand o work more ae Tad non ism has ost ground n cerain aras bt i s asib o tink a i wi pntat vywhre nto teriay or svice actviies s has aady argely done n Fran The iefs o he industra compex woud no be so pre ocied wit he problems o abo i they wer no worred abo nw roes d soiooical miitancy n a mlie hy had jdged consevave Ther s no reason o spak o he disaarane o he workng class or o trade unionism In any as, s general ageemn among sociologiss on hese sime pons; hos who doubt ths ar moe axos or lemcs han o a srious amnaton o wa as en writn The trm workin l imies moe than simpy a arge undrriiegd soc-opaonal caegory Te labo movemen s not sam a tnants' aocaion o a ossional obby Th inerst atached to he proems of working cass and abor movmnt s de to the fact at in a socy wos ky ement caitas enerpris t aor movmn as he drvng orce o ass srgg and te dmand o jstie,
ame Sot
constites th ncpal cenr of soca on8ct T aor movmnt atacks owns power; t working class is no an ocpaonal aegory ut a or ce of soil srug gle T quesion s no ong r wheh workes and trade unionism may disapea bt wheher e workingass movmn s today as ormey, a e entr o e con ics o soy Tis ar quesion dseves a simle answr: n progammed soety, th workng a is no longe a vilgd storc ag nt, not aus he abor movemn as ben wakened or eas it is sb jet o he sragy o a prtclar lcl ary; stil less ecause has ad ad; ut smly eause te execse of owr within a aialis fr no l ongr plaes on a ene of h econom sysm and is soca oncts. Howv n a ounry lik Fanc whe e the tecnoratc sociey is bng formd ou of a vry ta· diionas capiais regime, te srgg ag ains mana geia wr rmains an ssenial mnt o t socia
I
In th ogrammed soety, neer rms no nions ar today te hi ao s n he strgg e over soa owr Tir ros ar s imoran u ey ae siad half way bwn p obms o pwe and p oem of h or · g anzaon o rodcion on an inrmdary v we sh l ca instituional. Their arg mns and strg gs are mor conend w dsonmakng than wh owe Th nstttonaliation o t hs cont may e gadual and incomple b i is fom now on an irrversi a. This dos not mean ha our socy is moving toward indusra pa; qe h contra y It mans hat hese conct do not com o gris wh rea soal powe-n the Ued Sats, t Ws soia dmocracs or in ovi
18
T HE P O S T · N D U S T R I A L S O C I E T Y
boc. Contries ke France and Itly whose sca ogan zaon is marked by ndsti imbaance and stance on he par of rchaic soc and cra orms, ae he ony contes i he indsra wod where he abor movemen ens a ceran evoionary aa Even here cose examinaon shows ha rade nonism s vey far rom beng a revoonay orce o even a soca move men acvely engaged n a drec powe stgge The vehemence o he opJston he socatng natre of socal neqaties he freen efsa of he Stae or of managemen to negotiae honestly all atest he mr ance o vigoros worker acon. Bt these reasons are no convncng enough o accord he working cass a centra oe n he new soca movemens One o he sgncan pects o he May ovemen s tha demonsaed ha sensbty o he new hemes of socal conc was no mos prononced in the most highy organzed secos o the wokng cass he raroad wok ers dockes and mners were not he ones who mos ceary grasd is most radica objectves he most radica and reave movemen appeared n the economicay ad vanced gops he research agencie he echnicians wh skis b no athoy ad, of cose n he nivesiy commny No soc-potica movemen of any srength can deveop ness ndes he aborng cass whch coains he greates nmber o dependent workes Sch opsiton s oo commonpace to be mpon and compeey negects the crca dea that he key eement n he problems con ict and protagonsts o histoic evoton is changng omorrow's srugge w not be a repeton or even a modernizaton of yeserday
Te Programmed Society
19
Prehistory 0/ a New Sciety Peed o the mo his idea and some o he preced ng ema might ead one o oncde tha c re vot ae we on hei way o epacing soca sgges and ha odays soa conics are centeed n the ream o consmption rahe han prodcon Hasn't t been sad that n ay 1968 one capred wods js a wo centres ago one ook he Bstie or Versaes he sym bos o he monarchy or jst as more recenty one wshed to take over the acores? The new soca coics ar from exsng outsde he
�roducon system, are at ts very coe Indeed, they reach
IO new aeas of soca e, bt ony becase normaion educaton, and consumpon are more cosey bound ha� ever befoe o he eam of production. Unde no crcum snces ae oday's socal strg ges to be dssocaed rom economc and potca power. f, very oten day's socia movemens aack the prevaing culture, s ess because hey are avid�g economc poblems than becase hey are only begOng . The ea eason is ha hey are seng themseves p in ove-a opposon o a soca and c srcte rathe han becoming involved n a dec atack on the new ulng powers Ths s due above a, to he f ac hat a he present sg e o he f onaton of the programmed socey especaly n counties where the rlng cass s not yet cearly disengg ed from the boug eosie the socal movement is up agnst a Scey that denes self wth gowth and enrichment It s nevtabe that here shoud correspond to the topa of he ruling class whch denes self with p g ress,
E POTNUTRA OCETY
a couer-utopa whch toay rejecs the cosume sociey or the organizatioa costraints of production along with both old and ew ecoomc ad oiia ruing orce. Cutual proest is oly the ava-garde o ocial co R I become more bte proorio o the absece o[ stricy poitical powehe capaciy o corol poitical evoluioi he movemet that uport t Thee sil a wde disace between he "exapariamenay o oon ad he opoton forces wih the stu oal sysem. hi dstace may be es i ay ha eewhee bu i eem about the same n Face a Ger many Poad, Czechoovaka o Japa Eo to poi cay organie he poes movement have o had much ucces any where.
Some reervaos ae ecesay abou he demosa o of the ew a movemes, eve whe hey are mporn a he May Movement in rance My pupose i h boo is o to ayze this moveme, much le predict ha wl develop progresivey o a powe l poital moveme On he cotray am temped o beleve tha he history of a social movement is made up of dsconiu form of acon nd orgaiao Popula upsings sociais uopia, ad uon presure all contibued o the beging of the wores' move met wihou alowig us to tace a sige e of evou io whh eads either o a revoluonary eploo or o istiutonaao of he concs Poitca life cano be mped to a cofroao be wee efit and the socal syem here i o reao o beieve hat he r upisg are going give a ready made image of a ocia movemet whch wil hen eed ony o coinue in esence. Hioric anaysis must eaeely gard the ocioogs agai the temptaton o
Te Pome Socey
reduce eves o a sy em; thereoe, beyod evet bu i hei gh oe mus exame te g eea characestcs of he new uaion which hey revea. her demosra tions cao be educ o a uccesso of evouoar days
Th Soolo Quo To analy ze a ew ociey accura y suppoes a new a poah o aay is- i the presen ase ew n two way : a) Anay of ocial evouon and socia movemes ca ad mus be pecsey SOCio og c Dug he period of capita indusriazaion - a process o economic a ormao excepionay depved of ocial eg ulaton, which capaiss ac ot n a poica vod bu wihou poli al eg ulao - aaJysi eceary spi o two �ranches knowedg e of he ecoomic mechanic of capia Ism ad knowledge of the meanig of history . Because sociey domnated by the economy nsead of he other way around o ea socioogica aaly sis s possbe. I epaced by a vod whch separaes he scece of ecoom om mag es and conruction beog ig o a kind of oca houg ht which ranate ino idea he need o rediscove- beyod is ending diviios bey od the ac cumu aton of pos ad the eaio of the proetaa a socia uniy hat s a once ratona ad ommui aan Socoog did o orig inae direcy f om wha one rg hy or wong y cals the Indura Revo uton. It org i cotemporaeous wh he esabihmen a the ed of he eeeth cetury o a ce a soca ad poca eg uation o the codio ad soci coe
H S T S T S C I Y
quences o the developmen of capitalsm. Durkeim was t best expone whe e aempted to dene e orms o a new social solidaty ollowg e deveopment o captalsm; but ts kind o socoogcal anayss is mied, because si denes socey n ems oeig o he acon o ecoomc ansomao Sociology ds ts poper object-ad the oposo beween the study of economc developme and te sudy of e social oder ceases-to e degee tat economic activity becomes e esult o polica athe tha exusively ecoomic mecanisms is did not apn wtout diculies no wiout cashes beween dieent schools whic weTe not wihout useulness oday while the ecniques o economic analyss ae omalzing the study of decisions and staegies maco economcs e sudy of e coeence of the eements o economc evoluion s less and less sepaable fom socio ogca analysis wch can no longe enclose self n a alsely integaed wod o nsiuions and e socaliza on of idividuals accoding to he noms of the socal oder he split between economc stuctures and social beavor as been eplaced by the uniyng study o soc acivity te acton execsed by soey on is ow evoluion, ems o e appeaance o culua models class conics debates and baganng ove power, syes o oganzaion, and the oces o cange b} On the othe hnd is tansfomaion of ts obect and ts aison d'te foces sociology to enounce a too limted mage o society Eve now it oo ofen consdes society as a peon a subect taking e pace of e uma subect of philosopica tadiio e udametal needs of sociey ae only see as a new avata o uma naue and the spiit ome keep repeatng ta social behavor
Ta Siey
3
s made up o nteacions govened witin gous by noms wic ranslae cultua vaues ino nstituions Sociey appeas o be buil on s spii o be a conscious ness wich commands s own acts manages s relaon shp o s envonmen and assures s ow nea ode and equilbum Soca beavo manest bot te esions poper o every dieeaed and saied or ganizaion ad he nuences of values and os Evey element o socia le ca be judged accodng o unc ton tat s accodng to its cotibution to the itega tion d suvival o the woe is classical sociology s oday being cricized, quie popely It s always had its opponen bu ey oten relied ovey o an ideology o pogess movemet and coict witou bingig any positve conibution o tei own o sociological analyss As usual, e mos decisive ciicisms came om a di ectly opposie poson e atentive sudy o poltcal ogazaions and decisionmakng systems led sociology o break ou o e social ode Revesg the cassic vew pon it sowed tat ules and noms wee often only unstable and lmed ageemenhe esut of omal o oal negotaobeween soca neess pursug stategies wc may o a me be concurent ad com biabe oday we must dee ouseves accoding o his new socioogy and no any longe accordng to e old fnctioalism I can be called neolbea, because it aalyzes beavor in tens o te aoa uest o ad· vanags e multiple examples o hs quest combie Caly though e mecanisms of nuence and negotia io and ae diected not owad values but owad ob jecives imposed by te tansfomao of te evironment and by competition is sociology plays as impotan a ole i he new
26
THE POST.INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY
only a coectio of choces whose ems ae etrey pe deemed. Polca acvy hs become a om o co sumption: whch pay or which potician wi yo buy? ae yo moe o less sased wth he lices o he govement No one wi deny hat is se o egse hese opnions But doesn' oe eec he prope objec of socioloy-the omaon o collective acon hrogh whch he conume will become the poduce, a maker o his sociey ad cuef one stops there Aleady, the sdy of ogaaos d decsonmag sysems has bypassed ths accotablity Ony he actve nteveno of soca movemens ad he eappeaance o mao p ltca debates can mpose on socoo a etn o ts p cpal objects of stdy he pocess o soca chae, the naue of power he fomao o soca movements and he ceaon o the te The essays hat make p hs boo ms be ead s conbtons to the study of he iteplay, coics ad movemes thouh whch economc growh may be tans omed o a pe o social deveopmet ad hogh whch hee may be osteed he coronation between dependen paticpaon d ceative opposiio March 1969
I Old and New Socia Classes
new knd o socey s beg bo we wan o dene by is echoogy, by "prodctio forces ets ca i the pogammed socey we choose o ame i om te nare o ing ca, we call it echocraic sociey In socia anayss and n pactce he oio of soca cass has been too inimaely bond up wih the soca oanaon of he ea o captast ndusializaton fo that noo o o be poody quesoned any con sdeaon o a sociey in whch the ceaton of know ede he sysems govein poducton dstibuto and nfoao ad the etwok o pocal ad ecoomc decsons fom a socl ad economc oganaon po foundly deent om the nneteenh centy Ms A
8
TH POST.IUSTR SOCTY
we abado he idea tat the class strggle hods a cet pace i socioogic aalysis? May have bee temped o aswe amavey simly because he aalytca toos eited om a ealer eiod ae ceay able o exlai the ew sitaio. O la moves the oposite diectio wll am the damea imace o clss sitaios coics, ad movemets i the po ammed sociey Ts l c oly be ealized i we de tach orseves s compleely as oible om histocally deed images ad ideas ad become ivolved i a ndica eewal o social alyss Oe cold attemp to adap the old ideas o ew siaios, bu sch a execise wold be uile because i akes o accout o socal practice ] we wish o eai he usel idea o social class ad ee i om ay particla histoical exeriece ad iterrea o we mus begi ot wi a deiio, bt wih crica aalysis o he hemes of social class ad lass society as hey ave come to s espcially i Erope We ms se o ot om a ew absaco bu om e eamia o o a cocee epesetaio o socia orgaio
Th Hsl mg 0/ h C Sy e ieteeth cetry as let s a pacla istoc image wic may have caled l oiey he aaet clarity o th siaio, howeve as made it almos impossibe to sige ot the speca oe played by ay paicla eleme withi hs socia srctre We shall y rs to sigle ot the comoes whose combiaio has give rise o he oveal image o a class sociey a) here exis ial ilix socialy ad cltalysepa ated m each oe his separaio s due to he slow-
Old d Nw Sl Cl
9
ess wh wic ihered socia orms are chaged From geeatio o geerao a paicla clte s assed do wih colectivtes wich sttoa d pesoa relatoshs are sepaabe_ Becae tis sa tio dees divdas soely by eir ecoomic ctio terms o he ere socey, s ot decly coeced with elatios bewee classes, wc cositte a geeal ad absac pricipe o social ogaiatio lt i heitaces o he oher ad are coete ad acular hey ae ordely systems tha dee ad reguate he ter o socia elaoshis wihi a i whose imits ae se by kiship eiory, aditoa occpatiosia tos a ae ascibed rahe ta acquired om this poi o view, eve te radiioal ig classes are deed moe by eage tha by ctio o by their owe to domiae he more closey a sociey o he way to idsialiaio is bod o a preidsa ad Ual sociey te moe imoa is he oe o her ag As al obeves o Weste socetes om ocue vlle o Lpset have emaed te esisace o radioa socieis reorce cosose o sepaaios d ba es the smbols o socia heacy I race we pree to sea o te bogeoisie ate tha o eepree i order to stess the close bod bewee cpass d the pedstial lg classes his beas wiess o he cosat dese o acired wealth o be asoed io iherited wealt ad o dsrial o o be coverted io rets he mage o he de ich ma, liig o he reveue o is proey layg he obe remais very ivid i this coty o does the image of he seclator accumlaig moey o msel ouside o ay isi tioally deed soca fcio Nieeetcety ech lierae akes cogizace o the acial spec
34
TE TNTRA CIETY
do nothig bu submit, eac man shitng fo msel or sma oups rebeling in bief outbuts o vioee. Wat orgnizes he acton of soa casses is ultural hertage o one side ad pogm o actio to transfom soety o he oter More simply te socioogial teme o soc clsses has no meang or ineest unless here exiss cetain degree o class osiousess. Exploitaion of the proletariat an defne a cass stuation but is iapable of explaig te omaon o lass consousness and aion sice evey socil ato suposes te atcuato of objeives ad e deton o a soia famework or olleive ao. Te identiation o soiety wt class onit supposes te ombinato o ee eemen: 1) a inea o cupational and ommual picipe o sel-deense; 2 osciousnes of te conradtions betwee e opposed eonom and soia neess and 3 eferece o the geeal neess of indusrial soiety_ e motat ting to ste is tha we are aling about an ntabl oina
ion of lnt which ar not oiologclly contpono I has oured ony once n he histoy o indusiaizaion during e t wave of idusial de veopmen n Wese Euoe Even in s imed ame wo, it was eve more ta very artiay acieved, as demostraed by e act hat te wore movement ever sueeded i uniyg the worig cass n a evoluoay aion
Duc 0/ h Img 0/ Cl Soy \e mus now eamie te desution o this "cassical hisoic mage o the ass socey and see wa hapened
Ol and w S C
35
to eah of ts elements wen ey beame autonomous ad ideendent o eah othe a I e mass soiety liin tandad elae wa o lif s lssc amao may be somewa ove simpied but t dates eary te disappeane of e old ultural supots o soia lasses e cie roe i te poess was played by uban evoution rae than by te trasomato o wo Unotuaey we now less about resdetal miieux a about woring evio mens, dese e mone o sudies made by e iago Sool o ocoo o by Pau Henri ombart de Lauwe Resear in tree HM's (owcos housng develomen i te Pais aea suggests onlusios wi, desie eir limitations idiate two ways i whic peole move beyod e oder ommuiy o neighbo ood sirt Idividuals on ei way up te ocupoa ad soil adder paicuary ey ae woke wat a omogeneous nd staed wa we migt a an Amer can, lvin suaio: sngle fmiy dwelng ative elatiosips with the eigbos stog awaeness o status dieenes among negbooods n e oter and wt e excepto o e ms deprived famies dvidus n a sc suaio sow more wliges o aept a multe dweing wh oes litte oportuiy to dsiuish onesel soaly ey also want to mt tei relaions wit tei negbos and ei soal lfe genea ivig i cose quaes wt a lage number o peope leads to a essenig o soa eaionsh is second siuao s esecay ue among reavely wel salaied employees In e esdetia situations we studed we ound almost o tae of te taditiona lower cass model wh was strogly maed by soial eteogeneiy and bad socia
6
H PTDUSRIA SC
biiy. Te esech f Bennett Berge 3 suggests tt y in isle n hmgeneus wkg-css secins ple stil pe g vlue eigb scil eltns sses strg weness f benging t wking-cs envinment Te eve mtnce f s type f eseil envinment seems n e ecne gven te evepmet f te ge rbn mpexes n te mutipitin te mes f tnsprttin A ex n Lign emste t te cnsciusness being wke ws ecesingy ive tsie he p in nsme setigs, ug emne vey stng n te wkig sttin Even we n ge cept the cn usins Ke eik wc ieet me tn n yze the ests esech we ct eject e nmerus stuies whi emnse t yng wes e mu ess sius n thei ees f bengig ptiu s sitin espey wen ey ve n lge ciies Mu me evient si s te ecy u ie·stys te gru sppne cltul eenes be tween city cuntr At s gnce sts seem t iicte t whitecl wkes e e i gup wch mst evec e iesyes bse n clss Nt t tey mke up mgenes sl n cutul gr quite te cnty; b they seem esy i ne flws te nyses f Mice Ce' mbigus sme gning temseves with te wkes wt sme Be &gr, Work Suburb Brky rty f ·
or rs, 190) . nr Aneu J L, Luver d'aujourdhu r Rr, 190) . Nw : Mt 19. 6 Cf. tuay Mau b, es bl be (r: C 9) an Kare na Dr UIe Areter eue Stuttgart r 19) M r he Bureu Peomeo Stan ry re 19)
Od ad Ne Soal a
7
new m lwe ss culue n e ientiying emsev wt te me clss Tese tems beng te t n ncurtey ecibe te s siuin te wite-cll wkes w l gree re e ms susceptibe precuptin wt s eves Ths cn cern es t ree te mge lttivey eent sci sitins bu cey subnes it the ele hemes stitn n mss culte t is t ie ciy gnie pticipin step by sep t mss csmptin is pintess t isis eng n mi cts Te newest ie ne cey iites e mptnce f chnges ht ve cme b sice the beging e ey is tht "ppesm n nge inies sil css b ter ptc gps: wke in fme in sri entes nw n ey te ge te pysiy meny npe nske wmen w e es f milies ec mintes tnsient egn wkers Pverty cves vst y sci prbems: it nge esigtes s it i te nineteent ent the "br bem Un rese ciis eese te wrkg css s n lnge n n be e sme s eense f te " In te sme wy te bgese s ene ss ess by eitge Jf e exten sgns [ wet e s bvus s fey te symbs beging t gher sci ss e prgressivey ess numers ess e e eine titin s cteges n iesyes s ny ne spe me gee s trsmtin the fmin f isti cviiin e whse eements s ene n nge by is s by s pe essene b by is pe win sysem f nge i nte s been epe by sc ctvty
TH STNSTRIA SY
b) . I n ths snse, the ida of social class has osing mportace sice h bgiings of idsralizaio ad ha of relatioships bewee classes as an sstil eeet of ooic dynais has be iig. During the ibera indsrialzaion of h Ws, h dcompositio of raditoa comunies did o dircly ake for th fnai of muul nres goup. I ld rs to he orato of mass deprvd o al dividuaiy ad o vrtally evey mas of neveng n h dvopmen pros. onsqety, hy were dened y hr prva ions and he xloitaio ha viimized th, o by the dirtions o their ativiy which wre didd for the-ad oside y olicas who wer ot a ways revolionary If at rs, the dissoution of older commnites was the mos srikng hoeo, today he mos highly vsile devomt is tha he rolaria hs pad eyod tis siaon Uion activity ad lcal eetio hav con red ealy t he intittinitin f ndtil t On can and s srss how liid it stil is artiarly i ounris lke France ad Ialy wher h local ios isid he facoris are sti o ll Nvr hess, hes resrictions ano cace o the aial m rtane o h scsses ha have en ahievd Witho goig ak ovr h dveloen of olltiv bargaiig and h leaJ rotcion of wage·earners, it sems o us n dispensabe to s o o mrtat coseq o th deveopmet It s dicad eary by h owig m ortane of h coct of oganUtin n sociologcal angage Alied rs o h tehnial area (espialy o • beme n Fne ny n the geneal t f y_ une, 98.
l a Ne Sa Cl
th jo lve), tendd nxt to adiistraio ad hen to he aagmet of rs ad evn of the atoa or regional eonom syse, t hs ore ad more taken o a socl sese, indicatig a autonoous v of producon, ntermedia beween hial xecuon and th decison-akig syst. An irasig nmber of proles ar sen o coneced with the xistce ad fucoing of bsns and ndstria enter prss, especy the largst ones, cosdered s etwors of ocal ad tehncal srumens geard to cien rodtion The coetration o eoomc power has considraly eded he aooy of h roems proer o organ zatios. The reason oe spaks so much of bureucacy is hat he cenrs of dision-makig are rher ad rhr removed o h orans of executio. h engineer or he aborer withn a m or congloerate whch coprss tens or v hudred of housads o worers, he der n a od army h oa n a aonal or ieaonal admnsraion are ore ad more aware o heir pae a communiatio network, of thir apacity o ine dcisions whch aec he v rhaps spially, if hes deisions do not act he "poliia sysem o the organzaon. Uios or othr ployee orgaizaos set for aricaion managen trea a owig mr of probs ouchng the setg o qalcaios systs o remerao voatoa guidnce, th dstriutio o social advaags h mprove ent o workg oditios, the reglation o hiring praces et Eah of these robls a gve rise to idsri co i ad he rirs s proedrs for rerg gev
H OS.IDUSRA SOCEY
c) . We must agan eu o the them of he concna on o pow, whch s the counrpat of h auonomy o he nenal poblms of oanzaions W wll no ac cep he imag proposd by C Wgh Mils, o a powr elit which ac as a dnd group and coheivy dends he supsedly unied ness of all t membep cians, economc leaders, he miliay All obsevaons b l he stence o such a und lt, boh n libral and oaaan gmes Nehe is it convincng o speak of a socty ony as h crss scton of h nss o parcu a orgniaons and to am ha the wold o powr no nger xsts, ha al ha exst is authoy, made wc a eecv bcause o the nunce welds ove oth baes o authory Tha he oad to powe s bcomng moe and moe opn, hat he Sae s no a god pesding ov a wold o subjcts s ue oday, as very lky was yesterday. Th fact emans, nevehlss, ha a powe organzation dos exs W can ceany say s mo powful and moe coheve than fomrly, ha it di recy commands a share o he naiona produc whch inceases a the imrtance of s ong-rage economic scinc o military pogrm grows. Should w no hen jc he concep of scial class and eplace wth ha o polica cass or more simply, wih he renewed opposton ben he inst o he Sae and hos of the czny Unounately, hes pres sions cause moe conson han cary. Th Sae s no an autonomous socal uni; nh is t quvalen o he politicoconomc decsonmang sysm Lk busness, t can b considred an orgnzaon On the othe hand, excp n oaaan socies he polca systm s no C Wrht Ml w Yok: xr ty P 95)
O Nw l Csss
he same hng as he sucu of the Sate It pefr abl, conseuny, o concentae hr on poliic conomc pwr ahr han on the Sae a suon an on say ha n an advanced ndusa sociey, hs power s dned wth a c? nly, n moden cet he vey ich and poweul ae assured mpt advaags which can asiy b denouncd as scandalous Ths is not, however, a sasfacoy answe to he queson. t s much mo mpoan o sress ha advanced n dusa socs ae no onger sociees of accumulaion bu of pogrammng Today h fuue s no longe pincipaly guaraned by pva nvsmns boh bcaus the Stae s espons bl fo and dircs a growng porton of economc nves mnt and bcause socal nvestmns, spcally n the area of educaon have consideraby ncased Today's arges ntrpris are not mnng or chemical conglomeaes bu space and nucla rsarch and h nationa depatmn o ducaon or t quivalens The nnenh century w awae of he oppson bewn echangevalu and usevalue odays principal poblm s he opposon bwen dvelopmen and consumpon At he very momen ha w ecogne mo ay han eve ha aising ure living sandards s deer mnd by presen nvsmens he gap beteen h cn dons for he conomc pogess and th ress o pogrss so fa achived wdens consdably Lkews, h cvnss of nvsmens coms o dpend moe and mo on complx political stat and on mthods of ad mnsratv oganation. nvesmn is no ong h functon o only one scor of socy, or moe pcsey o o class bu o h enie socty Poltics no long gos along wth economc oganzaton t precds and govrns
4
T H P O S T . I N D U S R IA L S O C I E T Y
Eonomi proge ha ome to be een a h rult h mot vible ig of he fntioning of oey ha i of ablty o manage the tenion whh narly ar from th oppon bewen invment and ndivdua onmpon d) . The ditntion we hav ut etabihd btwen problm whih are interna to organation and ho on h vl of onomi dionmang powr mut be ndrtood a a ditintion btween deren ype of 0 al probem It wold be exeiv o onlde rom h ha the former are he one of buine and th latter of th State. One may ome loe o h a imple dvion in oitie whee he ativitie of buin and ndty ar tritly ontrolled by he Stae but hat i an xrem and vry rare ae t i more important to ra the ditintion between organiaion a an admniterd Y* tm, and he n, a a uni of eonom deionmang The onit propr o organizaon ba on th mtua relation of their individal and olv lments On he other hand f a nion ght for a wage nra, h i an aton diretd a the rm. Th mor liberal an n drial oiey i, h more mran ar dmand and negotiation within the m. A a general l onvrely n managed eonom hee prblm ar Jd on broader ont In evey ae, to th deg hat the nom onit wthin te rm eae to b a maniftaion of h a ruggle, it an be inteprted n ritly eo nomi trm ie, in erm of he negoaing pwer wihin th abor maret of th ontnding parte Th ao imi thir aternative oure and obligae hm to gar raim." Above a, i irmrb heir ngotiation wihin genera ontratual areemen or governmental reulaton
and New Sl Clae
47
Thi gowing aonomy of demans and wage dipt reativ o th gnra pli of th abor movemen i parulary notab n ontri ke Sweden where naional aemnts btwn th managmen and labo fedraion oexit with a wagdrift in biness and in dury Thi aonomy th onerpart on t one hand of atng h innal problm of organzaon aording to dirng ntittional plan and, on h oth, of an pandd nationa eonomi poicy that regu late or trie o modify wage hang a it doe prie utaton Wag diput are harpe to the deee ha hey are intgad wthin gneral poiy Dmand beome more pratial and hrewd to he dee that they are eparaed om plan fo h tranformation of oety. Thu, the eparation of organizatona onit rom a ont i aompanid by a dtinion betwen th pramati defn of wag and the eort to tranform oiety Carly, thi an anaytial diintion Union tratey ontany ombine th diren knd of prob lem. Nevrhle thy poe a gowing autonomy Thi demontrated by the etene o ditnt hanne to dal wth ah of hem: al unon jon onutato ytm, pal organation
New Cksses, New Conficts he new ring la an no longer b thoe who are in harg of and po from private invetment; it an only be al hoe who identify themelve with olleiv invetment and who nt into ont wth thoe who de· mand nraed onmption or who pivat life re t hange Thi fomla i not omplete bea it
HE P S · N S I A L S E Y
does no inroduce te ndament idea of a "prverson of investmen. Invesors can deniy themseves wh he general nteres and demonsrae very logcaly tha their success is the conditon for mprovemen of he general sandard o iving, which woud be made impossibe by socia and poical pressures or a "disibuive policy cung he capacity for invesment o I has aways been true hat one n ony speak of a ung cass hose who posess economc powe use t partly a leas for goals ta do no ose he sasaction o socia demands; n othe wods, te nvesmen and production systems absorb for her on inerests an importan part of he resources ha are creaed or uiize them for non-eco nomic purposes This can happen a any leve of he economic system: poitica decsion-makng adminsraive orgnization or enca execuion a On the eve of poliica decison-making, the ec nomc ationaiy o sepaaing invesmen om con sumpton mos often takes the orm of we poiis he simpes exampe o which s the subordinaton o socia poicy to the imperaves o deense science, or eco nomc concenraion hese probems are no ony naona One of he e pcit causes procaimed during he suden uprising a Berkeey was the sudens' dissasfaction with a univeSiy ncreasngly invoved n pure and appied research but uninterested in seving the students whom t consdered te laboring cass of scence rathe han human being n te pocess o fomaion In the sa me way e medical pofesson has ofen concenraed on the probems o a patien n a way hat urns him merey ino one eemen in sysem aimed a advancng the nowedge and reat men of a disease raher han as someone who is o eceve
Od d ew Sc C
perona servce hs s no a al inended o mean ha an increasing concern or scenic invesment auo maticaly creaes soca contradicons stil ess tha s sociay irraiona bu only hat i uns he risk of crea ing a spt beween he deveopment o techniques and service e71at dsend the elaon beween he two terms for the bene o a sefdevouing technica deveop men whch transom ie nto the nonratonal ac cumaton o power d thus creaes soa conct Their appropiation of a excessive share of the coecve product is relavey nfequent and of no real concern wheeas he capiais invests ony afer he has deduced a cerain somemes very importan porion of his re sources o his privae consumpon Whie he image o he capials as ineresed oly in pure enjoymen is nave and makes his roe as enepeneu incomprehensibe t s ear tha the apitalit sysem s oten maked by spectaca weath and dispay o uxuy on he pa o the hoders of capia or e famiies he technrat on he ohe hand, does not ve n uxuy even if his unction may gn him consdeabe advanages As John Kenneh Gabaih has remarked the image of weah is oday more ofen associaed wth "sars than wih the manageria cass Even when hey shae in capls pros the dectors o arge companies whose optons and oher advantages consideraby augment thei salaries tey shy away om conspcuous consumption The deoogy s servce t he ate o he party in powe to he economy; her ehics are mpesona; ei syle s manipuaon aher han mperiousness Technocas are not echnicans bu managers, whether they beong o he adminisraion of the tate o to bg
5
TE STIDUTRA SCT
the acquision of general metho of anayss. Ana ogosy, ower fnctonarie do not speciaz; mddle magemen is mor and more specalied accodng to ank a he op ocias njo gat oiontal mobilty On he othr hand, he educaton of the top leve tends to be ndependn of an spcid body of professo and is larg provided fo b member of e ei whose own dcation has gaantd tei sccess; p managemen ocals pa an imrt oe in deciding wha s augt at th Eco Naonae d'Admnstaton Educaton tends also o be ransfomd nto a mecansm of intation nto a parcula soca gop and to ta on a smboc char ace mos ofn represened b atndance at a parcar schoo or nvrt nrance examnaons ae the place of na examinatons whch indicats te eatve imp tance of recriment progams a opposd o the com mnicaion of nowdg In this wa a nw arscac is creatd aong with a conscosness of th separaton between and th mddle echons of iarch Bwen e sta and t man ag, t ci admnstao and te drco, sometim btwen even the hghl paced eseach woe and th "boss a spaaton sablised and mard by man signs incuding somimes signicant derences in in com A iarchial contnt among bacas and echnocras ma appea to exis b it is a rae cas wen he memb of a great ogniation canno ecognie t ne ta sparas thm Tecnocracy s aso a mritocac which rgulas en ance no i ans b conrolng credenias his ph nomnon is peha mor accntaed in Franc than in or conris fr rnc cnocrac as ben ab to impose sef on radional tate srctus and h
Old d N Sl C
5
prstg whch the ga schoos · and pofessonl bods have ben abe to pesrv T sam tnden is manifest n all indusia countries inding th Unted ats wh many gea univsities a amost tan formed into ag pofessional aining schoos reng b comtitiv xamination nce in manageral catego one nve avs i Man cnocats cetan see ther psitons impove o worsen depndng on whehe governmnta admin istaon s favorabl to tm or no But e have grea ob secury and th ncome s safe vn if ar n aachd n ts way, a soca grop is formed is crtany not omogeneos b has a dene sef-con scosnss, adops cerain beavio patrns and xerciss consderabe conro over ecrumen echnocracy is a social cago bcas i s d d b ts management of he massive economc and poiical sctrs which dic dvopmn I con cevs socty simpy as he totat of soc ms needd to mobie ths devlopmen t is a dominant ca becaus, n pocaimng deniation with dvlop mn and soc pogres, t idns t ntr of cty with tose of th gea organiations which vast and impeonal a thy ae are noneheless center fo partcla ntrsts Tchnocratic idolog may be libra o auoritarian se variations ar of t gaest mpoancbt it conssn dnies social conc thog wilingy rec� ngnees, g vl sevan, econom expe! a oe, and lage pat o en e ad n Fance n n e unvetes ut n choo gl elee, nd enal nsdee pofesonll upeo e unetes T os oant oe ae te Ecle Natole dAmnn, e cole oltecque nd e ce omale Seue
5
TH POTIDUTRIA OCITY
ognizgthe exsece of esons ad competng sraegies. These conics do es, rooed the accumuaion and concenration of decsio-mag power ad kowledge echoraic orgazaions wrap themseves i sececy ad stut pblc ifoation ad debate hey aggessivey buld heir ow ower mpose more ad more rgid scial ieon on ther members ad manpuae the cha es of produco ad cosumpo hey are ceers of power tha creae ew forms of neqalty and privlege On he goba eve we spea of cenra and peripheral atos a de faco dsico betwee he ruers ad he subjecs Smary, whn a parcar nato here is a gowng separao between the cenral and rug ee men wihn the geat orgaizaos ad a ew peb whch is ubec o chage beyod is cotro o pblicty campagns and propaganda and o he dsorgazao of is earer soca stcures ] s more dcul dene those whose ierests are opposed o those of he echoras In a maret capal ism he wage-eaers are he domaed cass becase hey are subec the abor mare o the ower of those who hod capta I he programmed socey direce by he machiney of growth the domaed class is o longer deed i tems of proerty but by is depedece o the mechaiss of engeered chnge ad hece o he stru mets of soca ad cultural neaion e's trade oes drecy poducve work, s ot n drect opson o capa; it s peoa ad coectve dety opposio to mapao Ths may seem abstrac i the sese that man s no longer invoved smpy n his occupaoa role He s invoved a worer, bu aso as consmer and as a inhaban n a word as an aen subeced o a deciso mang sysem operaed i he ame of he colecviy
d S C
55
Ths s why he roe formery played by achmen to ones rade is today played by attachme o oes pe The worer is ot defedig hmsef simpy a work�r bt more broadly as a member of a communiy aached o a way of ife o bods of family ad ies to a u re here was a ime whe he appea o hsory and georaphy was rased by he ew domiant lasses he conerngbourgeosie which beeved in evolo ad proess and was aached to the formaton of geat a oa utes and ea chanes of rade oday, he domnat ass relies o the ecoomy ad sometmes o he soca scences whch oer t he categores hat bes dene ts deveopmea ad programmng aco Hs ory and geogaphy atachme to radion and to the so have become he sye of hough and feeng of [hose who resis raspatao omemes hey resst bdly b someimes hey demand ha idstry move o he manpower and no aways he oher way aroud ha he eire eitory be haressed isead of oy favorng he ea ndstria conceraos Reo conscosness d the defese of oca beries are the princ fouda io of resstce to techocracy The defense of the city lsraed by Heni Lefebe plays a creasingly mra aaogus role The urba meu a dvesed ocao of socal echages ens o eplode esdenal secions become diveied ad more ad more cearly sraed The rapd owh of ctes leads to he cosrcio of dwelng us whch wer he eemetary eed for sheer of worers b are beref of auonomous soca fe To he deee ha socey more rapdly modes s envromen and is ow maerial codos he imporance of he dsrcon of ecoogca baances and the codiios of hababiy maes isef
TE OTITRIA OCETY
rsul. incde hem n a ls of the nw socia clsss Tchnicism reveals tlf bs by s ncapacty to gasp the whole pcue of the probems a oganizaon oses. The complexity of a social systm s broken down by r-
corse o ues whch ar of nothing bu tals For a ong tm, h ctis of the so-called scnc organzaton
of wok have demonstatd h o rsuling rom th dcon of hman wok to a succsso of lmentay
movemen and of the worke psycholoy to a impov ished mage of om eonomc. Boh facors and ad mnistatons ae aware of the rigdity of his tchnicism agans which h skled workers rb especiay One cagory of vcims possess a partcla mpo anc h obsoscnc of chnqs is accompanied by th obsolscc of skils A more and mo meros caeory of obsolte work is fomed men forty o foty-v year odsomtimes ven, ars whr echns vove qcky, thity o thiyve yar old ewy ceatd hapay worke. the scond part of whose cive if s a ong delin ct p by unxcted unem poyment or sudden un The "oldths obsole wokers much as h trdare moe and mor pr csely a ew proletariat as rejced and eplod by progrss s ohers we by propry The yong can d themsvs i a smlar saion to th dere that he aning ethe dos no cosond to the nds of the conomy o s undremployed whe the abor mark nfavorabl to them What we too easily cal he ack of adaptaion of certan roups of workrs is rah the s of a socal sysem in which trang and em pomn are no organzed so tha chnca and economic evoton prodces the maimm professonal and per sona advanage for all ad i whch ndvduas a o
O e o C
proced by sucent powes of socia ton d These conics are all of he sam naure hey prdica opposton bewen managers drvn b he de sre o incrase prodcon ad adapt hmslves o he praives of powr and ndvdals who ac ess as workrs defendng thi wags than as prsons and groups seking o maan ther snse of pesonal fe What hs wag-arnejonsumer sek s security, ha is a pedicabe and ognizable fute whic w allow them
to mae plans and to cou on he fts of eors hy hav wngly made he princpal opposion beween these wo ga classs o ops of casses dos no st from h fact that oe posssses walth or propry ad h oh does o. It comes about bcase th domnant classs dspose of knowledge and conro i/ormaton. Wok coms to be lss and less dened as a poal coibton nd more as a roe wihn a system of commncaons and oca rlations. The oe who cotos exS nuenc on he
systems of socia rlatons the nam of ther neds; the on who s conrold consantly arms his exstnc, not as member of an oraniation. lment of he producion procss or sbjct of a Sate bt as an aonomos nit whose persoality dos no cocd with any of hs ros hs s the reaso our eyes stedwhy he dea of on s so widspead W ar leavng a society of poiaion ad eneng a society of alienao What domnaes o typ of ociey is no h ita coradictions of the various social systems b h co tradcons betwe the ns of thes socia sysms and he nds of indviduals his can b rpreed mora erms whch has arosd scan sociologica ineres b cas re s nohg mor cofused han h dfns of
2
TH POS·INDUSTRAL S CIEY
indvidaism agais he socia machney t s easy to move beyond tis kid of intepetaion As Glbath s vgoosy eminded U5,u economc pogess deped moe and moe no ony o he quatity o avaabe labo and capital bt on te abiiy o ovae, o accept cage ad to utilie eve wok capablty A mechanical cocepion of socey us p aginst esstace of ndvidas ad goups wo out o ostty o being maiplated lmi tei podction and adopt a passve atttde owad ogazations and decsion i wich ey do not patcipate Tis was he case wth Tayloism· a society wc s poessvely moe eiayoe in wic e teatmet of ifomatio plays e same centa ole tat te teatmen o nata esoces played at he beging of idustaiationthe most seos om of waste s the lack of paticipaio decsionmag I is symptomaic that a sude dem onsae a te r condion of such paticipaion s inomatio Tis obsevaton, oweve, has moe p oud consequeces han may ae wling o face Beig nfomed meas moe than meely knowng wat s takg pace t meas beng ama wi he backgoud easos ad metods wich lead to a decision ad not meey wh he easos lleged to usiy i Ths is why uos o cosltaio commttees ask o see he balance seet o a m, ad o kow the soces o te vaious categoies o 13 John Kennth Glbrih, The fln Socidy (New York: Houhon Min 1958) . • Frr Winsow Tayo n his folowr rlid osty on indiidual wag incntiv to fostr workr' willnns to in proucton. h Bau sytem ws �twn th wa one of t ot wiprad ym of job uy Evry ob wa hratrz by a rtain proportion of aivity nd rt Te tea on wi c a poportion wa tablie wr 5Cr nd wr nver upported by scn6c u.
Old and New Socia Cl
63
is evene fomaion is necessa to make decsio Te ceal mpace of tis pobem s undined by the dcu ivoved in ay aemp o sove i Tis i o simply because tose wo ssess the omaio esist shaig ad pee o eteat beind pseudosocioogical saements Te dicuties ae aso de o he fact at access t omation pesupposes a new attde towad claims ad gievances accepance o economc atonality eection o he dea hat socety s entiely domiated by coct amog pivate nteess ecose to expets wose elations wit tose esponsble fo acto ae diclt etc Seekig informato is an epessio of an actve social poitics. Lack of ifomation (ece of paticpaio te sysems of decsion ad oganization) de alieatio. Te aleaed divda o goup is not only te one let o te sidelies sbject cotol o depived of iuece; i also incldes te oe wo loses his pesonal deity ad is dened only by is ole i he system of excages ad ogaization I cldes te consume pused by advetsig ad edit to sacce s ecoomic secuty fo the sake of goods whose disibo is justied by e nees o e poduce ae han by he saiscio o ea eeds It icude as we e woke who s sbec o sysems o ogazaion woe oveal eciecy doe o baace the eobtan ma cot. A class conct ove popey loes i impotance and explosiveess by beig localized and nstittionalized, the ew coic focus o te dection of society as a wole ad aouse defense of seldeeminato e We ave js dened te pncipal socia conic of porammed societies. Te expeiece of soceties caaceied by capitaist industiaizaio is tat tose gop most subject to social domiaion ae not ecessaily te
6
H PS·INUSTRL SOCEY
ones who mos atvely ead te ght. Te fue re· moved tey ae Iom he eners o pwe, e moe ex poied hey ae nd te more tei stugge s mied to te deense o e maeria conditions of exstene and t i dut to move em to te oensve Su esponsbil y ms be bone no only y groups wose apaiy to rss is geate-ineetuas o skiled wokes wh a ge sandad of iving and education o a sronge pos ion in te abo maebu aso by hose wo pati pe moe dey in te ena meanis of economi proess The sge is no ed y magina soa eement who can ony se up o bief peods o suppor oensive aion wh e mass bu by centra soca eemens wo n te opstion o ose who hod wer, use e in srumens o poducion w tei opponens caim to conol This sed o be te ole of te siled wokers; oay i is te ole of hose who ssess sentic and tenial ompeence hey ae closey connected wit te geat organizaions ut the identty s no dened y ter hieaca atoity n em ten tey even enjoy geat ndependene from e organaons tat tlze tei seves Tey are agents of development or er wor s dened y te reation duson, o ap pcaon o ratonal nowedge tey ae not tenoca, case er unon s dened as eice not as podc ton n he ges leve, at of e echnocats su in dividas ae he profssonals, e membes of "poes sions wo o wh ae of pariar impoane in our soieies: teaing and pub healh Pofessos resea es, and pysicians wo ae nehe saared manages nor fo the mos pat members o ibea pofessions are in a
O an Nw Social Cases
mied suaion Tei acviy reqies e exstene o ationaed organizaons soos univeses resea aoraries, etc oweve, ts am is o manain or ein ore te poducion a1ity o peope rae tan m eial poduion as su udent and ptients are te de onsumes of ea ing and mediine f ose, ee es inemeda zones n whi poessions and poduon stues ae mied patcay in eseac ognizations b ha no enoug o wpe out he dieene n ind beween managea aegoies and pofessonas ofessionas are dened much ess by tei ieachia autoiy han y hei scenti ompetence ne canno spea ee o socia cass or e pofessonas are no one of he ee men of a social onit tey fom a aegoy wh someimes jons te echnocrats and somemes g em Ts wosded suaton can onfe on them a ge presge an any ohe aegoy t an aso ea tem to a douby aiona opoatism w iit ot tenas and onsumes n a owe evel were we ave plaed te ureau cats we mee e Tey ae part n te funtio ing o organizations wout entely eonging to te, even wen tey ae on e parol: conslting engneer acounants jist yhoogst abor physiins, n stcto and edao Te nme s ineasing rp dy and wl gow even moe in te omng yeas. ey onsanty emind the oganaons n wi tey ae n voved o ei etena fnions At te same time t can boer e een fnionng o ese organzations opposng heir genea prncpes o te empica com pexy of a technia and social ommniaon netwo Lie te poessonas tey may e meey eeal agents
TH POSTDUSTRIL SOY
of rms and orgnations; more oten, hey are able o foce hem o ibeate hemseves om their ntena polems and o adapt beer to socey as a whoe. This is one way of einfocing the bond between investmen and consmption Among hose who cay out echnical tasks, the formaion o mlitant eles and centers of opsition s moe dicl This is true even though tis caegory o person ne directy experiences the power o heir managers and organizers in evey aspect o their ives Neverheless skiled workers pogressvey moe sbjeced o the con saints imposed by bsiness and indstry and particlaly he young workes whose aining is bady sed by heir empoyers continue to pay an important roe Whereas hese grops sd to be at he cente of the socia strggle hey are now only one elemen witin it js as a acoy manager now pays ony a sbordinate roe wihin he network o economic and pitica manages he genera pincpe of o anaysis s tha he foma ion of socia cass and cas acton has a bette chance in the soca and economic grops whee he conadction beween oganiationa interests and persona aonomy the opacity creaed by tecnocracy-is most diecy mani fested, ie at he hear of he grea prodction and eco nomic decisionmaking oganzations To be more pece he gro whch demonstrate particary sharp esisance to he dominaion of technocrats beacrats and tech nicists ae those who ae asociated wth the ife o geat orgnations eel themseves responsible for a service, and whose acivty p hem in cnstan och wih con smers Inerest groups on one eve and on anohe, enginees and research echnicans may sccumb to he ontadiction born o thei doube ideniy as proes
ew S Clae
sionals or epets and men o he organiaion o tental echnocrats omeimes, hey overcome i hogh mancy haing he vaes o aonaiy and technal compence which impress hemseves on industa so cetes hey defend a the same ime e atonomy of heir woking condiions and caee and se the nena exgencies of he profesonal grup aganst he presues
eered by the system o organation and decsionmaking In the nineteenth cenury, massve movemens dedi-
cated to soca change were formed by the combinaon of the camen's resistce wth he eaton of expoia tion on he pat of cerain categoies o unskiled woker Likewise, one can predict tha, today and tomorow these
oppostion etes mst form he avangarde o new move mens o socia change by mobizing those commniis whch ae n a sae o declne: aged woke who are vc im of change and he "se of hospas housing pr ecs and mass transpotaion Fo sch an aiance o work scient means mst be avaable to mobize opnon he very impotance of hese means howev genealy paces them nder he control of businessmen and those in power We canno desibe hee the stages by whch sch mobizaton may ake pace bt we mus, f ony o pu sme order no a badly organied vocabuay distingish dieent ys of socia foce S ce are on he same evel as he pwe system. Spelere grop exs on the evel o organizations or parica colectivities Pre grp, sated on he leve o he echncl organizaion of po dcon o cnsmpon have even ess dect reaon o potica acion I one accepts this distinction then we can say hat the woking cass s pogressively being repaced by a ederation of speciainterest goups, whie grop
THE OT.IUTRIA SOCIEY
rganid r dns lca r rginal nrstradna amps prssur gruan cm a nd ass A sal ss r a class mvmn aways srvs npr n s wn rm r ring ndr i innc spnrs and prssur grups wi ar rad . Sca plcs bcms mr cmpl caus asscans wi ar nsrumn a class, a spca nrs grup, r a prssur gup qunly rmain aacd a pariuar ncpin ir l vn wi y may acually b prrmng rs A sam m y an rvrs prcss and cm spksmn r nw scial rs Ts disinins plan spcial r sudns n rmain nw lass mvmns Bcaus ' ar uncmrab w rms s�ianrs r prssur gu ad ar n und y cnsrains gra prduin rganizains y cmmi mslvs mr dirly an d rs a lass acn agins nmc pwr mpran nwldg n dvpmnalprcss givs m a rl w is n ngr nly a avangrd n d y nlgnsa A las sm m ar dry and prsnay nvvd nw rlansips nr and dminain Our analyss as nnrad n cnmc !i as a wl aus sudns d r univrsy ppl nvr ac n a way a rvas nw scia nics unss y mv ynd prblms rd in risis and ransrmain univsy Sudns ar nir simpy an avan grd nr niry a nw cas mvmn In unvrsiy is mvmn and nis a rm a rvald and prssd ms asily Sun an
Old d N Sl Cl
wc w sal xamin in dal n nx apr cann analyd smply as xprssin a n scil mvmn In r wrds, w cann disvr manng sudn acin unss w s i n ram wrk sal pblms prgammd s. T sudn siuan suld rcal a sca mv mns ar n sparkd nly y miian ls abr mvmn und is ral pwr nly wn wringclass lis jnd ir acin wi larg masss unsid wrrs nr cndins mplymn In prgrammd sciy, liwis nw scial mvmns can b rmd ny y an ncunr miian ls w av jus namd wi grups wic xprin ms dirly and ar ms vulnrabl cs managd scial cang and wic as a rsul, ir lv idniy ms rand Th Nw Indul S
a) . T rgng analyss ar smmd up n ar n wng W wld n aac suc gra mpran srucur a sy i dirn vs dmnan and sa cni did n vrlap a arg dgr Ts rmar rcgnis ga mpran cncp nray prpsd y Grgs ui wi indicas nncin cncracy wi buraucracy and wi cnicsm T xisn gra prduin rganzainsmulanusly rind mr ward pwr an prgss buraucraid ra an rganid and U Geges rch Edtr dUr/ion e chcre 19, p 7
Od n ew So Classes
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tchnic athr tha raionalz---ontt o of th mo impoa ocial pobm o avac iuial cii. Th pobm gow i rio a conqc bcom grav a th nity o th poliial, conomc, mlitay ciion-makig ym gow h xtm o o h oca pahology oaitaanm t ubjcion o t who octy o h inrmn o conomc vopmnt an ocial prog accng t prop goa or th ak o pow oataam ct om potm which i th abol pow o th Stat D potim gay harhr to th gr that th ara o th Stat' action mor lmt a th Stat prnt tl l a th tmnt o vlopmnt a pg a appal oth pincpl o gtimacy: natona n th agang o th o a uppoly naturaly pio gop o hry A totaaria rgim rval l by moopolng walh than by h aout onro o nomaion all it orm fom h cot o h ma mia o chool curcla a h ocri o youh movm. b) I ac o th ha mbo i polii omi· ation ah han in pivat pot i wo b iluory o appal to h "workig ca o ac, unl w gv th tm a vy vag mang, igatng all who ak orr a a bjct to l along wh vboy who lv o a alary an litn to o watch th pr gam broacat o hm Such a nw o an ol ia ntal mo avantag than avatag n paticla t coag th rrono b that oppoto o nw om o oca omnation mu com om th am ocia group a omrly, whch m b by th act
72
TE OST·DUSTRA SOETY
Likewise. t s anachonstc o attemp o depit socia armies cononng eah other A we pass from socetes of acumuaton o pgmmed soees reaonshi of powe beome neasngy moe mtant tan opposition beween socal goups Te resu is tat soal move ments anot be "prmary, a is, ey essenially on ineal nitiaves fo the satisfaton of gevanes and on the oe o miliants who rse up fom the anks Ths process of nenal ormation etans undeniable bu mted mporane he gap between te diret expes son o a soa probem and s tansormaon no a soal movement contnues to wden whh enances e ole o mass nomaton and the omaton of oppos ton eles ) he condton o he poletaat n a soety on its way to weath and the insttutonalization of abo onct can no longe be te cenra teme of socal debate On te conary te regulaton o nfomaton loal autonomy the feedom and ndependene om te sate of the unveses the adaptaon o wor o manpower and sca policy ae he objets aound whi soial movement can and do, organe One an even advance e ypohess ta e most percepible social problems ae ose in whic e techncay onsumes and pofessonals nd temselves most decy n cononaton at s, hose probems posed by education publc ealth and the organaton o soa spae Publc opnon akes aount of them ess easy tan labo problems wh ave long ago been explaned by the unons t does not seem to be less aware o them, howeve sne day they possess a unversality no found n labor poblems whi ae fagmented by the divesity o ollectve bagainng In addtion they ave
l nd Ne So C
73
dect poia mpotane snce tey focus not on ec nom meanisms but on te systems of soa decison making We anno deveop ese propostions here, bu i was ndspensabe o pesent tem a est brey because te sociolog of sal asses s disnt om the sudy of socia staation only to e degree at it denes e domans obecvs and nsruments of e power one part o soey exerises over e other pats he study o captalsm gave impoance to te anaysis o social casses n soeties of pvate acumuaton; te volence o lass oncs added dama o such analyss Today study o te ontro of eonomi and soal equpment alows us to dene presentday soal orces and elps us foresee the formaton of new social movements n socetes dened bot by economic progammng and the nceasng demands of prvate onsumpton Fom s perspectve, one can apprecate te full mpotance of te study o hanges and eations o change s isky to speak o resstane to hange because s expesson may tempt us to hnk of ange as necessa progress whch only gorane, hab or tradionasm ould oppose On te onra e most mportant tas s o srt out unde wat ondtons ange becomes pogess ow wokes or more boady soca agents can papate in soca ransormatons and onto them ow tey can deend emselves aganst arbtrarness and ow to eplace e petended demands of atonay (e Taylo's one best way wth open debate on the ends and means o deelopment Te pnipa objectve o modern soca movements is moe te contol o ange than the suggle aganst pot e must guad aganst two ontay eros: Aig [0 ayl h i "n b y, illy d· mn, alz a vn tchnial prai.
4
THE STNTRA STY
1) beieving hat ove-a social conicts hav bn re paced by a great numb of prticuar ensions or con ict; 2 beng satisd wth an aggornan of th analyss which applid o libea caplism. W avoid thes opposd eos only by sessng h dclne of "eal sses concr grops dned by a pacuar knd of soci aons and clre and th fonaton of new sses more drecty dned by their re latonshp to chang and h Xwer to manage chang h dominaed casss ar no longr dened by wretchdnss bt by consumption and th tasks hey cary out hence by depndnc on h forms of organizaion and cutur wokd ou by he ing goups They a no onger ex cuded thy are inegratd and used In moden socitis, a lass movmen manifests if by dect poiical stgg and by the ejecion of al· enation: by revot against a system of inegaion and manpaion What s ssnta s the gae emphasis on politicl and cutul, ather han economic, action his is the geat dirnc om h abr movmn fomd n oppston o ibea cpiasm Sch movmens ae scacly bginnng b hey aways ta abo pwr ather han abot salas empoymn o popry n ali ocieis mss movemns aways appeaed to commniy and o labor agans th rue who en oyed pesona piviegs wihou bing prodcrs In th programmd socy th urs ar the organiers of pr duton and are les nterestd in defnding rsona pv ges han he powe of the srucre Acion agns thm s nOt focsd on he dfense of a rea gop it s both rvot aganst a mifom conro and a strugg aginst powr ]n capiast socity sociism was he w o conqr
Ol Ne S Cle
5
h ta n order o brng dow h pwr of he apia iss But the spaaon of the Stae nd civi socy b ongs to h ps snce eciv power has bn epacd by what Band de Jovene cals "acve power Mass movemns ae e d owad propy nstitional acion and ca he fo selfmanagemen ha s fo e vo agans power. hey wi be ab to achiv sting im potnce ony f ths librarian mlitancy binds tsef ntimaty o a progam to ransform conomc pocy hs bond will demand a ong and dicl eo hs is h sorc of probems fo socoogica anysis f it records dircly observabe behavior nd opinions i risks bing bind to new tndencies ny carful study of nascnt socia movemns their nterna conadicons and thir eecive acton aher thn thi doogies can soate the new nae of social conicts and movemns in ou socity d I woud be a vey bad defnse of the mportanc of ass concs in pogmmed ieies o duc soc pobems and coective condct o his one phenomnon oo often wo uie ndepndn propsitions a con used wth each ohe: the s ams h cntra ol of ss conc n social and politcl dynamcs he scond conends at, n h las anayss, h essenia emn of socil behavior mus be anayzd n ms of casss and cass concs hs second proposton hs gvn h n ion of cass s litical importance Bu t abariy mpovershs socioogica anayss and even ndr presn conditions, when nw casss and new cass conic are beng fomed ends paadocay by weaning th anal ysis of cass reationships because i dtects them evey whre n genera and nowhere in particuar. n cannot mantan the vaidity of an anaysis of so
T H P O S T N S T R IA S O C I T
pprtus Clss cni des n dene he tea mehnism but the debte between determit t heve devepmen d demd fr si demcrcy hee w csidertis t be eqully deeded by he sme idividu Nr n they be set in mplete ppstn by eprtig mngers purey interested i prduti fm thse wh re mged see s sigle· mindedly cered w numptin d diret pricptin hppen th hese tw prip mtve rienais f dustri iety re mxed in dierig degrees i l sl gups r th the dhtmy with the sciey my be very cceuted But there s evibility tht fv this tter cdti r i there ny geerl type idustr ciety, rm he ms iber he ms uthritri tht s by t ture mt fvrble t the rmti tehnrt regme This sudy hs erted the evuti f si cs rther h he deni cnept t i nw neesry drw geer cnclusn bu he useul ness he nt f si s r the nderstdig f dvced idustri scietes his cclusin y pic up prpitin tht hs lredy bee preseted Alng with the trnrmti f idusril sciety we hve witesed the dispperce f lses s si "be g 7 s rel sil d culturl miliex d he r resnding ncresed mpre f ls reltinships s pprprite nyic principle r sci nRits S ng s progess s hieved by the cumuln welth by prtcur pr sety (the State tresure, the get ldwer cpilis eterpre) sety remis divided between the gre ms f the wh ive in Ramon Arn "L e mm rprsttn om volnt
Cahiers jfm!ionax d ologi. XXXVIII 65, p 1 -29
O d Ne l subistece ecmy wh he ly resures vlbe t them hse neesry t sust the mpwer supply, d the ty gup thse wh mplie he surplus wg fm cquet, mmerce r pr ciety s dmted by this itel trdti. Amst rm s beginnig idusrilzi rdilly trrms this stuti The rpd increse n vlbe resures emphzes nvesmen i plce cumul I then rnsrms investmen in prduve equpmen, brder in whh cude l f rn preprtin d use n ny wh e Us prductin ftrs, but icesgy f the rgnzg nd dec simkig sytem whih se these cts n perti chumpeter e f the r t sis the re f the etrepreneur dened chge whe imprtne hs bee brdeed by ter udes f emc rgnizi d plnig Prductvty, eceny, te rtnty f educl poices nd mngemen the rgnitin cmmunctns nd uthrity sysems i lrge rgniztinst is mre usefu nlyze hese elemets f emic prgess th the trditinl "prdutin ftrs cpit, lbr, d d lger is it he entrtin f vlble surpluses bu the rtil rgiti f humn nd techial equipment tha governs ecoomi developmen.
der hese cnditis, the ide tw bsi csses th nsiue separte mliex, ne reduced subsistence he ther mngng supluses ose ts mprance Wth thi in md, we can afrm the incompatbity
priiple bewee the etee f scl sses nceived s si beigs nd indutr sciety; jus the min teance of "nherited stuations s incompatible with the
fmti f sciey bsed cquis d chieve
82
E T·IDUSRAL SCIETY
ment. Does hs mean tha advanced ndstal sociees no onger have class structures bt only a sysem of socia saticaion along wh n ncreasngy complex pica system ithn hich rse go and coalitions fomed o conque the cene of decsion-making com ee ith each oher? We do not acce his concusion, a e ndcaed n o dscuon o the formation o ne socal classes Economc gowth and social change ae gverned y moe or less ned network of decsionmang and O ganzatona stuctes In oosition to hese stuctr esstance or revolt aear as well as a desre for he demo cratc conrol o the nstrumens and rests o growh and change "Real classes are ormed o the degree hat socia domnation s no longer concentraed and that he dom nated grous are conscos enough of ther own ineres o deend a contermodel o develoment nstead of simly oosng socal nteests to economic reses The nare o the gos ormed in ths ay denes d feent yes o rogramed sociees but no maer ho derent he may be ther socl conics unifomly focs on he diections o e aen by deveomen o seak of socal caes is o ont o cass oem athe han to dene gous I s simy he ermins of an evouton hat begn th the egnnng of indusriai aonWhle has mantained he machiner of caias accumlaton t has also forced us to consde a sysem of socal actvity rathe thn of socal beng The anays of soca classes no longe oers a general rameork fo the understandng o ndstal socetes; i s only one element in ths ndestandng Ths may de dra matc aea bu does no lessen ts morance Along wh he stdy o he soca system i stracaon and
l N oc C
83
the eaions among s eements along wih a ca anlysis o he conicts and negoations among he se arate units that orm esablished soca oc hee mus aso e armed he imorance of nowledge o the orienations classes and e eationshs wihn a cey n a ord e mst am the moance o a s ciey's hstorical eence, direced by vae not c1u· sively embodied in any one of ats These values ae only realed hogh the debates and contradcons whch gve a society e Cass srctures are he boken mirror in hch socety ecognizes he smultaeousy singe and fragmented meanng of ts acton e) This inodctory stdy can be aken as a su re acton aganst sons hat have been entertaned abo abundance and mass socety At the egnnng of French ndustaliation Baac was aware o he money sra and the beakdown o sociey, no untl 1848 dd he oblems of indstrial labor and the roeaa come fuy o gh In terms o he new sociey now eing o ganed are e no a a sae comarale to lacs ime Wese Eroe enered he ea o mass consumton only en o feen years ago I s fcnaed y te atomobe nd eevision and i anious o enjoy a highr vng sandad_ I is naura ha Euoens, once ee om he nghmre o rss and ar, a rs saw ony te height of abundance and have no ye eaed to recogie and eress he ne socal roems Ms e entirely give in to ths ascinaion th the ne Ceranly, we ms We mst also cease o seach conary to al he evdence, o the remans of as olems and strggles We mst rean a ear recolection of hat Eroean ndstrala ton and the okers strgges reay ere We ms no cheaen ord loaded th hstoy y seaking on ever
THE P S - I N D U S I A L S O C I E
subjec abou the working css, he proleia msery. ad evoutio as i oig had canged Above all we must ot be satised wit he ew beraism wich cals o cnumpon ad f hng, as if oy the vesg o te past bocked the Oad to the uture ved wt abudance good huma eatios. ad "cou vaig pwers It s both rue and ase tat oday's conct are o cated more o te evel o onsmpton han o produc tion I s tUe because this wdespread armation hs he meri o breaking wh oder styles o aalysis and o stress ig tha private eterprse ad accumuaio are o onger e cenra eement o te maageme o he ew idus ra societies which are ssems o poltico-ecoomic de csiomaking rater tha pro- or propery-oriented societes It s alse because he deese o consumption does ot sucienty dene e socally reormg actio o the govered class Exreme orms o todays soca cotradctos may end a mssve swtch o ivtme and a auhoriaria mitatio o private conumption or te beet o the wer o the Stae or te great orgzatios However he technocas ote esiy usty the actos by show g tat iesed producto sooer or ate aways brig about a rise i ivig sandards Cosumpo ca be conceived eiher as one eemet o the ecoomic sys em or s he expressio o the eedom o divduals ad group Thereore we mus oppse o poductivy o consumpon i genera but prvt lf. Today eve prospeous ciies risk being subected to demad whch sregten he powe o producio; hey ae susceptibe to manipulao by propgada advers g ad nancia stimulas They ca oppose o hese
O n Nw Sc Class
85
social pressures o heir smple dese to cosume moe _whch leads them to coorm to te pocy o e m age s wel as to oppose itbut teir eed to maan a cea uity a ceta abiity to oresee developmets heir pesoal e both teir wo ad i te wole ecoomic ad socal sysem Te tedecies towad mss ivovemens ad oward privatzatio are o use he ex pressios o Edgar Mor he two compemena ad opposed priciples upon whch te damics nd soc conicts o advanced industral sociees res Alhough is too soo o the ew ceavages o be rec ogized and amed and or he weapos o he ew socia srugges o be deed ad discussed consciously ad pas sioaey it is ow ecessary to aemp o dee a new socia srucure new conics ad ew movemens To day t beog o the sociologist as i used to belong to he oomis to wie omorrow's hisory 8dg n
L'p
du
m
(P: E Bd t
T Movmt
II The Student Movement: �risis and �onfit The ew coditis ad eects f ecmc gwh as well s ieatial esis ad ccs s cmpleely mplized ae fllwg Wd War II tha may peple aduay came t ake f ated that dus tral scieties. ce pst the ae- sage wee lger sbject geat iea scia cics Sddely sde mvemes be t alms smaesy i may cies Smeimes, they d each tside the vesity; i e cases they igge me geera plitical ad scial cises all cases, hey hld p qes me ha he fciig f a paricla siui hey qesi he fdmea chices ad exercse f pwe i sciey hese ew mvemes d cme i beig with the
87
cariy ha hisica ad scigc aasis wi e day gve them They ae fmed a peid apd sca chage ad d t as evets have ly e specc mea g Resistace hage the beadw s d istitta cises aect the ac the scia mve met itelf that s the sggle by e hstcal aget agaist e sevea adversaes cmmitted a paalel ad aagisic et ga ctl he istumet d eecs scial chage We mst patietly sepaate he vas eemes f each eve bee iig it he ae f is mvemes her fmai ad dy amC
Cm Ov·ll npn the face f the Fech sdet mvemet that was bh vile ad atcae i iepetatis f ts w acti, the aalys s st all attraced by tw ppsig tedeces he st e seaches beyd piis d atialzas ad ties explai stdets' s by he css e academc system Ist evdet ha he mveme d its picipal stegth e uivesiy fcltes that fctied east wel? May sdes the faclties f letes especaly i the ed the hma scieces have ly vague pfessial expecatis I ad· dii he icease the umbe f stdes hs ly patilly bee ateded by a icease i the mbe dplmas The ivesy gizai was i isis be case a csideable mber f sdes becme dpus ad becase he diplma ad he taiig hat the est f them eceive d seem pepae hem f pessa les hese bsevais are sppted f we cas he
8
TH O-IDUSTRA OCEY
Unvetes th the soaled great shools Stens n he lasses ha are dretly peparng or the enrane eamnatons and, frtor suens n he proessona shoos ae praty ssre both o ompetng the sudes an o nng empoymen ha orresponds o he epetatons Fo the most part, they eman on he nge o he movement usng to moernze her shs rather han partpatng n ts soal and poa thrus hs ype o explanaon uky reveals on eak nesses s napabe o explanng hy and ho the movement moved beyond the [ameor o the nversty an questoned the hole o soety and uure hat ths appened n the Frenh experene s evdent Whereas n Germany he phase o the rta unversty" as ong an atve there as no dret ontnty n Frne be een he rtsm o the unversy, ed espeay by the Sobonne bera ars sdents aroun 1961965, and he rss o spng 198. A Nantrre, the phase o the rtal unversty as only an epsoe hat oupe a e ays at he end o Marh an the begnnng o Apr The etemnaon o emerge rom the unversty, to estabsh ason th the mlan orke, an to ay on poperly polta atvty ky ook the movemen out o the atmosphere n hh began he poplaton experened he events o MayJune as a genera rss, no as a student revot he seond type o anayss tends to deny tsel h the onsosness and staements o he nvoved ndvd uas he movement then appear to have been arre aong by antaptast eoogy, by the hope or a ne soety that oud be r not ony o the auls egme bu o a ulng class hh onos soety Ths type o anayss paes great emphass on he aons o te move·
Te Sd Mvet
men beause t s mpossbe to ene he oneptons an program o he suens aon Te vergenes among he grops ae so prooun tha any attemp o o so s oosh Wha ommon gound s here beeen the aton es Eans Rvolutonnares (ER) an he Jeunesse Communstes Rvouonnae C) , beeen Dane Cohnen and aqes Sauvageo o hs reason, t s nara to onenae on he events and he atons o the movement That as, ke at erkeey, a eespeeh movemen s the essenta at to Mche de Certeau Caude eort emphaszes he reeton o mt ng programs and onstng organzaton The movement s dened by ts apay to transend s on obetves as the helpless proessors had observed h beerment (What goo as t to negotate or make onessons \ha as emanded h pason seemed o ose ll neres or the stuent movemen as soon as t as on Very eary on, Egar Morn gve the most general omaon o ths ype o approah The movement s ene ess by ts obetves than by the ype o ommny ha reates. Jst as, equenty, the prnp n· on o a se s to eate sodarty among he orke rther han o n a salay nrease so also the studen commune s t on reason o beng An antsoey i se up n opposon o he omnan soal order Above an beyon he versy o eooges, here as pratal ageement on ne ypes o human relatons, eson makng an strugge At ts mt, hs anayta approah s reued o e srpton. Despte appearanes nevtaby omes bak o the approah that t opposes o dene a movement by he movemen e neessary as or he ype o expanaton that e s mentone A human goup ond
90
H P O S . N D S I A S O Y
ie loked nto a desrately l-adapted unvery o gnzaon {hat w requeny expeened s omletey meannge. Th gou tranoed te nto a rmay ou whoe actvty ha no ncance ohe than to deveo he olday o the gop and eak wth the uondng ocey Can one even eak o a oa move men, when a oup's acton not dened by t onta don o an adveay and usequent eor o onol he enre oca arena n whh the conct tuated? ]5 not the unverty o o t role the reaon why the tu dent ae edced to pely el-expreve acton whh can be extemely eectve n term of dorganzng the etablhed order by rejecton and revolt but whch caught between datrou alternatve: reeton ehe ead to margnalty o end by overturnng the soca order bt t s mpotent n he ace of the oltca rob lem of goveng and dectng ocety It certanly not mportant tha uh a movemen ha no uture; t ack o otcal power doe not dmnh hocal mportce. Bu te mage us oned m overhe he oeabe fct just a mh a the s ype of ntpeaton o whh both reaed and dan It no rue that e May Movemen was aboed n eexpesson he petcuar ocuaton of he So bonne the roleraon o meetn ehe an d oer, and he ren o wors fanae he oberver but they are only one apec o he May Movement n Frane as ee whe the tuden acton wa not only sefepreve; t dened t adverare and struggle In the Unted State the movement at Bekeley and omba anno e sea rated from the truggle aganst the Vetnam War and the black revolt n the ocat contre he tuden aton
Te Sudent Movement
91
wa art of the trule agan Sant or po·Stan tehnobureaucracy o almo mmedately the majo oncen n ane was he non of udents and wore agnt he Gaut egme and atat soey The Ngh of the Barade ed to the geneal strke d he nal geat atle ook plae aound he Renat fatoy a lns The tggle ontantly moved out o the n very alte and develoed n the tree ed y st dent and young worker who wee more and more at one wth each oher Beyond al he rhetoc there developed authent poltal acton hat ndeed had no poram trategy or organzaton t wa delberately drected aganst the adverary ntead o eng turned ack on t el to proclam a tudent ommune We must reall tha he gn o a commune to create a new ower to make decon to aont and dm to etalsh law govern men and jute whe he den movement almot never (wth unmportant exeton) e up any ahory There wa talk o e-management n the fcoe and oe but n the nvety tel e-mnagemen was nether roclamed no eabhed he sudent move ment onsanly dened e y s trugle wtho gv ng n to he ons of esablhng an athorty a mght have been osle n ome of the nverses Thee wo crtm ead o two conons n the rt pae the tudent movement a true oal move ment ha an acon aed out by patcuar oc goup n order to take over ontrol o oal change It ob jetve and meanng are olal and mut be undertood not n term o the concousnes o the parpant nor o the r n the nversty organaon but n terms o he oncts and conradons of socey and t socal and polca ytem n the econd lace the event do not
92
THE POST-IND USTRIAL SOCIE TY
len hemslvs to a singl typ of xplanaion: anachy. evolt, and revoluton ar all mid wihn he chronolog ca and gogaphic pcu W mus proced in two sgs st, we mus� sepa e h ieren manng of he event ha ae med wIh each ohr and which t is vain o want to uniy in a sngl, ove-al explanaion hn w must stuy h dynamics of h movemnt tha is th Telaton and CO necons among the various aspects ha analYS has d nguish n his way, our sudy will b largely hsorica ansformd and ichd by sociological anaysis Varous Aspects 0/ the Movement
a The Unvrty Crsi. he dcay of h unversiy s he most vsbl aspct of the presnt socal criss s also he aspct that is analyzed last w n genera tems h natu and fo o h crisis wihin he univrsiy nsttuton vary very much fTom one couny o anohe we wll limt ousvs to Franc h st thing we nc s he paadox o a univrsy tha is n he process of majo growh wth h numbr o sun nceasing rapdy and bulings being mulpid ove a peo of ten yeas whie at the sam im its stat obctivs an is oganiza on hav not ben profoundly changd h ol mol was broen undr th burdn and has no been epaced by a nw mold despite a fw partia modications What planation is the or ths paradox hs growth unac compani by vlopmnt and chang in he university systm? As strange as it may sem we do no have analyss and xplanatons of such an imporant phnomenon Let us draw a possibl lin o analyss
Te Sudnt Movmn
93
h rnwa of an nsional system sms boun o h conuncton o two opsed orcs he prssu e te by a nw socia eman an a poweu capcty for dcsonmaking and oganiaion An nsitution, patic uary a univrsy cannot b he irec ansation of a movmnt. bu neithe s t mey a boy o rles an machnery n rance boh uing th Napoonic epoh an in th rst ecade o he hird Republic he co nomic social an polical is of new social group or lasss was associate wih he powr of h tate ha hl a de facto monopoy over univesty producion n he prsn pod, on h contary, here s none of that h political stuation guaanes ha thre wi b no colec iv is of th woing class t is ru tha the unvrsty ha bn opnd up o new social groups bu his move mnt s probably no more mporant han he opposite movmnt through which he walhy lasss use he uni versity o give hi sons an daughtr the manpaid or by he entre natonto proc thmlvs against h rss o socal dclin he ase of many couss and h rp xpansion of e aculis o eters whch a oftn ss demanng of he sten, contbu powfy o nas he unvrsiy' ole as a socia parachut Democ aizaion s far bhind gowh or is pa h tate while capble o seting up gea naional plans does not s to creat h mea to activly ntrven n economic an socia ife sruggls aong wih its bureaucatic traitions Dspt som not ngi gble orts a modrniaion the Mnstry of Naional Educaton is an xraordinarily archac administraton dvoi of modn tools of action nstead of h stabish mnt o a dynamic liason bewn he orgniing power of he ate and a ocia thrus, we s close rlaions st
THE OSTSTA SOTY
up eween prfessonl leades nd the admnsraive bureaucacy. These partners understand eah ohe easily on the sbje of gowh, which boadens the aor market and beas winess o the vtaliy and staility of the soa system hey experence the greates dcuty n quesion ing themseves and even more n nring nto he new plae of he unversy n the naton Polcy s reduced to management carred out by a consan give and ae among he leaders of he teachers he unons and the admnstrave ocials Moe than eve new deas and a complshments are reegaed o the frnges of the unver sty particularly to he researh odes_ The ss of the nversty s no due o the conrol of an ovely powerful Sae, t to the aons of a very wea ate ha s ncapale of worng ou a polcy prmaiy ecause t has no een ransformed self y he pressre o new rsng soc groups Corporatsm and breaucracy feee and oten laghale foms of the Sate's social thust and is capaciy fo decson-mang ae easly alled in the eor to soate he unversiy commnty and hs create the srange staion in whch growth s eveyodys religion and the manennce of esaished ules and n teess the common concen Ths deay of he nveity instiution cases moe and moe volen reacions The unversy appears o e a meanngless pole of resstance o soal change On ths level of analyss, one cnno ye undersand he fomaton o a socal movemen The ehavio explaned y hs analysis would e rereat nderene derson and alism Whehe one played he game o no the unversy would no e aen seously . Rgdy f Inos This agaon mght have eome a force for socal change and hs have led to
T Stdn vt
95
eorms In fat, t dd not Economc growth oncenates aenton on consumpon, pres housng, etc The unons show tle inerest in unvesiy poblems whch do no ye conce them decy Acess to edcaton seems o them to e a necessary onsequence of raising lving sand ads and many wageeaes mae peparatons o ene her chldren ino edcaiona instons they respect fom a dstance bease enrance nto them seems o e becomng possble hese socal goups are nvolved n a sees of demands ha loo oward geaer patipaion in he goods of soety aher than to a tansformaon o socey The polcal ndependence and secula sp o many eachers and hei organzatons have grea presge or the laor non and pocal orces ha concentate heir aacs aganst he hodes of economic and poltial power The radional nversy nvolved n s proc ess o growh has amost no enemes on he lef. B the studens are seen n a ad igh by many on ha sde of hngsyoung unpoductve ourgeos bady organed, ntellectual npers hey awaken more distrst han sypathy The student movement hs no oganied lly Those who hod polital powe are smultneously poud o gowth impoent before the seet games o f he bureaucras and the inRuentia and dea o he sounds o the suctes cracng up Nehe the mos volen aor sries nor he rs waves of he sudent movemen drew heir atenon The tehnocrac word s sased wh ts wor and conened wih he most mmediae eonomc prolems; t s solaed y he reakp o he old parlia menary forms of represenaton and he consan onern no to creae new forms i was domnaed y he person aly of a head of Sae de Gaulle who dd no seem ever o have gve mch aenon to he prolems of educaon
9
THE OTDUTIAL OCEY
Fo al these esons, i was ncapable of embarkg o social tasformaton of he uivesty. I ries i the fom of refom we amd ony at podcg a ie of ngs, expr ad resarcher ede for ecoomic growth or i, socy cagh etween the Stae ad the economy not ist ecet as a olsome rde whose outes mst made to fal to ste wh th api rhythm of economc chage The agiaton o of h decay of the ivesty system ths e o a ca break sinc o sttonazato of soca changs ad sios had tae plac hs aware ness of the brak was phas mO ceary makd among ceran achers than among h sdents fo the po fessos ha boh ea acty at makng hmselvs head a w ab to say othig A obseves have ghy insstd on h gdty of th vsty system that ham pes s own poressive evoton ad fostrs he easy spad of dscontt and vot ne of the fctios of the esent refom s to anaye th vrsty ogana on whch mst both aow itatve ad mt epl sion c Br o a oac Soa om. The nveity crisis ad h igiity of the itical an a mstrativ dciso-mking systm an the agitatio the revot, and th sa stion They o ot xpai the fomaton of a socal movement that hogh the n vesty a eyod t dct he whoe soca an poitca egm he sd movm id not am at bee adapaio to th dmands of empoymet that s at th modenzaon of the nvesy orgaiato t d o sk o eesabsh a dcayed ode t smtanosy comatd the adtona soca fcto of the nivesty ad th dcaon t oed as wel as the recon its
e Sen Moveent
97
dvopmnt was akig he estence of ths movem ca be nsoo only if o asps he ew ol of th nversy moer soceties vsy ad e or o produo The com ing of th mass ivety sigs rst of al that st de can no oger nd aces in he poessons hat ae qe lmted a are aso fo th mo par o th magin of h ecoomc system: medcn aw tachig the thre pofessios hat formey asobed th at majoy of stdes oday these oets a bypass n two ways st a gowg mer of stns d no pace an o ot nsh her stdes sc thy a eimnatd by ossv seectios, h basis of whch s neve pand; scondy ad more mportantly, a casing mbe of teecta actvitis moe and mo decty nenc h pocon system Economc owh o ogr es smpy on the accmation of capta an the izato of a foce of mana labor concntrae i ndstra pa ceasgy, d o tchnca prorss sach maagemt meho, ad he capacty to forsee an o ognze teectua technes in oth th natra ad hma scence have dveoed ar eogh that nvrsity ac tvity can no log dne iself i terms of the ras mssio of ctue ad epaaton fo the "soca ofesso Cosently, th new role of the isy canot be spaated from a moe gnea economc an soca transfomaon Fom the moment that kowedge bcoms a essentia foce of odcto th ogazaton of tachng an eseach aso bcoms a pom of ge ea polcy an h choces made ths aea can no ogr b govrnd y espect for tadtions o by scy tech nca mands
00
TH POST-DUSTRA SOIT
he mot vble apect of te May Movement tat t unon wa rezed mOe deepy in Fance tan n other pace. The methods of oca management, unempoyment among te young, the tagnation of real salarie, and a governmenta pocy marked particuary by the weaenng of the ocal ecurty ytem are elemens that belp explain the coming together of tudent and worke whic, neveheles, w ony accompled in te eat that folowed te Nght of the Baricade. unde the banne mmn ppitin t Gait pwe The mxte tdent and yng we in the treet demonstraton o the bypang of union organzatn in me the mpane dng the te mt nt nea the eenta tth the ma te ab mvement dd nt w the evtnay tht the mtant tden It i eay bt abtay t ay that the wing a wa beayed by pitia and nn eade he hge mmnt nn the CG wa pa· tiay bypaed indeed bt by we wh wanted a vty in te tye 136 a petaa deeat te pwe te empye bt nt a evtn he pant wee nt pened the tdent a G a w ad ndetaen a mdenatn te nn atv ity, wee nt at a dped t jn n an atin that te enta atte had dged t be adventt Unn atin wa nt evtnay nt thg the at i eade bt beae te ente pwe i n nge ated n ndy It i paty ated n an nte natna enmi ytem tat inene the Fenh enmy beae neeay mpettvene abve a t e n te mpex ytem eatin between te geat enm g and the State F a ng tme, igy ha et and expeed t hanged tatn by epang
Te Sdet Mvet
0
te concept of the m wt that of te organizaton 'hat used to he called a fm today an orgnizatonal sytem, a wole compex of productve mean a management tructure Te condition of economc gowth ae e bound tan formerly to te rk and pot of te prvate entrepeneur Economc proge mean tranng cen tc and tecnca research economic nformation and management the formaton and moblzation of avng mecanim n whch potcal powe pay an esential roe, ethe diecty or ndrecty Labo unonm retan mportant roe: not ony the economc defene of wage-earne but ao te trugge aganst achac forms of authorty and management, even partcpaton n certan apect of pannng Inceangy the worke' ntee ae particuar nterest. Unonm a htorca reaty neparabe om prvate enterprse Becaue ts private enterpe i no onger at the heart of deciionmaking unionm i no onge at he eat of the movemen for socia transfonaton. Tese remarks indcate te distance Lat separates labor unionsm from te student movement Tey do not mean tat the new oca movement cannot draw tength om indutry ecnocratc power s preent there aso but unionm can no onger be the prveged bearer of the anttecno cratc movement The woker take pat in the ugge only to the degee that they lke othe, are placed in a ituaton of dependent particpation in tem of ocia cange. One may think that many worker goup partic ted actvey n te �ay Movement; ti doe not mean that the centra gure of the preent trugge s te work ng ca, dened in term of it eaton to captalt pro pety A rvlutina moemnt. A socia movement is not
02
TH OSTIDUSTRIAL SOCIT
necessarily revolutiony by ture� It becomes so only f l stuggle coms up gaist n nstuoal syem ha is unble o d wi he sate of producion nd soci eaos. Suc is he cas wit My Movemen Is revolutiony n rsued rom e conjuction of he hre lmes we hve us dsingushed: e decay of universiy, e iabilty o e istituion sysem o del wi e esos bo of ge d he foion of ew soil moveme T onct bew ose wo old eoomc pwer d te workers wo ws o wi soal cotrol of gowt -s drecos mens, ad resulstaks on revolu ionary orm oly bcuse h w rulig ors are bult smueously o t oldr rulig lsss d on rgid istoa deess hs omg ogeter of te ew ehocrcy older bourgeose d te moncicl Se, worked out udr t Gulls regime, gv e nw soci cons er rvolutory tu A rvolutony movement s lwys t reeo o soc cultul nd politic obstle tha prot the old rulig casse and auhoiy as w s e struggle agnst new forms of social domiaton I do ot br out in sagnn siu ions bu in prods of unbnced economic d socia chnge In e Fr siuto o n even sy th he cisis o e nsuos w lrer e oton of new soci moveme or he uvesity was sl too ci or s w roe as a producon force to be direcy xprced rlty rom s resud te etrm lticlzo o ths movem woe potcl summ was mor solid ta sol bs Hre we d trts t r qute rdton Frc soy wer socl movemnts td more vs ibly o b vouiory politicl ors t movemets
T St Mvt
03
o soil ansormo he sggle agait Gullsm wa a more gible eay t e ssu o cpiism srengh of e sudent movemend weak ness, as we a i dicuies n geng orgnd nd maaning onnuiy in ction &om its drec ac on te cters o powe wihou budenig ise1( wh te dese o y pariulr onomic nerst or wth geg nvoved in he inteal strugges o ny hghy strucured oganiion. se observios do o clm o aalye y lical llce ha mgt be posbl or o measue t cs of ay such alle mong e vrious groups ha oppose tose prsely i power hy only ndicte ha ody's so movemn o wic the sud r prncpa progoniss s new ad orrspo o a profoundy trnsormed ecoom sysem er s gra derce btwn wo kids o lysis for th new so move mt s stil very ar &om hvg i own poil epres sion Som lmens of movmn, hoe most uencd by e Lenist rdo wt o orgne a new poi In My aemp o move i ts drction were cu sor ad d o eec o political developmns New emps my be made bu i r h such new poiticl orgaion coud hve oy vey limtd in unce for he immdie fuure h movement luchd by sudns s elated o he orgd plitcal e in sme wy s e worer movem dug t Second Republi w rled to Pr Rpubli From e p o vew o socoogc alysis, he novelty of e stuo d t soca movm is more otwory t possible aces mog vrous lm o he poltcal opposto d T Cuua ot combntion of l ese
E P S T · I D U S T R IA IA S C T
mk f a up ad pplcal pplcal mvm ad a cal d lag pm ccd w f w cal ca
Th Dynm Dynm f h Mvmn Mv mn I g dgu varu apct f M Mvm W m l q w m w c d dm w m mvm ma a If a gl mg w gd wuld l ca a w g wa d w dvlpd ad bul p clma tump r ru T mpl fllwg c cu dm r f vr v- v- pa pa If w g frm v p a a w av JU ppd d f cl damc mvm l gazd ad cl : d w cd w ac uv uv c fmd cal d pl plc c c· ud wa cd dd c lkd w gal cl vl, d up cag a lvl ad amp f ll d c? Ma cmb lm dd bv ca vagd Wa mpa mccll c uc a plg a grp damc a cal mvm, wc, ll c c b ta md a plc c dcd mga c a The Fin of M T mpc Ma Mvm Fac a d dc m fd Nvmb 1967 k N r cd l lr a ug ll l a
T Sudent Movm
wa pdl md a cl d pl c mvm acd wl f c c ad awk c m cu ac a ld pma D Bd w mp bc amlgamd dgazd apdl padg ud g mv m w da f cl cc ad cl vl m dd a mr f mall grup d d lg m d dd c v bd m lk a ld a dlal lad m m ud wld wc d w dd cra, vm k a N w pmal mkd b d r uv fm d f d pacp gvm gv m f v m T accmpm f Mac Mvm w mv d d md a bd v m ad a am m p p mal dlgcal g lk al c w cd dcal dpu arc pu, ad a f ac pgam Oc p ad ak d mvm w gazd r w g k wd lm l lf lf ad mtpl c ac ad aac wld ad g bu pvc f g ad g c w v l A a p, d v p k plc T wa dg d mvm dmv au g • A sal lual group hh szd he ladp o he udn n Unon Ssburg js 1 re e es s S S i n ha had a idread ne zan n ad a anerr ane rr 3 na ralls ralls he lO rgaza ora i-n n h anirain bulding an leade Wil Dnl Cohnnd a and Tsk h an ne ag brs
POTIDTRA OCTY
ro May 3, he ee wa raw \ar oh y ow roaee age o ace a he uaeouy eee a hea y o he auhre A he ue o ea ereo a a or� gaia were aaae k ue aa o he acie o he reuary gru he uer y cri wa o roou r he y eor e e o e e ae o arry o ay eece aco h wa he cae a Naere whe he jo couaio co ee ae u o a equa ue o eacher a u e cou ake o rea aco eaue o he ue eege were o erae a he ary o he roeor oo hea oa ary ha ay ia aci he uery he Vo e [u· a Coue Coue (C (C)) e hag hag ee ee ery ery uh weaee y he whrawa o o gorou eee y e cc, he chaege a ow y he Mach 22 oee, a he rereee o he aao a ao a he ce ae e he ra o a a oee a he eao a ca r ha wa o ce. A he aec o he ee ha we hae guhe were he ee a hey eghee eah he uuay he ee i grow ro he oo uwa u ro he eree war he ce er. Neher he e gwg u o he uey c or he ca roga o he eouary grou ew he greae aeo urg May Raher wa he ra a a ca oee ha r he e rough igh he aiace a arou wh ocey uerou orce whch e he ieao a ower ey T W s The May Mee w reu-
Sdet Mveet
na nay y bec ecaause it unte nted d he he a aaio aion n o new o new s sa and poca f poca frrces wih wih th thee srug srugg gle agan agans s o ode de nstut nstutona ona bsace bs aces. s. I sru I srugge gged d agn agns s the the new new soie soiey y by aa by aackn ckng g he od eg egme me,, pa paru ruar ary ss f frms rms auh auhor ory y an and d deccs de sn nm maakn kng g The hese se bsa sac ces es s pary e em man an.. reench sc r scey can ann n e e y y ge gett rd o a buea eau ucra cra cc sysem sy sem whi which ch expre xpresses sses he he ncap ncapacy acy o ths se sey y to transsfor tran form m ts ts b bas ascc sc sca a an and cu cuur uraal or orent entat atn n Bey Beyon ond d thee pe th pesn snn ne ro role de Gau aule h he con conse sev vats atsm m o o Fre Fren nc soce so cey y w w fo fo a ng time e eae ae perm permanen anen ensn ensns. s. Even Eve n be beffore the dea eah h Ae Aex xand andee, h hee heis app ppaaren rentt weree maneu wer aneuvern verng g Oher mr mree sp specc ecc bs bsacles acles hav havee been be en some omew wha wea weakene kened d The unve nversy rsy syse sysem, m, s bh bu b bueau eaura ra and a cosed cor corp poa oaon on s oday oday no no ngeer smpy ng smpy a g gb b f pu puy y Perha Perha even me mpora orant nt s s the evu evuon on of busn usness ess and and ndus ndustt I I is pssbe pss be hat he he unsge unsged d Grenee Grenee age ageemen emen · w w have have morre ls mo lsing efecs efecs han han the agree agreement mentss sgned sgned a Ma Maigignon in 193 1936 6. ·hethe hetherr one one vews vews h his is as pog poges es seback,, grea back greaer progess progess n he he nstuton nstutonaiz aizn n of of labor cncs c ncs was made whn a e ew w mnhs mnhs th than had been been made in i n he preced precedng ng thry thry yeas. yeas. I is naura naurall ha ha eaton to n o this develp develpmen men aused aused an ncrea ncrease se n n evuevunary n ary gups gups opposed opposed o o he poce pocess of he he grea grea cenra cenra unins nins;; does does n n seem o me m e po possble ssble to say say ha ha hese
uo hae ee erouy weakee I u he oa iiuioa roe he ue
Natinwi cti amns ppad und th chaimansi
f he f rim rime e min minser ser d ar ar upnupn-bu n not ot sgnedsgned-b by unins unins and poys' iaion. h Min ants w sin in 36 an were were n n�idr �idr a geat " "ctoy ctoy by by he ke kel; l; tey tey iro iroue ue pa vac acins, ins, the the 40· 40·u u e ee ek, and a nd t cg cgnii nii f h ho op ltwar ltward. d.
TH POSNDUSTA SOCET
of the ecor could take meaues ha woud have foud very impudent a fe monhs eae It execied epresion imutaneouy n severa Paris facue, ad a Nan at es had ecourse o extemey brua mehod. Cetainy hee ee proes and sike; ome pofesor occupied the Sobonne o a nigh Thee e pones wee no in vain and probaby kept the epession rom peadng uthe But up to the presen hee ha o been ay mas movemen ad we have een haf the eacher o anee coauate the dean fO havng bee the rt to dare ooe his poice o hi tudent Many o these teache woud o have daed to pubicy ejoice over thi a e month beore There wa nay a coura geous huge stike an unusua orm o acion, whch foced the depatue o the guads fom antee but was not a movemen ed by specicay poitica group Both he Nantee oenation ad tat of the sma goups seem o me o be vey much eakened Does this mean that he exhauted movemet s going to diappear? do not thnk o bu beieve at t w deveop i evera fom that wi be es ad e ognicay connected he mot vibe act ha a moveme ha begn as the ork of ocooy sudet today ed by pho ophy profeor Vincenes ha aen he pace of Nan tee, athough tere i a oup at Natere imiar o bu Je impotan than he ncenne goup- The poitica impotence and ack of oganizatio o he movemen ae changing it ito a movement of inteectuas Sometime it is uggeted that ee be intaed ino the uveiy isef a evoutonay ectio i hich the denition o kowedge ad the meas of i tanmision oud be • e ne nve Vincenne w cete i 16 nd blt in fr mns My le pres ent en [hee.
ovm
13
deemined by poitica commitment t make ie di eece here wheher uch a attemp seek o be ecog zed fo what or hethe hdes ude he mante of the radoa organzato; it eve unimpotan whehe t s a mater o creating a evoutonay univer sty ecto o oy a coe of poiica oppoiion with the univeity The eseta act i that s a quesion of op poition action on the rt of iteectua oups hich is eie te same as the Naterre pontaeity no the piit o the ma ideoogica oups whch had moe in uece at he Sorboe The segth and the "neec uaization o the movemet s hat i mean a eductio of oppoitio and a the same time move aay om socia pactice and anaysis There is a i that he idea of evouion i be subiued o the oaion o a socia movement ad that ideoogy i take the pace of both poitica acon and cientic koedge ther teachers ae very far removed om hi fusion o poitc invovemen ad iteectua activiy, and di trut i parian spiit hey atemp with dcuty d mot oten as indvidua to nouih hei cietc or rom hei nteecua ad acve paticipation i he ay Movemen; or them crcm o he socia dicuo i inseparabe om more and more demandig ceic reeach They do not behave a evoutoaie but if may ue thi ired wod a progessives 'hie thoe me ioned t ae absoutey oppoed to the ne insitions, te atter ae ready to criticie them especiay om wih out to move beyond them athe han ignoe hem hey gt againt repreo and conevatm i the univer siy and fo he tasomation of he poitica and abo nion opposition orce bu they eect anythig hat mgt reca, even ude a mde om the buta op
114
THE OSTISTAL SOTY
poson between soias sene and bourgeos siene. There is no clear foner beween hese wo goup: many ndvduals belong somemes o one, somemes to the othe. Thee is, neveheless, a cear opposion beween he wo conceptons of nellecual acivy; his appears most songly in he human scences. Thee s n any case, no uny of hough among the eaches who e closest o he May Movemen. The S.NESUP- has as much dicly n denng a pocy accepabe to t eft wing as has n defendng ef agans he Communst and moderates who have taken over ts naiona oce. On he studen sde, the dvsons ae eae Whe the ommunss wee eoganng the eadershp of he UNE ame no on wth the Aon ommt· ees The eo oward pota oganzaton ashed wh the wi o an absoue splt he eemens farhes to he le are tapped in se-amaon whh ead o setauar atons bu does not atat boad suppot; a he same me, hey eman the most invenve and dy namc oe n a siuaion n whh he soa movement is unabe o expe tsef o exe any ea potal in uene In May, boh he sugge agans auhoy and the uua evo noushed poia aton oday hey tend o pusue her own deons hat s why hee emains vely agiaton n the seonday shoos; a y s a muh Syn al l'seignmnt suprur On Ih I uni vty tcrs' unns Genealy cntrlled b the Cmunt but w ladrshp paMed th lftt jut bfor e Cunt egned ts ntl n Un Natnale ds udat Fa, natona unt' unn cntlld b th ltts I wa weeed a oganze lng bor 68 but wa a l ptipton May ovmt
Sudt Movet
more sod and consrainng oganizaion than a unversty fculy. Culural evolt changes attudes and expectatons, and transfoms vaOS segmens of the pubc and culural expressons rangng from heaer o moves, fom songs o dance Many embes emain fom he re of May as we as a numbe of smaer o haf hdden es in varous paces The sudent movement today is depved of what i had a is incepton; t s foced t nven specicay poica ides and objecves under vey di cut condions bu eots a reection are oay the essenia eement of the acon open to t. The uit funess of these eos w goven the furthe deveo ments of conestaton. I was quie easy n May o obseve the bh of a soca movemen, he indcmen of new oms of power and oppresson ha ae ess speccay economic d more soca, cutua and poca than n the past In the mid de o he winer the eea and agenaion an oste he beie tha we ae wtnessing the end o a cisis some na rea-gad bales I is hady a contadcon o say ha we ae wtnessng the end of a pacua hs oc event, the May Movemen, and he appeaance o new foms of opposon and conesaton ha ae more undegound (somemes aso more magna) , whch contnue to pose poblems and o make fundamena conct cea The present css of he movement s due o the ac tat it s caugh beween wo oposed oienaions On one sde can attac a compleey contradictoy politca sysem tha untes new ung powes n oder o mantain od socia and cuura modes. I do no say hat the May Movemen was a movement o f socia and cutua modenzaton bu tha a somewha vage consciousness o
1
TE OSTUSTA SOIT
new fores, new poblems, and new cons was activaed by ts confontaon wth a gd and wom-eaten nsttu tona system. To he deee ha a poliicl ss sll eems possible s natual that he movemen seeks accentuae its sk· ng powe s ole as he ceave ta boe te poltcal egme and hopes one day o ovetun t and to defea at e same ime he economic nd socal egme On e othe hand, e movement may sengten tsel and make explct e new soal contadcons that account for s evol and ts demds Unl now he thus o s op postion has been moe "fo othes an "fo iself Isn' necessay to gve pioty o the analys of new soal poblems and to the fomation o new oes and new rms o aon and o enoune syles o tinking and e pession pvey aken ove from the labo movemen of the late nneteenth and ealy tweneth enues e mean nvesy movement, because t is moe and more eaed o he movements and poblems o today he black movement, uban dsoganzaton, impealst was and ntevenions nvolved n the ceaton of so cia oppson foces ta have a much ce future n e oe and, ts capacy fo poca sugle s m weake tan n Fane I seems impossble fo the opposon movement o make a bual hoe fo ehe one of these wo ways An ovey clea choce wtn an ambguous situaon of polt ical unceanty and socal change can lead ethe to new foms of Blanqusm o, just the opposte, o cta Afr Age lanq (J80 poen rvolina gre wo avoa o aion he e e ! reor H w r� mo war h errivilee ; ar he orking
S Mn
1
acion a s moe emoiona or even more ntelleca
an policay efectve. Are not ths complexy and on-
: he mark �uson of Fench socety wh is quie m ode
erms of he soca pobems o a postndusa sociey and qte arcac in es of e need o aack he n heiances obsacles and constrants o he taditiona syse� ? auoty and decson-makng TS IS e pon o view om whi we ms c onsde e appaen dsoganzaton and intenal ciss of a move men which for nete an oganzaton nor a po by ts vey onadctions p oses e essen am but a problems o scey One hisoic momen is ove; was dened by e combnaton o a css o hange n ren socety w it the new conts of a socety in whic he stutures tha goven grow subjec o hei own eess not ony he poduce bu aso e consume, the member of te massve oganizaons the tydwelle, and e czen. he May Movemen agavaed e css of e [a and is nstitutons bu it also unleased impor
ant SCIal anges Te soial movement must dene
sef n tems of its own na[Ue and he nate of s soa
adversaes as well as of s Objectves of ove-all tanso maon re an n ems of stule agains models o authoty and onzaon bound o a pendstal or bougeos socety, as opposed o moden oms of economc and soial powe. n May, the suggle agns he Gauls ae was a enal elemen of the passage from e studen evol o the genea ske is possble [ha omoow the ongong movement n the unvesy may not bene fom sc a avoable conunon of foes and may have
�o dscoer its own reasons for beng, both in heoy and
patce Dung ts phase of ncubaon wll ve cut o and n solaton, but wl not cease to play ts I
lB
THE POST-INDUTRIAL SOCITY
role as revealer of social concs ad as instrumet o the reorgaao of the area n which ey are payed ou. Fo the muliple rches of May tha have bee gee ously disribued ee is ow subsued the auset of wte Now, one must ru he tellectual rsk of ookg i he apparet dsorde ad ereat fo �e broke im�ge of he soca movemets of omorow t IS o a queso of watg for a ew ay whose re was l o he rdge hat separated the old rench socety from ts new (orms o actvty orgazato and power; the dephs o the ew socety omorrow's hstory is now beg prepaed
Intertol Comparison Rather tha drectly uderake a compaatve aayss of e studen movemes we must begi hs aayss with the deito o certai dmesos o the studen movemet ad o ts stuato i socety Several vaabes can be omted from [he pont o vew that ieres us hee whch s nuing ude what condiios sUde demads ae able o ndict a socia adveay ad propose a counermodel of soce_ Coseuenly 1 wll ot ake io cosderatio he eemets at dee studets as a socal category; o be cause ths s umportat bu because all the reasos ha eorce ther autonomy ta s her isolatio have bee feuey ad carelly examed The weaeg o famly inHuece he leghenng o sdes the orma o o vas campuses or studet ctes the mporace of the youg to a cosumer marke aous or rapd tur over o products ad stylesall cotrbue o the creato of a mleu that s deed muc less ha ormerly by
T Student Movmt
19
occupao ad work Oe ca go so fa as o speak o a sude subcutue or youth subcuture and ceta move men the Duch provos ad especialy Eglsh youh) seem a s to epress a compete beak betwee youh ad sociey uch collectve eacios ca be cosdered the mos eemeay orms o he studet movement ow ever starig from the momet whe we cosder the sudent his poeioal situatio that s i he unver sty we ca seek to dscover uder wha codtios ds saisfacto ad demads may or may ot develop to social conc ad politcal acto The specal behavio o youth s observed n all the dustrialed coutres uder foms ha are ote com parabe eir smiary s reorced by he tenatoal diuson of astes ad styles hs specal behavor i absorbed io a soca movemet to varyg degees ad i ve dvee ways \e mus srive to uderstad e deter mnats of ths absopio this tae-over of a cutur codo by a social acto It i probably o accidet ha the couies which he youth cuue is most marked are aso hose where he studet movemen has had he eas impotace to date I seems to be the cae ha he same culua siuato which i Englnd too o a strog culua epreo ad poduced oy wea social actio race s maifesed by strog soca acto ad weak cultua ivetiveess The typology beig nroduced here does ot aim at de g diee aspecs o he sudet suation bu the codtos uder which a student movemet s ormed a The student moveme w have deret oreta os accordg to wheher or ot s formed wh a archaic and lladapted uvesty system The rst vara ble to be cosdeed is archaism-adaptaton. I hypothesze
1
OINDRIL OCIE
h soi grop ped i iss stuto rebe and evol o, on he conray, a rereat no is tradios and specal eress b ano reate acon tha wi trsorm socey A the beginnng of ndusralzaion in the rst decades of the nneeeh entuy, here wee numeros woker movemens rom the Ludds O he Cates,· whch miesed ths kd o revot o he p o he sed tss who wee morty woded by the cpis oganato of producion and mehaizaton. That sh movemes be cosdeed he brth of he bor movemet s history cceptbe I ems te, everhe es, ht hese wokerrtiss by hemseves were ube o crete he worker moveme ht they were he sme sto s the pest whose ecoom ivty estye wee estroye by iusrizo rbi zio. he rss o most urope uversies s pr o the ss o bougeois ute socey whih c bes re icut to bek b omemes ey beuse o soc chges I he se o he uvesies hs s espeiy ue to he irese he umber o suets he chge vbe oppoutes he Ruee o ges o soczio ormto ouse the uvesy istutio Eve uite recety Germy y mh moe h Frce st h ivesy ogizio irecy ihere om the eeeh ceuy bse o he we o the chrhoig poessor sio th hs o eqve Frce ecep the me shoos eyo these erees the Euope versies o the Wo f nut n yn old ns t ntr o n nr n t oltiztion
T et Moveet
11
whoe c be osiere rh esst o he o o o subets, so etos orgo orms reqre boh or ther ow exstee by soc em he Amer uvestesot oy Norh Amec but so the get Lt mer uvertes bou whch it is styish o spek wth sre muh moe "op re the prcp etes o teec ovto s we s orgizios pbe o mos o osy sormg her orm viy A versy so c be but o o moe s o be seriousy pte o he ems me o t, ethe bese sues so proesso oppo ties o becuse cess o t s potecte ejoys gre prestige O he other h i is o the more rto ogztos but hose uer he gretes pe sre ht u he eest isk o ig pr sikg o hos h bsorbs scote se o hepg o chge o so moveme he sme wy, s ies i ss oe hve soci revo or strkes bt re rey the pes where woer moveme pbe o rechg o s eveope Oy where he uesies hve et moety ( reo o the soey) he se movemet become eemet o oRit th ets the reos oms o so evoo We w reu te o he Feh se h es eeme o moeizo i oy hrough he ee touo o eom h me o sepe ete este or eseh om the ue me mgeme espey ehers ce o oow ieret ourse B the tes o eters h wee the ee o he My Moveme were sti oy very sghty vove he proess o moerzo b The rs thg moveme ome i the uversy
O - I ND R I C I
an al h of nstitutionalzaton of poiia ow i s wast whn h iniaion of Sa o azaton an oom pow s atst at nsitional iiy a oxis with a movmn of onom a ta nsfomation a y a ntai aa o un fos ot moi in olitial lts Sh s h as n Itay On th oth ha, a hih of ivsity atonomy an assoat with a oliial systm n whih th uin lt lays a hihly visi ol, whih is th as in Mxio a som oth Lai mian ots a also, it sms o me, i Japan. Whn th stnt movmnt nonts a soy stalsh poltial pow it s l to it politial aion that is, t is l o qstion h w systm lthoh h May Movmnt n Fan was pimaiy n as aiapitaist at th most amati mom of its vomnt it atta th Gaullst im as mh as h oomi pow of th la fr an thi oiia an On h oa, a mo iv la sysm, n whih th polt lt noys ss ipnn an ohsvss ns o i ou a mo us usion o th soa o, on tat s mo al han poial Satin om hs asi poostos w a attmp o aalyz th al soltions an vn mo mpotay th atonstyls of th stunt movmnt i h psnt sitaion W wil st poos h styls i a laivly systmati man fo tn on h a polms of th stnt movmn
e St Mveet UNIVERS GNZTON () CHAC (b 0D£ stunl 5tm: 1 gid ) ctted licl pwe
va
Cmi (U.S,A)
b) difsed pliicl pw
ty
sttul stem: 2 exbe ) ccetted liticl pwr
Jp
) ded political pw
Gem Brkee (,)
us s viw h yloy a n xtm as is th situaio that omis h mn that la to ston oposiio to th movm wih thos hat la o h outa of vol aainst oth h nivsty an h whol of soiy This volt is st o he destrucion of an archaic system bt nds itself al o m om h univsity in o o ovtu soy s a who h las as is Fal Wst Gay h h ahasm of th nvs oana ion a of h ahoy aonship in th shoos s assoat wh a ain ily o h sysms o no iaio, sially sy wh owul ions houh omaamnt o oth aanmns, hav oh aout a hh dg of nsitutolzaton of labo cocs, Poliical powe is dised and the role of h itial lit is wa, as of th iationa siaion of Gany, th pow of h at mpans th assoiation o h wo pinipal politial atis in a ovnmntal oalition, an th wani o th psoa ol of th Chanllo sn th im of wi Eha
H POINDRL OCI
peeded th fomin o an orgnzed orc o psn pofsonal demnds. There a comprable elmn ewen he Fench and Japnese iuaon and ao h Spnsh suon In h r nn h olaon of h uden movmen is much gee; in h ond, he archaim of he uveity so much ge and h foms of oil domnton are o much mor bul ha th Spnsh movemnt really hlay etwen hoe n h industrilizd ountes nd hoe in h underdevlopd ountres The mportane of h movmn n rance eus from h ht insiuonl osale and polcal entrlztion n ituon mrked mor by universty trnton hn smple arhaism ought ou a evo hat n oher stuaton menoned so far tend o un itel out wher t tas Th who paradox o th My ovemn ha hav· ng en lunhed y he myc erch or a poltaan vouonry foe nd y th ruggle agan igid poltl and nsituonal systm rough o igh nw oppoton fors oud h univrsty (tehncan and "proeson on one side young worr on th oh) and evd more han nyh ele th natu of powe untl hn hiddn behnd auing luon of modenzaion ratonlizaion and growh I till not n indpenden fully dvlopd ocal movmn I opeated more by evelng conadion than y popong pom unlehd a rvou· ionary si tha e than revoluon bu muh mo thn criss o chang or adpion Here agan thee i a trng connuity o ntonal hitory Th sugg aganst aoutsm determned h volutony orm of ocil change n Frne nd th mporne of h poltl and dologial orienttons o movemen whose summi
T Su Movm
9
i more vigorous and btt dened than her bs Ths means that the modnity of th movement no b smply oppoed o he hm of he reance that i m. This arham playd h roe o n oe ha forced h movemen o leap hgher and furhr and us o eve new ol con and o emerge more delber aty from the mitd doman of unvsiy problems If one vewed uch movemnts ony a usless and et· be ri one would ms wht i esentil nmely t ny ono h hoil ene nd no a rvoutonary tye th more han oppoton o oil movemn of th rs mpotn c we tun now o th moden univetes that , hoe tht ar no undamentlly ildped to he de· mand of soety two xtrem posles an be n· vgd The r maxm the chances o a stritly universiy movemn cu th ntutonal sysm s ex and poltal powr is diused In this ce he srngth and mporan o the movement not ome from its potal aon u on th conay fom the socal rvol tha pa t Thi the situaon of e Amen movemen sply Beeey t a mov· mn cnted on the papan wh he French move ment i ened on s ojcive This direne emege ey from nvews wh th uden mltn A young mercn ooogs who dd such wo n the two coune wa tru by he nsene o he mercan sudent on spaing of thmslves th pronal hstory and the proces of ther diizion while the Fench tudent rued o pa n ths term and oud he onvrson on dtly poltcal ues In Franc h ay ovemen provoed ris o h regme The movemn at Bereley nd oher univeriie
3
ONURL SO
y the poerl cotrol over thee oca grop eercied y the itera achiery o the PR.. Thi ypology cao e a goal i itel t oly a r tep at coparo ha take ito coideratio the ita tio o he tde ovee ad i pecial prole The reark e have ade lead toard a ore elaorate aalyi hat i addreed directly to certai o he role aleady e hi expoiio They ca e ed p i the ollog ay I theory e have poed that a oia oveet the expeio o a co c eee ocial orce o the cotrol o ocial chage ore aaytc ter t i he coiato o three elee: the deee o the ity o he actioha e hall call a priciple o ideity I; he trggle agait a ocial advearythe piciple o oppoito 0; he reer ece to he hole o ocietyhe priciple o oaity T. There exit rdietary ovee ha poe oly oe o hee eee: pree gop (I coetatio (0) or doctrie (T There are a good er o atial oveet ha ca e deed a -0 or OT t i ele to dee thee ore preciely here he real qe tio heher there ae coplee ad cocete ocia oveet that coie al hree elee i a coheret aer It ee o e that ch a oraio ppoe a etree degree o coherece the ocial iatio ad coeqetly a extree degee o itiioalzato o he coict qetio Th ay e he cae ih certai ocietie like Sede i hich the poer o collectve ageeet like the Saltjade tradtio ad he • ntuna Runay Pay h l paty wi ha on old nl Mxan oical l nc i ao n 192. h altjan bai aen ined in 193 n plo (SA) and t u-ll ta union (O) a a lanak n nduta atn m
T Sudn Mven
3
rega ctioig o a pariaeay ye are a very trog relaiohip o he hree poit hich ogether coite a ocal ovee. A ao oveet like the Cetal Sedih Laor Ogazatio ca act i the ae o pec teret that i the ageeare agat he teret o the eployer ad alo he ae o eco oic ad ocial progre Thi ea that he codio that ake poie e eaizaio o the theoetica odel o the ocal ove e alo cae here to e o ocial ovee popey peakig ice coic i lly tittioalzed Thi e call he ipler oevao accordig to hich a ocia ovee vet or traor he iaio i hich act ad ca ever e etirely coco ad orgaized" A ocia ovee i alay ot o alace t diere dieioT 10, OTever atch perecly We recall ei' crci o ecooi ad trade ioi ad the oppote dicio ade y Selg Perl a etee the deire or jo coro o the part o the oker ad he politca orietaio give to the o ovee y itellectal. Sch oevatio ca e geeraized ad eparated o thei deologca co et; hey deotrate hat i i i t he atre o ocal oveet o o e ale o e itegaed ad ied. To peak ore coretely proeoa deee ocial trggle ad politicl proga ae alay ore or le dociated he diveriy o the iatio coidered hod o the lead oe oly to ditgih oveet accodig o ther cotet t o ditigih the ore proodly o the ai o the relaio aog their ele et. The iplet thg i o dee a ovee y tha eleet hat play he ot copco role the elee
3
OS-NSRI SOC
mdy a and uua onan rar an nun uan f n A am m a of yp rand y a dou nrna onadn w pp on mn ( a of wa mn n Frn a dnd y rn of 1-0 dmnn, r ar a pa wakn and wak parpan a a f momn T fa apparn wn n n von arumn wn f udn and ad of mmun Pary and CGT T pak n rm f po f a pa ouon f and a u "g f an aad work na a f aon onmn. T nd ndn aud apd paa rom aon d y vy md rup ad rup a ma aon w wa mzd ony y po rprn nd r a fowd In zovak pa n and mpran of mvmn w r omnd w napa y o dn a prpy a on and duy n ardn ra mpran o uura r T udn mmn a pa dnar and a n a apay for ndpndn an nay, Amranyp mmn n w uua rvo ry mu markd y poa n rman kd n rvo and prn ra duy n n a nn and pa j f f. ud add a a momn f Grman yp w prmary rvo and nan fa a f f fuy n uura ordr, a ordr, and n Ceer !rle ril, e be cist·e Fec te
T Sun Mvem
137
poa ordr, and nd nquny o rpa an an w powfu doy Idoy u wak dmnn f a momn rn mand a fnn and pnanu upa oppn wo ap n r mmn: pfna anzaon and poa oj z and k m nn a rnan wn am and ry a mr an da nrun an a poa prram T Amran udn oay j y w dpn m frm anayzn a n and n frm f pa oranzan Bu wakn and d ar a mon fr f momn y w dud ony d a nw a n w ud up oand and uqun, nunazd T prnpa ak of a dyam udy of momn ond w unaand nradry u owfu uprn ar and n ad, or anzd a f w av o r apay o ranform a rdr a mvmn n an da a prram r a dn d n pp a raona and aand oun o nradon f a y Ony dna upan a aad an of u a md f da oy A a momn drv nam ony au f nradon wn and maan a ru forward vn wn apparny onou and ranzd ony n dord and nrna u T ra wakn f day' udn mvmn r un a y an v r jv and an nru and numma an anoy mpran f ay Momn n ran do n a a rd n yra un f oupd Sronn; ar do no prdu
1
OT.INDTRIL OCT
icty; i t u it s mtac id i h tdy of h coadcio tht oppo potica ito oc g g, d cua vot If h Mch 22 Movmt w h ht o h movm h o i ha w both ibtai d ociat, bc ivd h o d cotadctio btw th d Hg d h bac g h htoy of oc movmt i away log o o mov byod i ta cotadicio d hu v a t atio ad coqt dappaac No o ca fo to what dg d d wha coditio h tdt movmt wi b dtoyd by it t pobm o wi domit hm powfuy ogh to td it ctio ad ic Bt w c ay ht h m of thi cc o fi i th cpcity of th tdt momt to pticip a oci ad poitica ctio acd h ivity d u h co vgc of tdt ad oh gop of th oppoio Thi phap wh io compio ough o bgi tody ad o pacg th ct o h aaysi th g apc o h d ito t hold mphz h tdy of h fomao (o th o omao) o oc movm d coly co d wh h gat ttio th pg-wld by h td movmt hmvs-om uivy re vot to mo ga btl cid o i lc wih oth ocia foc.
III The Fm: Power. Institution. and Organization The Scly 0 the rm th coutr that xpcd apai dia1 to th grt dpdc o coomc nttio i th cuy bogh abou dviio of wo cadmic : o th coomit w ignd h dy of th ad podctio o chag o ocia hoght ad at to ocoogy w aigd th tdy of wokig if, of id owd wok d of th ocl tio withi m Wh o pak of h ocia pobm of idty i ca o lmo vyo that thi ma pimaily h if d wo of th wok ad c odiy of oth wag Sil it i cy o diigih two g i h vouio o th wok ad i
1
HE O.INDRI OCIE
ha espeally inssed on he compex ersonaiy ad oganizaona reaoships; a Frenh study red o expain worker behavor based o the ype of "rojet which the woker is nvolved Anoher study hat pariclary consdered wores fom agiral bakgrounds demonsrated ha they wee primariy movated by a dese fo upward scial mobiiy and that hey most oen consdered heir situaon wthn the only n em o thei lans fo socal advanement. One mght sak of these workers as margnally integated they did not eel part of he n o of the workg class, and 4
&
thei saisfactio or dssatsfaion was determed by
hh hy oscos o oss o h s hy h s hmsvs f cos o·oomc oos k sh lboos s oso b h schs ho hmsvs by mmbsh m o school hos ho op o hs o o o pso objvs h my co boh h pofsso cs h lul vy. A hum os poy h ms b o of h ho op sks fvo coomsm k h oo by o h pso ss o s mmbs l m, o o poh hs o co cpo o h oo h lby o h cssy o p lf o ch vom hh of h mk o o som oh spc of s cvy A m mus b o ms of objc 4 R Bss ere d nd An Trine, Ret, arin S du tTaw (ODe. : 54329 G Orie Rz and A Tune Ovr 'Qr� g Ps Edns ! 161)
Pwe, tt Ornza
1
ves I. no it baane and iegaon I has a game o ay; t does no ono the odions nde whih it ms act and so mst make its d eisions in terms of wha changes is aers may be abe to eec A he upmost, he indusria enterprise no onger appears o be a soal sysem and oecviy but a sysem o reatos beween exea ad nea demands, hene an nstmen fo negotiaion and choe that seses no onsnt content no sysem o norms roes and stas that saby dene the onditions o s balance b) . O the other hand, he m can be coneived a a poia uniy Tha was aready the oncsio of Bere ad Meas oHowg their casic sudy of the deson maig sysem i he grea American orporaios In erepeneria apiasm he mode he deveopment rests on the noons of isk pro, ad make. This denes a ceain sae of eonomic and soia ogazaton but not he ineal vau of the oganzaon Fom the mom:t hat gowh appear o be moe dened by he aacy to ombine n og-em pogams ehe eady esoes o esoues to be eaed o deveoed the whoe orgaizaio s seen o be sbjeted o he objecves o developmen whih ae the bsiness of the whoe of soety he massive organizatowheher it is indus ria, commeral medica, or versty-rries in itsef the ationazig mode ha oents s socia aivity. To modenize raonaze, ad rogram apears as the fnda mental exigeny satg om whch sol poices are o be dened. The moe one consides he m as a soiey he moe
8
m Bns ad G M. Stler, Th la"g�me"t of Iin (Londn: Ta\s{ock Publcaios 1961) .
TH OST-INDUSTRIAL SOCITY
s concerned wh he norms and forms oE auhoriy withn th company. I seks t nrease he prtpaton o wage eaners in dsion-mkng and he organzaional seup ha dermnes h working sation Fnally, we stomarly speak o h labor movment only to h degee hat he unon organaon as drely or hrough he rmdary of polal pas n orde o change pwer reaonships and the soca orol of ec omic change Shop stewards canno act only on the evel of oliica sugg; neihe can they onuse hmseves with the membrs o h plant commttee Uon orgn zatons a saly vry caru o gard edom of move mn and o o b loked no a lmted systm of workr parcpaion Within the ndsrial company itse he are ana ogus ensions among hese hree lvels The s no con nuos pssage om h level o carryng out he work to the eve of orgizaton and om ths vl o ha of managemen; ach hs ts own nty and systm marked o by deed ronrs and workg gudns. he ds tanc hat sepaats h works who perform hr tass om he sta of th organzaion or buaus has bn srongy rsnted for a long m More ecn s he ds tane hat has ben ad betwen the organzrs and hose n managmn posions ad betwen the mddl rak sa ad he oh manags. But this dsconnuy mus not be onused wih ass siations whch are o n a sion on a hearchica line but are dned by on s over powr Th transfomaton o ndusry and onsqnly h evolio o the onepons o he ndsral company can be analyd as th progssv apparan o organza on and nstuional mdatons bewn onomc pow
Pwer, Instu d Organizaton
and pofessona actvty he od indusial ompn y, . �onomc power ad proessiona acivty were spaated Oo the world o apal and he wold of labor Captal exersd dret powr ov labo The combiaton o workes in he captals acory permtd th hold of eonomc powr o acumulae captal. Th indusra copany was more a a marke; it was he plac where aptal was ealed ovr abo hs can b represened
by a simple schema:
Eom por Produtiv rk
In a seond sage thr appard he oganizatio of wo and dd, he vy oncep o organizaon Eco omc p?wer was ersed over abor hrogh orgnzato wh!h also had a t autoomy hat aowd th applcaon of sch conceps s sas, ol sraticaon auhorty inegation o margnaiy c Ths s repr send by the folowing shema: om pwr Ognizaton rodcie wr
he plan m anager was o longe jst the presetaie of he capitalis; he was aso h one who dics coo�ats integrats d mantas e organizaio.' In a d s�ge eonmi wer movs a sep frr away rom drec domatOn of podcve work s no lge only h amulaion o apia and managrial capacty ha detems growh moe and mor t s a
15
O S I N N R S O C I
lkewe engaged in an illegitimate aCi � when cmng . nvlved in cective, deending a mblty, they ae mved nly y a dee t egain a tatn and ae h e t een n ti-ra ti-ratnl tnl vin f ety the libea midle clae ten d when they ae ailng agn take p the tem u abve the evlutin f the rm lea t a greate an greate integatin f nutral elatn in the politi the m, at eat t the egree that tey cncern the ntittinal rathe than the ganizatina untining the m Mre generally t lead the partiipant t dene themelve me an d mre by their elatin with e and n lnge b! the pein pecc qalite r ablte right whc are in pincple ncmpatible with the attribute an ght f ther paticipant an whih leave n rm a te ytem cial relatin d y red auure mea aee n�t me toon a oluut hi evol agee of hi a) . The tag hatt ne o wha ten Xte thee eX thee by th iaa ns t rath loggi nolo hroono chr mcomm i a co m nc a Snc d mod ng mo n nall tona ato ll a call can b ca gee ag ow pa allow at a that ment th m ntt tivee in trativ ntra ple o f admin n, it eay to tion, ectio exec nal ex t echn liyy to tech mc poli nom cono m eco o om . ev ogre pogr g n th p tag ca ta tca ot tho r th thr gh th ting dtin d o n� to p on app on.. It ws rt ap izaton nalizat tional atio ton of a taton nta pn wn-1atwn 1at al h m of tec t att at a m wa wa a ton cton xc of x ara of th ara th t m om w h ng m o ( a n a an chn ch n thee work o te Jion on th UJi alU al
�
Oto to ratted O nettra pene extt pe It n nex s).. It kerrs) oke e w wo lle k ded k d in n be in ten ofte
ng omng com ton,, bc zaton gnza orgn n o or ation itratio nitr dmn aa o adm th aa th el vel he v he hes eaches t eac a lly F ina in in. n. z ai a n alz al t on o l ra rat ina nal za ai anz orga org � ty y; nat ato on ru umph o rat atng a tr reat g, cre akn ng -mak ion n-m ciio o deci
al consocial ena of soci arena thee ar mess th eome n beo aton azzato ra tiona thatt ration ut tha ty a oci ocity tra utr nu in n m and a nd in rm th r ct n th ct he rt tage thi evlutin i ened y a vey lmited applicatin atinalizing mdel he ganza
Pwe, Isttui, an Oaat
153
tin and management m emane mnate by capitalt pt althugh manufactng wrke ten pee geat pesna autnmy he unn ac tivty wthn the rm cld nly be defenve and the eire t cntl ecnmc ife ld ny be manfeste utide the m y pecicaly plitia me, whethe vient r nt Th epatn unin deene m iticl actin wa clea n the evutinay unnm f the Amien chate it wa n nrevlutinary a mvement a the Ameican Federatin f Lar Wthn the rm the prblem rganizng wrk had n in ependent exience; jb deene and enmi expita tn ace each ther Sytem emneratin baed n pernal utput n piecewrk demntrated thi rect nit between abr and capital Sperviry pernnel an ta emplyee were nly the intrment capitalit pwer, harged with mpng dcipline an aurng utput t thi tage, the m an ecnmi nit, a lab market he devepment f penal independence captait minatn an pltca acn are all very much epaated fm each the ·hen ne peak f the cia pbem within th n f rm, ne immeatey thnks he wrkng an ving cnditin f the wker, nt the unctning the rm a an ganiza tinal and dein-making ytem Likewie, the ecnmi anay the rm de nt brng in the ntenal relatin hp f wrk it i t primaiy ugget a terminlg the market. Beynd it rle a gardian f the dminant ec nmic interet plitical lfe appear freign t the al trugge that ae uppedly waged n tritly enmc term he rm where clae cnrnt ne anther cae dene nt nly y their relatin within the prce
15
O - I ND U R I O C I
In this situaion, the workes defeded the iT imeress he he ae o a socey doiated by class coict. he idea o ca sruggle isel aifest he ecogio of a soiey undesood t otaiy a a syste o produio ad o loge oy as the poJe io o he ieress of a social group B his uy o idustral soiety s irodued ony indietly ha s, y beig denied ad through he explosio that the class co c oes o t he State regaied soe autooy, beause i artrated soial sggles or geeralized the. he head of he r no longe spoe i the nae o his ow iiiative or apital u n he nae o his r He ought al iterferene fo otside forces-the Sta e a d its soial aws particulaly-that coud reate a gdy haful o the dynais of the r and he econoy I this sitaio the r appeared cu in two O oe side, t is a soial organiaion, o the oher, a cee of econoi deisio·aing If it als on sociogy i wats i o study he wores t he departets or he sa ot the goveet o the he hees of beaucacy and hua relatos spod to ad copee eah ohe he socia eali y o the r is oceived a syse o rules ad relaos he declie o profsiol auonoy, he ac tha caf s repaed y saus ad roes would ead to a aly is based ot o ea soa goup bu o wor eaoshps wihi a syse deed by values, ors and fos of au thoriy and alane he nteral proles of the social orgaatio egi o be reated by ew odies which eve though purey onsulaive, ca iervene very eec ively o ransfor the social anageen of he s What has often een alled worers' pariipaio i a agee is i elity oly the nterveion o persoe
�
Pe Istuin n Oi
157
ocers i his soia adisraio, wthou the ceers o ecooc decisioag beng aected i ay way y tis patcptio c) his wood aue o he r eds o diappa o e degree that ecooic owh oes o deped oe o the capaiy o oilie ad orgaie resources, o dect chage and o foresee ad proa developet, aher tha o eely pug pro-valued ore highy ha direly productve wor-a he disposa of the etrepeeu A this sage the eieny of the de peds ore and ore o soial ad politial deterinats ad o he geeral unioig o he eooi syse, whih eeds itself o all aspes of soia fe: use of land professioal raiig investens i reseah ec O he level of he r, ecooic policies ay e foaied nto decisionaig syses, while the "optios ha deterie he direcios o econoic ad social cage ae o a higher level his evoluto ay eiher educe the to a sub ordinae role of putig io pactce poicies deded on a hghe level or it ay associae he wh a syste o ecooc ad polca coopaion I is the ana ad dustra oups, natoa ad eatonal aher a rs as such hat paricipae i he worut o ecoo poy I all cases, the decisionaig capaciy of e r is o loge deed by its stuaon i a aret u y is peetraio to a poita syste his peeratio has oe bee oceived as rigg aout he disappearance o the private r Only the soaliatio of the unis o podutio has seeed to &hupeter for eaple, o allow the opleion of he rationaliig wor udertae y capialis, which i canno oplee because of the hostiliy a i has reaed
PO.INDRIL OCIE
This sam amiguiy coms u agi whn w sk o d h ol o uions O o sid wih h lads o h Ialia CIL ik Tin o wih cai Fch uion lads scially i h CFD o ca isis on h aio of uio acion io h l of h olicy dcisions of h m o h oh had o ca hik ha uios goia mo ad mo h co diios of wok mloym and romoio whi comig lss ad lss h lads of nw social suggls Ths suggs a dicd mo agais h oliicocoomic ow of h a oud o h ga acial ad idusial ous hy a i aci dfs of com muiy gou dd lss y work ha y hi sisac o coomic social, ad culual chag o which hy cis o coo and which hfo aas o hm a oc of aliaio W wil s fuh o ha hs wo ascs of h a comid i dirn ways accodig o h y o sociy ud cosidaio Bu hi clos laioshi should lad us om ow o o a ramiaio of h oio of isiuio as w ha usd i o his oi h m is a isiuio isoar as i is mo ha a oganiaio u lss ha a ow I is h lac wh social focs goia ad ai a a dniion of h uls ad foms of hi cofroaio ha is h isiuioaiaio of hir conHic O h ll of h ogizaio, colci laios of wok aim a isuig h cohsiss of h whol h dimiuion of ai nfeeane eneale alao el a, e lags ouns Iaa ae unn eean a�se e Daque u al. oel CF. (hsan we' n e n a een uhs sal eahg an as nsuenal n nung e es f gevas
P, iin d Orin
16
iaio h auaion of iualiis h iocm o sauss ha ogh O h l of ow o h coray mo o ls saishd ad slfcoscious social casss oos ach oh y siig o domina h whol ocss o coomic and socil chag Each of h adsais idis il i a uoia way wih h gal irs ad idoogically ooss h oosi cam. Isiionalizaio is halfay bwn hs wo lls of social laions Social orcs i ngoiaio do o d hmss lai o sociy as a who u i la o o h aicua ad imid amwok of h m ih how, do hy lac hmsls on h l o h ogaiaion h diisio o lao h sysm of saus and rol I would dangous o s u a siml o osiio bw h oliical sgh ad h orgaiza iona sngh of h rm dagos also o li ha uioism is sli wn dicy oiical acio ad sricly ofssioal ad coomic irnion limid o h ia olms of h rm Ecoomic o ad social rlaions a oganid o a imdia l i y dis foms Th m is incrasigy siuad on h l of insiuio I osssss a idd sysm o coomic dcisiomaig and socia ngoiaio A h sam im i is a lm wihi a ow sysm hc a sysm of social coics ha lagly ascd i) caus co nomic ogss is oy agly dmid y h accumulaion o caial ad h ogaizaio of laor d incrasigly y scinic and chica sach ofsioa ainig ad raiig h moiliy of ifomaio ad oducio acos, h caaciy or laig aciiy c
PINDRI CI
The geat socia coic trasced te rm ad te wole aea o poducio ad ae siuaed, ike po gammed cage isel, o a much broade plae Tey ae muidimesioa�soi1 cutual ad Jliicamuc moe ta sricy ecoomic The disicio bewee ese wo roes o e rm is most ote idicaed by e use o te word pt Tis word s two meaig: e execise o power ad a system o decisiomakig Oe ca spea o a system o decisiomakig to te degree at a cocrete agetidividua o collectivesees o aai cetai objectives tat i believes coorm o its ow iterests; i seeks to do so by eteig ito ieacio wit ote agets wo may be allied parallel, o osile ower, o e cotray, is deed by te capacity o certai aget to impose o all the oter ages tei ow coceptio o ociey, i objectives ad its maer o evolutio Powe dees te eld o socia actio: decisio is a pocess o iteractio witi tis eld Powe ad decisiomakig are ever eiter eiey separated o eiey coused Te capacity fo decisiomakig is deed by iuece, is, he ssibility o a paticula age to moiy e beavior o aote wihou imeH udergoig compaabe modicaios o is ow beavior Mageme ad uios egoiae ad seek to modiy each ote's beavio e system o decisiomakig ca be more or less isiuioaied witi e political systems o te rm But e ecoomic eades aso eercise domiatio, a socia corol tat come ito coict wit a opposed model o directio ad social cage deeded by tei adversaies. To te degee at ecoomic pogess sup poses a broader iterveio o society wii its ow developmet te probems o power icreasigly ta
P, , Oz
16
sced e rm This is wha allows a cet ntituioalizaio o idusial coic ad te ceai o poitic istiutios wii e rm hat dea wi oblems hat go a beyod the iea maageme f a orgaiza io o wok I a eaie sge o e m, ee do ot seem to have bee a itermediay betwee e prems o we ad tose o proessioa lie, agely elated wihi idepedet proessioa wokig groups dusial e oluio eads o a growig dieetiati amog te wokig leves o the m ad paticularly te stregheig o e istituioal level midway betwee te problems o powe ad ose tat elae te iteal ucioig o orgaizatios We mus o ocus o his diereiatio
Dierentaton 0/ the Levels 0/ Funct'ng Aalyically, stregteig o he rm istitutio ollows te progess o is ogaizaio o is he oe o e maage boud o ta o e ogai ow is e poicy o e m boud to s uctioig? t he begiig we saidad eveyhig ta bee said is a commeay o his geea ideaha e is ot oy a ogizatio i is also a decisiokig system, that i its ur witi e sphee o eeio ad orgizatio, atioaies itsel a e sam time tat i politicizes itse Tereore, a reu to te oceptios o te ead o te rm as a simple orgaize oodiato o materia ad uma meas o producti is excluded Bu avig recogied the impoace o e rm as a istitutio, we must go uer back ad iquie ito te
just
PO.INDR OCI
sh a eot B may socioloiss lke Peter Bla Tom Bs ad Mhel Crozier demostraed that a oaizaio sbjet o freet haes cold ot ctio i this maer The dysftios o his beacatic maae me are sch that it has bee elaed by a eiely diferet kid of oaizato t s o loe e le that oves b he objetve I s o oe he sevie o he deatme b s artila oam that esab shes he fdamea ty o ato Pbc oio as o sie row sed o his chae vocablary a least sce the sess o sh masive oeatios as the ivasio ladis o 194. e have ome to osider he rm as a straei ed whose maaemet rimariy eforms he ask o eotia tio The rms adatatio o hae will move o he degree that s moe ramat less brdeed wh riiles ad es moe arefl to sre amo ts vaios eemes a adaaio that s always mted ad ovsoa The mehasti ocetio o the rm has bee elaed by the imae of a market deali ieces, a market whose baace s stabe ad ose qely moe favorable to chae ad to adaato to a eviromet hat is isel chai Crozer eressed his oeo very reisey whe he emhaszed that the more moder a oraizatio was, he moe it wold lde es of ertitde whh he vaios aras wold sve o cool orde o stehe their ee wthi the azao These aayses have eat morae ad reder he discssios o the brearati model deed by ebe almost wihot erest they mst be osidered oly as a arhai fom o oraizatio Bt hese aalyses mst evetheess be omleted A m s ot exclsvey a
Pwttut Orgzt
market deaing in inence and a pace where autonomous stateies onfont o ombine with each other; i s aso an organizaion tha possesses a enter of decisionmaking and bondaries and mposes on i membes a "loyaly tha allows he srategies to mainan themselves within quie narrow lmi. The vey eibility of the styes o oranizaion mposes moe and more poten
mehasms of soial eato
When the sysem of us and noms is ear and stabe it is not necessary to interfere wh atitudes and inenions Everyone s placed in a box o the organiationa cha. He knows wha is obidden and wha is demanded. To he degee that he objetve limi dsappear becomes neessary tha all the members of the oranizaion be oented oward its inteaon, ha they nterorize s vales and norms and aquire a "house spirit One mus erainly dstrus he whole liteauef whh W am H. Whye 1's Th OrganiUton Man i e bes known eampleat psents he lowe rankig exeuvs in pacula as dominated by "satus anxey B to insst too exclusivey on the possibilities o the aton omous strategies o the greaest numbe would be o all nto an opposite exaeration Fo inence inreaes with hiearhia authorty and srategy onssts n risin and hence in dentifying oneself wih the ocia vaues of the oranization In the most mode and mos echnica oganzatons marked by the neasng nedependene o funons and he pesene o song vaus sience and heath combine hei eos to nease the pesse om ores of soial ntegration, he eognon of vale. noms, hierarhies and socia ondu pope o he or-
aizatio To the same degee that the dameta mechaics of
H PO-NDR OCI
economc pogess ae no longe detemned on he leve of the m sel (s used o be the case dng he eod of entrepeneua capiasm) b on a hgher evel, so he m becomes an ognzaon ha s pagac in s ams and hghy inegaive. I becomes less an assemblage o workng assgmen and seciales and moe of a commncations network whose uny can be maitaned only hough pressure o conom o he needs o he or· gaion is homogeney and it capacity o avoid change and inciden One consequence of hs is he grow ng mance of he pbems deal wh by mxed woke-managemen commtees insumen less o nego aion han of negraon Anohe consequene is he 's vey manes conce for normaon and an equa ncern over caees and pmoion The roblems of he oganzaon ae seaaed from e ha relae to ionlized negoaio and rtr om he pblems o powe As a esl relaions among te varios wokng levels n he m ae complex Insiionazation ge beyond he oganzaon o te degee ha he m becomes moe and moe of a olical un he nena pobems of he organizaion esis he nsuonazaon of decsions and concs whch s necessay med and also because he sngh of he n es in s organzaon Ahoiy s no educed o moe nuence b is primly he orgnizaiona exres ion o wer his eads us o o complemenary hemes On the one hand the rm s ineasingy a sytemazaon o olica decsons and negoaions dened nehe wh s or ganizaton sysem no s sysem owe On the ohe hand he nconal rolems of he oganzaons have geaer and geae aonomy based on he powe of he oes
Per Itu, d g
In oher words, if one drec1y considers these prblem, one sees ha hey smulaneosy end hemslves to hee yes of analyss. F, cean ascs of he soci relaions o wok eer o a prey oganzaonal sudy: m las n?rms and es; i denes oes and syls o n:racn; I s deenaed and heached Secondy l InsU�nl sysem eneaes he shee of ogniza n, eseCay o e degee ha he nio c once agin roe�ionay d ecnomcy deend e wage eaes wh he frmework o a bader sregy inally he cll end and pwer concs of sociey a lage ae aso a wok wthn he m and dee its vues and norms Ths deenaon o hee evels o anayss does no mean o imply he exisence of hee seaae ses of soca cs. Rahe elaes dieent oblems and heir vaos meanngs Anayis of he m simply as a sysem of n stiution decison and neiaions w oud negec bo s mechanisms of socil inegaion and is wer roblems On he ohe hand, exclsve nsisence on e dec nk between ognzaona nconing and he sysem o powe woud gnoe he eemen tha explans he economc and socal aonomy of he m he� analyss gans he insciency of purey psychosocoogCl sudy o he m and corecly bings u he oblems volved in decson-makng and owe, hee is fufl enson beween he wo apoaches we have dsingushed. Insiuion anaysis mus be baanced by ana�yss tha inss on he eay o owe exeed boh dect1y and thogh oganzaonal oblems Ths reesens a evsa of pesecives in e of older analyses ha coesonded o he st sages of the evoltion we have aced hey inssed on the exemes
74
HE P-IDUIL CIETY
economc powe and professional autoomy face o face. O the cotay oe must place isiional ealities sysems of decision ad egoiato a the cente of the pcue Bu oe aso mus cosantly pese he aed ad contray pessues execsed ove hem boh by he fucioig of the oganiaio ad by powe coAcs I s more dicu o spea of a ieasig auoomy fo he pobems of echic executo, since he mos obvous trai of indusia evolutio is that he ogaza ioa system execises moe and moe cool ove the way n which eecution is caied ou and, eve moe so, because the professioa auonomy of the manufactuig woe has lagey disappeaed. But we do ot eed to retu o such observaions The evoution of the sys em of producto does o enai he dsappeaance of he socia pobems ad socia behavio drecy ocated at the job eve. Qute he cotar; on a eves of the ogiation the dvesty of jobs ad specialites poses iceasingy complex probems. They ae ceaest i tems of sta pesoe where we oe the progess of pofes soaaio ad the owig mpotace of occupatioa behavor as eected n evels of auhoiy Many of he observaios made by soologss of orgaizaos eay demosrae the impoce of he epets ad as a esul the possibiliies ope to them fo maneuvers ad sategy wihi he orgatio But hs is o oge a matter of nstitutioaied negotiaons o eaionships amog socia foces I is a matte of pesoa sategies ha may fo coaitios but si aim at betteig the postons of he coceed idividuals within, bete n the face of he ogaiatioa system "e must go fuher Socia evouto, the aisig of ivig stada he oo sow icease fee time, he
r, It, rgzi
175
deveopmet of esue activities ad the mpotace of family fe a cente of consumpto ad iepesona elaons cobute o he creatio of pofessioal be havo detemias ha ae icreasgy ndependent of he m Godhope Lockwood, ad ther colaboraors sogy emphased ths o heir sudy of ecoom caly pvieged Eglish workes i vey mode stua tos The woers dene hemseves ess ad less i terms of their pofessional acivity her oes outside the m -boud o famiy eighbohood, habts of consumptio are nceasigy impotan o hem hs necessariy meas hat occupatoal behavio, he choice of a job, at itudes owad emueaion, and iees n wo, etc ae al deemined fom otside Wor s a meas to cosump o t the top of the poducon sytem, we see that the centes of decisio move ou of he m ad ise o the level of the State ad the massive atioa o inteatoa economic goups In a paael way, at is base we see he adiional image of the woer disappear In paticula, manageat least whe hey ae younged moe and more to see a place of empoyme hat favos hei chde's educaton ad her ow leiure The used to be he cee of he ecoomc ad socia orgaiatio the woes lfe was decty ad ndrecty domiated by it coomic ife was almos nohig moe tha the ite acio betwee ms and the maet Today, sociey invades the m though two oues so that oe s led to dene now as the associatio of a stitutioa system wih an oganiaoal system This J . H Gotop, L, F aor an a, Th Ae Woru: bla Ais Bhavr, I abridg Unrsy s, 16)
76
INDRIL C
oublac conomc unt i locat btwn th conomc ows an th mplo's pivat lf. h stngtnng of t ogniation an ts mcanss of soca ntgaton oftn coms nto conict wit t vopmnt o ngotatons, t nsttutonaaton of cn· Ths two posss vop concunt o both psnt cntiptal tnncis of a m tatn b cntfuga ocs bot at its summt an ts bas W must cogz tat sc a wanng o th m ncssail bings about a lmitation of th social mpotanc of abo unonism nso as t is stl n b ts atonshp wth its avsa managmnt It mobzs a mnsh ng pat o th psonait it s also futh fom t unamnta politica conicts of soct T activit of union las ti activ patcipation in both litca actvtis an communit assocatons outs of wo witnsss thi miltanc but os not contactan ma vn cooboatt sinkng aa in whch th unons act It s ncssa to ask i ts shinkng, th wanng of t passions aous b unions os not ma th mtant an mocatic ptcpaton o t woks n t csons an wokngs of th unon mo icut Th most mltant mnts ocus ith on poltca commitmnt o on cutua mans an social volt that ag tanscn t famwok of th Witin t m t s a matt o fns, mangmnt ntgton of t oganzatona sstm, an abov all mo an mo insttutionaliz ngotiatons Union las a not nt gat nto th govnmnt o th m; most otn th tain a v combativ spiit but tis is not th sam tng as mtanc h volution n ssntia cocs o socit a lss an ss th ocus of thi acton
wr Ini, ad Orn
7
In t s of Fanc, t autotaansm of th owns an th Stat, th mutpl sistancs to th nsttutonaaton o conics, th attachmnt to achac stls o managmnt an fos of authot t natu o th potcal sstm all contibut to kping bot s an unons oc nto oms o acton tat sm v om t mag w av just out1in hs las n t slow vouton must not th icton bng takn th as l as sw Ou conomic an soca past was omnat b t cntal confontaton btwn t an th companont unon oa, t two avsas continu to oppos ach oth but h combat no long nvolvs al t vls of social lf but s situat on intmia lvlswch stl lavs it consiabl impotanc t ts ss ict an complt nunc tan bfo on th conomc an socia poltcs o socit an t pvat ivs of t woks T wo of t ntpnu an th labo mlitnt stll xss but t is ncasingl suboinat to th cnts o pogammng an o cultua vots s os not at man that unon as can ntvn onl on th nstitton an ogniatona vls But unionism wthin th whc as oftn appa as n obctv of mtant acton, nicats a pogss in tms o unon ntfnc wt th authoitaansm o th owns t s mpotant on th oganzatonal an nsttuton vs onl bcaus it is thb mov fom th stuggl ov conomc an poitcal pow As a sult, unionsm no ong tns to b t cnta h Fenh YOId/me d'en!repri. It i a athod non laeshi h aned miltant an dd a the nenal oblms o a any ahe han t moe enal poltial obems h ation no onsied an attak ains the eno e
178
TH POST.NDUTRAL OCIETY
nstumen of a social movemen ha transcends t oh a is summt and base that is, on the seccaly oiic evel and on he leve o resstance o he oganatona inegaton and insttuionaizaton of soca conics A the same ime hat unionism gains inuence and ntervenes moe eecively on the level of decisons i is ig noed byassed or oposed y the anttechnocratic move· ment that ae oh moe oliical and ess we ognied. hese concusons go a itte eyond what we se out to dscuss But they outline the geneal famework into whch his inceasing dieentiation among the eves of fun ining of the odction sytem mus be laced
Th Divesity Among Industrial Societis Relations among the dieren fnctioning levels o the rm deend imarily on he kind o economic develop ment that chaacterizes the socey as a whoe The moe he wok o economic develoment s dieced by an elici socia intenion o he moe ond it is o a social and political movement whethe o naional indeend ence or socal change, the ess wi he enson eween economc deveoment and social demoracy be insitonalized and the more owerflly wl he oicy leve of the rm cono is organiaiona and nstitiona evels On the contay a more oen" society less commited to a volunay eot o emege om deendence o underdevelomen and to beak down cla insiuional and olitica esisnce to economic develomen is more lualist": he ojectives o develomen wl no be detemined y a cenal olitical owe ut wil be woked out hrogh instiionalized negotiations t the same time the autonomy o he working levels o the
Pwe Istuio, nd Orgizao
179
will tend o otweigh hei harchzation. hs oosiion whch may seem sasacory a s sgh mus be cometed y anothe oposiion becase soses a comlee araelism beween the and he naional economy If one were saised wih hat, one would have o deny he essenial eemen of o analysis, he dea that evey moden indsta sysem is dened both y the conrol of he olitca sysem ove he working evels of the rm and also y he eative autonomy of he dieren systems We mus hen coec he overy simle omulation that has ust een given and inqire how, in a iea ye o economc rowh the conrol eecised y a weak olitica wil on the naional level can sil e asseed on he level o he m ]0 the oosite way in a moe managed tye of economc gowh whee economic activity is directed by actve owe' in ertand de Jouv ne's exession, he reatve autonomy o the woking eves in he m ehas ends to e renoced and thus o comensate for he intgaive and nying endency oeaive on he naona leve a) We wi cal he rst ye of indsia socey liberl. I thee incial chaacersics ae strong inerton of he soca relatons of work very advanced deveomen o the consittiona managemen o s and weak penetraton of raionaizing modes on the eve o decisionmaking he rivate interess o ms remain oweul for the simle eason that the idea of develop ment s only weakly oliticized" and olitical owe inerees vey lite wth he m he isk inherent in his ye is the eduction o the olitical level o he m to its instuional leve The owe of the unions to intervene and the role o the Sate
8
THE TIUTIA CIT
are combined to nreae the mportane of and improve he teamen of he ntea oa problems of the m. The head of he rm is ofen a oodinaor But only n ahologia itaions i he idea of deveopmen forgo en Most oen, epecay n dynami rms is pesen but abraty tha s whout being reonized as he ous o oal truggles It i dened as soia hange a he apay o the o adapt sel to new ondons by overoming t own rgides. Developmen s dened onnng modenzaon aued by the imph o aonal cauaton over radtons and ideologe op posed o eetve adaptaon he pesent n bera oieties end are abra and means onrete; he aen i on the ratonaly of the mean Bu t s imposible for hs endeny to domnate ompleey he absene of politial dreion over development has fo it normal oroary he enforcemen o he maive n a a a un No ony i he pae where geat eonom deion are made but alo tends o renore soia integation and hence to rede the atonomy o he ubsysems of echna exeuon and orgnzaton rela· ive to ts privae poa ysem The m end o dene itel as a oo o ocal nega on t ontros and oganzes eonom expetaons areer, ocial elaon, and sometimes aive oide o wok It is no a pure yem of decon-makng and negoaton Wthn it pow, insttuion and orgniza ton are meshed an neraon that makes he m he pvo o eonom and oia life The mot libera eon omy i dominated by he massve oporatons One an perhap go o fa as o ay ha when a r o ths type i delberatey orented oward deveopment he onsu tiona nature o is management end to beome aten
wr, suin d Ognaon
181
aed. 1t i triking o noe ha Harbon an d Myers or eampe, nmbe uh modern ms as Kodak and IBM mong he pateali ms in he Uned State Duand has made imia obevaion n Fance One epecay thins in thi egrd, o the grea rm o Ge man heavy indury whose authoriansm Harmann ha descibed or o the Jaanee rm debed by Jae C Abeggen n lbeal oieies non ativy has tle nene in he area of eonom poy On he oher hand ontrib es grealy to he developmen n rms of a private lea ytem rtng on very elaborae colletve areements rowned n he nited States epealy by an extremey eeve rievane proedre ha asure the good soal functioning of he rm oneved a an oranzaon The esena contrbution o unon actvy ept whn he rm to he degee ha he rm is eonomcaly auono mos and s deson-making sysem ony ghy sbje o oieta politics b) Plnnd vlntit tis are haraeied by hee complemenry ais n he t pae he relaon and ension beween he enta objeve of eonomi deveopmen and the oa oe ha am a onoling ae vey weay nsionalized n an exreme itu aion, ompee identiaon of oa nenton and economi avity mposed by ahory dened by he tge agan dependene or arhasm In the eond place, he poa deiionmakng yem of he n has C Du, L io d polqu d foio t e po mto," Socioogie raoi -D«, 9 : 28 H H, hority nd a�aion n Gman Manemen Pit y P 99 : Jm C. Al, he Jpne Faco 5Pe of it oi nZion Go F 95
182
TH POT-IND USTRIAL SOCETY
very itle uny The r is producion uni whose becives nd ens f cion re deerned by polic power Finlly nd hs is less eviden, he consequence of he wo precedng bservins s h wihin he r e rgnizin nd echnicl execuion subsyses hve gre independence: he rs cpciy for pliicl inegin is wek In his siun, he inernl probles of socil dinisrn hve he gees uony he sever sudies vibe o us of s in Svieype counries show he exree iprnce of he role of he unns in seing worng nd eplyen cndiions This ex plins in priculr why i is so dicul rnsle echnicl chnges ino dcions of he bor frce Ofen, wrkers re o nuerus fr given producin A he se ie he wgeerners dene her ineress ad becives in very individul ers which fequenly cuses ge resisnce o he infor orgnizion whse nors re seies openly pposed o hose f he r he os vlunris syses re ls he ones s exposed o srng bureucizion in he curren sense of his er In oher words hey re exposed o srng uonoy on he pr of he syses of ens relive he becives of he r. he Yugsv policy of self ngeen is n iprn eo ied recognzng nd orgnizing his bipolry nd esblishing he bse of rs n he evel of individul plns cpcy fr decisnking ppsed o he he cenrlzng inuences f n econoc rgnizn h is doined by he couniss' legue s success plces he ngeen f rs n dcul suion This is why he ngers srive o ply n heir plicl invoveen oppose pressure o he bse nd on he ineress of her rs
Power, Insituion and Ogazai
183
o cu down on cnrl by cenrl uhoriy us be dded h his bureuczon reches is os pronounced frs in suin h cbines cer in specs of he wo exree ypes we hve disinguished h is, when cncenrin f decisnking pwer on he leve of he Se is cobined wih srong insuinlon f sc concs he pwer f eco nic ledership risks being bsorbed by defensive socil polces, whie he cpcy for ecnoc decsionking n he level f he r reins wek his siuion is ofen observed in sociees h re rked re by ecnoc ngeen hn by econic plnning If we consider public educion s n econoic civiy we cn see n he rench unversy syse f recen yers n exree cse of e degenerin of he vlunris ype Objecives f develpen hve been lrgely subeced crpore ineress A he se ie, indivdul unis of prducon hve no power ke decisins. The resu is exr exree ee uony in ems of execuon nd orgnizn nd srnge unin beween bureucrizion nd liberlis, cenrlizion nd lcl beries The ngeen f rs in vounris ype f so ciey lbrs under exree wekness Is cpcy for iniiive is iied bh by decsins de n hgher level nd by he rgnizin's resisnce o is decisions. I is forced o srenghen is frl uhry develp whever cn proec i gins wh s bove nd belw i o ulply rules nd prhibiions, nd o increse he disces beween he hierrchcl levels in rder escpe he pressures h weigh on i When i hs he ppruny, i ghs fr the decenrizion of decisinking nd fr he uny f he ngeen unis c) . I is possible o disingish ny ineredie ypes ypes
186
. I ND ND U R I C E
ia! power whe n the rm i amot fed wh the informal organaton; n e other ae it primariy a on the eve of he rm bu mutaneouy on h in ermediae leve an inrmen of eonom oppoion o managemen and a mean of oia inegraon Finy in onra oete union aion i mot oen on an inermedae eve of indtral federaon or branhe of indry The interet manfeted in Frane oday n fvor of he legl reognton of the loal non tio dile) of the rm ar rom ear t are om an nargabe fat: he prvae renh remain eentiay dom naed by an autorat or paterna tye of manage ment Bt beyond th realzaton approahe vary ome hink prmary of adapting nonm o a neobera aton obaning for the rgh o ntervene n the oa organzaion of the rm the re of whh would mean aeptane of a prvate yem of deon-makng_ Oher wold renfore he unon' power o negoae by he deveopment of oetive areemen inaly, oher eek o obtain for the union beyond he ome impornt ae to he power of eonomi deiion makng thi i oen ed demoa planning
al Remarks Th dvery forbd to have reoure to eran dea n urrent ue ke the dea of indtria demoray One od have reore o th if one ake the tand for what we have aed onraual oete Doe not "n dtra demo dtra demoray ray defend a ype of abor reaton tha t ha goe beyond aary grevane bt fa hort of oalt
w s a Oganato Oganato
18
ation dreted toward the taking of power? It an inude uh dvere experene fornae and nfornae a the Wemar Repbli Swedh demorai oety and the Englh Labour Pary. Ued in thi way, thi idea i an obje for dy and gges an ideooy more hn a priuar probem i i dngerou beaue mxe pe of he oa problem of he rm wh oe of eonomi lfe whed o how on he ontrary ha thee probem are reatvey atonomo aordng o wheher hey are poed on he eve o exeton organzaton deon makng or power More broady the rm not a "o iety and neither it a imple elemen of a pota y tem t ext ony beae t a parar n of deionmak dei onmaking ing (whet (whether her pubi or prvat prvate) e) b t i a rmand not ony an orgnizatonony to the degree ha he oia ont that oren oey a whoe are manfeted wthn t Our anayi n epealy on he rm dened an nition h noion m be frther deveoped he m i no ony an inttion i partiipae in he y em of eonomi power and oneuenty ierpre te uural direton of a oiey in te of the neret of he domnant a he rm ha pwer d eek to m pe both wihin and oside itelf oil and turl on dt mahng a interet At he ame me e rm not impy a enra eemen of he ytem of o pr duon and dominaton t a parlar eonom, oial and profeiona unt oneqenty an or ganization and even more mpy a pae of work Th paruarty epan why a nion an never be a purey potia aoaion ine t mut be preocped wth eonom demand withn the framework both of he
POINDRIL OI
xtin powr yt and o h prob pod by th unionn o an oraniaion h r po an autonoou initutona yt o th dr hat it nur paa ro h lv o powr o th vl o oranization Th ar atualy two ain hn: h hop tward th orn, and wha rian prai all grivan produr Th r on link h iniutonal yt to h powr y. t rprntd y upprlvl xuiv and y union' poliial aton Th ohr on link th iniutional with th oraniaional y t i opratd by rlin uprvio and hop tward who dal with th van produr Conquntly th r i an iniuion au it an onoi uniy a w a th ound or rlativly auton oou oa noiaion rlativ to h ultural orintation and a onit o oiy a a who�autonoou no indpndn Th powr o th had o th r aurdly inparabl o th yp o produion or ro th natur o h doinan la and union aton annot iolatd o th workr ovnt that alo xprd n th a onit h ntral iportan o h onntion rul out ondrin h ry a an oranizaion Th inttutiona lvl ut not b onud with tha o th ulural orinaion and nral trul o oity any or than wth th lvl o oranization Th lvl xit only au w onidr th r a a on whol who diion ar not pur oial and ultural orintation ut alo an to dnd th intr o on partular unit aain othr inr and undr ondition o ation dnd in i and pa Likwi on an pak o a politial intitution ony whn on onid
nin Ogniin
8
r no a oity bu a Stat and a nation liitd by oundari and poin a nr o donain Within thi ont rawork hr xit oranid oia or who natur and inr do not dirtly x pr th la that ar in onit; nithr do thy iply orrpond to th intr o tau goup dnd by hir pla in h oraniaion h oal or an iniutionalz hir rlaion only o th dg tha hy ar to dn hlv in tr o th r it liit and pariular haratrt h oplxity o proional rlaion in indury rult ro h at that thy u alway obin notiation within a ivn ra work wih oppod la intrt whih ontantly rannd th litd rawor o h r Th r ha an onoi unton nrally aptd by tho who work in i. But thr i dbat aou th ontrol and oal utilization o produon n hi n h r i an iniuion only whn i roniz h onit and h oranizaon whih dnd h intrt o th invovd parti partiulary h union I th wr only an oranization i t ould rainly b a pla o tratgi and notation but th invovd parti would work only to iprov thir raiv p0 ition n th oial yt o th h r ntitutionalizd au i i an ln o a ral oity in whih th probl o powr ar pod On th othr hand i th r had no autonoy in oity i would u to apply o it law and dion ad on th lvl o th Stat h r i nithr a politial ntity nor ut a ipl intruntal oranizaion dpndn on h oial powr iv it ntiutional hani thir nr o rrn; paruarity oli pi ant to
OS.INDRIL SOCI
negotiate ter relaos whi te famewok of a unit of prodcton and a system of decso-makng. The evou ton of he m renorces e suonazaon of he socia reaos tat are omed hee, snce creasingy derenaes he eve o ecoomc pocy om ha of e orgaaton o nernal managemen at he same tme as t makes em easgly nerdepedent Tse geea cosideaos have prci cose queces ad cas gh on pobems tha are suay posed i dierent terms The evoio he rm eas te uions nehe o ncreasngy poiica acton nor to nervenion med o he nterna probems of te ogaiao I gves tem an increasgy importat insona roe ocaed haway ewee e potca and e orgazaona spheres e nons nervene more and more te sphere of ecoomc pocy Bu i hey invove hemseves here compeely ete o ie hemselves he Sae or to gh t diecty tey are no more ta poca grop d ose a possby o ieeing n the inerna probems o te rm; coseueny, ey ose he proper base y are condemned o be oy he idstra ce o te pary O e oer ad, nonsm hat ms ef o pofessoa and orgaizaiona pobems sks growg weak and becomng an nsrmen o soca negrao and promoon by g sef o from he orces of pica ad soca contesio This second suaio is me more commoy bea societies whie he st moe common n vountarst socees s s wy uion ism has he greaes mportace i conraca soceies and wy n sch socetes t s mos consany caug be tween necessary opposed exgences I is aways boh
it gaiao
in oppsio ad pay o goato eormist and reVutionary One ca presen te siaon o manageme n aa ogos ems bea socieies moe an ohers, t s an elemen o te power sysem; i vounars socees i s prmary te drecon o an orgnzaon I n conraca socetes, i has a doble oe economc pwer and soca negotiaor A he beging of e evoio hat we ave sketched, suc pobems dd no eist he acio of boh te unon and e owe was staed more smpy on te leve of economic power ad he abor market. e itea pobems o the rm were drecy eaed o e economc system ad te conroaton beween nerests Poitca orces appeared prmary as insrmenmore or ess we adapeda he servce o socia neess whose conc diecy domnated he rm Today, on e contary the increasing atonomy of he pobems o ogiaio ad of insiuonaed egoiao gves e concts wih the rm bo a genera poica sig cance and a cerain auonomy Ths s why neher he ead of te rm nor he io organzaon s he cea proagons o soca and poca concs hs is he meang o the cassc epres son the ttuazt of t an epres son that mus be uderstood correcy I does o at a mean ha tese coic dsappear or are even paced; neihe dos t mea a hey are depiticized It oy meas at ey are parcuarized at te same time tat orgaationa pobems acre cerain pc sg cace e erdependence o te leves o unconig n the rm ases he leve o demands ad aows e nons o
2
O - I N R I L S O C I
cnec ecmic deee more csely t ltca bjec tves; bu he trafma he ecmic ytem ad he cndi o gwt lwe te m' level aci ad plac it midway betwee te pial and te r gzata T ead s t hnk that he head he m is no loge he cetra pesonage te ecnomic ower yem ad ha unonm s no ge te ncpal intumen o mvemen ca cage. Ths cco w aisy either ose whm e insiuonaiza cncS signe te etu in dura peace no oe wo hpe a unnm wi me and moe diecy aack ecomc pwer I n dcae e easng imance f boh the unions and the m he oca ogaaio ]t a ams ta i oday ogammed ocey domnated by he ew con· c bewee ehnrats and cme- ack of a bee em-e conai betwee rm maagers ad n no ger a the ne poca ugge
IV Lesure Actvtes, Soca Partcpaton, and Cutura Innovaton The ele f tl eue Atvte leisure acivite are deed activie her tha wrk e wld hae t iclde de te e m o te cal ac a ciety-eigu lie games o ca actvy ad sr Eveye ree tis deii wthot ceay deng why The reasn wi beme ceaer f we eca at e eme o ee acvty i amt away aciated i the md f sciogs w the subec mass sciey eihe becaue they ae decibng he subecin f dvduas o te mde mea o cmmuca-mas meda becae hey oberve e eecs o mde wok ecewr whc i aowy dened and pefomed wihn mave ms
194
TH POST.INDUTRIAL OCIETY
that are goveed n such a way that the indvidual feels a he is conneed with them only in ems of hs func ion. These two hemes ae ofen conneted wih each othe somewha this way: he mechaniaion of wok pr pares he way fo mechanzed eisure, and eaves us helpless before he epate onsaughs o popgad (undertood in he boadest sense) ihou disussing hee the value o lmiaons o hs analyss we etan is geneal outines he quesion o leisue aivities ases a soon as he membe of a sociey come unde ultural inuences that ae no longe on neted wih he oganied activiies of a onete socio economic goup As a esult, these ultual expeences ae no longe undestandable on the basis o the individuals poessional and socia epeience One hetaes to compae the mass lesue ativities o ndustial and uban iviliaton wih he okloe o ulua lie of ual cviizaions and non-industriazed soieies ]n the late, the conten of he leisue ativity s onneed wh poessonal and socal fe Sometime he atvites ae onnected uite simpy, as in seasona hoidays or elebraions conneced wih one's wo ec; someimes n an ndrect manne, as when ertain e me aviies ae inended o ompensate o uneming labo o msery his bond is almost always accompanied by anothe hat unies eeime aiviies o he whole socal ife of the oletvity and usually has geogaphic easons a vilage feast eunies the inhabtants of a patiu a village membes of a conete ommuniy A festva in mnng couny may be an oulet or needs ha are repressed by the wo and the life in the mining vilages n any case i is pofoundy integated ino the lie o a woing community
Sal Pricpation and Culurl Inovin
195
his twoold rooing o leisue activties n lved social epeence dsappeas in developed ndusta ivilatons, because of he deveopment of communicaions tehniue nd beause in ties o lage urbanied ones, the n vidua s constany hown n especaly n hs lesure activities wih people who do not beong to he same con cete poessiona or esdential ommunity A grea num be o the cultual atves valued by ou iviaion no longe have hei oign in professional aciviy bu n the poduts of this ativty his change is onneced wih he mos widespead aspe o pofessional evoluton, the m tha podues fo a vast maret he ndvidual wo is subodinated o the oganation of podution Even one can assue eal paticipation by he woes in he decisions that det the m he ac emans ha pofessionally a vey gea number o woes o employees perorm a tas hat gives them vey little sense of patii pating in the ceation of the nished poduct he more tehniques proes the reater he dstance between te indivdua woing as and the poduc In losing hi poeonal auonomy the woe has also lost one of he pinciples o his ulul auonomy he wok o he er he miner he capener gves he woer bot satisfaction and dissasion burdens and souces o pide, hat is, a popely pofessona epeience ha mars thei lives, drectly o indiectly, aoding o whehe they ae acepted or ejected he reulated and compatmentlied wo of he laboe o employee in e gea mehanized oganizations on he other hand, no longer has any popey pofessional snicane fo the one who caies t out, and the woe eacs o his wo in tems o the economic and social condtions unde whch he caies i out; in terms of he salary hat he daws
196
OSINUSRIL OCI
rom i; e ocil relion ierc o egirn in wic i plce m e rym in wic e mu perorm Co no mening eep w e mine wok gve i; n o no ignicnce wou e pow Bu e mporne o e omobe owe nong o e work of e emblyne woer nd mo ofen we do no know nyng bo e men, mne, n plns prouce e go we ee o cqire n e in or ere ivie n in or enire lie I my be emping o oppoe cve leiue civie o psive leire cvie; ee noion ve le e meri of iolng w i new n e preen poblem e "piviy o ge number o leie ivie. Following i line Un e ri o leing o generliion re oded wi preppoiion, if one doe no e oe ene e mening of "piviy e pl beween proeonl viie ve le n le indepenen mening o mjoy o woker n e uu civie o e ociey in w ey lve m no be preme bu cened We re wneing e wekening o crl epreon bond o p oil group Nong ol be leer n e decline of e on woker ue Aer eor ve eped e e of woerleure or worecre wi e m more rei nd ifl erpion o worer piiping n e o rewic my men pcipng n movemen o over· ocil n poii oppoion W re on level o culure re on ll e oer Weer i meil o non·meril ulre oceonomi goup end o ene emeve moe n more by ei degee of priipion in e iviie nd
Si atipa an l Iova
97
podc o e uure nd e nd les by poeion o ubcuure deen om oer Soil role n culrl le re moe nd moe epe: egorie e neigbor e wore nive o pricur egion, no onge eplin e eleviion vewer, e ede of e m ice ppe, e uomobie owne For e m of emkilled workes, prcipion in e lure no onger be on proeonl lie or r iionl oil role, b on onmpion o ies produc produce for e enire oey Eor o re develop e rdiionl oo only ncree e ince beween mn n e lure of e ociey, only incree i "piviy in elon o m leire civiie Peliriie re being we ie n eor o preerve or reme em e iory We m bndon i deenive iude owr m lre for e belief we n een e uonomy o oci gop gin e new cener o curl inRene ony uppr e diion cls brriers nce p i empion o nolg ow do we dee leiue civiie n ow do we uppo y inepen ence n e fce of e nreing inene of e ge pub or pve rm deermne e nen n om of e uurl mege? I e gree ivy no lo e mo compee bmiion o yls of nc engly engineere om e op of e ociey Patipatn and Cultual Whdawal
e eme o ulr prpion eem o nwer i concern I no lrl nderconmpion e o of oe on e boom ung o oci rion
OINDRIL OI
How an one not admi, oowng Joe Dumaediel he mportance of simpe physia ecovey and of eemenay soia and ama obgaons. maeia and ohe n a peson's ife outside of wok? On eurning om he pant o he oce one must es seep o eax and one may have to cea he dain in he snk stoke the fnae o put the hiden o bed Who coud dsagree that these obigtons partay ompensae fo needs epessed by wok and ha hey oribue to mantanng the physa and psychoogica bance o he individua Bu he "aive eaive vaue of hese semi-eisue ativties s imited a east in he sense ha they estabish amos no bond beween the one who pefoms them and the cu ua vaues o his soiey Pofessiona compensationswokng n ones wok shop and othe hbbiepobaby do not have he m· porance ha some acod to them n this Geoges Fedmann has made some sbe and dsbing emk: ones wo mus possess some pofessiona ichness o he woke o seek compensaon eey and acvey n aivities dieen fom his job Reduced modes ike puteing n a wokshop, are most often he acviies o young men who anipate ha hese activities wi be o ome vaue in the ftue ow many unskied woke wih no ea tade, and no pofessiona tainng n shoo o on he ob seek o eae in hei free ime he sub situtes or a proessiona e and ade that hey do not ssess One an ony respec hem i eses to a desre o poessona pomoion But is i coe o adme these aiviies i hey mean nohng moe han a ba wad ook to a vanished pas and if hey ae a substitute fo Dur Y v d (ari: tn du euil 62)
Sal Partiaion ad utal nva
moe posive and aive ativiies? A etu o a and cas s as aacious a he "Retun o he Lad sogan o sad memoy In a society o mass poducton and onsumpton, ac ivity o passiviy depends ess on whih so goup one beongs to and whh cutura actviies one induges in han on he degee of soia patiption One of he ma jo in o inteest in the study o eisure aciviy is o mar he m nd impicaions of the idea of oca p icipaion The enra dea of an anaysis carred ou in erms of eihe cuua pacipaion o wthdawa is ha today when utua vaues ae atahed to mass poducs deemined by a hghy technia cvizaion wih a its socia pobems passvity s ony he psychoogia epes son of economi and socia subjeion o dependane Cetain books and jounas somemes make i seem ha ony he woers and wageearne of hose who ae subjeed o mass poduion ve amd a poeaon o esure acvies a numb, condiion and ransom em Bu we say the ontay and pon ou the exteme soaion of hose wih ow ncomes fom the messages of he echnia iviation This is so because sine the poduction system is so ompe and integated many wokes on the obs emain in hei pimay gous and outside o wok eevsion newspapes and magaznes peneae famiy ife wihou modifying their eationship he ctue n y poound way The mutipicion o spetaces doe not ansom he specato nto an ao he mass media do no y to modiy atitudes ad be havior Anyway suveys have shown hat hei eetive ness n this aea s vey imted when he ideas ae not seonded by groups in which he subet s an atve and nvoved membe
E -INDRIL IE
his social "passivity s onned with the ommr ciaizaion of isure. In mOTe gna erms, it wou be more accurae o say tha he consumr on the whole has e conrol ove h produr. The only weapon at his dsposa is hs rusal o onsume; but this pwr is al th weake as he consum's attitude becomes more
paive-in he case of he moves for example, whn he sees moe imporance in going rgularly han in the con en of the m. This stace between the cosume an the poucer, he consumr's equent subjecon to eo nomic mora and piica impraves that ar essentiay consrvatve an mysfyng s he principal probem of a lesure vzaon Bu thes recions are no addrss to proems of he producr; hy smpy dene he con sumer's suaion. From hs pon of vew, one an sug gs that he soal groups that paripa mos waky in soioultural values ar hose most passivey sumissv to mass eisure aives as w as hose most atache to amiy an nghbos and to ehr th taitona o o a nw ype of uua solaon There is a conneon eween the two Exposur o mass esur acvities is geate among adoescnts han among aus Ths sing at is in separabe from he majo socal phnomnon o he pro grssve apparan o adoesence as an autonomous soca agory in our sociey young work an m poyes are not engage n a raly skilled rae hey no onge have to olow a socia and professiona appentice shp They immeday porm the work ha they w carry ou or the es of the ves an on reach he top saay These young workrs xhii wo principa char acisics: nense exposur to the mass ma an the
S Paatio tl Ivt
development of an etemy srong nom soial organaon We can fer her to W F Whyes beau u ook, tr Crner iy> a suy of th soa an cutural i o young men, sons o immigant, espcay Ialans vng in a woking·css secon o Boston Boh the good an a liature on teenage gngs has shown to wha egree the stnghning o prmary soa ons whher n acor wh or in opsiton o te aw mes ltte ience-is connect wth th wek egee o invovemnt of hes adoescents n the society in whch they lve as margina indviuas (o asons having o o wih th ethn akgoun and increasingy aso wh ther pofessonal uures) they abanon a or o achieve broa soaiaon and content hemslvs wth a narOw soazaton imid o the prmary group o whch hey eong This socia and cultural trat is oo oen pesente s imina" t s much more oten con srvative The evouon of pematal sexual aionship ang n he Une Sas l in Latn America emonstates a tendency o the precocous staizaon of sexua an emoion reaons among adoscens; teir havior approahs ha of h au in h mdd asss, he sevenenyearod oy speaks o hs grl an pary hanks o tvison he coupe is hus esa ishe-whavr may e the dgre o veopmn n tems o the sexua reationship-reognzed by pans, an accepte into he my Massv onsumpon o mchanzed lesur actvies ar rom causng a reako o pimary soa bonds, is actualy accompanie by a pcocious devopmnt of such ons. Ave parpa tion n prmary groups, o friends o nighbors, quasifamiy, s ony a ompnsaon for wea soa and uura avy posure o mass lsure acivis is he xprs
02
OS.NDURL OC
sian boh o this we picipo nd o he desre fo geer priciption n oc wth sions h ope p this osed worl o gng d mies Membershp i pimry go hghy srcred commniies ws he coniion or creve co n soci d cl ves i sociey n which he c re ws sysem o menig dectly uched o poes sionl soi expeence; now in ms cvilizion i is only he epesson o oe ctl rere wek ricipto in the gene socety One comes o he sme eliion i one consier more brodly he ieeces i behvior mog he soci lsses. In rece svey I ws src wih the sigh imporne o lesre civiy i he peocpions o he woers: in the responses rs mly lie , seco wor opied greer plce A sdy crried ot i Kss City nlye y Hvighrs (i he Amer n Jur f i 197 nd 99) es o he sme concsions The wores ppered more "home cenered less "commy-cenered h he midle css. The ommon imge o Americ civilzio wh ppe middlels ehvio c srico coseqeny mrs ieees n pcipion in om mniy tvies ht re lmos wys ed y sch e sons These "home
Sol acato a ll Ioao
203
soy hi io ond Those who re homeenere whe he home hs rdio eleviso phonogphs mginebypss he sci hierchy o heir com mniy o me irec conc wih broe soci es nd vles Ths he mner i he no o Fnce, soy d cly soled, esbishes hns o hs eeviso se de onc wih he enre world r eyond e dio orms o soc n cltr pricpio o he rn mdle ls As soon s we beg o cosier highy evolve n sri civilzio i which the rion pession n soil sorces o clre hve been i ge p destroyed nd n which clr tivity is ene s the eve o pcipion in vles wore ot entrly nd no longer o he level o indv live eperiencejst s wor is eemied by tehnicl orgzo n no onger y he poessionl eperiene o he worke chme o cr ves h re ond o one's e n primy soil gro s no loge "cve ceive de b rhe he epesso o we picpion n the soc rces o lre In hs sion "pssve sbmion o he mss med s mvershed b ive om o conc wt cl ves A hoe bewee eing o diol cl hemes nd membershi o he pssive compion o he m medi does no eis hese re wo closey con nece mniestos o cl nderdevelopmen which is isel bo o he wek priipion o the msses in he vles d pros o echnic civiliion nd socl democrcy Thereore we mst replce n nlyss h sr fom he inivl he psyho ogicl nions o leisre ivy wih more soiolog
24
T OTINTRIL OET
l nysis t rst f ll nsdrs wt kind rtins xst witin siy sl ss, r n ry, wn individuls nd ulur tms tt r tri ir vrll siy A w v sid, it is indispnsl t uts t srt ut lisur tivts nd distinus vrius un tins t ty ulll. ut n tis prliminry wrk is dn it is dnrus t rry n t nlysis wit t lp f ids t rlt purly indvidul psyl Sn isu tivitis r su sily nd srill dnd j f sudy, i is lmst nvil tt t psyli nns usd will ful f sil prsuppsitins. ]t s n nly justil ut indispnsl t inqui n t ts disjind piwrk n lisur vir; silists nd psyliss, psyitrists nd psynlyss wil wrk tr t rt dvnt t nyss Eri Frmm nd ridmnn dmn stt ut ts sudy f psylil prsss must n nfusd wit t dnitin f sutin n wi ty dvlp nlss s tw pints f viw r lrly sprd, n rsks susin tt industril vilizn dstrys sm rir mny nd ln Wil w v sd tt ndustiiztin runs t trdinl ns pssinl xprin siprs snl ls, nd ulur rintins, w d nt tink f mmnt prindusril ss r s nnins indusriztin r mr vrl ulurl intitiv Mr prtilly, it i dnrus nnt t nsumpin f mss lisur ivitis xusivly pi wrk sn t wrrs mst dirtly su is knd wrk d n sm t t prinpl nsumrs
Sa Pa nd Ctl nv
205
mss lsu vitis Only n t sis silil dnin t siutin undr nsidrtin n n prly uilz ntns tt rr t indvidul r vn s syl study f vir t dvlps in tis situtin. xprssins tie ie nd pie ee sm t us dnrus t t d t ty vr nusin tw nlytil lvls nd insinut t pssv lisur viis rn mdrn niqus r ppsd trditn, individu tiv lsu vits. Ty suptusly intrdu t my f rmnius nd lnd prindusril ivilizin W must futr Ds n t dvlpmnt mss ulu inrs fdm i y sujin prdus t t nrsiny vrid tss puli nsd f ulturl vlus mu mr sly d t t stisd sil rdr? y t sm kn, uld rsnly sd tt t mss rduin rniztins, ut vrd nd sut t nrsinly rpid n, lss rstiv mmrs n ms t d yp n wi irrizd nd vy nnrtd urity limd t nun t mu rr numr. T lst dvnd ndusrl stis r mst uririn nd uurc s dmns divsif n t ulturl rdr d n t nstns xrisd y t pdus m tnutd Ts srvtns rrt n nditin t w dd tt is rdm inittiv nd is pity rt inun r pssvy mr unquly dstiutd mn t vrus prssinl nd s lvs W must rniz tt initiv n ny xist t t tp sy, wil t middl lvls r dmntd y mitiv vi nd t lwr lvls y witdrwl r sudintn t t spls rnizd y si
ONURI OCI
elie. In noher sense, his reinoduce the diincion beween acve and paive eisure acivie o one pre fer beween elie d m cuure Th culurl rati aion can be omewha baanced by song soal mobiiy that due the excusive nuence of backound But hi compension become le and less sucient for today he upper leves dene hemselves les by propey or money han by educion nd manageral roles hat i by cultur chracerisis hi crees culurl barier tha e more dicul o bech than economc bers Above ll he vey esence o ma consumpton llow much moe poten dion of behvior nd tte whch renghen he conrol o the dominant cle nd he uing group Thee two see o obevatons re no condicory Ms ocey on one de appears herchized nd ub jeced to increingly powel foce o cuul mnp ulaton and on te oter sde kind o socil organi aion in which he ndvidul eedom o movemen and choice s more and moe mportn so tha n increing numbe o i member cn ecpe ome of te nuence eecsed over hem and cn c uonomouly Bu does ths not mean that paticpaton ncreasingly domned nd tht withdwl i more and moe common nd can ead o he formion o new lie-syes tha are foein to he ms ocety new subculue o which ch sociey pemi brod poibiles? Perhps hi is he iution men by he word leure. Cuu behvo deemined by both propganda nd ocia eve Bu he ndvda' incresngy pecc and imted ols withn group o wh he belong alow long peiod or the satsfcton of peonal aes hi pem cerin whdrwal om te consin o ocl
Sa artp a Cua Ian
lie he moe he duation of work i educed he moe hi re of socaly uneulaed behavior will be in reed According to the evel o one eduction nd come it w be dediced o ctvite of elxton o to getting way from oci nd cutur presues by escape ehe in space o me he ocal raicaon o eure acviies cn be ummed up n his way: on he owes level are hoe who have te owe ncome nd remain locked no margina ones maked by he decy o elier culu woldimmiran woe from cultually eren counre or egions wore in declnng indusries, he ged, ow-cae wge·ener who y o poec hemee by mainaining amiy bond Above them, hee is he large number o poduction wore who do no partici pae n he ma cuue except by he cquison o poducs nd their conumption of pecac nd who po e{ emelv by withdawl ino primy groups Above them hee ae hose whoe wok i dened by unc on and ran in n oganiaion his oup he mo open o he nuence o eary hierrchied culurl me sge For ths oup pomoion mobily and e mi tion o the hgher gou re eseni obective Finlly t he op hose who perfom ass conneced wih mn agement or knowledge and hve no e "saus anxey culivae an ristocrac ye of ie cuu acvity o s own ske reedom o move n ime nd pce an in tees in eaching or new culual epeience h quick sech how a est h he convenien expresion ulure mens nehe he equlaion o culual conumpion nor he omaion of a univere of leisure aciviy independen rom proessional aciviy Lie esue acivie, consumer cviie re mOe nd
208
DURL E
more socially labeled; innovation i increaingly concentaed at he op. Th cuual integation is no necesarily retrictive It becomes so only i a stongly cenalized political powe acting accong o an explicit ieology goven all cultual prouction When this i not the cae, an increasing numbe o individual have the posibiiy of withdawa ecape o auonomou choice that is they can orm new elective oups his constitute he esence o wha we call eiure and is why in ich ocetie individua who are quetioned genealy feel hemelves " free Bu the essentia fac i ha cuurl aciviy is determned by the level of ocil paticipation by he place occupie on he adder of taication. hi lends itelf to a vey clasic insight hose with weak profeional economic and social participaion ae turned in on primay groups baed on kinship neghbo hod o wo and view the broader society a a pectacle bought into heir home by wod an pictures Moe active leiue activitie develop o he degee ha he evel of ocial paticipation i aied which quie imply eect the concluion of the tatiician: to he degee that he tandad of iving i raised the poion of the budget that can be used for elective peronalied activtie that ae relatively liberated fom he need o elemenary ubitence increaes more han popor tionately Having criticied the illuion o a eurn to active eisue acivitie rooted in a paticula ocial eperience we mus now sep bac fom the theme of ocial paicipa ion and ak wheher it may not lea to coneuence oppoed to those too geneouy asigned i
al Parii a Cul ov
2
uua Dmn f we avoi the temptaion to espond to a new situaion wih the aticial reinocement o an ol ype of diec bon beween an individul and hi socia group and cutue or he specic subculue o a sociopofeiona situaion we mu inquie ino he new natue o e bon beween individual and thei cultue in highly evolved indutial ocietie. Up to his poin we have met ambiou expesion o hi eationship an we mut now serate moe itinctly i implication he beak ing o he bons between cuual acivitie an membe hip in ea ocial group can lead in two irection On one ide one can ay tha acive eisure activitie ae boun o a higher degee o ocial pacipation which i dene by high income or by having at one's dispoiion the geate number o collecive culua inrument. On the oher side one can tae a moe adical appoach an sugget hat culual aciviy i bound to an increasingy complete deocialiaon of he culure We shall ty o ollow thi econd appoach which will how that boaened socia paicipation fa om favoing cultua initiaives only reinfoces socia integration an stratica ion and conequenly culua ineualities and imiative behavior We must begin from he naure of the cultual model in ou ociety When we arm that new culural vaue are ormed on the level o the poucs of aciviy more than on he level of he activity itself we are foced to add that he new cultural models dene ituation moe han be havio Science echnical poge ovecoming itance by mass inormation peed o jet perormances achieved
E P.DRL SE
itruments, machie, o the uman od ae al cutural theme oranized around otion o rore, domation a control o atual condition that involve no ule of ocia coduct Man addened obeve have een in thi a decline o moal value," an ee io of Pometea ride, a atan madne hee raction (ted of thei ideolocal cotent hich i nmortant ere) have the mert (a do those o the moe otimtc adversare o itn on the mo ad oi characte of the e cltura vae Without thi realization, one cannot undetand the imortance o the olem of lere activite or he cotitute at eat aarentl a lea beod the ule that oven mora and ocl lie or deendn on the tone one efe to adot ethe a Hiht rom obliaton or a liberation fom cotant hi eads u to citicze anothe o the eresion that e have ourselve ued: ma eue actvitie o i the mean b hc cltre i ded ae maive he cltual eerience the cotact ith cultral theme moe idividuaized than foerl ince the ma of the aticiat ae often and nceanl ol a ma in the abtract a moveoer o televiio vieer ut actuall iolated from ach othe b the al of thei home o the dae o the teate he examle o the ciema hel u to move eod th uecia tatemet o the cnema must oth e reatc, a S Kacae a hon etcede ar ove ad the ma countenance a te are and at te ame time it eit ol b aouin i the veer mechanim of ojection and identcato, to olo the ceral thee of dar Morn hi uion o the rea orld and the imana manneve better achieved than
a Pci v
2
i te ciematc mage par excelne, the eaged ace o the heo or taene the doble atue of the ma meda The counterpat of the amoality of the theme i the creation y the paticipant themelve of conciou o unconcio attitude contaly innovative and chag ig ree peoa iepretatio of cltral theme whic are oective more ha mode Thi i the ene whc we mut undertand the icreag echniy of leure activitie It i true that tecniqe itef i one o he mot importat cltal vaue n our ociety But techcity plays a wide ole by changing the nature o the coact betwee the indvdal and a great numbe o cultural vaues.
Th technicty eliminate al normative approace to the degee tat they tradtioally imply a certain code of condct A puely technca conceptio of at may fo exampe, egect the meanig of the wok of art; ut dange argely compensated or y the evoltonary woth of th ataction" that eave each individual free to commit h whole peronality to the activity o the cultua contact. The abence of objective" meaning i may apect o the cultre allow each to etablih be wee the elemet o the cultue and hime a drect, personal and partly ncommcable od Let u take te example o dance: a fol dance mot often a grop dance dene each oe' roe moaly and ocially Such a dace posee a heme tat dee each partcpat' tuaton ad eeing partclaly n type of love reationhp To the deee hat the cople become one agent the denition of ocial ole i emoved and the roe o peonal ntepetatio iceae. Nevethele, a waltz o tango still imposes certai setiments on the
PIL O
partcpants. O he other had, the someimes spectcula mportance of techque cotemprary dances allows the daces tota lberty ot ony on the level of mprovsaton (n whch the dace acheves the freedom of a "jam sesso") ut especally o he leve of reatons etween he parers Technue appears o e the ecessary co dton for eraon fom rules ad laws; echque does o express seme i t frees them fom socal ad mora covetos ad estalishes a clea ut secret relaion etwee he parer Everyone senses tha ths example has mpoace oy ecause t evokes love Oly oday is thee nally ang place a geerazato of he gea teme that came from Reaissace taly eghteehcetuy France ad D H. Lawrencepleasue-love tha s esue-love freed from ts soca cosats ad ts moal ues Who would argue that hose who eca tha love s me ad has s ow echues are reducg i o gesures? he impernaliy of is ues is oly he mas of modesty ad secrecy tha covers the encounte of two pesos hs freedom fom rules ad from accepted o socially imposed models of ehavor s he true measure of he exsece of leisure actvtes Mateay free me has ee developed a the expense of worg ime oth n erms of the wee and of sandards of livg Eve more mprtan progress has een made terms of fee ac viy he passage fom cuure o lesure ad moe speciay fom foloe o lesure acvty hs chage s so pofound ha he tem esur iy as useful ad re ealig as it s sometmes seems isucent It would e prefeable spe of delierate uegulated ehavor hose facets of cultural fe hat are farthest fom lesure acvtes i he orday sense of he wod ei
Soa rpto Clt oao
dence he same culur change that s chaacterstic of our tme. It w i suce to ase he example of elgous fe: i evoluion s aogous o ha of dance n the example tha we have just ased The mos elemetary aalyss of relgous behavor can dsigush a least hree deret means. There s st wha we ca call adona egionrecnzg te grea iexactes of hs tem-the depedece ad sumissio of ma eaive o an order hat is o aura ad supeaura o whch oe mus conform, a kind of relgion n whc ries ad Obatios pay a ceral role ecody here s membershp a church or sec, that s a soca orgazaton tha s srongy bound o he surroudg SOcety. The simples of such bods s he correspodece eween relgous aaton or roles ad social stratcato: he lack who has come to Chcago gradualy clims te herrchy of churches as he grows more posous d moves from he norh to he souh of e lac secio_ Fnay here is eigo as he apprehension of huma destny, exstence and deah. In Wese society, de-Christiaizaion, he cumblig o col lapse of Chistan socety has reduced the mporance of he st two aspecs of regious lfe ad f t does no ncese, a leas t isolates he imprace of he hrd I sugges at the hisorc imprace of "progesse Chrsaiy does ot esu om he fac ha t ries o asfom he ole of socia allegiance of he Cathoc--r ProesaChurch as much as from he c tha crticay cu the tradional es of egous ife ad opens the way o auonomous egous behavior. Lke the dace ad panting, relon becomes a leisure acy ha s, deberate, uregulated behavor personal ad secre: he pies-worker is ot exterally dierent fom
TY TH P S T . I N D U T R A L S O C E
ose with whom he works; he is not proected by a coection of outward ules of ehavior he simpy give his ie a dieret meaning. he Chrisia ad the o Chrsia o onger ive i deret socieies ad mora words; they simpy ve deret exriec�s. . I thus reatig eisue activty ad reigO, o etion is no o equate regious ife wih moves or bowig but o recogze i a he aspcts of cuture he same genera evouto that casts ight o the pro foud meanig of eisue aciviy: the passage rom sociay and moray reguated ehavior o acion freey oriented oward ojects or vaues ha aTe a he more demandng of the indvidua to the degee that they are
o longe separated rom hm by a layrth o socia
codes This ransormaton of cultural acivies comes io
coRic with some corary tendencies t ca be vewed a a reinforcement of socia picpatio ad iegao in wO mai w ays Firs, the strugge agais he iuece of commeciazed cosumpon may ead o a coectve ogaizaion o eisure actvities ad to he de.veopm coecve istrumen trough which socia eao S achieved ecod ms cosumption may ead o a i ceasgy pecise saiatio he divesiy of ifsyes eig repaced y he hearchy of ivig sadards ad the seegaion of dierent styes o cosumpn \e us pause over these tendencis hat are destruve to esure activies.
In the rst place, it is poible o admit our criicism o
"cutua withdrawa ad ye to interpret i i a diee sense rom ours if it is true oe may say that the cutura themes of our socety are ess oud han ormey o pro-
Sci Paicon Cl nnvn
fessoal actvity and to the partcular social expeece of iduals ad more to products ad siuatios born of he acivty of the coeciviy he bod etwee he cu ue ad the sociey mus be created ad maaned by e coleciviy iself ad idividuas must e put i con ac with culural vaues by meas of collecve isru met If the ea o culura prcularsm is over ha of he ogaed partcipation o all i the common culture is beginng Ths colectivs pson s quite aurally opposed y the leralsm o the rich countres n which he deveop ment o livg standars the diuso o educaion and of the means of informaon heoretcally perm all o reach all the maeria ad no-material products of the cuture his smple opposton s evertheless false, o it wllfully cofuses cltral activiy wth he sttu ioal condtios hat alow individuas o have conact wh the products of the culture In sressng the indivdualiato of cuural activiy we have touched oly he rst o hese prolems It is possie to defed a he same me he dea o a socia io of cultua acivies, if oy to cicize ther com meciazaton a society ike ous; u tis poitica son has no igh o decare ha access to cutual goods s necessarly boud to more rigid oia integra tio and must e accompaied y uiveal adoption of ceta ehavor models one accep or precedig aalyses, such a positio signes he dsappearance o he udametal meang of leisue actvtes hat is the idvdual's feedom o e· havior whe he particpaes i cerai cultural ojectives Sovet socety cosders antsocia ad reactoary every eor to realie either obly or poorly his freedom of he
TH PST.NUSTRAL SETY
o nots the barriers fomery rase by loc n pr fessional commues -proect cetan specc acvi tes of these communies; hey aim only at solaing certa socal group n ther pracce of actves which
ae o oger specl o hem. There s more han money behn such barrers Vennese socal emocracy ate Wor War I was se up as a socey whn socey: one playe chess, bllas cs in sociaemocratc dubs
Likewise, the member o he Kommol end to solate themselves rom ohe. Accodigy, we aeran a socia stracaon n the pracce o leisue acvtes a he same me as here s a desatcaion of he lesure acivtes themselves. Greaer homogeney of e coet o the actves is accompaned by a seng-up of paros n
he socal foms hey ake hese remarks lead drecly o a more geerl formula tion. The breakdown of the adtioal bods bewee cuua acvies and paicular socal colectivtes opes the way o wo oppoed procees he st gives rse to wha is called mass socey ad ma cultue hs makes cul tua actves arbues o soca funcio ad social
level; makes them producs o be consumed A5 de Jouvenel has wsely recalled hs democracy of mass con sumpo rests o the prcple of he nequal vote Not only do the rch voe ha is buy more ofe than others but since vg coss absob a much smaer part of ther income, they enjoy a uasi-monopoly ove the creation of consumabe goo d sevices Clua acviy is sub ected to soca strataion ad also to he oms n whch wor is orgazed he socal orgnzao o space when t leads to segegon accodg o ncome levels, n ceases he uece of soca negao For her part, he large ms especaly whe locaed ousde meropo
Scal Particpn and l Ivatio
tan centers, constue hieachied socal and cutura mleux. hs mass socety segthes the iuence of the aeas of pmary ocalizao especally he family Culurl n stumens wthi he home, eghbohood elatons and voluary ocal assocaos enforce socal ad cultural dsance, and eduae hildren songly deentaed wods his ecals some of the best·kow themes of David Resman I is unneessay to repea here how futie it would be to oppose to s strated society he ostalgic dream of a commuty and o imagie a meopls both ich the stmulaons o the mass socey i whch there would also be he form of geeralied partcpaon of a smal peidusral cty or o oe of hose lowerclass neighborhoods so beloved by snobs Let us recall agai that hs social inegraion o cul ual actvies ca ke forms ohe han ma consump on It can be achieved by admnstaive means rahe han by commercial means he collecve arrageme a he commus munciplties n he worker cons ousde Pas have ofen set up i a remarkable mane are also means to acheve a hgh degree of negaon Ther advaage s hat hey coueac he ueces ha lead o maon her weakness is ha hey enclose the consumer on a mddle level where he s deprved of reaviy The soc ramewok buil aroud lesure actves n Soviettype coutes mos ofe sreghen social moby by placig emphasis on stuco p esioa advancemen and polcal paricpaon and a the same ime esablshes an exteme cultural conserva ism ha multples cosevaores o culture raher han ceners o novaon he commerca ad admsra ve varas of socal nerao are assuedly vey df
0
IDUR SI
feent rom one another bu each gves abolue prioriy o negation and o renforcemen of he ocal hearchy The other posible diecion "deociales cultura acvie I more drecly relae a clra model baed on cenc and ehncal nowledge hene on sysems of formazaon rahe han dea and oc-moral con en wth a defense or armaon of perona exene Becaue or ociey is orened by knowledge and deve opmen ha , becaue t techncal he ndvdal dened by h own peronaliy ousde of h pofesona and oial ole-culates new demand inead of beng governed by a specic mage of man, ocey, and he word Eduaon les and le dened a ocalizaon ha as an apprencehp for ocal roe On one de it i the learnng of langage on the oher he dscovey and fomaton of personaliy hee two oienaon are n conan tenon bu they ae no conradory hey boh bypa he organzaon of the ocal hearchy: one by going ove i hrough culural model he ohe by gong under hrough he auonomy of personaliy A onemporary ndural ocey poee cutural ceatv y o he degee ha i couner he onrol of traed onsumpon by etabshing an allance between ndvd ualy and cutural models ha are increangly fee of any patcular ocal conen Culural atvy oppoed o ocal organzaon. Sc ence and ndvduaty are aled agin negraon n mave organzaon and agan he sracaon of lfe styles Culure i amed as the creaon of a "ae of nae acordng o Serge MocovcV tha s a he con2 rg M, r 'hT e d r (Par: Fmrn 98
ca Ptco ad ll nnovton
structon of a relaon beween man and h mater phycal and bologcal envronmen We mut rejec he spercal oppoton beween work and eure and re place t wh he oppoon between culure and ocal organizaon In a ocety of ma producon and conumpon there canno be radcal eparaton beween work actve and acvte outde wor The force tha domnae ociey do no any longer exere her inuence only wthn rm; whaeve hee force may be they extend her on rol o he whole of economc and ocal lfe to conump ton a well a to the organaon of pace and educaon Consumpon a wel a profesonal acvty dene one's plae n a herached ocal yem In a derent way however creave acvty no to be idened wth he organaton of work The reearher no an execve. Senc dcovery is not the manage men of the m; he language of mahemat not hat of he bureauray Lkewise herarchzed conumpon s no idented wh he armaon of he ndvdual n the econd part of h eay we showed hat "ma clure had wo complemenary aspec racaon of onumpon and herarhzaon of he foms of personal aHonomy here s no apparen spl beween hese ob servaon and he new propoon ha we have j n roduced in instng on boh he mpoance of abstract cuura model and the mporance of prvae lfe n ou knd of oety Ye here profound opposon beween hese wo repreenaons In he r cae culral be havor s emboded n oal ratcaion n he econd it rancend n term of boh ctural models and peronal "need Ths why he role of youh epecially udent s so
·INURIL I
mporan in culral demands. They are the gop leas negaed n he scal orgnaton and stracation, the gp ms ataced by he new forms o knowledge and most invlved n e poblems pesnal fe Whie mss clLre reconciles and cnls te tw pes f o cltral system by sbjecng hem to he framewok f soca organzaon clual demands appea to creatvy aganst paricpaton bear wtness t he cnRct beween knowedge and peronal fe and he opposin between ltra initiatve and social gnion Enugh has been sad abou yh and s prtcpain n he mass clure o recall hee ha n separang cl ta actvy frm scal patcipaton ne s als thnng of he suaton of he elderly Ther magnaly s hope less if he ony opeave pncple s he vrtes f socal patcpaon he degree f pacpaion s neeaiy slght; tey n longe have pfessional ativity the n come s low the apacty o patcpan n a socey apid clral changes s dmnshed Eveyone knows that n advance s made n solvng hs problem by deamng f cmmunes f he eldely r lbs f he ered. he lie of the eldely can be enhaned only i ld age like you-s ecogned as a paca expeene as the time f ee acv and no f socal paipaton as the tme fo memory and magnaton raher han ereat Abve all does not he conscOsness f e bdy a ths age best nfy pacpaon n scenc knowledge and pena eperence? I reae that hese ae csy ob sevans bt tey dcate a genel dectn o eec tn r or socees wll be maked by a growng nm be of ndividuas abe to pacpate nly weaky in soey: the eied the ll and the handcapped I we mease hem nly accodng t he degee o patcpa
Sl Pin n Ctl nnv n they wU reman nohng b magna ndvdals hs reasonng hdden nder the slent acqescence f the majoiy acceps the entroducn o wechedness a he very moment when prgess n pductivy ends t diminsh mporance in the wod f work he prvaiaon o clre that we ae dscussng can only be creave i s bound t patcpatn n the culal objecves tha dene he hsorcty of ou sc ey: knwledge the sysems o fomaan the ans ormain of the nvee hi can cme abu only hugh he econlation f t presses Fst clral mdels and languages ms be massvey dused and placed at he cene of scey, no a ts summt hs s he seing n whch he poblems of ed atn and the ciy mst be psed n boh cases t is a mat er of descaling the la mdes tha are pposed f weakenng he roe o hetage and o "conent a om seekng o rereae generaled patpaton n sc culual values technicctral mdes ms be df sed and bond o the demand of pesonaliy A plays this ole o he degee ha t assocaes fomalan and imagnatn that t is dehmaned that s t bemes anguage and dese insead o message and epesena ton of scety and s sentmens he cty s a place of e change and consmpn bt t can als be a wrk atno a place n which woks of ar ae encosed bt non o artstc consrcons and imagnaive appea, a natal aher han a sal place whee mae and maztions ae ssiaed his image o he cy is the pste he uban cm munity ha s reqeny opposed t he ctes whse growh has been bond o ndsrialaon ts bass s nt the search or soal negan and paicpain b
URL ET
the copeentit nd epion of cete of cl ece o the pce of peron ife. Thee woud ocup dipeed hbtt in whch nre" w xed wth exbe bn ptte Th e ppoe condebe deveopet o indvd nd colective en of rnportion Th edenc i evdet o ero polt center, whee the er cit ept d the od ecton e ether dionied o e eoccpied b new tocc ed to p der or proxit to the cene o cltl inuence d coption of the pt The jorit of the ption ctteed n oe d oe dt burb; the epto of dweipce fo wokinpce becoe n inceinl co poble to eolve but t i oe of the ecooc cot of ew otio of pce jt the eet o ld uppoe ipont ivetet in l id o conicton Secod beond hi coexitence thee ut be cltur citci of oclied conpton If eie not to be onl tter of copio it ut be ded nd citic. h i wh hee i o uch lk of cutr revo nd oppotio o he oce nd ocl inerton Th wh he oppoton oveen nite cen, tit, nd the on t he force o ocl neron nd cutu ipon. Grievce d den be dieced r nt the educto of peo lfe to the deie to cone o pee, d to ucceed, ebehed oen with lo of efexpeion Coecled eotci nd fhion e two of he bou e which pofod cu· t iovio tht ofte tfo oe' elohip to the bod e ecupeted" b the herchied word of coei d oe Th exple how tht o oppoe cultue o ct citici if the wee
S c d utl nnvn
entie epte e would ke the lte ee he defee of tditonl or toctic ode The ctul epreet oppoed pocie" which oiet the di· oton o foer cuurl for n dieet directon Nothi oe uperci th lob codetion o cle nd content Oe u oppoe o thi rejection citic ttude tht ee cutu inovtion o the ocl coto tht weih it dow Jut the t cetu oe totl reected idutio, o ctci o t ocil conto d o the ue to whch i w pt led to the fotio o ocil oveent d oci che Ct dend ut o be dected i the oci utiltio of ciec owede; f the eject thi tpe o kowlede ode to pefer ideoo o eotiol the becoe ecti the wi be eectve whe the uetio the llice be twee kowede nd the oci oder epec the cofio o teectl copeece wih the power o e deciio in he uiveit te h ct ded cetive on if t unted," o if it doe ot becoe the too o new orce of oci teton Whe oe oppoe hh ctue (conideed liberin) o he edi thi onl the defene o n riocrtc coception o ocie which renforce hierched te of conpton Whe oe oppoe the oiio o eure cvie to ee ie, one onl popo derent fo of oci eton oppeive, nd oete ore o The technque o culturl dio peitt et to the deree th the e ot reued b the politc d dittve uthoitiethe expreo of the ito d the ded o the peoit ococlt oppoton ht in the coto o copton. Ed
226
-DUR CI
a ad tc t allw h gat m atcat h w ltal mdl vd hat h lba th dvdal ltal avy ad ctc crat a aad wth ad B th t al ha h a f th mv gaza ad ad c m I h way, w d ad ha d cd h mt ft d May hav cd B' ca a a f d way dd t d l l l malty ad fw val h gat wd aly ca h ctl f ltcal w ad lg cla O ct d a a f dy ad a ca f c hy d dvct t th d y all h tct ad tatcath dmad ad catvty f h dvdal a wl a th al dmad f wldg ad t laag Th l l dlgal tha aa ay t add ha cty a fc wht gaa atat, ad mham cal ga F a clgt h blm f acvy t aal ma d h aty agat ty ad t tat b va t tw h ca d ad t trmt f grat had ad th f f ct vt ad a dca t th ha mt b k h fal y what alld ma mt tad f cdg t a a a whl that m acct ad h j h clgy f l atvty th tdy f th ct w cal ga ad la ca
POSTSCRIPT
Why Socologsts?
hav dd m f h a f th w y ha gradaly bg gazd ad A t ah a: Ca h cmt h cl g accay d h hag a cy i dgg ha ty avly vlvd wh h hag thgh da, ct ad a adj m a l aaly aat ty dh bf th w tgg ga f ltal f wa afmd ad dlg ad ta aad Aft havg abd f a lg tm y h lm f t w m tct y h d v E ad th ldy tac t th d d mvmt f th czd l Fh ty ha gadally cc f th gc
28
OT-DTRL OCT
and dicte ihee i economic growth. U vey recey t had o expeeced, ethe i deas o aios he coicts rased by hs gowth; one resut was he weaknes of sociologca anaysis ocooy hestated in decsvey betwee an deooy hat eded a soia probems to resstace to ecessay ad sef-jsed hage ad ecoue o oos iheied fom an eae sitato The pogess o socooga aayss s no sm py a maer o deveopg studes o worg out ew oceps It sup}se that socey w reat to is ow chages tha t wi dee obectves ad expeece he soca ad cta cocts hogh whch the decion of he chages ad he fom of the ew soiety may be debated f he theme ha s hough the pecedg chapters he bih o a ew ype of socey the po ammed socey mees such sog essace is o because Fench socey s passvey udegog s hages rathe ha ivg them ot votay he mdst of hope ad coc? Bded by he vigo o eoomic gowth and the apd iy o socia chage socooy ha oe efsed to dene the new sociey tha is beg omed out of ecoomc so ia and cra hage Whehe imit tse to study ing he codos or eecvey adapig dvidas ad gops o chage o stcs to otg he conane of ode foms of ecoomc powe cuta eqaes ad soca cocs it tus away om he research ito ew deemats o owh ew soca casses, ew srgges, ad ew modes o soca and cutua aco he chap e o hs boo ae a proest agas a socoogca "em picsm ha coas he meag of hsoc chages wh oee cay by appeang o chage modenzao o the mass socey ad ocenaes a is aeon on
coogss?
229
he espoes o dvdas ad goups o a new uao What we eed mos gety s no an aaysi of soca be havo bt of socey, cosdered o oge as a staio bt as a system o acon a etwor of cta oienta ios ad powe eatioships ] Fech sooogy hesaes to comm e o hs path a age pa o he easo s ha ech socey is ot mag t ow hstoy he exhaso of he Ja ob mode o[ aco has oe bee deouced b amos aways he ame o a eobera pagmasm ha speas oy o adapao exby ad saegy he spg o 1968 Fech socey had ot bee domated by ay gea socia ad poica debae Ths does ot mea hat s pemaey ee of soca sgges and deo ogies n ac s domaed by he eg o the Whgs that s, the combao of he od and new g casses unde he potecto o a Sae ha s boh poweu ad sHig mode ad osevave hs sese we can spea of depotczao, whch does ot mea dieree on the pat o the eecorae or the dsappeaae of hoices or conics The potca paes deend the teres of certa socia goup see to dect {he Stae ad somemes reate themseve to overa cocepos of potica powe and the soca egme ut hey ae hady at a vved by ay questo ig of poica powe Poiics seems apped o he eve o sios t does o ueson the uig powes whose ahoity goves he fctog o he stu os Vey oen poitca setmet mst become voved wh aaway pobems beoe i ca tae fom We have poca nsios some o them wsh o ceate ew powe othes wsh o omba t poca semes and he suios amos neve come io
23
TE TNTRL CE
oat Polia hough is udiplied outde he i ttUo ol prolem ha e poed ol throgh eo pma ha o th tde almo a of hom ad outde o politl orgaao A a ial moeme ad a tua prig th Ma Moe met a ot a rop politi for ded a ogam, a oganization and a taeg a udi ed a i eaed conadicions: t had ther the ll or h apat to furhr he tttoalzatio o he oi that t triggred t mporta is de to the at that i resoed o Frh ot h consciousness of it htot; hat t uetoed por ad a elato that it aised up ideoogies ad uopias; that t mod the eaizaion ha a oet ot o the olleto of the means ad eecs o eoom gowh bu rimarl the ofroao beween th fore tha tuggle fo the otol o hag ad o th rato of atagoti mode o[ delopmet Th aal o contempay ot a o e de ogia o og a uh oal moemet do ot reeate a ate o horit hh oiolog a the ud deie ad explai Bu oiooga elaao aa zed he d he oia atio ha ea it oet o i m e meey rpode he oo e of he artpat i he ao ad ofe ther taeme th it o o he ea gatherd th oo tt moe to he i eto ha to he reult of socioogial aal he eah tr o eate o h oal movemens hoe ao aloe juie ther extee he aso tr to eep a disae om he paicipans ad thr ideoogies. In th ee our eo is anaogous to tha which pred uder dl ad ra odo i he teahig
oc?
23
of oolog O the oia ommimt o th td a aom he aaltial or o th teahe t i he eahe' ole o otat eoe h t dmd of oedge, o epae ideog ih exaato a io h eao h i di oda h th e oal momet are td ad o th ieiti d polia eo egh ( do too hea o the hghl e ati o ieeal ali Bu h diut mu aolute o alloed o d u a to apoahe ha eem r rotd om dagro oamato h ould the om lt tumh of deoogy eaue it od rlud th dat ad trugg hat dee the hito xtee o a ot Frh oet hagg erta B toard wha led whom ad a hat rie? In m opinion, ooogy ha er e a moe ao al poo h deito o he dameta meh am o oa eoluto ued to e ssined to tri eoomi aa toda goh ad hage a l e od a he re o oa roe rolem o poer ud o deed ih hoe of he S d h o poltial a a a ara ite eaated om oology oda he le eatohi d e o fo etee oe ad itituto i tdig to apar Ititutio are omig o e here o oia meag hle oe eag o did th oage ag h irodued the otio of hod (eprise hh eem o ii rimarl o he im eroal haace of a or hat ho l ot muh thogh do a the almot atrl og of l of orgazatio prodto ad deomag t dd moe t apa o impede he oia · dtme h the oal otrol o h ium o
H OTNUTR OT
ng y mposo o sovrig w T sp o soioog nysis gows o g soy's piy o o s incss I s ru oy poso o oso sms ou o pr s spr o nss, w o r vourism on o s o or ps so jo o w ons sooogs s su o opposig pssus rom s or u ps Ovy omp rrs o M upsg mus o p Frn soy o is rom o isor o I s o oug o r gns soi y s u o onomy on o s n o pso powr o o i s o noug o jvs n mos o poss poi on o mus rog rs o r soy i mos Europ sois, is ving mo mor rou sg on v o sor o I v oms p o og so o ov i ous mp o o so ] srogy ou soioog w o n y rson or xisig or y o rog ni s gr proms Durg r yrs, soiy s sumg i prospry n gow Toy, so n po wng o y 68 rs s my r poms sm sou guy gow us· m o ogng n um r ous govn , pogmm rs s rio o opposio oms ou, soy w s s py o o s spp i w u o voi g io p Soo w oy onsn o soy. s s o on mor so o rmng nssy o sooogy, nssiy is o ony nu u
Wh Soiolosts
pso? Oy sooogy ms possi o nscn orions w impson ono s y oy n vo in m o pson oiv civy Oy socoogy n sov po y o ou soiy vo sc pow n impson oo n soi momn n rvo inu pom g sooogis poi pom s soiy: ow sorm o vopmn onu prpon in soi g spns n unvoi i on ono wn oo n vo oioo no ogr oppos o so osis xgs mor vus mo n o , nor onn is w sig mn o so pr s i ou unsoo ipny o p i c ups w o sori io or oo og so oogy s go og s gs oo p n r poii wg o soy sus, or s usoig o i os n orms o is ognio, ows soioogs o r sovr uniy o oj o s suy o is own wor
Index
Aln. J 18 Agen War 10 lienation 7-, 1, 12-1 61, 63, 7 4, 14 Am Feat f abr ! Amns 3 Anahu 170 Anx nd 3 X$ Chtophe 141- n Raymo 12, t 10-13, DacheeT F 175> Bah H P 1 Bana ChS 141 Bassl en�. 14 Bax tem 6 Bnak K 36 Bhaio, 223, 141-, 14 lee 204 67, 212, 13
en Ra 41 eot e Bnnett 36 eon Hni eel ee Ui\ oa ele, Alf A J 43 a P anq At, Pte 17 lh·Lan! F 184 aacy: , 145, 156, 69 7, 2- oganzati 8 , 56-, nivit 3, 13 aca 6, 7 n hma 13 10 Cae 12 li 6 8 21-2, !2,
2 Captam oned) 50. 56, 7', 78 143, 149 154, 57 Z Cent1 wdh bor Ogn tion 133 Gerteau M d, Can a 6 11, 47, 73, , 93, 05 Chauiu, Pre. 8 Chiago hool o Soology 35 ChJa d au Pau H., 35 Chstian wor! ' unon (CFT) . 114n 64" ties, 1 6 55 99 116 195.217 , 218 223-4 C: cncts, 1617. 7. 63. 7, 75 76, 78 120, 156 cniousnss 1-2, 36 movemns u Movement oppition 50- ty 29-4, 5 5truction o, 3-7 structu 69 77 82£ 156 Clas ee Scia as Cohn-Bend Danl 89 107 Cluma Unversty 90, l25h/, II mmuniton Se noaon Cmmunim Cnese 79 en, 89, 9 II l 12 IH 126f 6 l85n 29 vet, 7-8, 91, 59 1, 21 6 218f tpian. 127 &e ao C«osloaa Le arx, Toyte ommunity See Decnrala; Gups, unty Negh· rhood ompany Set Firm Conedration Frise et Dm rtqu du raa (CFDT) , 164 Condraon g��rle du traal (CGT) , 00 36 185 Conderazon enera taao d Lavor (GL 164
IEX Conc cla, 17, 47. 6�. 7� 5. 76 78 , 156 nduta nstiutionalizd, 17 2, �8, 4 47 27 3, 67, 77-8 lao, 46. 48, 92 nsttnalizd. 109. 2 5, 67. 76. 8 sal 4 17 56, 76. 80, 82 ne 6 94 7. -20 24f 2 479, 71 77. M 9, lO, 5. 16, 14 66 175 214 9th ntuy 2 34 6 7 105 onorty 9 42 onousn lass 1-2 4 6 onsumr. 5. 4 6, 6 av/p 196 1920 onfs 6. 158 t s on cts sial Csumpn ma atudes t wards, 835. 159, 20. 24 s nstmen. 5 49. 5-. 66 7, 1590 ne [ultue ]9-9 2 28 224, o"ton. 24 66, 76 43 S, 1697 IOI atty. 5 I. 2,20,220 22 Cozer hl. 6. 76, 170 Culte m appoa 10 5 dnd 197 207 doaliztn 209 220 22 ndendnce and 97 99 ntiatve and. 209, 217, 222 manpulaton o. 7. 1 74 84 lS 206, 22 May \ment and 03, 1 15 mements ad. 12-31 35 6 6 rsults 209. 216-17. 218 social intgratio and 7. 209.214 222 224 tadonal 12, 29 2 -3. 4 202, 21415 21718, 29
nx Culture mas coiued wor 196 youh 19, osloa 20 25hr M 7 hndof. R ! 42 57, 76 77 Denlaon, 24, 6, 7 Dsonmakng sms 7 e F, rganan D Gaull et Gaule. hars de Dmocracy, 798 Depden ee Partcpation Despotsm 71 Domnat as 53, 6 . 70char 26 Domnaon socal, 78, 69 reblion aganst 10 6, 71 Dmadr J, 198 DuPon. 155 Durand , 18 Duran \ 55 Durhem, m. 22 Dutsch R 26 Ecole S cho cno, 212 57, 180 and dvopment 51 7 and th 245 47 79, 8 95 97 101 107 27 14 9 ad pogr 5 72 Eonos indusr. 51 ont, 86. 9- bera 7 1 9 md/volunta!t 46 83 85 9 duton 45 72 76, 95 61, 75 ultur and 7 27 22 pofiona tanng 2 51! 60 66 878 96 97 9-9, 65 ee a$ chos nersities te 24 4�, 44 50 9 74 96 55, 206 Emplos Su Wkers
2 Empoent tdn ee Ed ton Engn 58 Engand. O, 3 9 20 130 : 75 7 Eninmen ee Ci, S Erh Ludwg. 12 Eutive. 4 7 Exrts 7Dha. 174 xploation. noc 7. 8, 34. 6 67 105 4 ates 9 4 Famly f Se am draton des tuans lutonnars (R 89 Fnan 72, 57, 164 75 ee abo Investment irm () : adminstraion/organ ton n 48 523, 15-5 6770 72 as ommuntions netwo, 72 on or 44 4. 148 52 15 175, 879, 9 in ntractual sces 84. 186 utu and, 97, 21-19 decision-aking 6, 62 01 52, 57, 158 16 7. 175 79 18 n grt of 55 57 16 69 e'otion of, 1 73 7 9 excun of r n. 52 -9 " exa ntests/e o 57 8, 16! 9, 7 goas of, SO, 57, 70, 180 n. govemet Stte) 11 6, 75 790, 18 head o, 7,2 56, 67 19, 80 88, 19 as nittn, 4 50 162, 16 4 167 169 1879 nter /stuture 167 9. 79
NDX Frm (s) oied) and labo relatiops 145. 1567 160-1, 168, 19 n lao nions 53 160 14 l 1768 179-8 18 10 191 in iberl soctis. 1781 18, 185-6, O- in mnaged/vounrt iti, 78 179, 181-3 18, 5, 1 91 manaemnt o. 148 153, 56-7 166 1670 79, ISO-, 191 a of 17 158 11, 175 ationalized Frenh 4 poliizaion of 6, 180 pwer of, 17, 7�, 7 privt syste of private/publi. 2 5m 16970 role o 17, 10 5 6 17 oal ers of 161 6 oa prolms in, 7l. 72. 17. See asQ Crporion rganiza ion Ford. Heny. 55 ourh lan, 5 14 9 290 31 38, 59, 8, 9 0 120, 125charl 12 1 177 181 183, 186, 20 2 216 219 27 ee d Gov en, c; May Mov men Fdom 2, 20 21-16 Friedmann, Geoes 7. 19B, 204 Fmm, E Galbraith, Joh K 4 62 au Cals d 88 5 1 109 12' 117, 2, 27 Gany 4 50 88 120 122 6 16-7 181, 8 dhorpe, H 15 ment an nomal gss, 8, 51 71, 78 100 101 59 16!, 5
Govment (oied) ntnon o, n industry, !B, 6-7, 56 162 16! 179-0 19 entury la of !O- socia cni and 24, 4 1!5 159 164 207-8 21516 socia/student movmnts and 126 128 -2, 3 Govment, nh Gaulist), 15. 35 18- ono issues and 51, 00 126-7 177 29 May Movnt and 9 9-7, 1 12-!. 109, 16, 117 4 Grene agemn, 0 Gous coi. 1, I!, 1, 176 22 doinated 2 dry 2223 fcal. 157, 164, 175 fod 2 0 9 indusral 157, 64, 175 pressure. 67-. 76 primay, 21-2 2OS rsistne, 6!-5 at ruing 24 S, 74. 20 a, 51-2 201, 216 217- thnoat as 5S speial iet 67, 68 Guth, Gegs 69 Harbison. Frdrich H 61. 181 Harmann, H 181 Haghut, 22 Halth, 48. 67, 72 Hegl, Gor W F 8 Hiarchy ia 2 29 2 Hing. 55 67 22 Huma eaios $hoo, 12 dentity 54 lO 1, 6S Indnde. en 197 9 Indusria rlations. IS2 a so Con idusria
I Industrition 19th cntuy, 6. 29-Sl !4. !8, 62, 7S. 74. 81, 8S, 98 105, 20, 140, 149
Indusy: trnfoation oE, 1485 15
ao Corpoaion Fim,
gition, esearc nquait 76. 209 27 218 aion, 5 nformaion deonmaing d. 62S 65, 72
mass, 1 71, 72. 9S 195 197 20-2. 20S, 2
Instituon ( , poliicl powr s 12 25haJ 23 2312 ee o ir gnizto, U \'erities Insituiona Revoluion pary (R) S2 nao 7. 209, 21 2 224 e aL Conts ntec. 9910 en 7, 45- 4, 5. 73. 56 Ialn ommnis ar (PCI) , 6 taian scaist prty (U) , 26 Ialy, 18 20. 3B 20, 124, 144 Janowi, Mors 76-7 Japan, 2 99 2 2haJ, 28
Jeunes Combtes Rvo1utonnai CR) , 89 Jouvnl. Bertrand d, 75, 179, 218 ues E A 4
rr, Ca SO Kirk, GTyson Knoledge prodtion and, 5 12 51 61, 68, 97 98 102 222 caer. S 20 abor S nons, Work Wor movent
tn Amrica 121 1 2, 31-2 201 awr, avd H, 212 de 64, 1 16 166, 176 fb, Hen, 55 126 Leo, aude 89 Lisure aiviies activepassi 1 19720, 205f malized, 200 224 os abou, 24 216 eaier, 194, 202 212 211 5, 217-8, 219 o ldry. 2223 and om, 2O. 20 govent and, 207-8, 215-16 hobbies nd. I5 mdia ad. 19!. 195, 197, 199. 200-2, 20S poduct onsupion and 979 214, 2 224. eligon ad, 2!14 ole/wor and, 7£ 19 197 ul 19. 195, 20S l partiption ad 23 214, 217, 222S cal stricaon ad, 2027 209, 24 21 soolgl ew o 2O! in ovietype coun 215-16 18 29 chniciy and 211 tr did, 210, 212 Lein, Vldmir 0, 1S 3 Lif faiy 175, 202, 207, 208, 21 prva, 56, 8, 0, 2 222,22 9, 195. 23 syle 7, 35 201-2 206 207-8 2117 ignon, Jan, 36 ipset your Main. 29 ivin. sadard o !O S5 45, 95 15 4. 2 24
Lkood, , 5 Love 22 Ludte& 2
D Situtioni 107 Sloan, A, 1 oa chnge See hange a Social sse 278 dominad 4 7Ohart, 74 former, 4769, 70chr, 7, S 82 85 93 � new, 479 70eat 74 7 See omnant lss, Mide cas ulin cl Tehno cas, Uper cls, oring � oa conc See Conict Soal roups S Gous ol ie 6 0 ol moblity See Mobty Sol movemns Su MOments Sol oganizon S: O ton Socl rionalization ee Raon ition Sol reson$ibliy espon blty Sol euity 00, 2 Social spae. See Sae Sal sracation. See StiQ tion alism, 8 20, 32 7 91 127 13' "Soalsm u rari 8 Soeis; collectic 8n See DU Cmmunism contctu nstia, 7, 6, 190, 91 libea ura, 7 1, 190, 191 manaed/olunrist industal, 46 8-3, 86 90, 19 9 enty indust, 6. 2-31, 73, 74 81 83 98 20, 126, 140 49
in, 42 7 olian, 423, 44 7, 79 iional, 2 29 leisure n I, 20, 29 ocioloy pproh of 6, 216, 3 7, . 14 30
Socolgy (ninUd) clue nd, 2039, 226 rms and 30, 47 il cons and, 99 2, 7 Soronne 88 12 W 37 II May Movement Space, socil, 72 217 218 22 abo Ci Spin 28 Salin Jpb, 9 1 Staer, G M. 3n Sate Su Govemen Stus 60, 63 Strsbou nivey, 106 07 Stiaon al 77 82 202 7 24. 27f Stie ( Frenh eel 38n 91 7 27 l, 9 7 student 89, 7 112 Studen (s atiudes of 87, 989 18 29, 23 increase in number of, 12 97 9 elo o 1. 70· hr 99, 0 tang S: Educion Sudet movemet ($) Amein 89, 6 293l !, 37 cmn o 88.• 9 38 s cltul eolt, 98 23 36 nli, 19 formed, 99, 23 French, 119 27 29, 30 Mrch 22 0, 108, 8 at Nantere S8 0J Nan 07 <J 88 st·s, 107n at Sbou 106, 07n Vnnns, 2 S / May Movment German, 88, 6
e Stent movemet () ontnud) ideology nd, 1367 ln, 26 Japnese 99, 128 politilizton of 24[" 31 s i ion, 19, 1223 s oil mo\emen 9 29 3 in soclist countes 131 1, 137 Soviet 9 9 16, 37 Spanish, 28 Subcultures, 9, 197, 200 2 Sweden, 47 323 1 87 Syndct natona de 'ensegnement sup
e unions Se Unon de Tretin B.,
16
Troyies Sn 107n Unemploymet, 00, 0 Union tudian Communtes (U.C , OB nion Naonle Eunts de France (UN 4
nion of Soviet Socialit Republc, 178, 9, 9 182 2116 21S, 29 nions bor, S9 03 26, 133 47S Amecan, 15 S in conttu/lbealolunar· st oeties, 1798 18 182. 18 86 1 ealie ole o 30 32 3S 13 76, 77 9 Wor e' moement Frenc 3, 114, 136 3 64 18 86 an My MOemnt, 9 96 0, 77 stuent/tech 108 4 ln 26 1, 1 Mecan 32 presnt le of, -8 59 4, 62 72 100, 0, 9, 32n
44 48 60, 6 168 173 76 S IS7-. 912 Swedish 47 133 d Stes, 7IS, 3, 3 99 16 121 26, 2934 19 02, 23 ni>ety of alo 48, 89, 90. 2r 31 nsity ris I Sorbonne ersity ea' nion S.N.SP 114 nieities n Americ S9 90, 12 2Schart, 12-31
Euroen, 1201 12char cuties of. S Tehe French 9297 99 102, 20, 12, 223, 2cr 27 S3 Se bo May Moement nrese n students t 12 92, 97 8, 120 mor mode 122 1232 ew ole of, 2 2, 68 97 9, 102, 2