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middl class that can aord coumer goods uch as automobils, elvision and vaca tio. T tchical revolution that has mad pos sbl his xpanso of matia good and bis i compx Mot of  do ot nd tad he tchnocacy mc ss av any say in th qaity of  tha it dicats to  Mod rn man l perhaps not so mch xploitd and ud as solated and anatd Lt  tak o xamp two aas o ovio privilge: niverity dcaton and li Uvrsity sdt it i no secre ar among h most alienatd classes i te Wt; hy  that thy ar in th thral o a system tha dcid what thir valu hal b, what thir raning ad wat thir jobs will be Aso w hav mor ad mor lisre but w consume pr-packagd mass entrtanment tat i ma uactued or us b uknow pon Alain ouraine t ot i ti highly origi al tdy nw ways to think about the octy tat is straglig s It is a adical dpartr rom th traditioa ltwng analys tha re dcd vry socia colct to e hav ad h havnot  ociologsts Proor orane ays can cotbt o o ndr standng by howng  whee the acion wi b Ty mt how  how to init on o rights to paricpate in te dcisos tat rle our live

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middl class that can aord coumer goods uch as automobils, elvision and vaca tio. T tchical revolution that has mad pos sbl his xpanso of matia good and bis i compx Mot of  do ot nd tad he tchnocacy mc ss av any say in th qaity of  tha it dicats to  Mod rn man l perhaps not so mch xploitd and ud as solated and anatd Lt  tak o xamp two aas o ovio privilge: niverity dcaton and li Uvrsity sdt it i no secre ar among h most alienatd classes i te Wt; hy  that thy ar in th thral o a system tha dcid what thir valu hal b, what thir raning ad wat thir jobs will be Aso w hav mor ad mor lisre but w consume pr-packagd mass entrtanment tat i ma uactued or us b uknow pon Alain ouraine t ot i ti highly origi al tdy nw ways to think about the octy tat is straglig s It is a adical dpartr rom th traditioa ltwng analys tha re dcd vry socia colct to e hav ad h havnot  ociologsts Proor orane ays can cotbt o o ndr standng by howng  whee the acion wi b Ty mt how  how to init on o rights to paricpate in te dcisos tat rle our live

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Ro House, Inc., New York N.Y. 100 Pblhs of The Radom Hous Ditoary of Th Eglh Lgu: he Unabridgd d Clle Eitos T Modr brry d Vta Boo Prtd n U.SA

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TE P[ST lN5UTAL 1TY A ew type of society is bein born oday which is diffeen from ay oth that peceded it This post-idustria society is one in which socia eationships have been rasfomd pofondy In his anaysis of th studen move mnt, the ew social classes, and h pobms linked to the new etepses, the atho bras wh he od criteia of socooica aalyss. Th ss Soe s a majo a tempt by a adical socioost to nd a new way o tak abo soca confct Formrly adica ad ibea thnes defind conttion and opposion withi a iven socity by oweship and work; the sg was bween he cap iasts who owd the mans of prodction and the wokers who we smply xpoitd by them he eemy was cear and vsib, and socity wod be rightd whn the man o prodction ad the oods tha were procd wee moe eqay shaed Now we hav a damaticay ag cass o woers and technicias who share mQre of the pie he uos have obtaied muh for the woes; moe peope have access to edca tion and sks; there is a eaty panded

  bk 

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by

Alai Touraie

The May Movement: Revlt nd form

HE POS-INDUSIAL SOCIEY

TE POSTNDUSTRAL SO�ETY omorrow's ocial istory: Classes, Conficts and Culture in the rogrammed ociety AA AE

Tanlad by Lnad F X ahw

RANDOM OUE

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 rk

Acknowledgments

pght © 197 y ndom Huse, I

 r r unde tea31 d Pn Aein pght ·eio uls  te  States y Rdo ou Jnc. Nw Yrk ad mut'uy  Cada y Rado ou f Cad mt! T Ogay pused  Fa as L Socit p  by Eds e SARL as C © 969  tos Dn SA

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ISB: 0257-2 ba  ess Caog ad mbe 4074 Mauaud  e Ue Ses o Amea  by Kgpt   p T 786 t Amean to

The essenial eemets of the texts which me up his book are oiga Some o them are etirely so. Othe are based o pubished atces which have been  po oudy asome tha  seemed ecessar o chage eve hei tites ] must evetheess cite the oigi of the arces which have seve as poi o depaue o seveal chaptes o hs boo, ad I han he pubishes ad diecos o the peodica or colecios for hei peissio to use hem he Itroducton "The Pogamme Society ad it Socioogy has no been publshed beore he t chapter s a new vesio o he artice Ancie  e ouvelles casses socales, whch appeae in he coleco pv  la oolo onmpon published in honor of Geoges ritch uder he dec io o eoges Baae aris, UF 1968 hs ex was wtten in 65. he next chape has wo pa The  ha no been pubishe before The second which beas o ta· ioa aaysis o he stuet movemens, ws pubished  Inomo   n oa aris Consei inte· atioa des sciences sociales Ap 1969 hs ex was witte i December 68 he thid chapte is a proouy modied vesion of he atice "L'eteprise: atoasation e poiique

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clmowedget

publshed in a specia umbe of En q directed by F�ois Peoux a Fanos Bloch-Lain. as UF OctoberDecembe 1965 The nt o departue o the fourth chape s the arce "osrs av societ which appeae n a special numbe o E devoted o lesue.  199 I owe haks to ranoise Quae who eead these texs ad sueed sefu coectios. and also o Yete Duo Colee idie a Fay ezak who wached ove the maeril prepaaio of h book 

�onens Intoducon: e Programmed Sociey and ts Sociology Old and New Socal Classes

3 7



The Sudet Movemet Crss ad Cofic

6



e Firm Power, sttuon and Orgizaio

139

IV

Leisure Acites Social Pacpation, and Cultural Innoatio

I

Posscrpt: Why Socologss?

193 7

ndex

235

HE -AL EY

THE POST-INDUSTRIAL SO(IETY

E POST-I NDUSTRIAL

SOCIETY

NDUN

The Programmed Society and Its Socioogy A e pe f cey   beig fmed ee e cetie ca be labeed ptdutal t te h df eet they ae m e duta cete that peceded em, ahugi bth captat and ciali atn tey e me caacteic f thee eale cete ey may a be caed eccatic beaue f te pe tha dmate them O e ca ca them pgammed etie  dee em accdig t the ate f ei duc med ad ecmic gai  lat em eem  me te m uef becae i m ac caely dcae te ae f tee cieie' ie k g ad ecmic acvity A hee tem dee a cey accdig  i hic eaiy it tciy, e ay it act  telf a d

TH POST.IDUSTRA SOCETY

accordng to is pas. Usng ODe em o he ohe ep resents a choce; speakng of mass socieies or societies in ux, o  socetes n which achevemen anks higher han hetage, repesens denie choices qte dierent fom r own It s no a mater of opposng hese choces agas each ohe as if one o the oher was deologicaly pefeable We ms howeve recognze hat they pon towad deen pes o problems and socia fact To dene a sociey on he bass o is foms o socal ogana ton s to place acos in a saton and hen observe thei eacions o t They wll be well adapted o devan, ce tal o peipheal negraed o rooless Their acons wll be dened ehe as opposon and essant o Change o as innovave and saegcall measred Anasis w then focs on he ntenons and saements of the actos on he neacon echanges negoiaons and ma inencesn be on socal inerplay The mehod I choose t folow s dieen: t wil qes ion s o all he socal and cltral oentaons of  socey the nate of he socia conct and ower stg gles thoh whch tese oentaons ae woked ot and what it is ha he ling soca eement repres that p vokes soc movement My anasis wll not focus on te inne wokings of te socia sstem b on the formaton of hisocal aci the manner n which men fahion their hitoy

Th Scy  Quo It ma come as a sise tha the most widespead chaaceisc o he pogammed societ is that economc decisons and stggles no longe possess ethe he a-

he ogr S



tnomy o he centa mpoance the had n an earlie socey whch wa dened b the eort to accmlate and anicpate pot rom decty podcive work Sch  satement may seem paradoxica snce socety as a whoe is moe than eve nenced by the insments o eco nomc gowh and its tangbe esuls Are not a socia and poliical egimes meaed b he capact o de veopmen and enchment? Ths does not mean hat pos-ndstal socey having eached a cetain level of podcvty and hence, of wealh can abandon concern wh podcton and become a consme and lese so ce. Sch an ntepeaion s beed b the most obvos acts The pe o socey we ve n s moe 'diven" b economc gowth han any othe The ndvdalized eaes of pvae lfe as wel as local socetes and he ways o lie have been profondly aecedeven de stoedby evergowng geogaphc and socl mobii by he msive dsion of nomaon and popaganda and by broader polcal prtcipaton han eve befoe Pecisel these facor make i impossble o eclsvey economc mechanisms to be mantaned any longer a he cene o soca oganization and activty Gowh esult from a whole complex o socia facor not jst fom he accumlaton o capia Nowadays  depends mch moe direcl han eve befoe on know edge and hence on he capaci of soce t call oth ceaii All he domans of socia lfedcaton con smpon infomaton etcae being moe and moe inegaed no wha sed to be caled podcton acos Ths is te o scientic and echnca eseach profes sional aining the abli o pogam change and eglae is elemens he managemen of oganzaons wih ml tpe socia eaonships and he commncaon of a



TH POS.IDUSRIA SOIETY

itudes tha avr the iliati ad cinua tras frati f al hese pdcti facrs.  is destadale hat ertain defesive eatins e t the surface i sh a sitai They resele ertai eatis served dring the nieteeth etury when idusrilai vertued traditial patte  life La cuities edatial istitutins r par iclar cultres ay strggle agaist all his pheaval ad ay aept  aiain he ir aty heir adherets seties hl he asati f techcracy" agins thse wh isis  he hld f ecni grwh and sia hage ver ever aspect  sial ad lral life But we ust  fge he eaple f capitalist indsrializati Has he sruggle agaist apitalis ee waged re sccessully y thse wh appeaed t agarian and raft ideals r y thse wh dened theselves n tes  apitalist sciety, rgaized the wkers, and reaed the sialis idea? Our ask is  recgize the ew type  prdcti, the ew pwer, ad he new ci nits istead f isistig n resisane y lde fs  sial rgizati ad ltura activity I is ch re accrate t view grwth as ditined y the entire plitia prcess than t neive it as siply dependen  ecnic pesses peating alst indepedetly f ial  Whether the ecny is ceived i ers f plaing r a r is see as a decisinakig syste, srit silgial aalysis denstrates he ireasig depedee f the cditis r devepet  the entire stctue f sial rganiatin t is apparet tha relative  the grea cetratins f ei pwer, even the auy  the State is weak, ideed fte illusy The s sive ivesen are nt gved y the traditin standard f a ai ern,

Th Prgrd Sciy



ut are ade n the asis  expsin ad pwe The traditinal frs f sia diai have een prfndy ransred y his fa We tie t speak f ei explitati ut this prcess is e ad re dicult t isate he ter ses its jetive eanig whe fred t dene r nsciusness  scial adictis etter expessed as alieati," hat ch criticied ti whih is, neverheless, re sef tha ever Sial diati nw e clearly tha ever efre, taes hree iprta frs a ocial Inteaton he pdctin prcess ipses a life·style that athes its etives ad its pwer syste_ The individl is pressued int paticipatignt y i tes f his wr  equally i ters f suptin ad edaiin the systes f sia rganizatins and pwer which rther the ais f prdctin Siety's lwarks, whether il in the nae f a skilled rat, lfty priipe, prfessial idepedene  a parila cceptin  ha nature r cultal heiage, are refred y a syste  prduti i whih everye has his plae ad his se rles withi a reglated, hier achica city, cered stly wih its w hesiveness the diti essetia  its eetiveness  ltal Manipation The diis fr grwth are t liited  the real f prdutin inuee ver eeds and aitdes us als e tled dcatin is  lnger in the hands  the aily, r even  he shl sidered as a ats iie Me and e i is transited hrgh what Gerges rieda has caled the parallel schl," where the inuece  hse at the cente f siey is fet st direy. . oitica Aine his siety f intelkig agencies diaed y geat pliicecic gaiza

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 POS.NSR SOC

ions, is more han eve oente owa powe a strcly poliica conrol ove s tea funcong a i en· vmen. Tis expans  viv awaees o he i eren imperialsm o ese agencies  is potles o explain hese apprely ivese foms of social omao as a ew sage of capalsm They may afe all be obseve  iere ut vey dea foms i socees a cl temselves socas Cera smal bu hgy oginal nellecua gous suc as "ocalisme u Babae  have long ejece e ovely tualstc an absoute sncon beween capalst an socas soce es wh wc many ae oo easly satse hs s no o say ta thee is no eence bewee capialis an so calis socetes bu only a beneah e profou o poston ee ae commo poblems whc ema a eeio o he eences among usralize so ceies oay i s more usefu to speak of alieaon an o exploaion; e ome ees a soca, e lae merely a ecoomc elatonsip A man s o aenae because s natua ees are cruse by a eumaize" s0cey by wo o an assembly e by urban congeso or the mss mea Such expessons only give rise o vage moral phosopy I is easy o uersan why tey i rtate phlosopers wo ave eane the moe exacing use Hege mae o this oon Aenaton mus be ee  ems of socal elaonss  ma s alenae we s ony eaosp o the social a culua ectos of is sociey s the oe e  n nn Tro yie g  publshed a rw whee me of h rlst n rouht ys f bur�r n tenocy, eell n h llts ot pea, nr th dirhip o Pee Cueu.

h Pammd Sy



ulng as accos im s compaibe wh e mane nace of i ow omiance lenaion means canceling ou ocil coc y ceaing dpndn piptin· he actvies of te aleae man mae o sese us hey ae seen as the counerp o the iteres of os wo aieae hm Oeig te wokes fo exampe prticipio i he ogazaon of an iusy witou eir having auoy ove its economc ecisions lea o alenao uness hey consie suc pacpato a sa egc move n er coc wth the maages o nustry us s a sociey o aenaion not because it euces peo ple o msey o because  imposes lice escton bu because it seuces mapulaes a enfoces conformsm Tee ae new soca concts pecula o e socey we obseve beng ome Raer than simpy a conc b wee capal a labor, e new conct s bewee he suctures of economic a polical ecsonmang an those wo are euce o epenen pcpaon We coul use othe erms an say a e coc is beween tose segmet of sociey wich are cenal an hose wc ae periperal or magna These are te es use to escribe e opposio betwee the lie natons a the Tr Wor Tey have e avanage of rem g us tat imperialist omation s no ecessarily t be equae wh economic exploiaion but hat ere again i s moe exac to speak of epene partciion Te buens boe an e a receve by the ueevelope coues ae eerme by he economically ominan coues Tese aions may employ mtay ineven on to maina s elationshp of epenency eve  h tr   fequely n  e n d a e· foe bee ralaed traly 

10

T H E P O S T . I N D U S  R  AL S O C I E T Y

when it s no caed fo o defend hei sictly economc intess. This new social conct is inaugaed when he battle aginst his alenaion begs and he maginal semens of society eject he assgned ole, become conscious of her dependency and begn o a with heir sigh oused on themselves and he sef-deenaton This aion may even lead hem to accept a esser share of maeal goods in ode to break ou of he dependeny his cont however ony eahes fu intensy when he will to break he elationshp o dependence s joined to he eor owad independen development and, o oppose he u ng powers, appeals to the vey theme of development wth whch he ules denfy themselves The eecon o alienaton can be simply he ecogion o he soca conct beween those who run thngs and utual values his s wha makes youh so impotant Not ha ths age goup is ess avored han othes;  s acually n a much bete posion han ohers because, n a priod o rapd change, it  he east acted by obsoscence Be cause youh s prvleged oh s poducer ad consume   aso most suscepbe o dependen picipion d mos capbe of opsiion o those who ideniy heir own cass ineess wh economc gowth In sociees whch depended on decly poducve labo the skilled worker who was elavey prvleged (the deence beween he wages fo sklled and manual labo was geae han o da� ) was he pme opponen o the aptalst In a socey dened by change, the goup most open to change and most avoed by i s he bes equpped o ebe agns he ehnoas hs ebellion s moe socal and culual han e< nomc, fo oday's socal batles lke yestedayS arouse

The Progammd Scie y

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wO mathng eacions among he people hey appea to he pncples gneally acepted by her soce and n voke them in potes ainst he appopaton o seve he speia ntersts o he rung cass Likewse on he bass o ther sona and colective expeience hey e sst changes whch ae not unde the conrl of a he people Young peope- any ohe goup in socie ene the batle boh beause hey ae orented o hange and beause they oppose their own epeene o the counefe and mpesona raonalty which he ulng lasses use as a disguise. n capitalst ndusalzed soce es ths esstane based on pesonal expeence was de ned by the woking class and was based on ones ca or eonal loyaltes ow, n the face of ower whch uses he weapns of ntegaton and manpulaon and s conse queny abe o aect evey acet of socal le esstance must be mobed in terms of the ente pesonalty he esult is an appeal o magnation agns pseud< aonaty o sexuaiy agins he at of compomse o ceatviy as opposed o the auomatc pang on o ta dto and codes Long enevated by saisacon with s materal success scie i reecting no echnical progess and economic gowh bu s own subecon to a pwe whch boass o beng impeonal and aona a powe whch enouages he dea that  s merely the conglomeae of all he de mands made by change and poges Against ths knd of socal dominane, which dentes beneal gowth wth isef, whch consides he whole specum o lfe·syles n soiey meely as ools to be tted to he needs of ths gowth whch it coneves as a natual rahe than a soa poess), savage ebellon s bound o beak ou he countepa of hs rebellion s always he postve stuggle

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TH OST.SA SOCTY

fo cetviy gnst te gt n constins o e owe scte eenency becoes conct; tici on ns nto conontion I wnt to inss on one sec of s ebeion n into ce ee  eRection on e nivesity wic yon Aon o instnce s ey jge "eosteos Be cse e otgonsts of soc conic e neve siy e neiviege bt so ose ost bon to te in novtive obecives o socety n eefoe ost sbjecte by i o eenen ticon te nivesty is toy becoing e vege cente o ositon to ecnoc cy n e foces ssocite wt it  ong s scenic knowege i no y ny esen oe in econoc eveoent  co not en consetion s  octve oce te nvesity oe ws bove  o n own n o een titon cte n te soci oe e enoos neic gowt o te s en on is  n ce o e ogess of scentc n tecnic knowege Ecton s n ev oe ont k o istncton wtn te soci iecy It s becong ncesingy oe ict to nk o even gy foze knowege s isineeste. oiics s e its wy nto e nvesity becse knowege is  ocion co t te e eson es even ee e nivesiy bings togete te ocesses of esec n te ebeion of e yong s  es t s e ony o soci eniy t cn by i vey ne be  sce o confonion beween c n ec noc stctes. Wen  oes no f is oe t becoe-in site o ny conty intention on te t o e teces-n instent of eenent icition o enton ose wo conceive e nvesiys y

he  Sey

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funct on as p o es  so nal t a g  a e co  ec t be cn cne d abo t w hat  e mp oyme n  he st de nts w i be  p e · p ed  f o  t the end  o hei st udie s. To o oe n, ho we ve  ll the y   cully d o is t in functio nries nd sp ecilss w ho hav e nev e  be en   caed on o  citicaly analy ze  the socie ty th wi  e mp o y them Such c t c ny sis my   ake ve ry  elemenal f o  ms su ch as, f o  ex amp le , qe sto n. ng  the socil use ulne ss of he skls h hve been e ned It oug ht , ho we ver   o be  nensied o  the  p int h t e xmnes the  socil dete mnn of  know ledge i· se. For it w oud be na ve  o believe  hat some kind  o f

p ure  scence can be  cons uct ed  out de  a co nce e social rmewo  k nd  tht a  ht nee d b e  d one is o w tch ou  hat t  is use d fo r  ife ·g iving , athe t han d eahd eang ses niveses ve entee  new se o tei exstence T her ro le in socie ty  ha  been p ofo undly   nsfo med . e be nvey beong o e s e inec be eon now s wee te nvesty w becoe te ocus o f int eg aio n o o  conr ontaio n. In bo th cases gve nges y eten te cetion o new knowege which s the spe c c uncton o   he univesity  The stude nt  ev olt  coud , o  e xamp e , gv e ise o  a d omatc d ev otion to confr onta io n which woud be as bude nsome  s confoist itegtion Noting wo be oe bs tn to e e coice cing sociey in bsoe bck n wte es bt e coety n icty of esent obes st neve be owe o obsce te necessiy of king  nen coce t wo be eoneos to conce o ese intoc toy eectons tt soci sgge wi t e en o insty n be oistee witin te nivesties  wi

TH POSTIDUSTRA SOCIEY

expain how-rom a concrete historica viewpointhis eveuaity can be avoided. Avoded i must e, i the ame of he reasoig we have 5 far foowed Because the unversity can no longer reman uninoed in the problems i here  deveopmen, socia confict which have uversa sigcace have appeared here If hey were experieced merely as itramura proems, hey woud e deprived of their essentia mportace The niersiy is he pvieged arena or scen socal strug ges or hree reaso: socia cosai are ess werl there tha esewhere; the germiato o deas aways pre cedes the orgaizatio of poitica srugges he socia roe o kowedge is a geera probem The programmed society w be eingy cofrted oy to the degee hat he srugge agast deede participaio orgaizes ielf i evey domai o sca life This proce w proaly e grad ad dicut i wll ake dieret fons n diere countries Fraceespite he eceptioal mortace of he May Movemetmay no be he ato most rapidy ivoved i the process I additio to major socia orgaatos urba dweers and the cosumer populatio ms eme ivoled i socia coc ad the strugggle agas depede partcipaio.

Mvng fm O Sy  h Uder the impact of ew probems and soca cocs isucey orgized socia moemes are oud o ase their progams o anayses whh date rom a eaier siuatio ad isist on the cotnuity betwee the great ates of the past ad hose o the presen It is so much more dict o accept a break wih the past tha it s to

T Pd Si

come o agreeme on opposiion i some ew siatio hat some coiuiy,  practice at least, may eist I his way mits i oe socia moemet may brig their iece commitme ad ideoogica oato o the moemen ha succeds i I somewhat resembles the way a ew ruig cass does ot ecessariy reak with he cass whch rued efore i ut ofte assocates isef wth t both to share a commo sense of beig eite ad to aod creatig a opeig or he forces o oppositio. Such cotiuiy ewee socia moeme is pricu larly  srog   Frace. Thi s  paraly due to the weak stituionazato o he workers' strgges ad the com mon pater of employer paternalism but more s to the powerfu roe o the tae in a coury where eve he g reat capialis  enterprses are relaively weak. The power o the Gaulis ae ad  doue roe as catayst o he so of 1o successe ruig casses ad as suprter o a cetraied, stratied breaucratic ad in many re spects preindusria socia orgazato, make i easy for e soca strugges of various oups to e meded into a commo  attack agist the poitica reg ime The chief sgan of the geeral strike of May , 16 is eoquet: "e Years Is Enogh The passage rom studet reo to worker moveme, occasioed by common opposiio o poce repressio was guaranteed by he commo strg ge against Gauism Ths co juncio gave the May Moemen a importace the stdet prsng woud ot otherwise have had We ms no coclude om his hstorc c a he new socia movemes are he proogato or reuea tio o the worker movementdened according to i specc aims raher ha its respose to poiica power (In Chapter 3  hae ried o dee the present stuaio

T POTNDUTRIA OCIETY

of the rad nions.) We a no revering to meanngl mes k te end of  working clss or te nd of tade unonism. Nobody, I spos has sriosly  defnded the da  tat we a shortly apoaching  a  oial suaton in wh he Orkes will eome a ngigbe catgy Economic gowh s sll tid o he dvelomen of indsy A urey consume socity in which t indsta sco would e vry much resticted and h poblms o work no onger of ntrest to esrd wage·ears s sociologial con Quaid obsevrs ave orrcty inssed at incesd and more indvdalizd coum ton maks the demand o work more ae Tad non ism has ost ground n cerain aras bt i s asib o tink a i wi pntat vywhre nto teriay or svice actviies s  has aady argely done n Fran The iefs o he industra compex woud no be so pre ocied wit he problems o abo i they wer no worred abo nw roes d soiooical miitancy n a mlie hy had jdged consevave Ther s no reason o spak o he disaarane o he workng class or o trade unionism In any as,  s general ageemn among sociologiss on hese sime pons; hos who doubt ths ar moe axos or lemcs han o a srious amnaton o wa as en writn The trm workin l imies moe than simpy a arge undrriiegd soc-opaonal caegory Te labo movemen s not  sam  a tnants' aocaion o a ossional obby Th inerst atached to he proems of  working cass and  abor movmnt s de to the fact at in a socy wos ky ement  caitas enerpris t aor movmn as he drvng orce o  ass srgg and te dmand o jstie,

 ame Sot

constites th ncpal cenr of soca on8ct T aor movmnt atacks owns power; t working class is no an ocpaonal aegory ut a or ce of soil srug gle T quesion s no ong r wheh  workes and trade unionism may disapea bt wheher e workingass movmn s today as ormey, a e entr o e con ics o soy Tis ar quesion dseves a simle answr: n  progammed soety, th workng a is no longe  a vilgd storc ag nt, not aus he abor movemn as ben wakened or eas it is sb jet o he sragy  o  a prtclar lcl ary; stil less ecause  has ad ad; ut smly eause te execse of  owr within a aialis fr no l ongr plaes on a  ene of  h econom sysm and is soca oncts. Howv n a ounry  lik Fanc whe e the tecnoratc sociey is bng formd ou of a vry ta· diionas capiais regime, te srgg  ag ains mana geia wr rmains an ssenial mnt o  t socia

I

In th  ogrammed soety, neer rms no nions ar today te hi ao s n he strgg e over soa owr Tir ros ar s imoran u ey ae siad half  way bwn p obms o pwe  and p oem of  h or · g anzaon o rodcion on an inrmdary  v we sh l ca instituional. Their arg mns and strg gs are mor conend w dsonmakng  than wh owe Th nstttonaliation o  t hs cont may e gadual and incomple b i is fom now on an irrversi   a. This dos not mean ha our socy  is moving  toward indusra pa; qe h contra y It mans hat hese conct do not com o gris wh rea soal powe-n the Ued Sats, t Ws soia dmocracs or in  ovi

18

T HE P O S T ·  N D U S T R I A L S O C I E T Y

boc. Contries ke France and Itly whose sca ogan zaon is marked by ndsti imbaance and stance on he par of rchaic soc and cra orms, ae he ony contes i he indsra wod where he abor movemen ens a ceran evoionary aa Even here cose examinaon shows ha rade nonism s vey far rom beng a revoonay orce o even a soca move men acvely engaged n a drec powe stgge The vehemence o he opJston he socatng natre of socal neqaties he freen efsa of he Stae or of managemen to negotiae honestly all atest he mr ance o vigoros worker acon. Bt these reasons are no convncng enough o accord he working cass a centra oe n he new soca movemens One o he sgncan pects o he May ovemen s tha  demonsaed ha sensbty o he new hemes of socal conc was no mos prononced in the most highy organzed secos o the wokng cass he raroad wok ers dockes and mners were not he ones who mos ceary grasd is most radica objectves he most radica and reave movemen appeared n the economicay ad vanced gops he research agencie he echnicians wh skis b no athoy ad, of cose n he nivesiy commny No soc-potica movemen of any srength can deveop ness  ndes he aborng cass whch coains he greates nmber o dependent workes Sch opsiton s oo commonpace to be mpon and compeey negects the crca dea that he key eement n he problems con ict and protagonsts o histoic evoton is changng omorrow's srugge w not be a repeton or even a modernizaton of yeserday

Te Programmed Society

19

Prehistory 0/ a New Sciety Peed o the mo his idea and some o he preced ng ema might ead one o oncde tha c re vot ae we on hei way o epacing soca sgges and ha odays soa conics are centeed n the ream o consmption rahe han prodcon Hasn't t been sad that n ay 1968 one capred wods js a wo centres ago one ook he Bstie or Versaes he sym bos o he monarchy or jst as more recenty one wshed to take over the acores? The new soca coics ar from exsng outsde he

�roducon system, are at ts very coe Indeed, they reach

IO new aeas of soca e, bt ony becase normaion educaton, and consumpon are more cosey bound ha� ever  befoe o  he eam of production. Unde no crcum snces ae oday's socal strg ges to be dssocaed rom economc and potca power. f, very oten day's socia movemens aack the prevaing culture,  s ess because hey are avid�g economc poblems than becase hey are only begOng . The ea eason is ha hey are seng themseves p in ove-a opposon o a soca and c srcte rathe han becoming  involved n a dec atack on the new ulng  powers Ths s due above a, to he f ac hat a he present sg e o he f onaton of the programmed  socey especaly n counties where the rlng  cass s not yet cearly disengg ed from the boug eosie the socal movement is up agnst a Scey that denes self wth gowth and enrichment It s nevtabe that here shoud correspond to the topa of he ruling class whch denes self with p g ress,

E POTNUTRA OCETY

a couer-utopa whch toay rejecs the cosume sociey or the organizatioa costraints of  production along with both old and ew ecoomc ad oiia ruing orce. Cutual proest is oly the ava-garde o ocial co R I become more bte  proorio o the absece o[ stricy poitical powehe capaciy o corol poitical evoluioi he movemet that uport t Thee  sil a wde disace between he "exapariamenay o oon ad he opoton forces wih the stu oal sysem. hi dstace may be es i ay ha eewhee bu i eem about the same n Face a  Ger many Poad, Czechoovaka o Japa Eo to poi cay organie he poes movement have o had much ucces any where.

Some reervaos ae ecesay abou he demosa o of the ew a movemes, eve whe hey are  mporn a he May Movement in rance My pupose i h boo is o to ayze this moveme, much le  predict ha  wl develop progresivey o a powe l poital moveme On he cotray  am temped o beleve tha he history of a social movement is made up of dsconiu   form of acon nd orgaiao Popula upsings sociais uopia, ad uon presure all contibued o the beging of the wores' move met wihou alowig us to tace a sige e of evou io whh eads either o a revoluonary eploo or o istiutonaao of he concs Poitca life cano be mped to a cofroao be wee efit and the socal syem here i o reao o beieve hat he r upisg are going  give a ready made image of a ocia movemet whch wil hen eed ony o coinue in esence. Hioric anaysis must eaeely gard the ocioogs agai the temptaton o

Te Pome Socey

reduce eves o a sy em; thereoe, beyod evet bu i hei gh oe mus exame te g eea characestcs of  he new uaion which hey  revea. her demosra tions cao be educ  o a uccesso of  evouoar days

Th Soolo  Quo To analy ze a ew ociey  accura  y  suppoes a new a poah o aay is- i the presen ase ew n two way : a) Anay  of ocial evouon and socia movemes ca ad mus be pecsey  SOCio og c Dug he period of  capita indusriazaion - a process o  economic a  ormao excepionay  depved of ocial eg ulaton,  which capaiss ac ot n a poica vod bu  wihou poli al eg ulao - aaJysi eceary spi o two �ranches knowedg e of  he ecoomic mechanic of  capia Ism ad knowledge of the meanig  of  history . Because sociey   domnated by  the economy nsead of he other way around o ea socioogica aaly sis s possbe. I  epaced by  a vod whch separaes he scece of ecoom om mag es and conruction beog ig o a kind of oca houg ht which ranate ino idea he need o rediscove- beyod is ending  diviios bey od the ac cumu aton of pos ad the  eaio of  the proetaa a socia uniy hat s a once ratona ad ommui aan Socoog did o orig inae direcy f om wha one rg hy or wong y  cals the Indura Revo uton. It org i  cotemporaeous wh he esabihmen a the ed of  he eeeth cetury  o a ce a soca ad poca  eg uation o the codio ad soci coe 



H   S T      S T     S  C I   Y

quences o the developmen of capitalsm. Durkeim was t best expone whe e aempted to dene e orms o a new social solidaty ollowg e deveopment o captalsm; but ts kind o socoogcal anayss is mied, because  si denes socey n ems oeig o he acon o ecoomc ansomao Sociology ds ts poper object-ad the oposo beween the study of economc developme and te sudy of e social oder ceases-to e degee tat economic activity becomes e esult o polica athe tha exusively ecoomic mecanisms is did not apn wtout diculies no wiout cashes beween dieent schools whic weTe not wihout useulness oday while the ecniques o economic analyss ae omalzing the study of decisions and staegies maco economcs e sudy of e coeence of the eements o economc evoluion s less and less sepaable fom socio ogca analysis wch can no longe enclose self n a alsely integaed wod o nsiuions and e socaliza on of idividuals accoding to he noms of the socal oder he split between economc stuctures and social beavor as been eplaced by the uniyng study o soc acivity te acton execsed by soey on is ow evoluion,  ems o e appeaance o culua models class conics debates and baganng ove power, syes o oganzaion, and the oces o cange b}  On the othe hnd is tansfomaion of ts obect and ts aison d'te foces sociology to enounce a too limted mage o society Eve now it oo ofen consdes society as a peon a subect taking e pace of e uma subect of philosopica tadiio e udametal needs of sociey ae only see as a new avata o uma naue and the spiit ome keep repeatng ta social behavor

Ta Siey

3

s made up o nteacions govened witin gous by noms wic ranslae cultua vaues ino nstituions Sociey appeas o be buil on s spii o be a conscious ness wich commands s own acts manages s relaon shp o s envonmen and assures s ow nea ode and equilbum Soca beavo manest bot te esions poper o every dieeaed and saied or ganizaion ad he nuences of values and os Evey element o socia le ca be judged accodng o  unc ton tat s accodng to its cotibution to the itega tion d suvival o the woe is classical sociology s oday being cricized, quie popely It s always had its opponen bu ey oten relied ovey o an ideology o pogess movemet and coict witou bingig any positve conibution o tei own o sociological analyss As usual, e mos decisive ciicisms came om a di ectly opposie poson e atentive sudy o poltcal ogazaions and decisionmakng systems led sociology o break ou o e social ode Revesg the cassic vew pon it sowed tat ules and noms wee often only unstable and lmed ageemenhe esut of omal o oal negotaobeween soca neess pursug stategies wc may o a me be concurent ad com biabe oday we must dee ouseves accoding o his new socioogy and no any longe accordng to e old fnctioalism I can be called neolbea, because it aalyzes beavor in tens o te aoa uest o ad· vanags e multiple examples o hs quest combie Caly though e mecanisms of nuence and negotia io and ae diected not owad values but owad ob jecives imposed by te tansfomao of te evironment and by competition is sociology plays as impotan a ole i he new

26

THE POST.INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY

only a coectio of choces whose ems ae etrey pe deemed. Polca acvy hs become a om o co sumption: whch pay or which potician wi yo buy? ae yo moe o less sased wth he lices o he govement No one wi deny hat  is se o egse hese opnions But doesn' oe eec he prope objec of socioloy-the omaon o collective acon hrogh whch he conume will become the poduce, a maker o his sociey ad cuef one stops there Aleady, the sdy of ogaaos d decsonmag sysems has bypassed ths accotablity Ony he actve nteveno of soca movemens ad he eappeaance o mao p ltca debates can mpose on socoo a etn o ts p cpal objects of stdy he pocess o soca chae, the naue of power he fomao o soca movements and he ceaon o the te The essays hat make p hs boo ms be ead s conbtons to the study of he iteplay, coics ad movemes thouh whch economc growh may be tans omed o a pe o social deveopmet ad hogh whch hee may be osteed he coronation between dependen paticpaon d ceative opposiio March 1969

I Old and New Socia Classes

new knd o socey s beg bo  we wan o dene  by is echoogy, by  "prodctio forces ets ca i the pogammed socey  we choose o ame i om te nare o  ing ca, we call it echocraic sociey In socia anayss and n pactce he oio of soca cass has been too inimaely bond up wih the soca oanaon of he ea o captast ndusializaton fo that noo o o be poody quesoned  any con sdeaon o a sociey in whch the ceaton of know ede he sysems govein poducton dstibuto and nfoao ad the etwok o pocal ad ecoomc decsons fom a socl ad economc oganaon po foundly deent om the nneteenh centy Ms A

8

TH POST.IUSTR SOCTY

we abado he idea tat the class strggle hods a cet pace i socioogic aalysis? May have bee temped o aswe amavey simly because he aalytca toos eited om a ealer eiod ae ceay able o exlai the ew sitaio. O la moves  the oposite diectio  wll am the damea imace o clss sitaios coics, ad movemets i the po ammed sociey Ts l c oly be ealized i we de tach orseves s compleely as oible om histocally deed images ad ideas ad become ivolved i a ndica eewal o social alyss Oe cold attemp to adap the old ideas o ew siaios, bu sch a execise wold be uile because i akes o accout o socal practice ] we wish o eai he usel idea o social class ad ee i om ay particla histoical exeriece ad iterrea o we mus begi ot wi a deiio, bt wih crica aalysis o he hemes of social class ad lass society as hey ave come to s espcially i Erope We ms se o ot om a ew absaco bu om e eamia o o a cocee epesetaio o socia orgaio

Th Hsl mg 0/ h C Sy e ieteeth cetry as let s a pacla istoc image wic may have caled l oiey he aaet clarity o th siaio, howeve as made it almos impossibe to sige ot the speca oe played by ay paicla eleme withi hs socia srctre We shall y rs to sigle ot the comoes whose combiaio has give rise o he oveal image o a class sociey a) here exis ial ilix socialy ad cltalysepa ated m each oe his separaio s due to he slow-

Old d Nw Sl Cl

9

ess wh wic ihered socia orms are chaged From geeatio o geerao a paicla clte s assed do wih colectivtes  wich sttoa d pesoa relatoshs are sepaabe_ Becae tis sa tio dees divdas soely by eir ecoomic ctio  terms o he ere socey,  s ot decly coeced with elatios bewee classes, wc cositte a geeal ad absac pricipe o social ogaiatio lt i heitaces o he oher ad are coete ad acular hey ae ordely systems tha dee ad reguate he ter o socia elaoshis wihi a i whose imits ae se by kiship eiory, aditoa occpatiosia tos a ae ascibed rahe ta acquired om this poi o view, eve te radiioal ig classes are deed moe by eage tha by ctio o by their owe to domiae he more closey a sociey o he way to idsialiaio is bod o a preidsa ad Ual sociey te moe imoa is he oe o her ag As al obeves o Weste socetes om ocue vlle o Lpset have emaed te esisace o radioa socieis reorce cosose o sepaaios d ba es the smbols o socia heacy I race we pree to sea o te bogeoisie ate tha o eepree i order to stess the close bod bewee cpass d the pedstial lg classes his beas wiess o he cosat dese o acired wealth o be asoed io iherited wealt ad o dsrial o o be coverted io rets he mage o he de ich ma, liig o he reveue o is proey layg he obe remais very ivid i this coty o does the image of he seclator accumlaig moey o msel ouside o ay isi tioally deed soca fcio Nieeetcety ech lierae akes cogizace o the acial spec

34

TE TNTRA CIETY

do nothig bu submit,  eac man shitng  fo msel or sma oups rebeling in  bief outbuts o vioee. Wat orgnizes he acton of soa casses is ultural hertage o one side ad pogm o actio to transfom soety o he oter More simply te socioogial teme o soc clsses has no meang or ineest unless  here exiss  cetain degree o class osiousess. Exploitaion of the proletariat an defne a cass stuation but  is iapable of explaig te omaon o lass consousness and aion sice evey socil ato suposes te atcuato of objeives ad e deton o a soia famework or olleive ao. Te identiation o soiety wt class onit supposes te ombinato o ee eemen: 1) a inea o cupational and ommual picipe o sel-deense; 2 osciousnes of te conradtions betwee e opposed eonom and soia neess and 3 eferece o the geeal neess of indusrial soiety_ e motat ting to ste is tha we are aling about an ntabl oina

ion of lnt which ar not oiologclly contpono I has oured ony once n he histoy o indusiaizaion during e t wave of idusial de veopmen n Wese Euoe Even in s imed ame wo, it was eve more ta very artiay acieved, as demostraed by e act hat te wore movement ever sueeded i uniyg the worig cass n a evoluoay aion

Duc 0/ h Img 0/ Cl Soy \e mus now eamie te desution o this "cassical hisoic mage o the ass socey and see wa hapened

Ol and w S C

35

to eah of ts elements wen ey beame autonomous ad ideendent o eah othe a  I e mass soiety liin tandad elae wa o lif s lssc amao may be somewa ove simpied but t dates eary te disappeane of e old ultural supots o soia lasses e cie roe i te poess was played by uban evoution rae than by te trasomato o wo Unotuaey we now less about resdetal miieux a about woring evio mens, dese e mone o sudies made by e iago Sool o ocoo o by Pau Henri ombart de Lauwe Resear in tree HM's (owcos housng develomen i te Pais aea suggests onlusios wi, desie eir limitations idiate two ways i whic peole move beyod e oder ommuiy o neighbo ood sirt Idividuals on ei way up te ocupoa ad soil adder paicuary  ey ae woke wat a omogeneous nd staed wa we migt a an Amer can, lvin suaio: sngle fmiy dwelng ative elatiosips with the eigbos stog awaeness o status dieenes among negbooods n e oter and wt e excepto o e ms deprived famies dvidus n a sc suaio sow more wliges o aept a multe dweing wh oes litte oportuiy to dsiuish onesel soaly ey also want to mt tei relaions wit tei negbos and ei soal lfe  genea ivig i cose quaes wt a lage number o peope leads to a essenig o soa eaionsh is second siuao s esecay ue among reavely wel salaied employees In e esdetia situations we studed we ound almost o tae of te taditiona lower cass model wh was strogly maed by soial eteogeneiy and bad socia

6

H PTDUSRIA SC

biiy. Te esech f Bennett Berge 3 suggests tt y in isle n hmgeneus wkg-css secins  ple stil pe  g vlue  eigb scil eltns  sses  strg weness f benging t  wking-cs envinment Te eve mtnce f s type f eseil envinment seems n e ecne gven te evepmet f te ge rbn mpexes n te mutipitin  te mes f tnsprttin A ex n Lign  emste t te cnsciusness  being  wke ws ecesingy ive tsie he p in nsme setigs, ug  emne vey stng n te wkig sttin Even  we n ge cept the cn usins  Ke eik wc ieet me tn n yze the ests  esech we ct eject e nmerus stuies whi emnse t yng wes e mu ess sius n thei ees f bengig   ptiu s sitin espey wen ey ve n lge ciies Mu me evient si  s te ecy  u ie·stys  te gru sppne  cltul eenes be tween city  cuntr At s gnce sts seem t iicte t whitecl wkes e e i gup wch mst evec e iesyes bse n clss Nt t tey mke up  mgenes sl n cutul gr quite te cnty; b they seem esy i ne flws te nyses f Mice Ce' mbigus sme gning temseves with te wkes  wt sme  Be &gr, Work Suburb Brky rty f ·

or rs, 190) .  nr Aneu   J L, Luver d'aujourdhu r Rr, 190) . Nw : Mt   19. 6 Cf. tuay   Mau b, es bl be (r: C 9) an Kare na Dr UIe Areter  eue Stuttgart r 19)   M r he Bureu Peomeo Stan ry re 19) 

Od ad Ne Soal a

7

new m  lwe ss culue n e ientiying emsev wt te me clss Tese tems beng  te t n ncurtey ecibe te s siuin  te wite-cll wkes w l gree re e ms susceptibe  precuptin wt s eves Ths cn cern es t ree te mge  lttivey eent sci sitins bu cey subnes it  the ele hemes  stitn n mss culte t is t ie ciy gnie pticipin  step by sep t mss csmptin  is pintess t isis  eng n mi cts Te newest ie ne  cey iites e mptnce f chnges ht ve cme b sice the beging  e ey is tht "ppesm n nge inies  sil css b ter ptc gps: wke in fme in sri entes nw n ey te ge te pysiy  meny npe nske wmen w e es f milies ec mintes  tnsient egn wkers Pverty cves  vst y  sci prbems: it  nge esigtes s it  i te nineteent ent the "br bem Un rese ciis eese  te wrkg css s n lnge n n  be e sme s eense f te " In te sme wy te bgese s ene ss  ess by eitge Jf e exten sgns [ wet e s bvus s fey te symbs  beging t  gher sci ss e prgressivey ess numers  ess e e eine  titin s cteges n iesyes s ny ne spe   me gee s trsmtin the fmin f  isti cviiin e  whse eements s ene n nge by is s  by s pe essene b by is pe win  sysem f nge i nte s been epe by sc ctvty

TH STNSTRIA SY

b) . I n ths snse, the ida of social class has  osing mportace sice h bgiings of idsralizaio ad ha of relatioships bewee classes as an sstil eeet of ooic dynais has be iig. During the ibera indsrialzaion of h Ws, h dcompositio of raditoa comunies did o dircly ake for th fnai of muul nres goup. I ld rs to he orato of mass deprvd o  al dividuaiy ad o vrtally evey mas of neveng n h dvopmen pros. onsqety, hy were dened y hr prva ions and he xloitaio ha viimized th, o by the dirtions o their ativiy which wre didd for the-ad oside y olicas who wer ot a ways revolionary If at rs, the dissoution of older commnites was the mos srikng hoeo, today he mos highly vsile devomt is tha he rolaria hs pad eyod tis siaon Uion activity ad lcal eetio hav con red ealy t he intittinitin f ndtil t On can and s srss how liid it stil is artiarly i ounris lke France ad Ialy wher h local ios isid he facoris are sti o ll Nvr hess, hes resrictions ano cace o the aial m rtane o h scsses ha have en ahievd Witho goig ak ovr h dveloen of olltiv bargaiig and h leaJ rotcion of wage·earners, it sems o us n dispensabe to s o o mrtat coseq o th deveopmet It s dicad eary by h owig m ortane of h coct of oganUtin n sociologcal angage Alied rs o h tehnial area (espialy o •  beme  n Fne ny n the geneal t f y_ une, 98.

l a Ne Sa Cl

th jo lve), tendd nxt to adiistraio ad hen to he aagmet of rs ad evn of the atoa or regional eonom syse, t hs ore ad more taken o a socl sese, indicatig a autonoous v of producon, ntermedia beween  hial xecuon and th decison-akig syst. An irasig nmber of proles ar sen o  coneced with the xistce ad fucoing of bsns and ndstria enter prss, especy the largst ones, cosdered s etwors of ocal ad  tehncal  srumens geard to cien rodtion The coetration o eoomc power has considraly eded he aooy of h roems proer o organ zatios. The reason oe spaks so much of bureucacy is hat he cenrs of dision-makig are rher ad rhr removed o h orans of executio. h engineer or he aborer withn a m or congloerate whch coprss tens or v hudred of housads o worers, he der n a od army h oa n a aonal or ieaonal admnsraion are ore ad more  aware o heir pae  a communiatio network, of thir apacity o ine dcisions whch aec he v rhaps spially, if hes deisions do not act he "poliia sysem o  the organzaon. Uios or othr ployee orgaizaos set  for aricaion  managen trea a owig mr of probs ouchng the setg o qalcaios systs o remerao voatoa guidnce, th dstriutio o social advaags h mprove ent o workg oditios, the reglation o hiring praces et Eah of these robls a gve rise to idsri co i ad he rirs s proedrs for rerg gev

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H OS.IDUSRA SOCEY

c) . We must agan eu o the them of he concna on o pow, whch s the counrpat of h auonomy o he nenal poblms of oanzaions W wll no ac cep he imag proposd by C Wgh Mils, o a powr elit which ac as a dnd group and coheivy dends he supsedly unied ness of all t membep cians, economc leaders, he miliay All obsevaons b l he stence o such a und lt, boh n libral and oaaan gmes Nehe is it convincng o speak of a socty ony as h crss scton of h nss o parcu a orgniaons and to am ha the wold o powr no nger xsts, ha al ha exst is authoy, made wc a eecv bcause o the nunce  welds ove oth baes o authory Tha he oad to powe s bcomng moe and moe opn, hat he Sae s no a god pesding ov a wold o subjcts s ue oday, as  very lky was yesterday. Th fact emans, nevehlss, ha a powe organzation dos exs W can ceany say  s mo powful and moe coheve than fomrly, ha it di recy commands a share o he naiona produc whch inceases a the imrtance of s ong-rage economic scinc o military pogrm grows. Should w no hen jc he concep of scial class and eplace  wth ha o polica cass or more simply, wih he renewed opposton ben he inst o he Sae and hos of the czny Unounately, hes pres sions cause moe conson han cary. Th Sae s no an autonomous socal uni; nh is t quvalen o he politicoconomc decsonmang sysm Lk busness, t can b considred an orgnzaon On the othe hand, excp n oaaan socies he polca systm s no  C Wrht Ml    w Yok: xr ty P 95) 

O  Nw l Csss



he same hng as he sucu of the Sate It  pefr abl, conseuny, o concentae hr on poliic conomc pwr ahr han on the Sae a suon an on say ha n an advanced ndusa sociey, hs power s dned wth a c? nly, n moden  cet he vey ich and poweul ae assured mpt advaags which can asiy b denouncd as scandalous Ths is not, however, a sasfacoy answe to he queson. t s much mo mpoan o sress ha advanced n dusa socs ae no onger sociees of accumulaion bu of pogrammng Today h fuue s no longe pincipaly guaraned by pva nvsmns boh bcaus the Stae s espons bl fo and dircs a growng porton of economc nves mnt and bcause socal nvestmns, spcally n the area of educaon have consideraby ncased Today's arges ntrpris are not mnng or chemical conglomeaes bu space and nucla rsarch and h nationa depatmn o ducaon or t quivalens The nnenh century w awae of he oppson bewn echangevalu and usevalue odays principal poblm s he opposon bwen dvelopmen and consumpon At he very momen ha w ecogne mo ay han eve ha aising ure living sandards s deer mnd by presen nvsmens he gap beteen h cn dons for he conomc pogess and th ress o pogrss so fa achived wdens consdably Lkews, h cvnss of nvsmens coms o dpend moe and mo on complx political stat and on mthods of ad mnsratv oganation. nvesmn is no ong h functon o only one scor of socy, or moe pcsey o o class bu o h enie socty Poltics no long gos along wth economc oganzaton t precds and govrns

4

T H  P O S T . I N D U S  R IA L S O C I E T Y

 Eonomi proge ha ome to be een a h rult h mot vible ig of he fntioning of oey ha i of  ablty o manage the tenion whh narly ar from th oppon bewen invment and ndivdua onmpon d) . The ditntion we hav ut etabihd btwen problm whih are interna to organation and ho on h vl of onomi dionmang powr mut be ndrtood a a ditintion btween deren ype of 0 al probem It wold be exeiv o onlde rom h ha the former are he one of buine and th latter of th State. One may ome loe o h a imple dvion in oitie whee he ativitie of buin and ndty ar tritly ontrolled by he Stae but hat i an xrem and vry rare ae t i more important to ra the ditintion between organiaion a an admniterd Y* tm, and he n, a a uni of eonom deionmang The onit propr o organizaon ba on th mtua relation of their individal and olv lments On he other hand f a nion ght for a wage nra, h i an aton diretd a the rm. Th mor liberal an n drial oiey i, h more mran ar dmand and negotiation within the m. A a general l onvrely n managed eonom hee prblm ar Jd on  broader ont In evey ae, to th deg hat the nom onit wthin te rm eae to b a maniftaion of h a ruggle, it an be inteprted n ritly eo nomi trm ie, in erm of he negoaing pwer wihin th abor maret of th ontnding parte Th ao imi thir aternative oure and obligae hm to gar raim." Above a, i irmrb heir ngotiation wihin genera ontratual areemen or governmental reulaton

 and New Sl Clae

47

Thi gowing aonomy of demans and wage dipt reativ o th gnra pli of th abor movemen i parulary notab n ontri ke Sweden where naional aemnts btwn th managmen and labo fedraion oexit with a wagdrift in biness and in dury Thi aonomy  th onerpart on t one hand of atng h innal problm of organzaon aording to dirng ntittional plan and, on h oth, of an pandd nationa eonomi poicy that regu late or trie o modify wage hang a it doe prie utaton Wag diput are harpe to the deee ha hey are  intgad wthin gneral poiy Dmand beome more pratial and hrewd to he dee that they are eparaed om plan fo h tranformation of oety. Thu, the eparation of organizatona onit rom a ont i aompanid by a dtinion betwen th pramati defn of wag and the eort to tranform oiety Carly, thi  an anaytial diintion Union tratey ontany ombine th diren knd of prob lem. Nevrhle thy poe a gowing autonomy Thi  demontrated by the etene o ditnt hanne to dal wth ah of hem: al unon jon onutato ytm, pal organation

New Cksses, New Conficts he new ring la an no longer b thoe who are in harg of and po from private invetment; it an only be al hoe who identify themelve with olleiv invetment and who nt into ont wth thoe who de· mand nraed onmption or who pivat life re t hange Thi fomla i not omplete bea it

HE P  S  ·  N   S   I A L S    E  Y

does no inroduce te ndament idea of a "prverson of investmen. Invesors can deniy themseves wh he general nteres and demonsrae very logcaly tha their success is the conditon for mprovemen of he general sandard o iving, which woud be made impossibe by socia and poical pressures or a "disibuive policy cung he capacity for invesment o I has aways been true hat one n ony speak of a ung cass  hose who posess economc powe use t partly a leas for goals ta do no ose he sasaction o socia demands; n othe wods,  te nvesmen and production systems absorb for her on inerests an importan part of he resources ha are creaed or uiize them for non-eco nomic purposes This can happen a any leve of he economic system: poitica decsion-makng adminsraive orgnization or enca execuion a On the eve of poliica decison-making, the ec nomc ationaiy o sepaaing invesmen om con sumpton mos often takes the orm of we poiis he simpes exampe o which s the subordinaton o socia poicy to the imperaves o deense science, or eco nomc concenraion hese probems are no ony naona One of he e pcit causes procaimed during he suden uprising a Berkeey was the sudens' dissasfaction with a univeSiy ncreasngly invoved n pure and appied research but uninterested in seving the students whom t consdered te laboring cass of scence rathe han human being n te pocess o fomaion In the sa me way e medical pofesson has ofen concenraed on the probems o a patien n a way hat urns him merey ino one eemen in  sysem aimed a advancng the nowedge and reat men of a disease raher han as someone who is o eceve

Od d ew Sc C

perona servce hs s no a al inended o mean ha an increasing concern or scenic invesment auo maticaly creaes soca contradicons stil ess tha  s sociay irraiona bu only hat i uns he risk of crea ing a spt beween he deveopment o techniques and service e71at dsend the elaon beween he two terms for the bene o a sefdevouing technica deveop men whch transom ie nto the nonratonal ac cumaton o power d thus creaes soa conct Their appropiation of a excessive share of the coecve product is relavey nfequent and of no real concern wheeas he capiais invests ony afer he has deduced a cerain somemes very importan porion of his re sources o his privae consumpon Whie he image o he capials as ineresed oly in pure enjoymen is nave and makes his roe as enepeneu incomprehensibe t s ear tha the apitalit sysem s oten maked by spectaca weath and dispay o uxuy on he pa o the hoders of capia or e famiies he technrat on he ohe hand, does not ve n uxuy even if his unction may gn him consdeabe advanages As John Kenneh Gabaih has remarked the image of weah is oday more ofen associaed wth "sars than wih the manageria cass Even when hey shae in capls pros the dectors o arge companies whose optons and oher advantages consideraby augment thei salaries tey shy away om conspcuous consumption The deoogy s servce t he ate o he party in powe to he economy; her ehics are mpesona; ei syle s manipuaon aher han mperiousness Technocas are not echnicans bu managers, whether they beong o he adminisraion of the tate o to bg

5

TE STIDUTRA SCT

the acquision of general metho of anayss. Ana ogosy, ower fnctonarie do not speciaz; mddle magemen is mor and more specalied accodng to ank a he op ocias njo gat oiontal mobilty On he othr hand, he educaton of the top leve tends to be ndependn of an spcid body of professo and is larg provided fo b member of e ei whose own dcation has gaantd tei sccess; p managemen ocals pa an imrt oe in deciding wha s augt at th Eco Naonae d'Admnstaton Educaton tends also o be ransfomd nto a mecansm of intation nto a parcula soca gop and to ta on a smboc char ace mos ofn represened b atndance at a parcar schoo or nvrt nrance examnaons ae the place of na examinatons whch indicats te eatve imp tance of recriment progams a opposd o the com mnicaion of nowdg In this wa a nw arscac is creatd aong with a conscosness of th separaton between  and th mddle echons of  iarch Bwen e sta and t man ag, t ci admnstao and te drco, sometim btwen even the hghl paced eseach woe and th "boss a spaaton  sablised and mard by man signs incuding somimes signicant derences in in com A iarchial contnt among bacas and echnocras ma appea to exis b it is a rae cas wen he memb of a great ogniation canno ecognie t ne ta sparas thm Tecnocracy s aso a mritocac which rgulas en ance no i ans b conrolng credenias his ph nomnon is peha mor accntaed in Franc than in or conris fr rnc cnocrac as ben ab to impose sef on  radional tate srctus and h

Old d N Sl C

5

prstg whch the ga schoos · and pofessonl bods have ben abe to pesrv T sam tnden is manifest n all indusia countries inding th Unted ats wh many gea univsities a amost tan formed into ag pofessional aining schoos reng b comtitiv xamination nce in  manageral catego one nve avs i Man cnocats cetan see ther psitons impove o worsen depndng on whehe  governmnta admin istaon s favorabl to tm or no But e have grea ob secury and th ncome s safe vn if  ar n aachd n ts way, a soca grop is formed  is crtany not omogeneos b has a dene sef-con scosnss, adops cerain beavio patrns and xerciss consderabe conro over ecrumen   echnocracy is a social cago bcas i s d d b ts management of he massive economc and poiical sctrs which dic dvopmn I con cevs socty simpy as he totat of  soc ms needd to mobie ths devlopmen t is a dominant ca becaus, n pocaimng deniation with dvlop mn and soc pogres, t idns t ntr of cty with tose of th gea organiations which vast and impeonal a thy ae are noneheless center fo partcla ntrsts Tchnocratic idolog may be libra o auoritarian se variations ar of t gaest mpoancbt it conssn dnies social conc thog wilingy rec�  ngnees, g vl sevan, econom expe! a oe, and  lage pat o en e ad n Fance n  n e unvetes ut n choo gl elee, nd enal nsdee pofesonll upeo  e unetes T os oant oe ae te Ecle Natole dAmnn, e cole oltecque nd e ce omale Seue

5

TH POTIDUTRIA OCITY

ognizgthe exsece of esons ad competng sraegies. These conics do es, rooed  the accumuaion and concenration of decsio-mag power ad kowledge echoraic orgazaions wrap themseves i sececy ad stut pblc ifoation ad debate hey aggessivey buld heir ow ower mpose more ad more rgid scial ieon on ther members ad manpuae the cha es of produco ad cosumpo hey are ceers of power tha creae ew forms of neqalty and privlege On he goba eve we spea of cenra and peripheral atos a de faco dsico betwee he ruers ad he subjecs Smary, whn a parcar nato here is a gowng separao between the cenral and rug ee men wihn the geat orgaizaos ad a ew peb whch is ubec o chage beyod is cotro o pblicty campagns and propaganda and o he dsorgazao of is earer soca stcures ] s more dcul  dene those whose ierests are opposed o those of he echoras In a maret capal ism he wage-eaers are he domaed cass becase hey are subec  the abor mare o the ower of those who hod capta I he programmed socey direce by he machiney of growth the domaed class is o longer deed i tems of proerty but by is depedece o the mechaiss of engeered chnge ad hece o he stru mets of soca ad cultural neaion e's trade oes drecy poducve work, s ot n drect opson o capa; it s peoa ad coectve dety  opposio to mapao Ths may seem abstrac i the sese that man s no longer invoved smpy n his occupaoa role He s invoved a worer, bu aso as consmer and as a inhaban n a word as an aen subeced o a deciso mang sysem operaed i he ame of he colecviy

 d  S C

55

Ths s why he roe formery played by achmen to ones rade is today played by attachme o oes pe The worer is ot defedig hmsef simpy  a work�r bt more broadly as a member of a communiy aached o a way of ife o bods of family ad ies to a u re here was a ime whe he appea o hsory and georaphy was rased by he ew domiant lasses he conerngbourgeosie which beeved in evolo ad proess and was aached to the formaton of geat a oa utes and ea chanes of rade oday, he domnat ass relies o the ecoomy ad sometmes o he soca scences whch oer t he categores hat bes dene ts deveopmea ad programmng aco Hs ory and geogaphy atachme to radion and to the so have become he sye of hough and feeng of [hose who resis raspatao omemes hey resst bdly b someimes hey demand ha idstry move o he manpower and no aways he oher way aroud ha he eire eitory be haressed isead of oy favorng he ea ndstria conceraos Reo conscosness d the defese of oca beries are the princ fouda io of resstce to techocracy The defense of the city lsraed by Heni Lefebe plays a creasingly mra aaogus role The urba meu a dvesed ocao of socal echages ens o eplode esdenal secions become diveied ad more ad more cearly sraed The rapd owh of ctes leads to he cosrcio of dwelng us whch wer he eemetary eed for sheer of worers b are beref of auonomous soca fe To he deee ha socey more rapdly modes s envromen and is ow maerial codos he imporance of he dsrcon of ecoogca baances and the codiios of hababiy maes isef

TE OTITRIA OCETY

rsul. incde hem n a ls of the nw socia clsss Tchnicism reveals tlf  bs by s ncapacty to gasp the whole pcue of the probems a oganizaon oses. The complexity of a social systm s broken down by r-

corse o ues whch ar of nothing bu tals For a ong tm, h ctis of the so-called  scnc organzaton

of wok have demonstatd h o rsuling rom th dcon of hman wok to a succsso of lmentay

movemen and of the worke psycholoy to a impov ished mage of om eonomc. Boh facors and ad mnistatons ae aware of the rigdity of his tchnicism agans which h skled workers rb especiay One cagory of vcims possess a partcla mpo anc h obsoscnc of chnqs is accompanied by th obsolscc of skils A more and mo meros caeory of obsolte work is fomed men forty o foty-v year odsomtimes ven,  ars whr echns vove qcky, thity o thiyve yar old ewy ceatd hapay worke. the scond part of whose cive if s a ong delin ct p by unxcted unem poyment or sudden un The "oldths obsole wokers  much as h trdare moe and mor pr csely a ew proletariat as rejced and eplod by progrss s ohers we by propry The yong can d themsvs i a smlar saion to th dere that he aning ethe dos no cosond to the nds of the conomy o s undremployed whe the abor mark  nfavorabl to them What we too easily cal he ack of adaptaion of certan roups of workrs is rah the s of a socal sysem in which trang and em pomn are no organzed so tha chnca and economic evoton prodces the maimm professonal and per sona advanage for all ad i whch ndvduas a o

O  e o C

proced by sucent powes of socia ton d These conics are all of he sam naure hey prdica opposton bewen managers drvn b he de sre o incrase prodcon ad adapt hmslves o he praives of powr and ndvdals who ac ess as workrs defendng thi wags than as prsons and groups seking o maan ther snse of pesonal fe What hs wag-arnejonsumer sek s security, ha is a pedicabe and ognizable fute whic w allow them

to mae plans and to cou on he fts of eors hy hav wngly made he princpal opposion beween these wo ga classs o ops of casses dos no st from h fact that oe posssses walth or propry ad h oh does o. It comes about bcase th domnant classs dspose of knowledge and conro i/ormaton. Wok coms to be lss and less dened as a poal coibton nd more as a roe wihn a system of commncaons and oca rlations. The oe who cotos exS nuenc on he

systems of socia rlatons  the nam of ther neds; the on who s conrold consantly arms his exstnc, not as member of an oraniation. lment of he producion procss or sbjct of a Sate bt as an aonomos nit whose persoality dos no cocd with any of hs ros hs s the reaso our eyes stedwhy he dea of on s so widspead W ar leavng a society of poiaion ad eneng a society of alienao What domnaes o typ of ociey is no h ita coradictions of the various social systems b h co tradcons betwe the ns of thes socia sysms and he nds of indviduals his can b rpreed  mora erms whch has arosd scan sociologica ineres b cas re s nohg mor cofused han h dfns of

2

TH POS·INDUSTRAL S CIEY

indvidaism agais he socia machney t s easy to move beyond tis kid of intepetaion As Glbath s vgoosy eminded U5,u economc pogess deped moe and moe no ony o he quatity o avaabe labo and capital bt on te abiiy o ovae, o accept cage ad to utilie eve wok capablty A mechanical cocepion of socey us p aginst  esstace of ndvidas ad goups wo out o ostty o being maiplated lmi tei podction and adopt a passve atttde owad ogazations and decsion i wich ey do not patcipate Tis was he case wth Tayloism·  a society wc s poessvely moe eiayoe in wic e teatmet of ifomatio plays e same centa ole tat te teatmen o nata esoces played at he beging of idustaiationthe most seos om of waste s the lack of paticipaio  decsionmag I is symptomaic that a sude dem onsae a te r condion of such paticipaion s inomatio Tis obsevaton, oweve, has moe p oud consequeces han may ae wling o face Beig nfomed meas moe than meely knowng wat s takg pace t meas beng ama wi he backgoud easos ad metods wich lead to a decision ad not meey wh he easos lleged to usiy i Ths is why uos o cosltaio commttees ask o see he balance seet o a m, ad o kow the soces o te vaious categoies o 13 John Kennth Glbrih, The fln Socidy (New York: Houhon Min 1958) . • Frr Winsow Tayo n his folowr rlid osty on indiidual wag incntiv to fostr workr' willnns to in proucton. h Bau sytem ws �twn th wa one of t ot wiprad ym of job uy Evry ob wa hratrz by a rtain proportion of aivity nd rt Te tea on wi c a poportion wa tablie wr 5Cr nd wr nver upported by scn6c u.

Old and New Socia Cl

63

is evene fomaion is necessa to make decsio Te ceal mpace of tis pobem s undined by the dcu ivoved in ay aemp o sove i Tis i o simply because tose wo ssess the omaio esist shaig  ad pee o eteat beind pseudosocioogical saements Te dicuties ae aso de o he fact at access t omation pesupposes a new attde towad claims ad gievances accepance o economc atonality eection o he dea hat socety s entiely domiated by coct amog pivate nteess ecose to expets wose elations wit tose esponsble fo acto ae diclt etc Seekig informato is an epessio of an actve social poitics. Lack of ifomation (ece of paticpaio  te sysems of decsion ad oganization) de alieatio. Te aleaed divda o goup is not only te one let o te sidelies sbject  cotol o depived of iuece; i also incldes te oe wo loses his pesonal deity ad is dened only by is ole i he system of excages ad ogaization I cldes te consume pused by advetsig ad edit to sacce s ecoomic secuty fo the sake of goods whose disibo is justied by e nees o e poduce ae han by he saiscio o ea eeds It icude as we e woke who s sbec o sysems o ogazaion woe oveal eciecy doe o baace the eobtan ma cot. A class conct ove popey loes i impotance and explosiveess by beig localized and nstittionalized, the ew coic focus o te dection of society as a wole ad aouse defense of seldeeminato e We ave js dened te pncipal socia conic of porammed societies. Te expeiece of soceties caaceied by capitaist industiaizaio is tat tose gop most subject to social domiaion ae not ecessaily te

6

H PS·INUSTRL SOCEY

ones who mos atvely ead te ght. Te fue re· moved tey ae Iom he eners o pwe, e moe ex poied hey ae nd te more tei stugge s mied to te deense o e maeria conditions of exstene and t i dut to move em to te oensve Su esponsbil y ms be bone no only y groups wose apaiy to rss is geate-ineetuas o skiled wokes wh a ge sandad of iving and education o a sronge pos ion in te abo maebu aso by hose wo pati pe moe dey in te ena meanis of economi proess The sge is no ed y magina soa eement who can ony se up o bief peods o suppor oensive aion wh e mass bu by centra soca eemens wo n te opstion o ose who hod wer, use e in srumens o poducion w tei opponens caim to conol This sed o be te ole of te siled wokers; oay i is te ole of hose who ssess sentic and tenial ompeence hey ae closey connected wit te geat organizaions ut the identty s no dened y ter hieaca atoity n em ten tey even enjoy geat ndependene from e organaons tat tlze tei seves Tey are agents of development or er wor s dened y te reation duson, o ap pcaon o ratonal nowedge tey ae not tenoca, case er unon s dened as eice not as podc ton n he ges leve, at of e echnocats su in dividas ae he profssonals, e membes of "poes sions wo o wh ae of pariar impoane in our soieies: teaing and pub healh Pofessos resea es, and pysicians wo ae nehe saared manages nor fo the mos pat members o ibea pofessions are in a

O an Nw Social Cases



mied suaion Tei acviy reqies e exstene o ationaed organizaons soos univeses resea aoraries, etc oweve, ts am is o manain or ein ore te poducion a1ity o peope rae tan m eial poduion as su udent and ptients are te de onsumes of ea ing and mediine f ose, ee es inemeda zones n whi poessions and poduon stues ae mied patcay in eseac ognizations b ha  no enoug o wpe out he dieene n ind beween managea aegoies and pofessonas ofessionas are dened much ess by tei ieachia autoiy han y hei scenti ompetence ne canno spea ee o socia cass or e pofessonas are no one of he ee men of a social onit tey fom a aegoy wh someimes jons te echnocrats and somemes g em Ts wosded suaton can onfe on them a ge presge an any ohe aegoy t an aso ea tem to a douby aiona opoatism w iit ot tenas and onsumes n a owe evel were we ave plaed te ureau cats we mee e  Tey ae part n te funtio ing o organizations wout entely eonging to te, even wen tey ae on e parol: conslting engneer acounants jist yhoogst abor physiins, n stcto and edao Te nme s ineasing rp dy and wl gow even moe in te omng yeas. ey onsanty emind the oganaons n wi tey ae n voved o ei etena fnions At te same time t can boer e een fnionng o ese organzations  opposng heir genea prncpes o te empica com pexy of a technia and social ommniaon netwo Lie te poessonas tey may e meey eeal agents



TH POSTDUSTRIL SOY

of rms and orgnations; more oten, hey are able o foce  hem o ibeate hemseves om their ntena polems and o adapt beer to socey as a whoe. This is one way of einfocing the bond between investmen and consmption Among hose who cay out echnical tasks, the formaion o mlitant eles and  centers of opsition s moe dicl This is true even though tis caegory o person ne directy experiences the power o heir managers and organizers in evey aspect o their ives Neverheless skiled workers pogressvey moe sbjeced o the con saints imposed by bsiness and indstry and particlaly he young workes whose aining is bady sed by heir empoyers continue to pay an important roe Whereas hese grops sd to be at he cente of the socia strggle hey are now only one elemen witin it js as a acoy manager now pays ony a sbordinate roe wihin he network o economic and pitica manages he genera pincpe of o anaysis s tha he foma ion of socia cass and cas acton has a bette chance in the soca and economic grops whee he conadction beween oganiationa interests and persona aonomy the opacity creaed by tecnocracy-is most diecy mani fested, ie at he hear of he grea prodction and eco nomic decisionmaking oganzations To be more pece he gro whch demonstrate particary sharp esisance to he dominaion of technocrats beacrats and tech nicists ae those who ae asociated wth the ife o geat orgnations eel themseves responsible for a service, and whose acivty p hem in cnstan och wih con smers Inerest groups on one eve and on anohe, enginees and research echnicans may sccumb to  he ontadiction born o thei doube ideniy as proes

  ew S Clae

sionals or epets and  men o he organiaion o  tental echnocrats omeimes, hey overcome i hogh mancy haing he vaes o aonaiy and technal compence which impress hemseves on industa so cetes hey defend a the same ime e atonomy of heir woking condiions and caee and se the nena exgencies of he profesonal grup aganst he presues

eered by the system o organation and decsionmaking In the  nineteenth cenury, massve movemens dedi-

cated to soca change were formed by the combinaon of the camen's resistce wth he eaton of expoia tion on he pat of cerain categoies o unskiled woker Likewise, one can predict tha, today and tomorow these

oppostion etes mst form he avangarde o new move mens o socia change by mobizing those commniis whch ae n a sae o declne: aged woke who are vc im of change and he "se of hospas housing pr ecs and mass transpotaion Fo sch an aiance o work scient means mst be avaable to mobize opnon he very impotance of hese means howev genealy paces them nder he control of businessmen and those in power We canno desibe hee the stages by whch sch mobizaton may ake pace bt we mus, f ony o pu sme order no a badly organied vocabuay distingish dieent ys of socia foce S ce are on he same evel as he pwe system. Spelere grop exs on the evel o organizations or parica colectivities Pre grp, sated on he leve o he echncl organizaion of po dcon o cnsmpon have even ess dect reaon o potica acion I one accepts this distinction then we can say hat the woking cass s pogressively being repaced by a ederation of speciainterest goups, whie grop



THE OT.IUTRIA SOCIEY

rganid r dns  lca r rginal nrstradna amps  prssur gruan cm a nd  ass A sal ss r a class mvmn aways srvs  npr n s wn rm r ring ndr i innc  spnrs and prssur grups wi ar rad  . Sca plcs bcms mr cmpl caus  asscans wi ar nsrumn  a class, a spca nrs grup, r a prssur gup qunly rmain aacd  a pariuar ncpin  ir l vn wi y may acually b prrmng rs A  sam m y an rvrs  prcss and cm spksmn r nw scial rs Ts disinins plan  spcial r  sudns n  rmain  nw lass mvmns Bcaus ' ar uncmrab w  rms  s�ianrs r prssur gu ad ar n und y  cnsrains  gra prduin rganizains y cmmi mslvs mr dirly an d rs  a lass acn agins nmc pwr  mpran  nwldg n  dvpmnalprcss givs m a rl w is n ngr nly a  avangrd n d y  nlgnsa A las sm  m ar dry and prsnay nvvd   nw rlansips  nr and dminain Our analyss as nnrad n cnmc !i as a wl aus sudns d r univrsy ppl nvr ac n a way a rvas nw scia nics unss y mv  ynd  prblms rd in  risis and ransrmain   univsy Sudns ar nir simpy an avan grd nr  niry  a nw cas mvmn In  unvrsiy is mvmn and  nis a rm  a rvald and prssd ms asily Sun an

Old d N Sl Cl



wc w sal xamin in dal n  nx apr cann  analyd smply as  xprssin  a n scil mvmn In r wrds, w cann disvr  manng  sudn acin unss w s i n  ram wrk   sal pblms   prgammd s. T sudn siuan suld rcal a sca mv mns ar n sparkd nly y miian ls  abr mvmn und is ral pwr nly wn wringclass lis jnd ir acin wi larg masss  unsid wrrs  nr  cndins  mplymn In  prgrammd sciy, liwis nw scial mvmns can b rmd ny y an ncunr   miian ls w av jus namd wi  grups wic xprin ms dirly and ar ms vulnrabl   cs  managd scial cang and wic as a rsul,  ir lv idniy ms rand Th Nw Indul S

a) . T rgng analyss ar smmd up n  ar n  wng  W wld n aac suc gra mpran    srucur  a sy i  dirn vs  dmnan and sa cni did n vrlap  a arg dgr Ts rmar rcgnis  ga mpran   cncp  nray prpsd y Grgs ui  wi indicas  nncin  cncracy wi buraucracy and wi cnicsm T xisn  gra prduin rganzainsmulanusly rind mr ward pwr an prgss buraucraid ra an rganid and U Geges rch Edtr  dUr/ion e chcre 19, p 7

Od n ew So Classes

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tchnic athr tha raionalz---ontt o of th mo impoa ocial pobm o avac iuial cii. Th pobm gow i rio a  conqc bcom grav a th nity o th poliial, conomc,  mlitay ciion-makig ym gow h xtm o o h oca pahology  oaitaanm t ubjcion o t who octy o h inrmn o conomc  vopmnt an ocial prog accng t prop goa or th ak o pow oataam  ct om potm which i th abol pow o th Stat D potim  gay harhr to th gr that th ara o th Stat' action  mor lmt a th Stat prnt tl l a th tmnt o vlopmnt a pg a appal  oth pincpl o gtimacy: natona n th agang o th  o a uppoly naturaly pio gop o hry A totaaria rgim rval  l by moopolng walh than by h aout onro o nomaion  all it orm fom h cot o h ma mia o chool curcla a h ocri o youh movm. b)  I ac o th ha mbo i polii omi· ation ah han in pivat pot i wo b iluory o appal to h "workig ca o ac, unl w gv th tm a vy vag mang, igatng all who ak orr a a bjct to l along wh vboy who lv o a alary an litn to o watch th pr gam broacat o hm Such a nw  o an ol ia ntal mo avantag than avatag n paticla t coag th rrono b that oppoto o nw om o oca omnation mu com om th am ocia group a   omrly, whch m b by th act

72

TE OST·DUSTRA SOETY

Likewise. t s anachonstc o attemp o depit socia armies cononng eah other A we pass from socetes of acumuaton o pgmmed soees reaonshi of powe beome neasngy moe mtant tan opposition beween socal goups Te resu is tat soal move ments anot be "prmary, a is, ey essenially on ineal nitiaves fo the satisfaton of gevanes and on the oe o miliants who rse up fom the anks Ths process of nenal ormation etans undeniable bu mted mporane he gap between te diret expes son o a soa probem and s tansormaon no a soal movement contnues to wden whh enances e ole o mass nomaton and the omaton of oppos ton eles )  he condton o he poletaat n a soety on its way to weath and the insttutonalization of abo onct can no longe be te cenra teme of socal debate On te conary te regulaton o nfomaton loal autonomy the feedom and ndependene om te sate of the unveses the adaptaon o wor o manpower and sca policy ae he objets aound whi soial movement can and do, organe One an even advance e ypohess ta e most percepible social problems ae ose in whic e techncay onsumes and pofessonals nd temselves most decy n cononaton at s, hose probems posed by education publc ealth and the organaton o soa spae Publc opnon akes aount of them ess easy tan labo problems wh ave long ago been explaned by the unons t does not seem to be less aware o them, howeve sne day they possess a unversality no found n labor poblems whi ae fagmented by the divesity o ollectve bagainng In addtion they ave

l nd Ne So C

73

dect poia mpotane snce tey focus not on ec nom meanisms but on te systems of soa decison making We anno deveop ese propostions here, bu i was ndspensabe o pesent tem a est brey because te sociolog of sal asses s disnt om the sudy of socia staation only to e degree at it denes e domans obecvs and nsruments of e power one part o soey exerises over e other pats he study o captalsm gave impoance to te anaysis o social casses n soeties of pvate acumuaton; te volence o lass oncs added dama o such analyss Today study o te ontro of eonomi and soal equpment alows us to dene presentday soal orces and elps us  foresee the formaton of new social movements n socetes dened bot by economic progammng and the nceasng demands of prvate onsumpton Fom s perspectve, one can apprecate te full mpotance of te study o hanges and eations o change  s isky to speak o resstane to hange because s expesson may tempt us to hnk of ange as necessa progress whch only gorane, hab or tradionasm ould oppose On te onra e most mportant tas s o srt out unde wat ondtons ange becomes pogess ow wokes or more boady soca agents can papate in soca ransormatons and onto them ow tey can deend emselves aganst arbtrarness and ow to eplace e petended demands of atonay (e Taylo's one best way  wth open debate on the ends and means o deelopment Te pnipa objectve o modern soca movements is moe te contol o ange than the suggle aganst pot e must guad aganst two ontay eros:  Aig [0 ayl h i "n b y, illy d· mn,  alz a vn tchnial prai.

4

THE STNTRA STY

1) beieving hat ove-a social conicts hav bn re paced by a great numb of prticuar ensions or con ict; 2 beng satisd wth an aggornan of th analyss which applid o libea caplism. W avoid thes opposd eos only by sessng h dclne of "eal sses concr grops dned by a pacuar knd of soci aons and clre and th fonaton of new sses more drecty dned by their re latonshp to chang and h Xwer to manage chang h dominaed casss ar no longr dened by wretchdnss bt by consumption and th tasks hey cary out hence by depndnc on h forms of organizaion and cutur wokd ou by he ing goups They a no onger ex cuded thy are inegratd and used In moden socitis, a lass movmen manifests if by dect poiical stgg and by the ejecion of al· enation: by revot against a system of inegaion and manpaion What s ssnta s the gae emphasis on politicl and cutul, ather han economic, action his is the geat dirnc om h abr movmn fomd n oppston o ibea cpiasm Sch movmens ae scacly bginnng b hey aways ta abo pwr ather han abot salas empoymn o popry n ali ocieis mss movemns aways appeaed to commniy and o labor agans th rue who en oyed pesona piviegs wihou bing prodcrs In th programmd socy th urs ar the organiers of pr duton and are les nterestd in defnding rsona pv ges han he powe of the srucre Acion agns thm s nOt focsd on he dfense of a rea gop it s both rvot aganst a mifom conro and a strugg aginst powr ]n capiast socity sociism was he w o conqr

Ol  Ne S Cle

5

h ta n order o brng dow h pwr of he apia iss But the spaaon of the Stae nd civi socy b ongs to h ps snce eciv power has bn epacd by what Band de Jovene cals "acve power Mass movemns ae e d owad propy nstitional acion and ca he fo selfmanagemen ha s fo e vo agans power. hey wi be ab to achiv sting im potnce ony f ths librarian mlitancy binds tsef ntimaty o a progam to ransform conomc pocy hs bond will demand a ong and dicl eo hs is h sorc of probems fo socoogica anysis f it records dircly observabe behavior nd opinions i risks bing bind to new tndencies ny carful study of nascnt socia movemns their nterna conadicons and thir eecive acton aher thn thi doogies can soate the new nae of social conicts and movemns in ou socity d  I woud be a vey bad defnse of the mportanc of ass concs in pogmmed ieies o duc  soc pobems and coective condct o his one phenomnon oo often wo uie ndepndn propsitions a con used wth each ohe: the s ams h cntra ol of ss conc n social and politcl dynamcs he scond conends at, n h las anayss, h essenia emn of socil behavior mus be anayzd n ms of casss and cass concs hs second proposton hs gvn h n ion of cass s litical importance Bu t abariy mpovershs socioogica anayss and even ndr presn conditions, when nw casss and new cass conic are beng fomed ends paadocay by weaning th anal ysis of cass reationships because i dtects them evey whre n genera and nowhere in particuar. n cannot mantan the vaidity of an anaysis of so

T H  P O S T   N   S T R IA  S O C I  T 

pprtus Clss cni des n dene he tea mehnism but the debte between  determit t heve devepmen d  demd fr si demcrcy hee w csidertis t be eqully deeded by he sme idividu Nr n they be set in mplete ppstn by eprtig mngers purey interested i prduti fm thse wh re mged see s sigle· mindedly cered w numptin d diret pricptin   hppen th hese tw prip mtve rienais f  dustri iety re mxed in dierig degrees i l sl gups r th the dhtmy with the sciey my be very cceuted But there s  evibility tht fv this tter cdti r i there ny geerl type  idustr ciety, rm he ms iber  he ms uthritri tht s by t ture mt fvrble t the rmti   tehnrt regme This sudy hs erted  the evuti f si cs rther h  he deni   cnept t i nw neesry  drw  geer cnclusn bu he useul ness  he nt f si s r the nderstdig f dvced idustri scietes his cclusin  y pic up  prpitin tht hs lredy bee preseted Alng with the trnrmti f idusril sciety we hve witesed the dispperce f lses s si "be g 7 s rel sil d culturl miliex d he r resnding ncresed mpre f ls reltinships s  pprprite nyic principle r sci nRits S ng s progess s hieved by the cumuln  welth by  prtcur pr  sety (the State tresure, the get ldwer cpilis eterpre)  sety remis divided between the gre ms f the wh ive in  Ramon Arn "L e mm rprsttn  om volnt

Cahiers jfm!ionax d ologi. XXXVIII 65, p 1 -29

O d Ne l   subistece ecmy wh he ly resures vlbe t them hse neesry t sust the mpwer supply, d the ty gup  thse wh mplie he surplus wg fm cquet, mmerce r pr ciety s dmted by this itel trdti. Amst rm s beginnig idusrilzi rdilly trrms this stuti The rpd increse n vlbe resures emphzes nvesmen i plce  cumul I then rnsrms investmen in prduve equpmen,  brder in whh cude l  f rn preprtin d use n ny  wh e Us prductin ftrs, but icesgy f the rgnzg nd dec simkig sytem whih se these cts n perti chumpeter e f the r t sis  the re f the etrepreneur dened  chge whe imprtne hs bee brdeed by ter udes f emc rgnizi d plnig Prductvty, eceny, te rtnty f educl poices nd mngemen the rgnitin  cmmunctns nd uthrity sysems i lrge rgniztinst is mre usefu  nlyze hese elemets f emic prgess th the trditinl "prdutin ftrs cpit, lbr, d d  lger is it he entrtin f vlble surpluses bu the rtil rgiti f humn nd techial equipment tha governs  ecoomi developmen.

der hese cnditis, the ide  tw bsi csses th nsiue separte mliex, ne reduced  subsistence he ther  mngng supluses ose ts mprance Wth thi in md, we  can afrm the incompatbity 

priiple bewee the etee f scl sses nceived s si beigs nd indutr sciety; jus  the min teance of "nherited stuations s incompatible with the

fmti f  sciey bsed  cquis d chieve

82

E T·IDUSRAL SCIETY

ment. Does hs mean tha advanced ndstal sociees no onger have class structures bt only a sysem of socia saticaion along wh n ncreasngy complex pica system ithn hich rse go and coalitions fomed o conque the cene of decsion-making com ee ith each oher? We do not acce his concusion, a e ndcaed n o dscuon o the formation o ne socal classes Economc gowth and social change ae gverned y  moe or less ned network of decsionmang and O ganzatona stuctes In oosition to hese stuctr esstance or revolt aear as well as a desre for he demo cratc conrol o the nstrumens and rests o growh and change "Real classes are ormed o the degree hat socia domnation s no longer concentraed and that he dom nated grous are conscos enough of ther own ineres o deend a contermodel o develoment nstead of simly oosng socal nteests to economic reses The nare o the gos ormed in ths ay denes d feent yes o rogramed sociees but no maer ho derent he may be ther socl conics unifomly focs on he diections o e aen by deveomen o seak of socal caes is o ont o cass oem athe han to dene gous I s simy he ermins of an evouton hat begn th the egnnng of indusriai aonWhle  has mantained he machiner of caias accumlaton t has also forced us to consde a sysem of socal actvity rathe thn of socal beng The anays of soca classes no longe oers a general rameork fo the understandng o ndstal socetes; i s only one element in ths ndestandng Ths may de  dra matc aea bu  does no lessen ts morance Along wh he stdy o he soca system i stracaon and

l N oc C

83

the eaions among s eements along wih a ca anlysis o he conicts and negoations among he se arate units that orm esablished soca oc hee mus aso e armed he imorance of nowledge o the orienations classes and e eationshs wihn a  cey n a ord e mst am the moance o a s ciey's hstorical eence, direced by vae not c1u· sively embodied in any one of  ats These values ae only realed hogh the debates and contradcons whch gve a society e Cass srctures are he boken mirror in hch socety ecognizes he smultaeousy singe and fragmented meanng of ts acton e)  This inodctory stdy can be aken as a su re acton aganst sons hat have been entertaned abo abundance and mass socety At the egnnng of French ndustaliation Baac was aware o he money sra and the beakdown o sociey,  no untl 1848 dd he oblems of indstrial labor and the roeaa come fuy o gh In terms o he new sociey now eing o ganed are e no a a sae comarale to lacs ime Wese Eroe enered he ea o mass consumton only en o feen years ago I s fcnaed y te atomobe nd eevision and i anious o enjoy a highr vng sandad_ I is naura ha Euoens, once ee om he nghmre o rss and ar, a rs saw ony te height of abundance and have no ye eaed to recogie and eress he ne socal roems Ms e entirely give in to ths ascinaion th the ne Ceranly, we ms We mst also cease o seach conary to al he evdence, o the remans of as olems and strggles We mst rean a ear recolection of hat Eroean ndstrala ton and the okers strgges reay ere We ms no cheaen ord loaded th hstoy y seaking on ever

THE P  S  - I N D U S   I A L S O C I E  

subjec abou the working css, he proleia msery. ad evoutio as i oig had canged Above all we must ot be satised wit he ew beraism wich cals o  cnumpon ad f hng, as if oy the vesg o te past bocked the Oad to the uture ved wt abudance good huma eatios. ad "cou vaig pwers It s both rue and ase tat oday's conct are o cated more o te evel o onsmpton han o produc tion I s tUe because this wdespread armation hs he meri o breaking wh oder styles o aalysis and o stress ig tha private eterprse ad accumuaio are o onger e cenra eement o te maageme o he ew idus ra societies which are ssems o poltico-ecoomic de csiomaking rater tha pro- or propery-oriented societes It s alse because he deese o consumption does ot sucienty dene e socally reormg actio o the govered class Exreme orms o todays soca cotradctos may end  a mssve swtch o ivtme and a auhoriaria mitatio o private conumption or te beet o the wer o the Stae or te great orgzatios However he technocas ote esiy usty the actos by show g tat iesed producto sooer or ate aways brig about a rise i ivig sandards Cosumpo ca be conceived eiher as one eemet o the ecoomic sys em or s he expressio o the eedom o divduals ad group Thereore we mus oppse o poductivy o consumpon i genera but prvt lf. Today eve prospeous ciies risk being subected to demad whch sregten he powe o producio; hey ae susceptibe to manipulao by propgada advers g ad nancia stimulas They ca oppose o hese

O n Nw Sc Class

85

social pressures o heir smple dese to cosume moe _whch leads them to coorm to te pocy o e m age s wel as to oppose itbut teir eed to maan a cea uity a ceta abiity to oresee developmets  heir pesoal e both  teir wo ad i te wole ecoomic ad socal sysem Te tedecies towad mss ivovemens ad oward privatzatio are o use he ex pressios o Edgar Mor he two compemena ad opposed priciples upon whch te damics nd soc conicts o advanced industral sociees res Alhough  is too soo o the ew ceavages o be rec ogized and amed and or he weapos o he ew socia srugges o be deed ad discussed consciously ad pas sioaey it is ow ecessary to aemp o dee a new socia srucure new conics ad ew movemens To day t beog o the sociologist as i used to belong to he oomis to wie omorrow's hisory 8dg n  

L'p

du

m

(P: E Bd t

T  Movmt

II The Student Movement: �risis and �onfit The ew coditis ad eects f ecmc gwh as well s ieatial esis ad ccs s cmpleely mplized ae fllwg Wd War II tha may peple aduay came t ake f ated that  dus tral scieties. ce pst the ae- sage wee  lger sbject  geat iea scia cics Sddely sde mvemes be t alms smaesy i may cies Smeimes, they d  each tside the  vesity; i e cases they igge me geera plitical ad scial cises  all cases, hey hld p  qes me ha he fciig f a paricla siui hey qesi he fdmea chices ad exercse f pwe i sciey hese ew mvemes d  cme i beig with the

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cariy ha hisica ad scigc aasis wi e day gve them They ae fmed  a peid  apd sca chage ad d t as evets have ly e specc mea g Resistace  hage the beadw  s d istitta cises aect the ac  the scia mve met itelf that s the sggle by e hstcal aget agaist e  sevea adversaes cmmitted  a paalel ad aagisic et  ga ctl  he istumet d eecs  scial chage We mst patietly sepaate he vas eemes f each eve bee iig it he ae f is mvemes her fmai ad dy amC

Cm  Ov·ll npn  the face f the Fech sdet mvemet that was bh vile ad atcae i iepetatis f ts w acti, the aalys s st  all attraced by tw ppsig tedeces he st e seaches beyd piis d atialzas ad ties  explai stdets' s by he css  e academc system Ist  evdet ha he mveme d its picipal stegth  e uivesiy fcltes that fctied east wel? May sdes  the faclties f letes especaly i the ed  the hma scieces have ly vague pfessial expecatis I ad· dii he icease  the umbe f stdes hs ly patilly bee ateded by a icease i the mbe  dplmas The ivesy gizai was i isis be case a csideable mber f sdes becme dpus ad becase he diplma ad he taiig hat the est f them eceive d  seem  pepae hem f pessa les hese bsevais are sppted f we cas he

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TH O-IDUSTRA OCEY

Unvetes th the soaled great shools Stens n he lasses ha are dretly peparng or the enrane eamnatons and,  frtor suens n he proessona shoos ae praty ssre both o ompetng the sudes an o nng empoymen ha orresponds o he epetatons Fo the most part, they eman on he nge o he movement usng  to moernze her shs rather han partpatng n ts soal and poa thrus hs ype o explanaon uky reveals  on eak nesses  s napabe o explanng hy and ho the movement moved beyond the [ameor o the nversty an questoned the hole o soety and uure hat ths appened n the Frenh experene s evdent Whereas n Germany he phase o the rta unversty" as ong an atve there as no dret ontnty n Frne be een he rtsm o the unversy, ed espeay by the Sobonne bera ars sdents aroun 1961965, and he rss o spng 198. A Nantrre, the phase o the rtal unversty as only an epsoe hat oupe a e ays at he end o Marh an the begnnng o Apr The etemnaon o emerge rom the unversty, to estabsh ason th the mlan orke, an to ay on poperly polta atvty ky ook the movemen out o the atmosphere n hh  began he poplaton experened he events o MayJune as a genera rss, no as a student revot he seond type o anayss tends to deny tsel h the onsosness and staements o he nvoved ndvd uas he movement then appear to have been arre aong by antaptast eoogy, by the hope or a ne soety that oud be r not ony o the auls egme bu o a ulng class hh onos soety Ths type o anayss paes great emphass on he aons o te move·

Te Sd Mvet

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men beause t s mpossbe to ene he oneptons an program o he suens aon Te vergenes among he grops ae so prooun tha any attemp o o so s oosh Wha  ommon gound s here beeen the aton es Eans Rvolutonnares (ER) an he Jeunesse Communstes Rvouonnae C) ,  beeen Dane Cohnen and aqes Sauvageo o hs reason, t s nara to onenae on he events and he atons o the movement That  as, ke at erkeey, a eespeeh movemen s the essenta at to Mche de Certeau Caude eort emphaszes he reeton o mt ng programs and onstng organzaton The movement s dened by ts apay to transend s on obetves as the helpless proessors had observed h beerment (What goo as t to negotate or make onessons \ha as emanded h pason seemed o ose ll neres or the stuent movemen as soon as t as on Very eary on, Egar Morn gve the most general omaon o ths ype o approah The movement s ene ess by ts obetves than by the ype o ommny ha  reates. Jst as, equenty, the prnp n· on o a se s to eate sodarty among he orke rther han o n a salay nrease so also the studen commune s t on reason o beng An antsoey i se up n opposon o he omnan soal order Above an beyon he versy o eooges, here as pratal ageement on ne ypes o human relatons, eson makng an strugge At ts mt, hs anayta approah s reued o e srpton. Despte appearanes  nevtaby omes bak o the approah that t opposes o dene a movement by he movemen e neessary as or he ype o expanaton that e s mentone A human goup ond

90

 H  P O S  .  N D  S   I A S O     Y

ie loked nto a desrately l-adapted unvery o gnzaon {hat w requeny expeened s omletey meannge. Th gou tranoed te nto a rmay ou whoe actvty ha no ncance ohe than to deveo he olday o the gop and  eak wth the uondng ocey Can one even eak o a oa move men, when a oup's acton  not dened by t onta don o an adveay and  usequent eor o onol he enre oca arena n whh the conct  tuated? ]5 not the unverty o o t role the reaon why the tu dent ae edced to pely el-expreve acton whh can be extemely eectve n term of dorganzng the etablhed order by rejecton and revolt but whch  caught between datrou alternatve: reeton ehe ead to margnalty o end by overturnng the soca order bt t s mpotent n he ace of the oltca rob lem of goveng and dectng ocety It  certanly not mportant tha uh a movemen ha no uture; t ack o otcal power doe not dmnh  hocal mportce. Bu te mage us oned m overhe he oeabe fct just a mh a the s ype of ntpeaton o whh   both reaed and dan It  no rue that e May Movemen was aboed n eexpesson he petcuar ocuaton of he So bonne the roleraon o meetn ehe an d oer, and he ren o wors fanae he oberver but they are only one apec o he May Movement n Frane as ee whe the tuden acton wa not only sefepreve; t dened t adverare and struggle In the Unted State the movement at Bekeley and omba anno e sea rated from the truggle aganst the Vetnam War and the black revolt n the ocat contre he tuden aton

Te Sudent Movement

91

wa art of the trule agan Sant or po·Stan tehnobureaucracy o almo mmedately the majo oncen n ane was he non of udents and wore agnt he Gaut egme and atat soey The Ngh of the Barade ed to the geneal strke d he nal geat atle ook plae aound he Renat fatoy a lns The tggle ontantly moved out o the n very alte and develoed n the tree ed y st dent and young worker who wee more and more at one wth each oher Beyond al he rhetoc there developed authent poltal acton hat ndeed had no poram trategy or organzaton t wa delberately drected aganst the adverary ntead o eng turned ack on t el to proclam a tudent ommune We must reall tha he gn o a commune  to create a new ower to make decon to aont and dm to etalsh law govern men and jute whe he den movement almot never (wth unmportant exeton) e up any ahory There wa talk o e-management n the fcoe and oe but n the nvety tel e-mnagemen was nether roclamed no eabhed he sudent move ment onsanly dened e y s trugle wtho gv ng n to he ons of esablhng an athorty a mght have been osle n ome of the nverses Thee wo crtm ead o two conons n the rt pae the tudent movement  a true oal move ment ha  an acon aed out by patcuar oc goup n order to take over ontrol o oal change It ob jetve and meanng are olal and mut be undertood not n term o the concousnes o the parpant nor o the r n the nversty organaon but n terms o he oncts and conradons of socey and t socal and polca ytem n the econd lace the event do not

92

THE POST-IND USTRIAL SOCIE TY

len hemslvs to a singl typ of xplanaion: anachy. evolt, and revoluton ar all mid wihn he chronolog ca and gogaphic pcu W mus proced in two sgs st, we mus� sepa e h ieren manng of he event ha ae med wIh each ohr and which t is vain o want to uniy in a sngl, ove-al explanaion hn w must stuy h dynamics of h movemnt tha is th Telaton and CO necons among the various aspects ha analYS has d nguish n his way, our sudy will b largely hsorica ansformd and ichd by sociological anaysis Varous Aspects 0/ the Movement

a The Unvrty Crsi. he dcay of h unversiy s he most vsbl aspct of the presnt socal criss  s also he aspct that is analyzed last w n genera tems h natu and fo o h crisis wihin he univrsiy nsttuton vary very much fTom one couny o anohe we wll limt ousvs to Franc h st thing we nc s he paadox o a univrsy tha is n he process of majo growh wth h numbr o sun nceasing rapdy and bulings being mulpid ove a peo of ten yeas whie at the sam im its stat obctivs an is oganiza on hav not ben profoundly changd h ol mol was broen undr th burdn and has no been epaced by a nw mold despite a fw partia modications What  planation is the or ths paradox hs growth unac compani by vlopmnt and chang in he university systm? As strange as it may sem we do no have analyss and xplanatons of such an imporant phnomenon Let us draw a possibl lin o analyss

Te Sudnt Movmn

93

h rnwa of an nsional system sms boun o h conuncton o two opsed orcs he prssu e te by a nw socia eman an a poweu capcty for dcsonmaking and oganiaion An nsitution, patic uary a univrsy cannot b he irec ansation of a movmnt. bu neithe s t mey a boy o rles an machnery n rance boh uing th Napoonic epoh an in th rst ecade o he hird Republic he co nomic social an polical is of new social group or lasss was associate wih he powr of h tate ha hl a de facto monopoy over univesty producion n he prsn pod, on h contary, here s none of that h political stuation guaanes ha thre wi b no colec iv is of th woing class t is ru tha the unvrsty ha bn opnd up o new social groups bu his move mnt s probably no more mporant han he opposite movmnt through which he walhy lasss use he uni versity o give hi sons an daughtr the manpaid or by he entre natonto proc thmlvs against h rss o socal dclin he ase of many couss and h rp xpansion of e aculis o eters whch a oftn ss demanng of he sten, contbu powfy o nas he unvrsiy' ole as a socia parachut Democ aizaion s far bhind gowh or is pa h tate while capble o seting up gea naional plans does not s to creat h mea to activly ntrven n economic an socia ife  sruggls aong wih its bureaucatic traitions Dspt som not ngi gble orts a modrniaion the Mnstry of Naional Educaton is an xraordinarily archac administraton dvoi of modn tools of action nstead of h stabish mnt o a dynamic liason bewn he orgniing power of he ate and a ocia thrus, we s close rlaions st

THE OSTSTA SOTY

up eween prfessonl leades nd the admnsraive bureaucacy. These partners understand eah ohe easily on the sbje of gowh, which boadens the aor market and beas winess o the vtaliy and staility of the soa system hey experence the greates dcuty n quesion ing themseves and even more n nring nto he new plae of he unversy n the naton Polcy s reduced to management carred out by a consan give and ae among he leaders of he teachers he unons and the admnstrave ocials Moe than eve new deas and a complshments are reegaed o the frnges of the unver sty particularly to he researh odes_ The ss of the nversty s no due o the conrol of an ovely powerful Sae, t to the aons of a very wea ate ha s ncapale of worng ou a polcy prmaiy ecause t has no een ransformed self y he pressre o new rsng soc groups Corporatsm and breaucracy feee and oten laghale foms of the Sate's social thust and is capaciy fo decson-mang ae easly alled in the eor to soate he unversiy commnty and hs create the srange staion in whch growth s eveyodys religion and the manennce of esaished ules and n teess the common concen Ths deay of he nveity instiution cases moe and moe volen reacions The unversy appears o e a meanngless pole of resstance o soal change On ths level of analyss, one cnno ye undersand he fomaton o a socal movemen The ehavio explaned y hs analysis would e rereat nderene derson and  alism Whehe one played he game o no the unversy would no e aen seously . Rgdy f  Inos This agaon mght have eome a force for socal change and hs have led to

T Stdn vt

95

eorms In fat, t dd not Economc growth oncenates aenton on consumpon, pres housng, etc The unons show tle inerest in unvesiy poblems whch do no ye conce them decy Acess to edcaton seems o them to  e a necessary onsequence of raising lving sand ads and many wageeaes mae peparatons o ene her chldren ino edcaiona instons they respect fom a dstance bease enrance nto them seems o e becomng possble hese socal goups are nvolved n a sees of demands ha loo oward geaer patipaion in he goods of soety aher than to a tansformaon o socey The polcal ndependence and secula sp o many eachers and hei organzatons have grea presge or the laor non and pocal orces ha concentate heir aacs aganst he hodes of economic and poltial power The radional nversy nvolved n s proc ess o growh has amost no enemes on he lef. B the studens are seen n a ad igh by many on ha sde of hngsyoung unpoductve ourgeos bady organed, ntellectual npers hey awaken more distrst han sypathy The student movement hs no oganied lly Those who hod polital powe are smultneously poud o gowth impoent before the seet games o f he bureaucras and the inRuentia and dea o he sounds o the suctes cracng up Nehe the mos volen aor sries nor he rs waves of he sudent movemen drew heir atenon The tehnocrac word s sased wh ts wor and conened wih he most mmediae eonomc prolems; t s solaed y he reakp o he old parlia menary forms of represenaton and he consan onern no to creae new forms i was domnaed y he person aly of a head of Sae de Gaulle who dd no seem ever o have gve mch aenon to he prolems of educaon

9

THE OTDUTIAL OCEY

Fo al these esons, i was ncapable of embarkg o social tasformaton of he uivesty. I ries i the fom of refom we amd ony at podcg a ie of ngs, expr ad resarcher ede for ecoomic growth or i, socy cagh etween the Stae ad the economy  not ist ecet as a olsome rde whose outes mst  made to fal to ste wh th api rhythm of economc chage The agiaton o of h decay of the ivesty system ths e o a ca break sinc o sttonazato of soca changs ad sios had tae plac hs aware ness of the brak was phas mO ceary makd among ceran achers than among h sdents fo the po fessos ha boh ea acty at makng hmselvs head a w ab to say othig A obseves have ghy insstd on h gdty of th vsty system that ham pes s own poressive evoton ad fostrs he easy spad of dscontt and vot ne of the fctios of the esent refom s to anaye th vrsty ogana on whch mst both aow itatve ad mt epl sion c Br o a oac Soa om. The nveity crisis ad h igiity of the itical an a mstrativ dciso-mking systm an the agitatio the revot, and th sa stion They o ot xpai the fomaton of a socal movement that hogh the n vesty a eyod t dct he whoe soca an poitca egm he sd movm id not am at bee adapaio to th dmands of empoymet that s at th modenzaon of the nvesy orgaiato t d o sk o eesabsh a dcayed ode t smtanosy comatd the adtona soca fcto of the nivesty ad th dcaon t oed as wel as the recon its

e Sen Moveent

97

dvopmnt was akig he estence of ths movem ca be nsoo only if o asps he ew ol of th nversy  moer soceties  vsy ad e or o produo The com ing of th mass ivety sigs rst of al that st de can no oger nd aces in he poessons hat ae qe lmted a are aso fo th mo par o th magin of h ecoomc system: medcn aw tachig the thre pofessios hat formey asobed th at majoy of stdes oday these oets a bypass n two ways st a gowg mer of stns d no pace an o ot nsh her stdes sc thy a eimnatd by ossv seectios, h basis of whch s neve  pand; scondy ad more mportantly, a casing mbe of teecta actvitis moe and mo decty nenc h pocon system Economc owh o ogr es smpy on the accmation of capta an the izato of a foce of mana labor concntrae i ndstra pa ceasgy,  d o tchnca prorss sach maagemt meho, ad he capacty to forsee an o ognze teectua technes in oth th natra ad hma scence have dveoed ar eogh that nvrsity ac tvity can no log dne iself i terms of the ras mssio of ctue ad epaaton fo the "soca ofesso Cosently, th new role of the isy canot be spaated from a moe gnea economc an soca transfomaon Fom the moment that kowedge bcoms a essentia foce of odcto th ogazaton of tachng an eseach aso bcoms a pom of ge ea polcy an h choces made  ths aea can no ogr b govrnd y espect for tadtions o by scy tech nca mands

00

TH POST-DUSTRA SOIT

he mot vble apect of te May Movement  tat t unon wa  rezed mOe deepy in Fance tan n other pace. The methods of oca management, unempoyment among te young, the tagnation of real salarie, and a governmenta pocy marked particuary by the weaenng of the ocal ecurty ytem are elemens  that belp explain the coming together of tudent and worke whic, neveheles, w ony accompled in te eat that folowed te Nght of the  Baricade. unde the banne  mmn ppitin t Gait pwe The mxte  tdent and yng we in the treet demonstraton o the bypang of union  organzatn in me  the mpane dng the te mt nt nea the eenta tth the ma  te ab mvement dd nt w the evtnay tht  the mtant tden It i eay bt abtay t ay that the wing a wa beayed by  pitia and nn eade he hge mmnt nn the CG wa pa· tiay bypaed indeed bt by we wh wanted a vty in te tye  136 a petaa deeat  te pwe  te empye bt nt a evtn he pant wee nt pened  the tdent a G a w ad ndetaen a mdenatn  te nn atv ity, wee nt at a dped t jn n an atin that te enta atte had dged t be adventt Unn atin wa nt evtnay nt thg the at  i eade bt beae te ente  pwe i n nge ated n ndy It i paty ated n an nte natna enmi ytem tat inene the Fenh enmy beae  neeay mpettvene abve a t e n te mpex ytem  eatin between te geat enm g and the State F a ng tme, igy ha et and expeed t hanged tatn by epang

Te Sdet Mvet

0

te concept of the m wt that of te organizaton 'hat used to he called a fm  today an orgnizatonal sytem, a wole compex of productve mean a management tructure Te condition of economc gowth ae e bound tan formerly to te rk and pot of te prvate entrepeneur Economc proge mean tranng cen tc and tecnca research economic nformation and management the formaton and moblzation of avng mecanim n whch potcal powe pay an esential roe, ethe diecty or ndrecty Labo unonm retan mportant roe: not ony the economc defene of wage-earne but ao te trugge aganst achac forms of authorty and management, even partcpaton n certan apect of pannng Inceangy the worke' ntee ae particuar nterest. Unonm  a htorca reaty neparabe om prvate enterprse Becaue ts private enterpe i no onger at the heart of deciionmaking unionm i no onge at he eat of the movemen for socia transfonaton. Tese remarks indcate te distance Lat separates labor unionsm from te student movement Tey do not mean tat the new oca movement cannot draw tength om indutry ecnocratc power s preent there aso but unionm can no onger be the prveged bearer of the anttecno cratc movement The woker take pat in the ugge only to the degee that they lke othe, are placed in a ituaton of dependent particpation in tem of ocia cange. One may think that many worker goup partic ted actvey n te �ay Movement; ti doe not mean that the centra gure of the preent trugge s te work ng ca, dened in term of it eaton to captalt pro pety A rvlutina moemnt. A socia movement is not

02

TH OSTIDUSTRIAL SOCIT

necessarily revolutiony by ture� It becomes so only f  l stuggle coms up gaist n nstuoal syem ha is unble o d wi he sate of producion nd soci eaos. Suc is he cas wit  My Movemen Is revolutiony n rsued rom e conjuction of he hre lmes  we hve us dsingushed: e decay of  universiy, e iabilty o e istituion sysem o del wi e esos bo of ge d he foion of  ew soil moveme T onct bew ose wo old eoomc pwer d te workers wo ws o wi soal cotrol of gowt -s drecos mens, ad resulstaks on  revolu ionary orm oly bcuse h w rulig ors are bult smueously o t oldr rulig lsss d on rgid istoa deess hs omg ogeter of te ew ehocrcy  older bourgeose d te moncicl Se, worked out udr t Gulls regime, gv e nw soci cons er rvolutory tu A rvolutony movement s lwys t reeo o soc cultul nd politic obstle tha prot the old rulig casse and auhoiy as w s e struggle agnst new forms of social domiaton I do ot br out in sagnn siu ions bu in prods of unbnced economic d socia chnge In e Fr siuto o n even sy th he cisis o e nsuos w lrer  e oton of  new soci moveme or he uvesity was sl too ci or s w roe as a producon force to be  direcy xprced rlty rom s resud te etrm lticlzo o ths movem woe potcl summ was mor solid ta  sol bs Hre we d trts t r qute rdton  Frc soy wer socl movemnts td more vs ibly o b vouiory politicl ors t movemets

T St Mvt

03

o soil ansormo he sggle agait Gullsm wa a more gible eay t e ssu o cpiism  srengh of e sudent movemend  weak ness, as we a i dicuies n geng orgnd nd maaning onnuiy in ction &om its drec ac on te cters o powe wihou budenig ise1( wh te dese o y pariulr onomic nerst or wth geg nvoved in he inteal strugges o ny hghy strucured oganiion. se observios do o clm o aalye y lical llce ha mgt be posbl or o measue t cs of ay such alle mong e vrious groups ha oppose tose prsely i power hy only ndicte ha ody's so movemn o wic the sud r  prncpa progoniss s new ad orrspo o a profoundy trnsormed ecoom sysem er s  gra derce btwn  wo kids o lysis for th new so move mt s stil very ar &om hvg i own poil epres sion Som lmens of  movmn, hoe most  uencd by e Lenist rdo wt o orgne a new poi In My aemp o move i ts drction were cu sor ad d o eec o political developmns New emps my be made bu i  r h such  new poiticl orgaion coud hve oy vey limtd in unce for he immdie fuure h movement luchd by  sudns s elated o he orgd plitcal e in  sme wy s e worer movem dug t Second Republi w rled to  Pr Rpubli From e p o vew o socoogc alysis, he novelty of e stuo d t soca movm is more otwory t possible aces mog vrous lm o he poltcal opposto d T Cuua ot  combntion of l ese

  E P  S T · I  D U S T R IA IA  S  C   T 

 mk f a up ad pplcal pplcal mvm ad a cal d lag pm ccd w   f  w cal ca

Th Dynm Dynm f h Mvmn Mv mn I   g  dgu  varu apct f  M Mvm W m l q w  m  w c   d  dm w m  mvm ma a If a gl mg w gd    wuld l  ca  a w  g wa d w  dvlpd ad bul p   clma tump r ru T mpl  fllwg c  cu  dm    r f vr v- v- pa  pa If w g frm  v p a a w av JU ppd  d f  cl damc   mvm  l gazd ad  cl  : d w cd w  ac   uv uv  c fmd    cal d pl plc c c·  ud wa cd dd  c lkd w  gal cl vl, d up cag a lvl ad amp f ll d c? Ma   cmb   lm dd bv ca   vagd Wa  mpa    mccll c uc a plg  a  grp  damc  a cal mvm, wc, ll c c  b ta md  a plc c  dcd   mga c a The Fin of M T mpc   Ma Mvm  Fac  a d dc m fd   Nvmb 1967 k  N r   cd  l lr a ug   ll l a

T Sudent Movm

 wa pdl md  a cl d pl c mvm  acd  wl f c c ad awk c  m  cu  ac  a ld pma  D  Bd w mp bc  amlgamd  dgazd  apdl padg ud g mv m w da f cl cc ad cl vl m dd  a mr f mall grup  d d   lg m  d  dd  c v bd m lk  a ld  a dlal lad m m  ud wld wc  d w dd  cra,  vm k a N w pmal mkd b  d r uv fm d f d pacp   gvm gv m f  v m T accmpm f  Mac  Mvm  w  mv d d md a bd v m ad a  am m p p  mal dlgcal g  lk al c w cd  dcal dpu  arc  pu, ad  a f ac pgam Oc   p ad  ak d  mvm w gazd r w  g k   wd lm l  lf lf  ad mtpl c ac ad aac  wld ad  g bu  pvc f g ad g  c w  v l A a p,  d v p k plc T wa   dg   d mvm    dmv au g • A sal lual group hh szd he ladp o he udn n  Unon  Ssburg js 1 re  e es s S S   i n ha had a idread ne zan n ad a anerr ane rr 3 na ralls ralls he    lO rgaza ora i-n n h anirain bulding  an leade Wil Dnl Cohnnd a and Tsk   h an ne ag  brs

 POTIDTRA OCTY

ro May 3, he ee wa raw \ar oh y  ow roaee age o ace a he uaeouy eee a hea y o he auhre A he ue o ea  ereo a a or� gaia were aaae  k ue aa o he acie o he reuary gru he uer y cri wa o roou r he y eor e e o e e ae o arry o ay eece aco h wa he cae a Naere whe he jo couaio co ee ae u o a equa ue o eacher a u e cou ake o rea aco eaue  o he ue eege were o erae a he ary o he roeor oo hea  oa ary ha ay ia aci  he uery he Vo e [u· a Coue Coue (C (C)) e hag hag ee ee ery ery uh weaee y he whrawa o  o gorou eee y e cc, he chaege a ow y he Mach 22 oee, a he rereee o he aao a ao a he ce ae e he ra o a a oee a he eao  a ca r ha wa o ce. A he aec o he ee ha we hae  guhe were he ee a hey eghee eah he uuay he ee i  grow ro he oo uwa u ro he eree war he ce er. Neher he e gwg u o he uey c or he ca roga o he eouary grou ew he greae aeo urg May Raher  wa he ra  a a ca oee ha r he  e rough  igh he aiace a arou  wh ocey  uerou orce whch e he ieao a ower  ey  T W s The May Mee w reu-

 Sdet Mveet

na nay y bec ecaause it unte nted d he he a aaio aion n o new o new s  sa and poca f poca frrces wih wih th  thee srug srugg gle agan agans s o ode de  nstut nstutona ona bsace bs aces. s. I sru I srugge gged d agn agns s the the new new soie soiey y by aa by aackn ckng g he od eg egme me,, pa paru ruar ary  ss f frms rms  auh auhor ory y an and d deccs de sn nm maakn kng g The hese se bsa sac ces es s  pary e em man an.. reench sc r scey can ann n e e y y ge gett rd o a buea eau ucra cra cc sysem sy sem whi which ch expre xpresses sses he he ncap ncapacy acy o ths se sey y to transsfor tran form m ts  ts b  bas ascc sc  sca a an and cu cuur uraal or orent entat atn n Bey Beyon ond d thee pe th  pesn snn ne ro role   de Gau aule h he con conse sev vats atsm m o  o Fre Fren nc soce so cey y w w  fo fo a ng time e eae ae perm permanen anen ensn ensns. s. Even Eve n be beffore the dea eah h  Ae Aex xand andee, h hee heis app ppaaren rentt weree maneu wer aneuvern verng g Oher mr mree sp specc ecc bs bsacles acles hav havee been be en some omew wha wea weakene kened d The unve nversy rsy syse sysem, m, s bh bu b bueau eaura ra and a cosed cor corp poa oaon on s oday oday no no ngeer smpy ng smpy a g gb b f pu puy y Perha Perha  even me mpora orant nt s  s  the evu evuon on of busn usness ess and and ndus ndustt I I is pssbe pss be hat he he unsge unsged d Grenee Grenee age  ageemen emen · w w have have morre ls mo lsing efecs efecs   han  han  the agree agreement mentss sgned sgned a   Ma  Maigignon in 193 1936 6. ·hethe hetherr one  one  vews vews h his is as pog poges es   seback,, grea back greaer progess progess n he  he  nstuton nstutonaiz aizn n of  of  labor cncs c ncs   was made whn a e ew w mnhs mnhs th than had been been made in i n  he preced precedng ng thry thry yeas. yeas.   I is naura naurall ha ha eaton to n o this develp develpmen men   aused aused an ncrea ncrease se n  n  evuevunary n ary gups gups   opposed opposed o  o  he poce pocess of he he grea grea cenra cenra unins nins;;  does does n n seem o me m e po possble ssble   to say say ha  ha  hese

uo hae ee erouy weakee I u he oa iiuioa roe  he ue

 Natinwi cti amns ppad und th chaimansi

f   he  f rim rime e min minser ser d ar ar  upnupn-bu n not ot sgnedsgned-b by unins unins and poys' iaion. h Min ants w sin in 36 an were were n  n�idr �idr  a  geat " "ctoy ctoy by by he ke kel; l; tey tey iro iroue ue  pa vac acins, ins, the the 40·  40·u u e ee ek, and a nd t cg cgnii nii  f h ho op ltwar ltward. d.



TH POSNDUSTA SOCET

of the ecor could take meaues ha  woud have foud very impudent a fe monhs eae It execied epresion imutaneouy n severa Paris facue, ad a Nan at es had ecourse o extemey brua mehod. Cetainy hee ee proes and sike; ome pofesor occupied the Sobonne o a nigh Thee e pones wee no in vain and probaby kept the epession rom peadng uthe But up to the presen hee ha o been ay mas movemen ad we have een haf the eacher o anee coauate the dean fO havng bee the rt to dare ooe his poice o hi tudent Many o these teache woud o have daed to pubicy ejoice over thi a e month beore There wa nay a coura geous huge stike an unusua orm o acion, whch foced the depatue o the guads fom antee but was not a movemen ed by specicay poitica group Both he Nantee oenation ad tat of the sma goups seem o me o be vey much eakened Does this mean that he exhauted movemet s going to diappear?  do not thnk o bu  beieve at t w deveop i evera fom that wi be es ad e ognicay connected he mot vibe act  ha a moveme ha begn as the ork of ocooy sudet  today ed by pho ophy profeor Vincenes ha aen he pace of Nan tee, athough tere i a oup at Natere imiar o bu Je impotan than he ncenne goup- The poitica impotence and ack of oganizatio o he movemen ae changing it ito a movement of inteectuas Sometime it is uggeted that ee be intaed ino the uveiy isef a evoutonay ectio i hich the denition o kowedge ad the meas of i tanmision oud be • e ne nve  Vincenne w cete i 16 nd blt in fr mns My le pres  ent en [hee.

  ovm

13

deemined by poitica commitment t make ie di eece here wheher uch a attemp seek o be ecog zed fo what   or hethe  hdes ude he mante of the radoa organzato; it  eve unimpotan whehe t s a mater o creating a evoutonay univer sty ecto o oy a coe of poiica oppoiion with the univeity The eseta act i that  s a quesion of op poition action on the rt of iteectua oups hich is eie te same as the Naterre pontaeity no the piit o the ma ideoogica oups whch had moe in uece at he Sorboe The segth and the "neec uaization o the movemet s hat i mean a eductio of oppoitio and a the same time move aay om socia pactice and anaysis There is a i that he idea of evouion i be subiued o the oaion o a socia movement ad that ideoogy i take the pace of both poitica acon and cientic koedge ther teachers ae very far removed om hi fusion o poitc invovemen ad iteectua activiy, and di trut i parian spiit hey atemp with dcuty d mot oten as indvidua to nouih hei cietc or rom hei nteecua ad acve paticipation i he ay Movemen; or them crcm o he socia dicuo i inseparabe om more and more demandig ceic reeach They do not behave a evoutoaie but if  may ue thi ired wod a progessives 'hie thoe me ioned t ae absoutey oppoed to the ne insitions, te atter ae ready to criticie them especiay om wih out to move beyond them athe han ignoe hem hey gt againt repreo and conevatm i the univer siy and fo he tasomation of he poitica and abo nion opposition orce bu they eect anythig hat mgt reca, even ude a mde om the buta op

114

THE OSTISTAL SOTY

poson between soias sene and bourgeos siene. There is no clear foner beween hese wo goup: many ndvduals belong somemes o one, somemes to the othe. Thee is, neveheless, a cear opposion beween he wo conceptons of nellecual acivy; his appears most songly in he human scences. Thee s n any case, no uny of hough among the eaches who e closest o he May Movemen. The S.NESUP- has as much dicly n denng a  pocy accepabe to t eft wing as  has n defendng ef agans he Communst and moderates who have taken over ts naiona oce. On he studen sde, the dvsons ae eae Whe the ommunss wee eoganng the eadershp of he UNE ame no on wth the Aon ommt· ees The eo oward pota oganzaton ashed wh the wi o an absoue splt he eemens farhes to he le are tapped in se-amaon whh  ead o setauar atons bu does not atat boad suppot; a he same me, hey eman the most invenve and dy namc oe n a siuaion n whh he soa movement is unabe o expe tsef o exe any ea potal in uene In May, boh he sugge agans auhoy and the uua evo noushed poia aton oday hey tend o pusue her own deons hat s why hee emains vely agiaton n the seonday shoos; a y s a muh  Syn al  l'seignmnt suprur On  Ih I uni vty tcrs' unns Genealy cntrlled b the Cmunt but w ladrshp paMed  th lftt jut bfor  e Cunt egned ts ntl n  Un Natnale ds udat  Fa, natona unt' unn cntlld b th ltts I wa weeed a oganze lng bor 68 but wa a l ptipton   May ovmt



 Sudt Movet



more sod and consrainng oganizaion than a unversty fculy. Culural evolt changes attudes and expectatons, and transfoms vaOS segmens of the pubc and culural expressons rangng from heaer o moves, fom songs o dance Many embes emain fom he re of May as we as a numbe of smaer o haf hdden es in  varous paces The sudent movement today is depved of what i had a is incepton; t s foced t nven specicay poica ides and objecves under vey di cut condions bu  eots a reection are oay the essenia eement of the acon open to t. The uit funess of these eos w goven the furthe deveo ments of conestaton. I was quie easy n May o obseve the bh of a soca movemen, he indcmen of new oms of power and oppresson ha ae ess speccay economic d more soca, cutua and poca than n the past In the mid de o he winer the eea and agenaion an oste he beie tha we ae wtnessing the end o a cisis some na rea-gad bales I is hady a contadcon o say ha we ae wtnessng the end of a pacua hs oc event, the May Movemen, and he appeaance o new foms of opposon and conesaton ha ae more undegound (somemes aso more magna) , whch contnue to pose poblems and o make fundamena conct cea The present css of he movement s due o the ac tat it  s caugh beween wo oposed oienaions On one sde  can attac a compleey contradictoy politca sysem tha untes new ung powes n oder o mantain od socia and cuura modes. I do no say hat the May Movemen was a movement o f socia and cutua modenzaton bu tha a somewha vage consciousness o

1

TE OSTUSTA SOIT

new fores, new poblems, and new cons was activaed by ts confontaon wth a gd and wom-eaten nsttu tona system. To he deee ha a poliicl ss sll eems possible  s natual that he movemen seeks  accentuae its sk· ng powe s ole as he ceave ta boe te poltcal egme and hopes one day o ovetun t and to defea at e same ime he economic nd socal egme On e othe hand, e movement may sengten tsel and make explct e new soal contadcons that account for s evol and ts demds Unl now he thus o s op postion has been moe "fo othes an "fo iself Isn'  necessay to gve pioty o the analys of new soal poblems and to the fomation o new oes and new rms o aon and o enoune syles o tinking and e pession pvey aken ove from the labo movemen of  the late nneteenth and ealy tweneth enues e mean nvesy movement, because t is moe and more eaed o he movements and poblems o today he black movement, uban dsoganzaton, impealst was and ntevenions nvolved n the ceaton of so cia oppson foces ta have a much ce future n e oe and, ts capacy fo poca sugle s m weake tan n Fane I seems impossble fo the opposon movement o make a bual hoe fo ehe one of these wo ways An ovey clea choce wtn an ambguous situaon of polt ical unceanty and socal change can lead ethe to new foms of Blanqusm  o, just the opposte, o cta  Afr Age lanq (J80  poen rvolina gre wo avoa o aion  he e e !  reor H  w r� mo war h errivilee ; ar he orking 

 S Mn

1

acion a s moe emoiona or even more ntelleca

an policay efectve. Are not ths complexy and  on-

: he mark �uson of Fench socety wh is quie m ode

 erms of he soca pobems o a postndusa sociey and qte arcac in es of e need o aack he n heiances obsacles and constrants o he taditiona syse� ?  auoty and decson-makng TS IS e pon o view om whi we ms c onsde e appaen dsoganzaton and intenal ciss of a move men which for nete an oganzaton nor a po by ts vey  onadctions p oses e essen am but a problems o scey One hisoic momen is ove;  was dened by e combnaton o a css o hange n ren socety w it the new conts of a socety in whic he stutures tha goven grow subjec o hei own eess not ony he poduce bu aso e consume, the member of te massve oganizaons the tydwelle, and e czen. he May Movemen agavaed e css of e [a and is nstitutons bu it also unleased impor

ant SCIal anges Te soial movement must dene

sef  n tems of its own na[Ue and he nate of s soa

adversaes as well as of s Objectves of ove-all tanso maon re an n ems of stule agains models o authoty and onzaon bound o a pendstal or bougeos socety, as opposed o moden oms of economc and soial powe. n May, the suggle agns he Gauls ae was a enal elemen of the passage from e studen evol o the genea ske  is possble [ha omoow the ongong movement n the unvesy may not bene fom sc a avoable conunon of foes and may have

�o dscoer its own reasons for beng, both in heoy and

patce Dung ts phase of ncubaon  wll ve cut o and n solaton, but  wl not cease to play ts I

lB

THE POST-INDUTRIAL SOCITY

role as revealer of social concs ad as instrumet o the reorgaao of the area n which ey are payed ou. Fo the muliple rches of May tha have bee gee ously disribued ee is ow subsued the auset of wte Now, one must ru he tellectual rsk of ookg i he apparet dsorde ad ereat fo �e broke im�ge of he soca movemets of omorow t IS o a queso of watg for a ew ay whose re was l o he rdge hat separated the old rench socety from ts new (orms o actvty orgazato and power;  the dephs o the ew socety omorrow's hstory is now beg prepaed

Intertol Comparison Rather tha drectly uderake a compaatve aayss  of e studen movemes we must begi hs aayss with the deito o certai dmesos o the studen movemet ad o ts stuato i socety Several vaabes can be omted from [he pont o vew that ieres us hee whch s nuing ude what condiios sUde demads ae able o ndict a socia adveay ad propose a counermodel of soce_ Coseuenly 1 wll ot ake io cosderatio he eemets at dee studets as a socal category; o be cause ths s umportat bu because all the reasos ha eorce ther autonomy ta s her isolatio have bee feuey ad carelly examed The weaeg o famly inHuece he leghenng o sdes the orma o o vas campuses or studet ctes the mporace of the youg to a cosumer marke aous or rapd tur over o products ad stylesall cotrbue o the creato of a mleu that s deed muc less ha ormerly by

T Student Movmt

19

occupao ad work Oe ca go so fa as o speak o a sude subcutue or youth subcuture and ceta move men the Duch provos ad especialy Eglsh youh) seem a s to epress a compete beak betwee youh ad sociey uch collectve eacios ca be cosdered the mos eemeay orms o he studet movement ow ever starig from the momet whe we cosder the sudent  his poeioal situatio that s i he unver sty we ca seek to dscover uder wha codtios ds saisfacto ad demads may or may ot develop to social conc ad politcal acto The specal behavio o youth s observed n all the  dustrialed coutres uder foms ha are ote com parabe eir smiary s reorced by he tenatoal diuson of astes ad styles hs specal behavor i absorbed io a soca movemet to varyg degees ad i ve dvee ways \e mus srive to uderstad e deter mnats of ths absopio this tae-over of a cutur codo by a social acto It i probably o accidet ha the couies  which he youth cuue is most marked are aso hose where he studet movemen has had he eas impotace to date I seems to be the cae ha he same culua siuato which i Englnd too o a strog culua epreo ad poduced oy wea social actio  race s maifesed by strog soca acto ad weak cultua ivetiveess The typology beig nroduced here does ot aim at de g diee aspecs o he sudet suation bu the codtos uder which a student movemet s ormed a  The student moveme w have deret oreta os accordg to wheher or ot  s formed wh a archaic and lladapted uvesty system The rst vara ble to be cosdeed is archaism-adaptaton. I hypothesze

1

 OINDRIL OCIE

h  soi grop ped i  iss stuto  rebe and evol o, on he conray, a rereat no is tradios and specal eress b ano reate acon tha wi trsorm socey A the beginnng of ndusralzaion in the rst decades of the nneeeh entuy, here wee numeros woker movemens rom the Ludds O he Cates,· whch miesed ths kd o revot o he p o he sed tss who wee morty woded by the cpis oganato of producion and mehaizaton. That sh movemes  be cosdeed he brth of he bor movemet s history cceptbe I ems te, everhe es, ht hese wokerrtiss by hemseves were ube o crete he worker moveme  ht they were  he sme sto s the pest whose ecoom ivty  estye wee estroye by iusrizo  rbi  zio. he rss o most urope uversies s pr o the ss o  bougeois ute  socey  whih c bes re icut to bek b omemes ey beuse o soc chges I he se o he uvesies hs s espeiy ue to he irese  he umber o suets he chge  vbe oppoutes  he Ruee o ges o soczio  ormto ouse the uvesy istutio Eve uite recety Germy  y mh moe h Frce st h  ivesy ogizio irecy ihere om the eeeh ceuy bse o he we o the chrhoig poessor  sio th hs o eqve  Frce ecep  the me shoos eyo these erees the Euope versies o the  Wo f   nut n yn  old ns t ntr o n nr n t oltiztion

T et Moveet

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whoe c be osiere rh  esst o he o o o subets, so etos  orgo orms reqre boh or ther ow exstee  by soc em he Amer uvestesot oy  Norh Amec but so  the get Lt mer uvertes bou whch it is styish o spek wth sre muh moe "op  re the prcp etes o teec ovto s we s orgizios pbe o mos o osy sormg her orm  viy A versy so c be but o  o moe  s o be seriousy pte o he ems me o t, ethe bese  sues so proesso oppo ties o becuse cess o t s potecte   ejoys gre prestige O he other h i is o the more rto ogztos but hose uer he gretes pe sre ht u he eest isk o ig pr  sikg o  hos h bsorbs scote se o hepg o chge  o  so moveme  he sme wy, s ies i ss oe hve soci revo or strkes bt re rey the pes where  woer moveme pbe o rechg o s eveope Oy where he uesies hve  et moety ( reo o the soey)  he se movemet become  eemet o  oRit th ets the reos  oms o so evoo We w reu te o he Feh se h es eeme o moeizo i oy hrough he ee touo o  eom h me o sepe  ete este or eseh om the ue me mgeme espey ehers ce o oow  ieret ourse B the tes o eters h wee the ee o he My Moveme were sti oy very sghty vove  he proess o moerzo b  The rs thg  moveme ome i the uversy

    O   - I ND    R I     C I   

an  al h  of nstitutionalzaton of poiia ow i s wast whn h iniaion of Sa o azaton an oom pow s atst at nsitional iiy a oxis with a movmn of onom a ta nsfomation a  y a ntai aa o un fos ot moi in olitial lts Sh s h as n Itay On th oth ha, a hih  of ivsity atonomy an  assoat with a oliial systm n whih th uin lt lays a hihly visi ol, whih is th as in Mxio a som oth Lai mian ots a also, it sms o me, i Japan. Whn th stnt movmnt nonts a soy stalsh poltial pow it s l to it politial aion that is, t is l o qstion h w systm lthoh h May Movmnt n Fan was pimaiy n as aiapitaist at th most amati mom of its vomnt it atta th Gaullst im as mh as h oomi pow of th la fr an thi oiia an On h oa, a mo iv la sysm, n whih th polt lt noys ss ipnn an ohsvss ns o i ou a mo us usion o th soa o, on tat s mo al han poial Satin om hs asi poostos w a attmp o aalyz th al soltions an vn mo mpotay  th atonstyls of th stunt movmnt i h psnt sitaion W wil st poos h styls i a laivly systmati man fo tn on h a polms of th stnt movmn

e St Mveet UNIVERS GNZTON () CHAC (b 0D£ stunl 5tm: 1 gid ) ctted licl pwe

va

Cmi (U.S,A)

b) difsed pliicl pw

ty

sttul stem: 2 exbe ) ccetted liticl pwr

Jp

) ded political pw

Gem Brkee (,)

 us s viw h yloy a  n xtm as is th situaio that omis h mn that la to ston oposiio to th movm wih thos hat la o h outa of vol aainst oth h nivsty an h whol of soiy This volt is st o he destrucion of an archaic system bt nds itself al o m om h univsity in o o ovtu soy s a who h las as is Fal Wst Gay h h ahasm of th nvs oana ion a of h ahoy aonship in th shoos s assoat wh a ain ily o h sysms o no iaio, sially  sy wh owul ions houh omaamnt o oth aanmns, hav oh aout a hh dg of nsitutolzaton of labo cocs, Poliical powe is dised and the role of h itial lit is wa, as of th iationa siaion of Gany, th pow of h at mpans th assoiation o h wo pinipal politial atis in a ovnmntal oalition, an th wani o th psoa ol of th Chanllo sn th im of wi Eha

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H POINDRL OCI

peeded th fomin o an orgnzed orc o psn pofsonal demnds. There a comprable elmn ewen he Fench and Japnese iuaon and ao h Spnsh suon In h r nn h olaon of h uden movmen is much gee; in h ond, he archaim of he uveity  so much ge and h foms of oil domnton are o much mor bul ha th Spnsh movemnt  really hlay etwen hoe n h industrilizd ountes nd hoe in h underdevlopd ountres The mportane of h movmn n rance eus from h  ht insiuonl osale and polcal entrlztion n  ituon mrked mor by universty trnton hn smple arhaism ought ou a evo hat n oher stuaton menoned so far tend o un itel out wher t tas Th who paradox o th My ovemn  ha hav· ng en lunhed y he myc erch or a poltaan vouonry foe nd y th ruggle agan igid poltl and nsituonal systm  rough o igh nw oppoton fors oud h univrsty (tehncan and "proeson on one side young worr on th oh) and evd more han nyh ele th natu of    powe untl hn hiddn behnd auing luon of modenzaion ratonlizaion and growh I  till not n indpenden fully dvlopd ocal movmn I opeated more by evelng conadion than y popong  pom  unlehd a rvou· ionary si tha  e than  revoluon bu muh mo thn  criss o chang or adpion Here agan thee i a trng connuity o ntonal hitory Th sugg aganst aoutsm determned h volutony orm of ocil change n Frne nd th mporne of h poltl and dologial orienttons o movemen whose summi

T Su Movm

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i more vigorous and btt dened than her bs Ths means that the modnity of th movement no b smply oppoed o he hm of he reance that i m. This arham playd h roe o n oe ha forced h movemen o leap hgher and furhr and us o eve new ol con and o emerge more delber aty from the mitd doman of unvsiy problems If one vewed uch movemnts ony a  usless and et· be ri one would ms wht i esentil nmely t ny ono h hoil ene nd no a rvoutonary tye th  more han oppoton o  oil movemn of th rs mpotn c   we tun now o th moden univetes that , hoe tht ar no undamentlly ildped to he de· mand of soety two xtrem posles an be n· vgd The r maxm the chances o a stritly universiy movemn cu th ntutonal sysm s ex and poltal powr is diused In this ce he srngth and mporan o the movement not ome from its potal aon u on th conay fom the socal rvol tha pa t Thi  the situaon of e Amen movemen sply  Beeey t  a mov· mn cnted on the papan wh he French move ment i ened on s ojcive This direne emege ey from nvews wh th uden mltn A young mercn ooogs who dd such wo n the two coune wa tru by he nsene o he mercan sudent on spaing of thmslves th pronal hstory and the proces of ther diizion while the Fench tudent rued o pa n ths term and oud he onvrson on dtly poltcal ues In Franc h ay ovemen provoed  ris o h regme The movemn at Bereley nd oher univeriie

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 ONURL SO

 y the poerl cotrol over thee oca grop eercied y the itera achiery o the PR.. Thi ypology cao e a goal i itel t oly a r tep at coparo ha take ito coideratio the ita tio o he tde ovee ad i pecial prole The reark e have ade lead  toard a ore elaorate aalyi hat i addreed directly to certai o he role aleady e  hi expoiio They ca e ed p i the ollog ay I theory e have poed that a oia oveet  the expeio o a co c eee ocial orce o the cotrol o ocial chage  ore aaytc ter t i he coiato o three elee: the deee o the ity o he actioha e hall call a priciple o ideity I; he trggle agait a ocial advearythe piciple o oppoito 0; he reer ece to he hole o ocietyhe priciple o oaity T. There exit rdietary ovee ha poe oly oe o hee eee: pree gop (I  coetatio (0)  or doctrie (T  There are a good er o atial oveet ha ca e deed a  -0 or OT t i ele to dee thee ore preciely here he real qe tio  heher there ae coplee ad cocete ocia oveet that coie al hree elee i a coheret aer It ee o e that ch a oraio ppoe a etree degree o coherece  the ocial iatio ad coeqetly a extree degee o itiioalzato o he coict  qetio Th ay e he cae ih certai ocietie like Sede i hich the poer o collectve ageeet like the Saltjade tradtio ad he • ntuna Runay Pay h l paty wi ha on old nl Mxan oical l nc i ao n 192. h altjan bai aen ined in 193 n  plo (SA) and t u-ll ta union (O)  a a lanak n   nduta atn m

T Sudn Mven

3

rega ctioig o a pariaeay ye are a very trog relaiohip o he hree poit hich ogether coite a ocal ovee. A ao oveet like the Cetal Sedih Laor Ogazatio ca act i the ae o pec teret that i the ageeare agat he teret o the eployer ad alo  he ae o eco oic ad ocial progre Thi ea that he codio that ake poie e eaizaio o the theoetica odel o the ocal ove e alo cae here to e o ocial ovee popey peakig ice coic i lly tittioalzed Thi e call he ipler oevao accordig to hich a ocia ovee vet or traor he iaio i hich  act ad ca ever e etirely coco ad orgaized" A ocia ovee i alay ot o alace t diere dieioT 10, OTever atch perecly We recall ei' crci o ecooi ad trade ioi ad the oppote dicio ade y Selg Perl a etee the deire or jo coro o the part o the oker ad he politca orietaio give to the o ovee y itellectal. Sch oevatio ca e geeraized ad eparated o thei deologca co et; hey deotrate hat i i i t he atre o ocal oveet o o e ale o e itegaed ad ied. To peak ore coretely proeoa deee ocial trggle ad politicl proga ae alay ore or le dociated he diveriy o the iatio coidered hod o the lead oe oly to ditgih oveet accodig o ther cotet t o ditigih the ore proodly o the ai o the relaio aog their ele et. The iplet thg i o dee a ovee y tha eleet hat play he ot copco role the elee

3

 OS-NSRI SOC

mdy a and uua onan rar an nun uan f n A  am m a of  yp  rand y a dou nrna onadn w pp  on mn ( a of  wa mn n  Frn a dnd y  rn of  1-0 dmnn, r ar a pa wakn and wak parpan a  a f  momn T  fa  apparn wn n n   von arumn wn  f udn and  ad of  mmun Pary and  CGT T pak n rm f  po f a pa ouon f   and a u  "g f an aad  work  na a f aon onmn. T nd ndn aud  apd paa rom aon d y vy md rup  ad  rup  a ma aon w wa mzd ony y  po rprn nd  r a fowd In  zovak   pa n and mpran of  mvmn w r omnd w napa y o dn a prpy a on and duy n ardn ra mpran o  uura r T udn mmn  a pa dnar and a n a apay for ndpndn an nay,  Amranyp mmn n w  uua rvo  ry mu markd y poa n rman kd n  rvo and prn  ra duy n n  a nn and pa j f f.  ud add a a momn f  Grman yp w  prmary rvo and nan fa  a f f fuy n  uura ordr,  a ordr, and n   Ceer !rle  ril, e be cist·e Fec te 

T Sun Mvem

137

poa ordr, and nd nquny o rpa an an w powfu doy Idoy  u  wak dmnn f a momn  rn mand a fnn and pnanu upa oppn  wo ap n r mmn: pfna anzaon and poa oj  z and  k m nn a rnan wn am and ry a  mr an da nrun an a poa prram T Amran udn oay j  y w dpn m frm anayzn  a n and n frm f pa oranzan Bu  wakn and d ar a  mon fr f  momn y w  dud ony   d a nw a n w ud up  oand and uqun,  nunazd T prnpa ak of a dyam udy of  momn   ond w  unaand nradry u owfu uprn ar and n ad, or anzd a f w av o r apay o ranform  a rdr  a mvmn  n an da a prram r a dn  d n pp a raona and aand oun o  nradon f a y Ony dna upan a aad   an of u a md f  da oy A a momn drv  nam ony au f  nradon wn  and  maan a ru  forward vn wn   apparny onou and ranzd   ony n  dord and nrna u T ra wakn f day' udn mvmn  r un a y an v r jv and an nru and numma an anoy  mpran f  ay Momn n ran do n a a rd n  yra un f  oupd Sronn;   ar do no prdu 

1

 OT.INDTRIL OCT

icty; i t u it s mtac id i h tdy of h coadcio tht oppo potica ito oc g g, d cua vot If h Mch 22 Movmt w  h ht o h movm h o i ha  w both ibtai d ociat, bc  ivd h o d cotadctio btw th d Hg d h bac g h htoy of  oc movmt i away  log o o mov byod i ta cotadicio d hu  v a t atio ad coqt dappaac No o ca fo to what dg d d wha coditio h tdt movmt wi b dtoyd by it t pobm o wi domit hm powfuy ogh to td it ctio ad ic Bt w c ay ht h m of thi cc o fi i th cpcity of th tdt momt to pticip  a oci ad poitica ctio  acd h ivity d u h co vgc of tdt ad oh gop of th oppoio Thi  phap wh  io compio ough o bgi tody ad o pacg  th ct o h aaysi th g apc o h d ito t hold mphz h tdy of h fomao (o th o omao) o  oc movm d coly co d wh h gat ttio th pg-wld by h td movmt hmvs-om uivy re vot to mo ga btl cid o i lc wih oth ocia foc.

III The Fm: Power. Institution. and Organization The Scly 0 the rm  th coutr that xpcd apai dia1 to th grt dpdc o coomc nttio i  th cuy bogh abou  dviio of wo cadmic : o th coomit w ignd h dy of th  ad podctio o chag o ocia hoght ad at to ocoogy w aigd th tdy of wokig if, of id owd wok d of th ocl tio withi m Wh o pak of h ocia pobm of idty  i ca o lmo vyo that thi ma pimaily h if d wo of th wok ad c odiy of oth wag Sil it i cy o diigih two g i h vouio o th wok ad i

1

HE O.INDRI OCIE

ha espeally inssed on he compex ersonaiy ad oganizaona reaoships; a Frenh study red o expain worker behavor  based o the ype of "rojet  which the woker is nvolved Anoher study hat pariclary consdered wores fom agiral bakgrounds demonsrated ha they wee primariy movated by a dese fo upward scial mobiiy and that hey most oen consdered heir situaon wthn the  only n em o thei lans fo socal advanement. One mght sak of these workers as margnally integated  they did not eel part of he n o of the workg class, and 4

&

thei saisfactio or dssatsfaion was determed by

hh hy  oscos o oss o h s hy h s hmsvs f  cos o·oomc oos k  sh lboos   s  oso b h schs ho  hmsvs by mmbsh   m o  school  hos ho op o hs  o o o pso objvs h my co boh h pofsso cs  h lul vy. A hum os poy h ms  b o of h ho op sks fvo coomsm  k  h oo by o h pso ss o s mmbs   l m, o o poh hs o co cpo o h oo h lby o h cssy o p lf o  ch vom hh of h mk o o som oh spc of s cvy A m mus b o  ms of  objc 4 R Bss ere d nd An Trine, Ret,  arin S du tTaw (ODe.  : 54329 G Orie Rz and A Tune Ovr 'Qr� g Ps Edns  ! 161) 

Pwe, tt  Ornza

1

ves I. no it baane and iegaon I has a game o ay; t does no ono the odions nde whih it ms act and so mst make its d eisions in terms of wha changes is aers may be abe to eec A he upmost, he indusria enterprise no onger appears o be a soal sysem and oecviy but a sysem o reatos beween exea ad nea demands, hene an nstmen fo negotiaion and choe that seses no onsnt content no sysem o norms roes and stas that saby dene the onditions o s balance b) . O the other hand, he m can be coneived a a poia uniy Tha was aready the oncsio of Bere ad Meas oHowg their casic sudy of the deson maig sysem i he grea American orporaios In erepeneria apiasm he mode  he deveopment rests on the noons of isk pro, ad make. This denes a ceain sae of eonomic and soia ogazaton but not he ineal vau of the oganzaon Fom the mom:t hat gowh appear o be moe dened by he aacy to ombine n og-em pogams ehe eady esoes o esoues to be eaed o deveoed the whoe orgaizaio s seen o be sbjeted o he objecves o developmen whih ae the bsiness of the whoe of soety he massive organizatowheher it is indus ria, commeral medica, or versty-rries in itsef the ationazig mode ha oents s socia aivity. To modenize raonaze, ad rogram apears as the fnda mental exigeny satg om whch sol poices are o be dened. The moe one consides he m as a soiey he moe

8

m Bns ad G M. Stler, Th la"g�me"t of Iin (Londn: Ta\s{ock Publcaios 1961) .

TH OST-INDUSTRIAL SOCITY

s concerned wh he norms and forms oE auhoriy withn th company. I seks t nrease he prtpaton o wage eaners in dsion-mkng and  he organzaional seup ha dermnes h working sation Fnally, we stomarly speak o h labor movment only to h degee hat he unon organaon as drely or hrough he rmdary of polal pas n orde o change pwer reaonships and the soca orol of ec omic change Shop stewards canno act only on the evel of oliica sugg; neihe can they onuse hmseves with the membrs o h plant commttee Uon orgn zatons a saly vry caru o gard edom of move mn and o o b loked no a lmted systm of workr parcpaion Within the ndsrial company itse he are ana ogus ensions among hese hree lvels The s no con nuos pssage om h level o carryng out he work to the eve of orgizaton and om ths vl o ha of managemen; ach hs ts own nty and systm marked o by deed ronrs and workg gudns. he ds tanc hat sepaats h works who perform hr tass om he sta of th organzaion or buaus has bn srongy rsnted for a long m More ecn s he ds tane hat has ben ad betwen the organzrs and hose n managmn posions ad betwen the mddl rak sa ad he oh manags. But this dsconnuy mus not be onused wih ass siations whch are o n a sion on a hearchica line but are dned by on s over powr Th transfomaton o ndusry and onsqnly h evolio o the onepons o he ndsral company can be analyd as th progssv apparan o organza on and nstuional mdatons bewn onomc pow

Pwer, Instu d Organizaton

and pofessona actvty  he od indusial ompn y, . �onomc power ad proessiona acivty were spaated Oo the world o apal and he wold of labor Captal exersd dret powr ov labo The combiaton o workes in he captals acory permtd th hold of eonomc powr o acumulae captal. Th indusra copany was more a a marke; it was he plac where aptal was ealed ovr abo hs can b represened

by a simple schema:

Eom por Produtiv rk

In a seond sage thr appard he oganizatio of wo and dd, he vy oncep o organizaon Eco omc p?wer was ersed over abor hrogh orgnzato wh!h also had a t autoomy hat aowd th  applcaon of sch conceps s sas, ol sraticaon auhorty inegation o margnaiy c Ths s repr send by the folowing shema: om pwr Ognizaton rodcie wr

he plan m anager was o longe jst the presetaie of he capitalis; he was aso h one who dics coo�ats integrats d mantas e organizaio.' In a d s�ge eonmi wer movs a sep frr away  rom drec domatOn of podcve work  s no lge only h amulaion o apia and managrial capacty ha detems growh moe and mor t s a

15

    O S   I N N    R    S O C I   

lkewe engaged in an illegitimate aCi � when cmng . nvlved in cective, deending a mblty, they ae mved nly y a dee t egain a  tatn and ae h e t een n ti-ra ti-ratnl tnl vin f ety  the libea midle clae ten d when they ae ailng  agn take p the tem u abve the evlutin f the rm lea t a greate an greate integatin f nutral elatn in the politi  the m, at eat t the egree that tey cncern the ntittinal rathe than the ganizatina untining  the m Mre generally t lead the partiipant t dene themelve me an d  mre by their elatin with e and n lnge b! the pein  pecc qalite r ablte right whc are in pincple ncmpatible with the attribute an ght f ther paticipant an whih leave n rm  a te ytem  cial relatin d y red auure mea aee n�t me toon a oluut hi evol agee of hi a) . The tag hatt ne o wha ten Xte thee eX thee by th iaa ns t rath loggi nolo hroono chr mcomm i a co m nc a   Snc d mod ng mo n nall tona ato ll a call can b ca gee ag ow pa allow at a that ment th m ntt tivee in trativ ntra ple o f admin n, it  eay to tion, ectio exec nal ex t echn liyy to tech mc poli nom cono m eco o om . ev ogre pogr g n th p tag ca ta tca ot tho r th thr gh th ting dtin d o n� to p on app on.. It ws rt ap izaton nalizat tional atio ton of a taton nta pn  wn-1atwn 1at  al h m of tec t att at  a m  wa wa a  ton  cton  xc  of x ara of th ara th t m om w h ng m o ( a n  a  an chn ch n thee work o  te Jion on th UJi alU al 

�

Oto to ratted O nettra pene extt pe It n  nex s).. It kerrs) oke e w  wo lle k ded k d in n be in ten ofte

ng omng com ton,, bc zaton gnza orgn n o or ation itratio nitr dmn aa o adm th aa th el  vel he v he hes eaches t  eac a lly F ina in in. n. z ai a n alz al t on o l ra rat ina nal za ai anz orga org � ty y; nat ato on ru umph o  rat atng a tr reat g, cre akn ng -mak ion n-m ciio o deci

al consocial ena of soci arena thee ar mess th eome n beo aton azzato ra tiona thatt ration ut tha ty a oci  ocity tra utr nu  in n m and a nd in rm th r ct n th ct he rt tage  thi evlutin i ened y a vey lmited applicatin  atinalizing mdel he ganza

Pwe, Isttui, an Oaat

153

tin and management  m emane mnate by capitalt pt althugh manufactng wrke ten pee geat pesna autnmy he unn ac tivty wthn the rm cld nly be defenve and the eire t cntl ecnmc ife ld ny be manfeste utide the m y pecicaly plitia me, whethe vient r nt Th epatn  unin deene m  iticl actin wa  clea n the evutinay unnm f the Amien chate  it wa n  nrevlutinary a mvement a the Ameican Federatin f Lar Wthn the rm the prblem  rganizng wrk had n in ependent exience; jb deene and enmi expita tn ace each ther Sytem  emneratin baed n pernal utput  n piecewrk demntrated thi rect nit between abr and capital Sperviry pernnel an ta emplyee were nly the intrment  capitalit pwer, harged with mpng dcipline an aurng utput t thi tage, the m  an ecnmi nit, a lab market he devepment f penal independence captait minatn an pltca acn are all very much epaated fm each the ·hen ne peak f the cia pbem within th n f rm, ne immeatey thnks  he wrkng an ving cnditin f the wker, nt  the unctning  the rm a an ganiza tinal and dein-making ytem Likewie, the ecnmi anay  the rm de nt brng in the ntenal relatin hp f wrk it i t primaiy ugget a terminlg  the market. Beynd it rle a gardian f the dminant ec nmic interet plitical lfe appear freign t the al trugge that ae uppedly waged n tritly enmc term he rm  where clae cnrnt ne anther cae dene nt nly y their relatin within the prce

15

    O   - I ND U   R I    O C I   

In this situaion, the workes defeded the iT imeress  he   he ae o a socey doiated by class coict. he idea o ca sruggle isel aifest he ecogio of a soiey undesood  t otaiy a a syste o produio ad o loge oy as the poJe io o he ieress of a social group B his uy o idustral soiety s irodued ony indietly ha s, y beig denied ad through he explosio that the class co c oes o t he State regaied soe autooy, beause i artrated soial sggles or geeralized the. he head of he r no longe spoe i the nae o his ow iiiative or apital u n he nae o his r He ought al iterferene fo otside forces-the Sta e a d  its soial aws particulaly-that coud reate a gdy haful o the dynais of the r and he econoy I this sitaio the r appeared cu in two O oe side, t is a soial organiaion, o the oher, a cee of econoi deisio·aing If it als on sociogy i wats i  o study he wores t he departets or he sa ot the goveet o the  he hees of beaucacy and hua relatos  spod to ad copee eah ohe he socia eali y o the r is oceived  a syse o rules ad relaos he declie o profsiol auonoy, he ac tha caf s repaed y saus ad roes would ead to a aly is based ot o ea soa goup bu o wor eaoshps wihi a syse deed by values, ors and fos of au thoriy and alane he nteral proles of the social orgaatio egi o be reated by ew odies which eve though purey onsulaive, ca iervene very eec ively o ransfor the social anageen of he s What has often een alled worers' pariipaio i a agee is i elity oly the nterveion o persoe

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Pe Istuin n Oi

157

ocers i his soia adisraio, wthou the ceers o ecooc decisioag beng aected i ay way y tis patcptio c)  his wood aue o he r eds o diappa o e degree that ecooic owh oes o deped oe o the capaiy o oilie ad orgaie resources, o dect chage and o foresee ad proa developet, aher tha o eely pug pro-valued ore highy ha direly productve wor-a he disposa of the etrepeeu A this sage the eieny of the  de peds ore and ore o soial ad politial deterinats ad o he geeral unioig o he eooi syse, whih eeds itself o all aspes of soia fe: use of land professioal raiig investens i reseah ec O he level of he r, ecooic policies ay e foaied nto decisionaig syses, while the "optios ha deterie he direcios o econoic ad social cage ae o a higher level his evoluto ay eiher educe the  to a sub ordinae role of putig io pactce poicies deded on a hghe level or it ay associae he  wh a syste o ecooc ad polca coopaion I is the ana ad dustra oups, natoa ad eatonal aher a rs as such hat paricipae i he worut o ecoo poy I all cases, the decisionaig capaciy of e r is o loge deed by its stuaon i a aret u y is peetraio to a poita syste his peeratio has oe bee oceived as rigg aout he disappearance o the private r Only the soaliatio of the unis o podutio has seeed to &hupeter for eaple, o allow the opleion of he rationaliig wor udertae y capialis, which i canno oplee because of the hostiliy a i has reaed

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 PO.INDRIL OCIE

This sam amiguiy coms u agi whn w sk o d h ol o uions O o sid wih h lads o h Ialia CIL ik Tin o wih cai Fch uion lads scially i h CFD o ca isis on h aio of uio acion io h l of h olicy dcisions of h m o h oh had o ca hik ha uios goia mo ad mo h co diios of wok mloym and romoio whi comig lss ad lss h lads of nw social suggls Ths suggs a dicd mo agais h oliicocoomic ow of h a oud o h ga acial ad idusial ous hy a i aci dfs of com muiy gou dd lss y work ha y hi sisac o coomic social, ad culual chag o which hy cis o coo and which hfo aas o hm  a oc of aliaio W wil s fuh o ha hs wo ascs of h  a comid i dirn ways accodig o h y o sociy ud cosidaio Bu hi clos laioshi should lad us om ow o o a ramiaio of h oio of isiuio as w ha usd i  o his oi h m is a isiuio isoar as i is mo ha a oganiaio u lss ha a ow I is h lac wh social focs goia ad ai a a dniion of h uls ad foms of hi cofroaio ha is h isiuioaiaio of hir conHic O h ll of h ogizaio, colci laios of wok aim a isuig h cohsiss of h whol h dimiuion of ai  nfeeane eneale alao el a, e lags ouns  Iaa ae unn  eean a�se e Daque u al. oel CF. (hsan we' n   e n  a een  uhs sal eahg an as nsuenal n nung e es f gevas

P, iin d Orin

16

iaio h auaion of iualiis h iocm o sauss ha  ogh O h l of ow o h coray mo o ls saishd ad slfcoscious social casss oos ach oh y siig o domina h whol ocss o coomic and socil chag Each of h adsais idis il i a uoia way wih h gal irs ad idoogically ooss h oosi cam. Isiionalizaio is halfay bwn hs wo lls of social laions Social orcs i ngoiaio do o d hmss lai o sociy as a who u i la o o h aicua ad imid amwok of h m ih how, do hy lac hmsls on h l o h ogaiaion h diisio o lao h sysm of saus and rol I would  dangous o s u a siml o osiio bw h oliical sgh ad h orgaiza iona sngh of h rm dagos also o li ha uioism is sli wn dicy oiical acio ad sricly ofssioal ad coomic irnion limid o h ia olms of h rm Ecoomic o ad social rlaions a oganid o a imdia l i y dis foms Th m is incrasigy siuad on h l of insiuio I osssss a idd sysm o coomic dcisiomaig and socia ngoiaio A h sam im i is a lm wihi a ow sysm hc a sysm of social coics ha lagly ascd i) caus co nomic ogss is oy agly dmid y h accumulaion o caial ad h ogaizaio of laor d incrasigly y scinic and chica sach ofsioa ainig ad raiig h moiliy of ifomaio ad oducio acos, h caaciy or laig aciiy c



 PINDRI CI

The geat socia coic trasced te rm ad te wole aea o poducio ad ae siuaed, ike po gammed cage isel, o a much broade plae Tey ae muidimesioa�soi1 cutual ad Jliicamuc moe ta sricy ecoomic The disicio bewee ese wo roes o e rm is most ote idicaed by e use o te word pt Tis word s two meaig: e execise o power ad a system o decisiomakig Oe ca spea o a system o decisiomakig to te degree at a cocrete agetidividua o collectivesees o aai cetai objectives tat i believes coorm o its ow iterests; i seeks to do so by eteig ito ieacio wit ote agets wo may be allied parallel, o osile ower, o e cotray, is deed by te capacity o certai aget to impose o all the oter ages tei ow coceptio o ociey, i objectives ad its maer o evolutio Powe dees te eld o socia actio: decisio is a pocess o iteractio witi tis eld Powe ad decisiomakig are ever eiter eiey separated o eiey coused Te capacity fo decisiomakig is deed by iuece,  is, he ssibility o a paticula age to moiy e beavior o aote wihou imeH udergoig compaabe modicaios o is ow beavior Mageme ad uios egoiae ad seek to modiy each ote's beavio e system o decisiomakig ca be more or less isiuioaied witi e political systems o te rm But e ecoomic eades aso eercise domiatio, a socia corol tat come ito coict wit a opposed model o directio ad social cage deeded by tei adversaies. To te degee at ecoomic pogess sup poses a broader iterveio o society wii its ow developmet te probems o power icreasigly ta

P, ,  Oz

16

sced e rm This is wha allows a cet ntituioalizaio o idusial coic ad te ceai o poitic istiutios wii e rm hat dea wi oblems hat go a beyod the iea maageme f a orgaiza io o wok I a eaie sge o e m, ee do ot seem to have bee a itermediay betwee e prems o we ad tose o proessioa lie, agely elated wihi idepedet proessioa wokig groups dusial e oluio eads o a growig dieetiati amog te wokig leves o the m ad paticularly  te stregheig o e istituioal level midway betwee te problems o powe ad ose tat elae  te iteal ucioig o orgaizatios We mus o ocus o his diereiatio

Dierentaton 0/ the Levels 0/ Funct'ng Aalyically, stregteig o he rm   istitutio ollows te progess o is ogaizaio o is he oe o e maage boud o ta o e ogai ow is e poicy o e m boud to s uctioig? t he begiig we saidad eveyhig ta  bee said is a commeay o his geea ideaha e  is ot oy a ogizatio i is also a decisiokig system, that i its ur witi e sphee o eeio ad orgizatio, atioaies itsel a e sam time tat i politicizes itse Tereore, a reu to te oceptios o te ead o te rm as a simple orgaize  oodiato o materia ad uma meas o producti is excluded Bu avig recogied the impoace o e rm as a istitutio, we must go uer back ad iquie ito te

just

 PO.INDR OCI

sh a eot B may socioloiss lke Peter Bla Tom Bs ad Mhel Crozier demostraed that a oaizaio sbjet o freet haes cold ot ctio i this maer The dysftios o his beacatic maae me are sch that it has bee elaed by a eiely diferet kid of oaizato t s o loe e le that oves b he objetve I s o oe he sevie o he deatme b s artila oam that esab shes he fdamea ty o ato Pbc oio as o sie row sed o his chae  vocablary a least sce the sess o sh masive oeatios as the ivasio ladis o 194. e have ome to osider he rm as a straei ed whose maaemet rimariy eforms he ask o eotia tio The rms adatatio o hae will move o he degree that  s moe ramat less brdeed wh riiles ad es moe arefl to sre amo ts vaios eemes a adaaio that s always mted ad ovsoa The mehasti ocetio o the rm has bee elaed by the imae of a market deali  ieces, a market whose baace s stabe ad ose qely moe favorable to chae ad to adaato to a eviromet hat is isel chai Crozer eressed his oeo very reisey whe he emhaszed that the more moder a oraizatio was, he moe it wold lde es of ertitde whh he vaios aras wold sve o cool  orde o stehe their ee wthi the azao These aayses have eat morae ad reder he discssios o the brearati model deed by ebe almost wihot erest they mst be osidered oly as a arhai fom o oraizatio Bt hese aalyses mst evetheess be omleted A m s ot exclsvey a

Pwttut  Orgzt

market deaing in inence and a pace where autonomous stateies onfont o ombine with each other; i s aso an organizaion tha possesses a enter of decisionmaking and bondaries and mposes on i membes a "loyaly tha allows he srategies to mainan themselves within quie narrow lmi. The vey eibility of the styes o oranizaion mposes moe and more poten

mehasms of soial eato

When the sysem of us and noms is ear and stabe it is not necessary to interfere wh atitudes and inenions Everyone s placed in a box o the organiationa cha. He knows wha is obidden and wha is demanded. To he degee that he objetve limi dsappear  becomes neessary tha all the members of  the oranizaion be oented oward its inteaon,  ha they nterorize s vales and norms and aquire a "house spirit One mus erainly dstrus he whole liteauef whh W am H. Whye 1's Th OrganiUton Man i e bes known eampleat psents he lowe rankig exeuvs in pacula as dominated by "satus anxey B to insst too exclusivey on the possibilities o the aton omous strategies o the greaest numbe would be o all nto an opposite exaeration Fo inence inreaes with hiearhia authorty and srategy onssts n risin and hence in dentifying oneself wih the ocia vaues of the oranization In the most mode and mos echnica oganzatons marked by the neasng nedependene o funons and he pesene o song vaus sience and heath combine hei eos to nease the pesse om ores of soial ntegration, he eognon of vale. noms, hierarhies and socia ondu pope o he or-

aizatio To the same degee that the dameta mechaics of

H PO-NDR OCI

economc pogess ae no longe detemned on he leve of the m  sel (s used o be the case dng he eod of entrepeneua capiasm) b on a hgher evel, so he m becomes an ognzaon ha s pagac in s ams and hghy inegaive. I becomes less an assemblage o workng assgmen and seciales and moe of a commncations network whose uny can be maitaned only hough pressure o conom o he needs o he or· gaion is homogeney and it capacity o avoid change and inciden One consequence of hs is he grow ng mance of he pbems deal wh by mxed woke-managemen commtees insumen less o nego aion han of negraon Anohe consequene is he 's vey manes conce for normaon and an equa ncern over caees and pmoion The roblems of he oganzaon ae seaaed from e ha relae to ionlized negoaio and  rtr om he pblems o powe As a esl relaions among te varios wokng levels n he m ae complex Insiionazation ge beyond he oganzaon o te degee ha he m becomes moe and moe of a olical un he nena pobems of he organizaion esis he nsuonazaon of decsions and concs whch s necessay med and also because he sngh of he n es in s organzaon Ahoiy s no educed o moe nuence b is primly he orgnizaiona exres ion o wer his eads us o o complemenary hemes On the one hand the rm s ineasingy a sytemazaon o olica decsons and negoaions dened nehe wh s or ganizaton sysem no s sysem owe On the ohe hand he nconal rolems of he oganzaons have geaer and geae aonomy based on he powe of he oes

Per Itu, d g

In oher words, if one drec1y considers these prblem, one sees ha hey smulaneosy end hemslves to hee yes of analyss. F, cean ascs of he soci relaions o wok eer o a prey oganzaonal sudy:  m las n?rms and es; i denes oes and syls o n:racn; I s deenaed and heached Secondy l InsU�nl sysem eneaes he shee of ogniza n, eseCay o e degee ha he nio c once agin roe�ionay d ecnomcy deend e wage eaes wh he frmework o a bader sregy inally he cll end and pwer concs of sociey a lage ae aso a wok wthn he m and dee its vues and norms Ths deenaon o hee evels o anayss does no mean o imply he exisence of hee seaae ses of soca cs. Rahe  elaes dieent oblems and heir vaos meanngs Anayis of he m simply as a sysem of n stiution decison and neiaions w oud negec bo s mechanisms of socil inegaion and is wer roblems On he ohe hand, exclsve nsisence on e dec nk between ognzaona nconing and he sysem o powe woud gnoe he eemen tha explans he economc and socal aonomy of he m he� analyss gans he insciency of purey psychosocoogCl sudy o he m and corecly bings u he oblems volved in decson-makng and owe, hee is fufl enson beween he wo apoaches we have dsingushed. Insiuion anaysis mus be baanced by  ana�yss tha inss on he eay o owe exeed boh dect1y and thogh oganzaonal oblems Ths reesens a evsa of pesecives in e of older analyses ha coesonded o  he st sages of the evoltion we have aced hey inssed on the exemes

74

HE P-IDUIL CIETY

economc powe and professional autoomy face o face. O the cotay oe must place isiional ealities sysems of decision ad egoiato a the cente of the pcue Bu oe aso mus cosantly pese he aed ad contray pessues execsed ove hem boh by he fucioig of the oganiaio ad by powe coAcs I s more dicu o spea of a ieasig auoomy fo he pobems of echic executo, since he mos obvous trai of indusia evolutio is that he ogaza ioa system execises moe and moe cool ove the way n which eecution is caied ou and, eve moe so, because the professioa auonomy of the manufactuig woe has lagey disappeaed. But we do ot eed to retu o such observaions The evoution of the sys em of producto does o enai he dsappeaance of he socia pobems ad socia behavio drecy ocated at the job eve. Qute he cotar; on a eves of the ogiation the dvesty of jobs ad specialites poses iceasingy complex probems. They ae ceaest i tems of sta pesoe where we oe the progess of pofes soaaio ad the owig mpotace of occupatioa behavor as eected n evels of auhoiy Many of he observaios made by soologss of orgaizaos eay demosrae the impoce of he epets ad as a esul the possibiliies ope to them fo maneuvers ad sategy wihi he orgatio But hs is o oge a matter of nstitutioaied negotiaons o eaionships amog socia foces I is a matte of pesoa sategies ha may fo coaitios but si aim at betteig the postons of he coceed idividuals within, bete  n the face of he ogaiatioa system "e must go fuher Socia evouto, the aisig of ivig stada he oo sow icease  fee time, he

r, It,  rgzi

175

deveopmet of esue activities ad the mpotace of family fe  a cente of consumpto ad iepesona elaons cobute o he creatio of pofessioal be havo detemias ha ae icreasgy ndependent of he m Godhope Lockwood, ad ther colaboraors  sogy emphased ths o  heir sudy of ecoom caly pvieged Eglish workes i vey mode stua tos The woers dene hemseves ess ad less i terms of their pofessional acivity her oes outside the m -boud o famiy eighbohood, habts of consumptio are nceasigy impotan o hem hs necessariy meas hat occupatoal behavio, he choice of a job, at itudes owad emueaion, and iees n wo, etc ae al deemined fom otside Wor s a meas to cosump o t the top of the poducon sytem, we see that the centes of decisio move ou of he m ad ise o the level of the State ad the massive atioa o inteatoa economic goups In a paael way, at is base we see he adiional image of the woer disappear In paticula, manageat least whe hey ae younged moe and more to see a place of empoyme hat favos hei chde's educaton ad her ow leiure The  used to be he cee of he ecoomc ad socia orgaiatio the woes lfe was decty ad ndrecty domiated by it coomic ife was almos nohig moe tha the ite acio betwee ms and the maet Today, sociey invades the m though two oues so that oe s led to dene  now as the associatio of a stitutioa system wih an oganiaoal system This  J . H Gotop,  L, F aor an  a, Th Ae Woru: bla Ais  Bhavr,  I abridg Unrsy s, 16) 

76

 INDRIL C

oublac conomc unt i locat btwn th conomc ows an th mplo's pivat lf. h stngtnng of t ogniation an ts mcanss of soca ntgaton oftn coms nto conict wit t  vopmnt o ngotatons, t nsttutonaaton of cn·  Ths two posss vop concunt o both psnt cntiptal tnncis of a m tatn b cntfuga ocs bot at its summt an ts bas W must cogz tat sc a wanng o th m ncssail bings about a lmitation of th social mpotanc of abo unonism nso as t is stl n b ts atonshp wth its avsa managmnt It mobzs a mnsh ng pat o th psonait it s also futh fom t unamnta politica conicts of soct T activit of union las ti activ patcipation in both litca actvtis an communit assocatons outs of wo witnsss thi miltanc but os not contactan ma vn cooboatt sinkng aa in whch th unons act It s ncssa to ask i ts shinkng, th wanng of t passions aous b unions os not ma th mtant an mocatic ptcpaton o t woks n t csons an wokngs of th unon mo icut Th most mltant mnts ocus ith on poltca commitmnt o on cutua mans an social volt that ag tanscn t famwok of th  Witin t m t s a matt o fns, mangmnt ntgton of t oganzatona sstm, an abov all mo an mo insttutionaliz ngotiatons Union las a not nt gat nto th govnmnt o th m; most otn th tain a v combativ spiit but tis is not th sam tng as mtanc h volution n ssntia cocs o socit a lss an ss th ocus of thi acton

wr Ini, ad Orn

7

In t s of Fanc, t autotaansm of th owns an th Stat, th mutpl sistancs to th nsttutonaaton o conics, th attachmnt to achac stls o managmnt an fos of authot t natu o th potcal sstm all contibut to kping bot s an unons oc nto oms o acton tat sm v  om t mag w av just out1in hs las n t slow vouton must not  th icton bng takn th as l as sw Ou conomic an soca past was omnat b t cntal confontaton btwn t  an th companont unon oa, t two avsas continu to oppos ach oth but h combat no long nvolvs al t vls of social lf but s situat on intmia lvlswch stl lavs it consiabl impotanc t ts ss ict an complt nunc tan bfo on th conomc an socia poltcs o socit an t pvat ivs of t woks T wo of t ntpnu an th labo mlitnt stll xss but t is ncasingl suboinat to th cnts o pogammng an o cultua vots s os not at  man that unon as can ntvn onl on th nstitton an ogniatona vls But  unionism wthin th  whc as oftn appa as n obctv of mtant acton, nicats a pogss in tms o unon ntfnc wt th authoitaansm o th owns t s mpotant on th oganzatonal an nsttuton vs onl bcaus it is thb mov fom th stuggl ov conomc an poitcal pow As a sult, unionsm no ong tns to b t cnta   h Fenh YOId/me d'en!repri. It i a athod  non laeshi h aned miltant an dd a the nenal oblms o a any ahe han t moe enal poltial obems h ation no  onsied an attak ains the eno e

178

TH POST.NDUTRAL OCIETY

nstumen of a social movemen ha transcends t oh a is summt and base that is, on the seccaly oiic evel and on he leve o resstance o he oganatona inegaton and insttuionaizaton of soca conics A the same ime hat unionism gains inuence and ntervenes moe eecively on the level of decisons i is ig noed byassed or oposed y the anttechnocratic move· ment that ae oh moe oliical and ess we ognied. hese concusons go a itte eyond what we se out to dscuss But they outline the geneal famework into whch his inceasing dieentiation among the eves of fun ining of the odction sytem mus be laced

Th Divesity Among Industrial Societis Relations among the dieren fnctioning levels o the rm deend imarily on he kind o economic develop ment that chaacterizes the socey as a whoe The moe he wok o economic develoment s dieced by an elici socia intenion o he moe ond it is o a social and political movement whethe o naional indeend ence or socal change, the ess wi he enson eween economc deveoment and social demoracy be insitonalized and the more owerflly wl he oicy leve of the rm cono is organiaiona and nstitiona evels On the contay a more oen" society less commited to a volunay eot o emege om deendence o underdevelomen and to beak down cla insiuional and olitica esisnce to economic develomen is more lualist": he ojectives o develomen wl no be detemined y a cenal olitical owe ut wil be woked out hrogh instiionalized negotiations t the same time the autonomy o he working levels o the

Pwe Istuio, nd Orgizao

179

 will tend o otweigh hei harchzation. hs oosiion whch may seem sasacory a s sgh mus be cometed y anothe oposiion becase  soses a comlee araelism beween the  and he naional economy If one were saised wih hat, one would have o deny he essenial eemen of o analysis, he dea that evey moden indsta sysem is dened both y the conrol of he olitca sysem ove he working evels of the rm and also y he eative autonomy of he dieren systems We mus hen coec he overy simle omulation that has ust een given and inqire how, in a iea ye o economc rowh the conrol eecised y a weak olitica wil on the naional level can sil e asseed on he level o he m ]0 the oosite way in a moe managed tye of economc gowh whee economic activity is directed by actve owe' in ertand de Jouv ne's exession, he reatve autonomy o the woking eves in he m ehas ends to e renoced and thus o comensate for he intgaive and nying endency oeaive on he naona leve a)  We wi cal he rst ye of indsia socey liberl. I thee incial chaacersics ae strong inerton of he soca relatons of work very advanced deveomen o the consittiona managemen o s and weak penetraton of raionaizing modes on the eve o decisionmaking he rivate interess o ms remain oweul for the simle eason that the idea of develop ment s only weakly oliticized" and olitical owe inerees vey lite wth he m he isk inherent in his ye is the eduction o the olitical level o he m to its instuional leve The owe of the unions to intervene and the role o the Sate

8

THE TIUTIA CIT

are combined to nreae the mportane of and improve he teamen of he ntea oa problems of the m. The head of he rm is ofen a oodinaor But only n ahologia itaions i he idea of deveopmen forgo en Most oen, epecay n dynami rms  is pesen but abraty tha s whout being reonized as he ous o oal truggles It i dened as soia hange a he apay o the  o adapt sel to new ondons by overoming t own rgides. Developmen s dened  onnng modenzaon aued by the imph o aonal cauaton over radtons and ideologe op posed o eetve adaptaon  he pesent n bera oieties end are abra and means onrete; he aen i on the ratonaly of the mean Bu t s imposible for hs endeny to domnate ompleey he absene of politial dreion over development has fo it normal oroary he enforcemen o he maive n a a  a un No ony  i he pae where geat eonom deion are made but  alo tends o renore  soia integation and hence to rede the atonomy o he ubsysems of echna exeuon and orgnzaton rela· ive to ts privae poa ysem The m end o dene itel as a oo o ocal nega on t ontros and oganzes eonom expetaons areer, ocial elaon, and sometimes aive oide o wok It is no a pure yem of decon-makng and negoaton Wthn it pow, insttuion and orgniza ton are meshed an neraon that makes he m he pvo o eonom and oia life The mot libera eon omy i dominated by he massve oporatons One an perhap go o fa as o ay ha when a r o ths type i delberatey orented oward deveopment he onsu tiona nature o is management end to beome aten

wr, suin d Ognaon

181

aed. 1t i triking o noe ha Harbon an d Myers or eampe, nmbe uh modern ms as Kodak and IBM mong he pateali ms in he Uned State Duand  has made imia obevaion n Fance One epecay thins in thi egrd, o the grea rm o Ge man heavy indury whose authoriansm Harmann  ha descibed or o the Jaanee rm debed by Jae C Abeggen n lbeal oieies non ativy has tle nene in he area of eonom poy On he oher hand  ontrib es grealy to he developmen n rms of a private lea ytem rtng on very elaborae colletve areements rowned n he nited States epealy by an extremey eeve rievane proedre ha asure the good soal functioning of he rm oneved a an oranzaon The esena contrbution o unon actvy  ept whn he rm to he degee ha he rm is eonomcaly auono mos and s deson-making sysem ony ghy sbje o oieta politics b)  Plnnd  vlntit tis are haraeied by hee complemenry ais n he t pae he relaon and ension beween he enta objeve of eonomi deveopmen and the oa oe ha am a onoling  ae vey weay nsionalized n an exreme itu aion, ompee identiaon of oa nenton and economi avity  mposed by ahory dened by he tge agan dependene or arhasm In the eond place, he poa deiionmakng yem of he n has  C Du, L io d polqu d foio t e po mto," Socioogie  raoi -D«, 9 : 28  H H, hority nd a�aion n Gman Manemen Pit y P 99  : Jm C. Al, he Jpne Faco 5Pe of it oi nZion Go  F  95 

182

TH POT-IND USTRIAL SOCETY

very itle uny The r is  producion uni whose becives nd ens f cion re deerned by polic power Finlly nd hs is less eviden, he consequence of he wo precedng bservins s h wihin he r e rgnizin nd echnicl execuion subsyses hve gre independence: he rs cpciy for pliicl inegin is wek In his siun, he inernl probles of socil dinisrn hve he gees uony he sever sudies vibe o us of s in Svieype counries show he exree iprnce of he role of he unns in seing worng nd eplyen cndiions This ex plins in priculr why i is so dicul  rnsle echnicl chnges ino dcions of he bor frce Ofen, wrkers re o nuerus fr  given producin A he se ie he wgeerners dene her ineress ad becives in very individul ers which fequenly cuses ge resisnce o he infor orgnizion whse nors re seies openly pposed o hose f he r he os vlunris syses re ls he ones s exposed o srng bureucizion in he curren sense of his er In oher words hey re exposed o  srng uonoy on he pr of he syses of ens relive  he becives of he r. he Yugsv policy of self ngeen is n iprn eo ied  recognzng nd orgnizing his bipolry nd esblishing  he bse of rs n he evel of individul plns  cpcy fr decisnking ppsed o he  he cenrlzng inuences f n econoc rgnizn h is doined by he couniss' legue s success plces he ngeen f rs n  dcul suion This is why he ngers srive o ply n heir plicl invoveen  oppose pressure o he bse nd on he ineress of her rs

Power, Insituion and Ogazai

183

o cu down on cnrl by cenrl uhoriy  us be dded h his bureuczon reches is os pronounced frs in  suin h cbines cer in specs of he wo exree ypes we hve disinguished h is, when cncenrin f decisnking pwer on he leve of he Se is cobined wih  srong insuinlon f sc concs he pwer f eco nic ledership risks being bsorbed by defensive socil polces, whie he cpcy for ecnoc decsionking n he level f he r reins wek his siuion is ofen observed in sociees h re rked re by ecnoc ngeen hn by econic plnning If we consider public educion s n econoic civiy we cn see n he rench unversy syse f recen yers n exree cse of e degenerin of he vlunris ype Objecives f develpen hve been lrgely subeced  crpore ineress A he se ie, indivdul unis of prducon hve no power  ke decisins. The resu is exr exree ee uony in ems of execuon nd orgnizn nd  srnge unin beween bureucrizion nd liberlis, cenrlizion nd lcl beries The ngeen f rs in  vounris ype f so ciey lbrs under exree wekness Is cpcy for iniiive is iied bh by decsins de n  hgher level nd by he rgnizin's resisnce o is decisions. I is forced o srenghen is frl uhry  develp whever cn proec i gins wh s bove nd belw i o ulply rules nd prhibiions, nd o increse he disces beween he hierrchcl levels in rder  escpe he pressures h weigh on i When i hs he ppruny, i ghs fr the decenrizion of decisinking nd fr he uny f he ngeen unis c) . I is possible o disingish ny ineredie ypes ypes

186

       . I ND ND U   R I     C  E  

ia! power whe n the rm  i amot fed wh the informal organaton; n e other ae it primariy a on the eve of he rm bu  mutaneouy on h in ermediae leve an inrmen of eonom oppoion o managemen and a mean of oia inegraon Finy in onra oete union aion i mot oen on an inermedae eve of indtral federaon or branhe of indry The interet manfeted in Frane oday n fvor of he legl reognton of the loal non tio dile) of the rm  ar rom ear t are om an nargabe fat: he prvae renh  remain eentiay dom naed by an autorat or paterna tye of manage ment Bt beyond th realzaton approahe vary ome hink prmary of adapting nonm o a neobera aton obaning for  the rgh o ntervene n the oa organzaion of the rm the re of whh would mean aeptane of a prvate yem of deon-makng_ Oher wold renfore he unon' power o negoae by he deveopment of oetive areemen inaly,  oher eek o obtain for the union beyond he  ome impornt ae to he power of eonomi deiion makng thi i oen ed demoa planning

al Remarks Th dvery forbd  to have reoure to eran dea n urrent ue ke the dea of indtria demoray One od have reore o th if one ake the tand for what we have aed onraual oete Doe not "n dtra demo dtra demoray ray defend a ype of abor reaton tha t ha goe beyond aary grevane bt fa hort of oalt

w s a Oganato Oganato

18

ation dreted toward the taking of power? It an inude uh dvere experene fornae and nfornae a the Wemar Repbli Swedh demorai oety and the Englh Labour Pary. Ued in thi way, thi idea i an obje for dy and gges an ideooy more hn a priuar probem  i i dngerou beaue  mxe pe of he oa problem of he rm wh oe of eonomi lfe  whed o how on he ontrary ha thee probem are reatvey atonomo aordng o wheher hey are poed on he eve o exeton organzaton deon makng or power More broady the rm  not a "o iety and neither  it a imple elemen of a pota y tem t ext ony beae t  a parar n of deionmak dei onmaking ing (whet (whether her pubi or prvat prvate) e)  b t i a rmand not ony an orgnizatonony to the degree ha he oia ont that oren oey  a whoe are manfeted wthn t Our anayi n epealy on he rm dened  an nition h noion m be frther deveoped he m i no ony an inttion i partiipae in he y em of eonomi power and oneuenty ierpre te uural direton of a oiey in te of the neret of he domnant a he rm ha pwer d eek to m pe both wihin and oside itelf oil and turl on dt mahng  a interet At he ame me e rm  not impy a enra eemen of he ytem of o pr duon and dominaton t  a parlar eonom, oial and profeiona unt   oneqenty an or ganization and even more mpy a pae of work Th paruarty epan why a nion an never be a purey potia aoaion ine t mut be preocped wth eonom demand withn the framework both of he

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 POINDRIL OI

xtin powr yt and o h prob pod by th unionn o an oraniaion h r po an autonoou initutona yt o th dr hat it nur paa ro h lv o powr o th vl o oranization Th ar atualy two ain hn: h hop tward th orn, and wha rian prai all grivan produr Th r on link h iniutonal yt to h powr y. t  rprntd y upprlvl xuiv and y union' poliial aton Th ohr on link th iniutional with th oraniaional y t i opratd by rlin uprvio and hop tward who dal with th van produr Conquntly th r i an iniuion au it  an onoi uniy a w a th ound or rlativly auton oou oa noiaion rlativ to h ultural orintation and a onit o oiy a a who�autonoou no indpndn Th powr o th had o th r  aurdly inparabl o th yp o produion or ro th natur o h doinan la and union aton annot  iolatd o th workr ovnt that  alo xprd n th a onit h ntral iportan o h onntion rul out ondrin h  ry a an oranizaion Th inttutiona lvl ut not b onud with tha o th ulural orinaion and nral trul o oity any or than wth th lvl o oranization Th lvl xit only au w onidr th r a a on whol who diion ar not pur oial and ultural orintation ut alo an to dnd th intr o on partular unit aain othr inr and undr ondition o ation dnd in i and pa Likwi on an pak o a politial intitution ony whn on onid

 nin  Ogniin

8

r no a oity bu a Stat and a nation liitd by oundari and poin a nr o donain Within thi ont rawork hr xit oranid oia or who natur and inr do not dirtly x pr th la that ar in onit; nithr do thy iply orrpond to th intr o tau goup dnd by hir pla in h oraniaion h oal or an iniutionalz hir rlaion only o th dg tha hy ar to dn hlv in tr o th r it liit and pariular haratrt h oplxity o proional rlaion in indury rult ro h at that thy u alway obin notiation within a ivn ra work wih oppod la intrt whih ontantly rannd th litd rawor o h r Th r ha an onoi unton nrally aptd by tho who work in i. But thr i dbat aou th ontrol and oal utilization o produon n hi n h r i an iniuion only whn i roniz h onit and h oranizaon whih dnd h intrt o th invovd parti partiulary h union I th  wr only an oranization i t ould rainly b a pla o tratgi and notation but th invovd parti would work only to iprov thir raiv p0 ition n th oial yt o th  h r  ntitutionalizd au i i an ln o a ral oity in whih th probl o powr ar pod On th othr hand i th r had no autonoy in oity i would u to apply o it law and dion ad on th lvl o th Stat h r i nithr a politial ntity nor ut a ipl intruntal oranizaion  dpndn on h oial powr iv it ntiutional hani thir nr o rrn;  paruarity oli pi ant to

 OS.INDRIL SOCI

negotiate ter relaos whi te famewok of a unit of prodcton and a system of decso-makng. The evou ton of he m renorces e suonazaon of he socia reaos tat are omed hee, snce  creasingy derenaes he eve o ecoomc pocy om ha of e orgaaton o nernal managemen at he same tme as t makes em easgly nerdepedent Tse geea cosideaos have prci cose queces ad cas gh on pobems tha are suay posed i dierent terms The evoio  he rm eas te uions nehe o ncreasngy poiica acton nor to nervenion med o he nterna probems of te ogaiao I gves tem an increasgy importat insona roe ocaed haway ewee e potca and e orgazaona spheres e nons nervene more and more  te sphere of ecoomc pocy Bu i hey invove hemseves here compeely ete o ie hemselves  he Sae or to gh t diecty tey are no more ta  poca grop d ose a possby o ieeing n the inerna probems o te rm; coseueny, ey ose he proper base y are condemned o be oy he idstra ce o te pary O e oer ad, nonsm hat ms ef o pofessoa and orgaizaiona pobems sks growg weak and becomng an nsrmen o soca negrao and promoon by g sef o from he orces of pica ad soca contesio This second suaio is me more commoy  bea societies whie he st  moe common n vountarst socees s s wy uion ism has he greaes mportace i conraca soceies and wy n sch socetes t s mos consany caug be tween necessary opposed exgences I is aways boh

 it  gaiao

in oppsio ad pay o goato eormist and reVutionary One ca presen te siaon o manageme n aa ogos ems  bea socieies moe an ohers, t s an elemen o te power sysem; i vounars socees i s prmary te drecon o an orgnzaon I n conraca socetes, i has a doble oe  economc pwer and soca negotiaor A he beging of e evoio hat we ave sketched, suc pobems dd no eist he acio of boh te unon and e owe was staed more smpy on te leve of economic power ad he abor market. e itea pobems o the rm were drecy eaed o e economc system ad te conroaton beween nerests Poitca orces appeared prmary as insrmenmore or ess we adapeda he servce o socia neess whose conc diecy domnated he rm Today, on e contary the increasing atonomy of he pobems o ogiaio ad of insiuonaed egoiao gves e concts wih the rm bo a genera poica sig cance and a cerain auonomy Ths s why neher he ead of te rm nor he io organzaon s he cea proagons o soca and poca concs hs is he meang o the cassc epres son the ttuazt of  t an epres son that mus be uderstood correcy I does o at a mean ha tese coic dsappear or are even paced; neihe dos t mea a hey are depiticized It oy meas at ey are parcuarized at te same time tat orgaationa pobems acre cerain pc sg cace e erdependence o te leves o unconig n the rm ases he leve o demands ad aows e nons o

2

    O   - I N    R I  L S O C I   

cnec ecmic deee more csely t ltca bjec tves; bu he trafma  he ecmic ytem ad he cndi o gwt lwe te m' level  aci ad plac it midway betwee te pial and te r gzata T ead s t hnk that he head  he m is no loge he cetra pesonage  te ecnomic ower yem ad ha unonm s no ge te ncpal intumen o mvemen  ca cage. Ths cco w aisy either ose  whm e insiuonaiza  cncS signe te etu  in dura peace no oe wo hpe a unnm wi me and moe diecy aack ecomc pwer I n dcae e easng imance f boh the unions and the m  he oca ogaaio ]t a ams ta i oday ogammed ocey domnated by he ew con· c bewee ehnrats and cme- ack of a bee em-e conai betwee rm maagers ad n  no ger a the ne  poca ugge

IV Lesure Actvtes, Soca Partcpaton, and Cutura Innovaton The ele f tl eue Atvte  leisure acivite are deed  activie her tha wrk e wld hae t iclde de te e m o te cal ac  a ciety-eigu lie games o ca actvy ad sr Eveye ree tis deii wthot ceay deng why The reasn wi beme ceaer f we eca at e eme o ee acvty i amt away aciated i the md f sciogs w the subec  mass sciey   eihe becaue they ae decibng he subecin f dvduas o te mde mea o cmmuca-mas meda becae hey oberve e eecs o mde wok ecewr whc i aowy dened and pefomed wihn mave ms

194

TH POST.INDUTRIAL OCIETY

that are goveed n such a way that the indvidual feels a he is conneed with them only in ems of hs func ion. These two hemes ae ofen conneted wih each othe somewha this way: he mechaniaion of wok pr pares he way fo mechanzed eisure, and eaves us helpless before he epate onsaughs o popgad (undertood in he boadest sense)  ihou disussing hee the value o lmiaons o hs analyss we etan is geneal outines he quesion o leisue aivities ases a soon as he membe of a sociey come unde ultural inuences that ae no longe on neted wih he oganied activiies of a onete socio economic goup As a esult, these ultual expeences ae no longe undestandable on the basis o the individuals poessional and socia epeience One hetaes to compae the mass lesue ativities o ndustial and uban iviliaton wih he okloe o ulua lie of ual cviizaions and non-industriazed soieies ]n the late, the conten of he leisue ativity s onneed wh poessonal and socal fe Sometime he atvites ae onnected uite simpy, as in seasona hoidays or elebraions conneced wih one's wo ec; someimes n an ndrect manne, as when ertain e me aviies ae inended o ompensate o uneming labo o msery his bond is almost always accompanied by anothe hat unies eeime aiviies o he whole socal ife of the oletvity and usually has geogaphic easons a vilage feast eunies the inhabtants of a patiu a village membes of a conete ommuniy A festva in mnng couny may be an oulet or needs ha are repressed by the wo and the life in the mining vilages n any case i is pofoundy integated ino the lie o a woing community

Sal Pricpation and Culurl Inovin

195

his twoold rooing o leisue activties n lved social epeence dsappeas in developed ndusta ivilatons, because of he deveopment of communicaions tehniue nd beause in ties o lage urbanied ones, the n vidua s constany hown n especaly n hs lesure activities wih people who do not beong to he same con cete poessiona or esdential ommunity A grea num be o the cultual atves valued by ou iviaion no longe have hei oign in professional aciviy bu n the poduts of this ativty his change is onneced wih he mos widespead aspe o pofessional evoluton, the m tha podues fo a vast maret he ndvidual wo is subodinated o the oganation of podution Even  one can assue eal paticipation by he woes in he decisions that det the m he ac emans ha pofessionally a vey gea number o woes o employees perorm a tas hat gives them vey little sense of patii pating in the ceation of the nished poduct he more tehniques proes the reater he dstance between te indivdua woing as and the poduc In losing hi poeonal auonomy the woe has also lost one of he pinciples o his ulul auonomy he wok o he er he miner he capener gves he woer bot satisfaction and dissasion burdens and souces o pide, hat is, a popely pofessona epeience ha mars thei lives, drectly o indiectly, aoding o whehe they ae acepted or ejected he reulated and compatmentlied wo of he laboe o employee in e gea mehanized oganizations on he other hand, no longer has any popey pofessional snicane fo the one who caies t out, and the woe eacs o his wo in tems o the economic and social condtions unde whch he caies i out; in terms of he salary hat he daws

196

 OSINUSRIL OCI

rom i; e ocil relion ierc o egirn in wic i plce m e rym in wic e mu perorm  Co  no mening eep w e mine wok gve i; n  o no ignicnce wou e pow Bu e mporne o e omobe owe nong o e work of e emblyne woer nd mo ofen we do no know nyng bo e men, mne, n plns  prouce e go we ee o cqire n e in or ere ivie n in or enire lie I my be emping o oppoe cve leiue civie o psive leire cvie; ee noion ve  le e meri of iolng w i new n e preen poblem e "piviy o  ge number o leie ivie. Following i line Un e ri o leing o generliion  re oded wi preppoiion, if one doe no  e oe ene e mening of  "piviy e pl beween proeonl viie  ve le n le indepenen mening o  mjoy o woker n e uu civie o e ociey in w ey lve m no be preme bu cened We re wneing e wekening o crl epreon bond o  p oil group Nong ol be leer n e decline of e on woker ue Aer eor ve eped e e of  woerleure or  worecre wi e m more rei nd ifl erpion o worer piiping n e o rewic my men pcipng n  movemen o over· ocil n poii oppoion W  re on  level o culure  re on ll e oer Weer  i meil o non·meril ulre oceonomi goup end o ene emeve moe n more by ei degee of priipion in e iviie nd

Si atipa an l Iova

97

podc o e uure nd e nd les by poeion o  ubcuure deen om oer Soil role n culrl le re moe nd moe epe: egorie e neigbor e wore nive o  pricur egion, no onge eplin e eleviion vewer, e ede of e m ice ppe, e uomobie owne For e m of emkilled workes, prcipion in e lure  no onger be on proeonl lie or r iionl oil role, b on onmpion o ies  produc produce for e enire oey Eor o re develop e rdiionl oo only ncree e ince beween  mn n e lure of e ociey, only incree i "piviy in elon o m leire civiie Peliriie re being we ie n eor o preerve or reme em e iory We m bndon i deenive iude owr m lre for e belief  we n een e uonomy o oci gop gin e new cener o curl inRene ony uppr e diion cls brriers nce p i empion o nolg ow do we dee leiue civiie n ow do we uppo y inepen ence n e fce of e nreing inene of e ge pub or pve rm  deermne e nen n om of e uurl mege? I e gree ivy no lo e mo compee bmiion o yls of nc  engly engineere om e op of e ociey Patipatn and Cultual Whdawal

  e eme o ulr prpion eem o nwer i concern I no lrl nderconmpion e o of oe on e boom ung o oci rion

 OINDRIL OI

How an one not admi, oowng Joe Dumaediel he mportance of simpe physia ecovey and of eemenay soia and ama obgaons. maeia and ohe n a peson's ife outside of wok? On eurning om he pant o he oce one must es seep o eax and one may have to cea he dain in he snk stoke the fnae o put the hiden o bed Who coud dsagree that these obigtons partay ompensae fo needs epessed by wok and ha hey oribue to mantanng the physa and psychoogica bance o he individua Bu he "aive eaive vaue of hese semi-eisue ativties s imited a east in he sense ha they estabish amos no bond beween the one who pefoms them and the cu ua vaues o his soiey Pofessiona compensationswokng n ones wok shop and othe hbbiepobaby do not have he m· porance ha some acod to them n this Geoges Fedmann has made some sbe and dsbing emk: ones wo mus possess some pofessiona ichness o he woke o seek compensaon eey and acvey n aivities dieen fom his job Reduced modes ike puteing n a wokshop, are most often he acviies o young men who anipate ha hese activities wi be o ome vaue in the ftue ow many unskied woke wih no ea tade, and no pofessiona tainng n shoo o on he ob seek o eae in hei free ime he sub situtes or a proessiona e and ade that hey do not ssess One an ony respec hem  i eses to a desre o poessona pomoion But is i coe o adme these aiviies i hey mean nohng moe han a ba wad ook to a vanished pas and if hey ae a substitute fo   Dur Y  v d  (ari: tn du euil 62) 

Sal Partiaion ad utal nva

moe posive and aive ativiies? A etu o a and cas s as aacious a he "Retun o he Lad sogan o sad memoy In a society o mass poducton and onsumpton, ac ivity o passiviy depends ess on whih so goup one beongs to and whh cutura actviies one induges in han on he degee of soia patiption One of he ma jo in o inteest in the study o eisure aciviy is o mar he m nd impicaions of the idea of oca p icipaion The enra dea of an anaysis carred ou in erms of eihe cuua pacipaion o wthdawa is ha today when utua vaues ae atahed to mass poducs deemined by a hghy technia cvizaion wih a its socia pobems passvity s ony he psychoogia epes son of economi and socia subjeion o dependane Cetain books and jounas somemes make i seem ha ony he woers and wageearne of  hose who ae subjeed o mass poduion ve amd a poeaon o esure acvies a numb, condiion and ransom em Bu we say the ontay and pon ou the exteme soaion of hose wih ow ncomes fom the messages of he echnia iviation This is so because sine the poduction system is so ompe and integated many wokes on the obs emain in hei pimay gous and outside o wok eevsion newspapes and magaznes peneae famiy ife wihou modifying their eationship  he ctue n y poound way The mutipicion o spetaces doe not ansom he specato nto an ao he mass media do no y to modiy atitudes ad be havior Anyway suveys have shown hat hei eetive ness n this aea s vey imted when he ideas ae not seonded by groups in which he subet s an atve and nvoved membe

E -INDRIL IE

his social "passivity s onned with the  ommr ciaizaion of isure. In mOTe gna erms, it  wou be more accurae o say tha he consumr on the whole has e conrol ove h produr. The only weapon at his dsposa is hs rusal o onsume; but this pwr is al th weake as he consum's attitude becomes more

paive-in he case of he moves for example, whn he sees moe imporance in going rgularly han in the con en of the m. This stace between the cosume an the poucer, he consumr's equent subjecon  to eo nomic mora and piica impraves that ar essentiay consrvatve an mysfyng s he principal probem of a lesure vzaon Bu thes recions are no addrss to proems of he producr; hy smpy dene he con sumer's suaion. From hs pon of vew, one an sug gs that he soal groups that paripa mos waky in soioultural values ar hose most passivey sumissv to mass eisure aives as w as hose most atache to amiy an nghbos and to ehr th taitona o o a nw ype of uua solaon There is a conneon eween the two Exposur o mass esur acvities is geate among adoescnts han among aus Ths sing at is in separabe from he majo socal phnomnon o he pro grssve apparan o adoesence as an autonomous soca agory in our sociey  young work an m poyes are not engage n a raly skilled rae hey no onge have to olow a socia and professiona appentice shp They immeday porm the work ha they w carry ou or the es of the ves an on reach he top saay These young workrs xhii wo principa char acisics: nense exposur to the mass ma an the

S Paatio  tl Ivt

development of an etemy srong nom soial organaon We can fer her to W F Whyes beau u ook, tr Crner iy> a suy of th soa an cutural i o young men, sons o immigant, espcay Ialans vng in a woking·css secon o Boston Boh the good an a liature on teenage gngs has shown to wha egree the stnghning o prmary soa ons whher n acor wh or in opsiton o te aw mes ltte ience-is connect wth th wek egee o invovemnt of hes adoescents n the society in whch they lve as margina indviuas (o asons having o o wih th ethn akgoun and increasingy aso wh ther pofessonal uures)  they abanon a or o achieve broa soaiaon and content hemslvs wth a narOw soazaton imid o the prmary group o whch hey eong This socia and cultural trat is oo oen pesente s imina" t s much more oten con srvative The evouon of pematal sexual aionship ang n he Une Sas l in Latn America emonstates a tendency o the precocous staizaon of sexua an emoion reaons among adoscens; teir havior approahs ha of h au in h mdd asss, he sevenenyearod oy speaks o hs grl an pary hanks o tvison he coupe is hus esa ishe-whavr may e the dgre o veopmn n tems o the sexua reationship-reognzed by  pans, an accepte into he my Massv onsumpon o mchanzed lesur actvies ar rom causng a  reako o pimary soa bonds, is actualy accompanie by a pcocious devopmnt of such ons. Ave parpa tion n  prmary groups, o friends o nighbors, quasifamiy, s ony a ompnsaon for wea soa and uura avy posure o mass lsure acivis is he xprs

02

 OS.NDURL OC

sian boh o this we picipo nd o he desre fo geer priciption n  oc wth sions h ope p this osed worl o gng d mies Membershp i pimry go  hghy srcred commniies ws he coniion or creve co n soci d cl ves i  sociey n which he c re ws  sysem o menig dectly uched o poes sionl  soi expeence; now in  ms cvilizion i is only he epesson o  oe ctl rere   wek ricipto in the gene socety One comes o he sme eliion i one consier more brodly he ieeces i behvior mog he soci lsses. In  rece svey I ws src wih the sigh imporne o lesre civiy i he peocpions o he woers: in the responses rs mly lie , seco wor opied  greer plce A sdy crried ot i Kss City  nlye y Hvighrs (i he Amer n Jur f i  197 nd 99) es o he sme concsions The wores ppered more "home cenered  less "commy-cenered h he midle css. The ommon imge o Americ civilzio  wh ppe middlels ehvio c srico coseqeny mrs ieees n pcipion in om mniy tvies ht re lmos wys ed y sch e sons These "home
Sol acato a ll Ioao

203

soy hi io ond Those who re homeenere whe he home hs rdio eleviso phonogphs mginebypss he sci hierchy o heir com mniy o me irec conc wih broe soci es nd vles Ths he mner i he no o Fnce, soy d cly soled, esbishes hns o hs eeviso se  de onc wih he enre world r eyond e dio orms o soc n cltr pricpio o he rn mdle ls As soon s we beg o cosier  highy evolve n sri civilzio i which the rion pession n soil sorces o clre hve been i ge p destroyed nd n which clr tivity is ene s the eve o pcipion in vles wore ot entrly nd no longer o he level o indv live eperiencejst s wor is eemied by  tehnicl orgzo n no onger y he poessionl eperiene o he worke chme o cr ves h re ond o one's e n primy soil gro s no loge  "cve  ceive de b rhe he epesso o we picpion n the soc rces o lre In hs sion "pssve sbmion o he mss med s  mvershed b ive om o conc wt cl ves A hoe bewee eing o diol cl hemes nd membershi o he pssive compion o he m medi does no  eis hese re wo closey con nece mniestos o cl nderdevelopmen which is isel bo o he wek priipion o the msses in he vles d pros o echnic civiliion nd socl democrcy Thereore we mst replce n nlyss h sr fom he inivl  he psyho ogicl nions o leisre ivy wih  more soiolog

24

T OTINTRIL OET

l nysis t rst f ll nsdrs wt kind  rtins xst witin  siy  sl ss, r n  ry, wn individuls nd  ulur tms tt r tri ir vrll siy A w v sid, it is indispnsl  t uts t srt ut lisur tivts nd  distinus  vrius un tins t ty ulll. ut n tis prliminry wrk is dn it is dnrus t rry n t nlysis wit t lp f ids t rlt purly  indvidul psyl Sn isu tivitis r su  sily nd srill dnd j f sudy, i is lmst nvil tt t psyli nns usd will  ful f sil prsuppsitins. ]t s n nly justil ut indispnsl t inqui n t ts  disjind piwrk n lisur vir; silists nd psyliss, psyitrists nd psynlyss wil wrk tr t rt dvnt  t nyss  Eri Frmm nd ridmnn dmn stt ut ts sudy f  psylil prsss must n  nfusd wit t dnitin f  sutin n wi ty dvlp nlss s tw pints f viw r lrly sprd, n rsks susin tt industril vilizn dstrys sm rir mny nd ln Wil w v sd tt ndustiiztin runs t trdinl ns  pssinl xprin siprs snl ls, nd ulur rintins, w d nt tink f  mmnt  prindusril ss r s   nnins  indusriztin r mr vrl  ulurl intitiv Mr prtilly, it i dnrus  nnt t nsumpin f mss lisur ivitis  xusivly  pi wrk sn t wrrs mst dirtly su  is knd  wrk d n sm t  t prinpl nsumrs 

Sa Pa nd Ctl nv

205

mss lsu vitis Only n t sis   silil dnin  t siutin undr nsidrtin n n prly uilz ntns tt rr t indvidul r vn s syl   study f vir t dvlps in tis situtin.  xprssins tie ie nd pie ee sm t us dnrus t t d t ty vr  nusin  tw nlytil lvls nd insinut t  pssv lisur viis rn  mdrn niqus r ppsd  trditn, individu tiv lsu vits. Ty suptusly intrdu t my f  rmnius nd lnd prindusril ivilizin W must  futr Ds n t dvlpmnt  mss ulu inrs fdm  i y sujin prdus t t nrsiny vrid tss   puli nsd f ulturl vlus mu mr sly d t t stisd sil rdr? y t sm kn,  uld  rsnly sd tt t mss rduin rniztins, ut vrd nd sut t nrsinly rpid n,  lss rstiv   mmrs n ms  t d yp n wi  irrizd nd vy nnrtd urity limd t nun  t mu rr numr. T lst dvnd ndusrl stis r mst uririn nd uurc s dmns divsif n t ulturl rdr d n t nstns xrisd y t pdus m tnutd Ts srvtns  rrt n nditin t w dd tt is rdm  inittiv nd is pity  rt inun r pssvy mr unquly dstiutd mn t vrus prssinl nd s lvs W must rniz tt initiv n ny xist t t tp  sy, wil t middl lvls r dmntd y mitiv vi nd t lwr lvls y witdrwl r sudintn t t spls rnizd y  si

 ONURI OCI

elie. In noher sense, his reinoduce the diincion beween acve and paive eisure acivie o  one pre fer beween elie d m cuure Th culurl rati aion can be omewha baanced by song soal mobiiy that due the excusive nuence of backound But hi compension become le and less sucient for today he upper leves dene hemselves les by propey or money han by educion nd manageral roles hat i by cultur chracerisis hi crees culurl barier tha e more dicul o bech than economc bers Above ll he vey esence o ma consumpton llow much moe poten dion of behvior nd tte whch renghen he conrol o the dominant cle nd he uing group Thee two see o obevatons re no condicory Ms ocey on one de appears herchized nd ub jeced to increingly powel foce o cuul mnp ulaton and on te oter sde   kind o socil organi aion in which he ndvidul eedom o movemen and choice s more and moe mportn so tha n increing numbe o i member cn ecpe ome of te nuence eecsed over hem and cn c uonomouly Bu does ths not mean that paticpaton  ncreasingly domned nd tht withdwl i more and moe common nd can ead o he formion o new lie-syes tha are foein to he ms ocety new subculue o which  ch sociey pemi brod poibiles? Perhps hi is he iution men by he word leure. Cuu behvo  deemined by both propganda nd ocia eve Bu he ndvda' incresngy pecc and imted ols withn group o wh he belong alow long peiod or the satsfcton of peonal aes hi pem  cerin whdrwal om te consin o ocl

Sa artp a Cua Ian

lie he moe he duation of work i educed he moe hi re of socaly uneulaed behavior will be in reed According to the evel o one eduction nd come it w be dediced o ctvite of elxton o to getting way from oci nd cutur presues by escape ehe in space o me he ocal raicaon o eure acviies cn be ummed up n his way: on he owes level are hoe who have te owe ncome nd remain locked no margina ones maked by he decy o elier culu woldimmiran woe from cultually eren counre or egions wore in declnng indusries, he ged, ow-cae wge·ener who y o poec hemee by mainaining amiy bond Above them, hee is he large number o poduction wore who do no partici pae n he ma cuue except by he cquison o poducs nd their conumption of pecac nd who po e{ emelv by withdawl ino primy groups Above them hee ae hose whoe wok i dened by  unc on and ran in n oganiaion his oup  he mo open o he nuence o eary hierrchied culurl me sge For ths oup pomoion mobily and e mi tion o the hgher gou re eseni obective Finlly t he op hose who perfom ass conneced wih mn agement or knowledge and hve no e "saus anxey culivae an ristocrac ye of ie cuu acvity o s own ske reedom o move n ime nd pce an in tees in eaching or new culual epeience h quick sech how a est h he convenien expresion  ulure mens nehe he equlaion o culual conumpion nor he omaion of a univere of leisure aciviy independen rom proessional aciviy Lie esue acivie, consumer cviie re mOe nd

208

 DURL E

more socially labeled; innovation i increaingly concentaed at he op. Th cuual integation is no necesarily retrictive It becomes so only i a stongly cenalized political powe acting accong o an explicit ieology goven all cultual prouction When this i not the cae, an increasing numbe o individual have the posibiiy of withdawa ecape o auonomou choice that is they can orm new elective oups his constitute he esence o wha we call eiure and is why in ich ocetie individua who are quetioned genealy feel hemelves " free Bu the essentia fac i ha cuurl aciviy is determned by the level of ocil paticipation by he place occupie on he adder of taication. hi lends itelf to a vey clasic insight hose with weak profeional economic and social participaion ae turned in on primay groups baed on kinship neghbo hod o wo and view the broader society a a pectacle bought into heir home by wod an pictures Moe active leiue activitie develop o he degee ha he evel of ocial paticipation i aied which quie imply eect the concluion of the tatiician: to he degee that he tandad of iving i raised the poion of the budget that can be used for elective peronalied activtie that ae relatively liberated fom he need o elemenary ubitence increaes more han popor tionately Having criticied the illuion o a eurn to active eisue acivitie rooted in a paticula ocial eperience we mus now sep bac fom the theme of ocial paicipa ion and ak wheher it may not lea to coneuence oppoed to those too geneouy asigned i

al Parii a Cul ov

2

uua Dmn f we avoi the temptaion to espond to a new situaion wih the aticial reinocement o an ol ype of diec bon beween an individul and hi socia group and cutue or he specic subculue o a sociopofeiona situaion we mu inquie ino he new natue o e bon beween individual and thei cultue in highly evolved indutial ocietie. Up to his poin we have met ambiou expesion o hi eationship an we mut now serate moe itinctly i implication he beak ing o he bons between cuual acivitie an membe hip in ea ocial group can lead in two irection On one ide one can ay tha acive eisure activitie ae boun o a higher degee o ocial pacipation which i dene by high income or by having at one's dispoiion the geate number o collecive culua inrument. On the oher side one can tae a moe adical appoach an sugget hat culual aciviy i bound to an increasingy complete deocialiaon of he culure We shall ty o ollow thi econd appoach which will how that boaened socia paicipation fa om favoing cultua initiaives only reinfoces socia integration an stratica ion and conequenly culua ineualities and imiative behavior We must begin from he naure of the cultual model in ou ociety When we arm that new culural vaue are ormed on the level o the poucs of aciviy more than on he level of he activity itself we are foced to add that he new cultural models dene ituation moe han be havio Science echnical poge ovecoming itance by mass inormation peed o jet perormances achieved

E P.DRL SE

 itruments, machie, o the uman od ae al cutural theme oranized around otion o rore, domation a control o atual condition that involve no ule of ocia coduct Man addened obeve have een in thi a decline o moal value," an ee io of Pometea ride, a atan madne hee raction (ted of thei ideolocal cotent hich i nmortant ere) have the mert (a do those o the moe otimtc adversare o itn on the mo ad oi characte of the e cltura vae Without thi realization, one cannot undetand the imortance o the olem of lere activite or he cotitute at eat aarentl a lea beod the ule that oven mora and ocl lie or deendn on the tone one efe to adot ethe a Hiht rom obliaton or a liberation fom cotant hi eads u to citicze anothe o the eresion that e have ourselve ued: ma eue actvitie o i the mean b hc cltre i ded ae maive he cltual eerience the cotact ith cultral theme  moe idividuaized than foerl ince the ma of the aticiat ae often and nceanl ol a ma in the abtract a moveoer o televiio vieer ut actuall iolated from ach othe b the al of thei home o the dae o the teate he examle o the ciema hel u to move eod th uecia tatemet o the cnema must oth e reatc, a S Kacae a hon etcede ar ove ad the ma countenance a te are and at te ame time it eit ol b aouin i the veer mechanim of ojection and identcato, to olo the ceral thee of dar Morn hi uion o the rea orld and the imana manneve better achieved than

a Pci   v

2

i te ciematc mage par excelne, the eaged ace o the heo or taene the doble atue of the ma meda The counterpat of the amoality of the theme i the creation y the paticipant themelve of conciou o unconcio attitude contaly innovative and chag ig ree peoa iepretatio of cltral theme whic are oective more ha mode Thi i the ene  whc we mut undertand the icreag echniy of leure activitie It i true that tecniqe itef i one o he mot importat cltal vaue n our ociety But techcity plays a wide ole by changing the nature o the coact betwee the indvdal and a great numbe o cultural vaues.

Th technicty eliminate al normative approace to the degee tat they tradtioally imply a certain code of condct A puely technca conceptio of at may fo exampe, egect the meanig of the wok of art; ut  dange  argely compensated or y the evoltonary woth of th ataction" that eave each individual free to commit h whole peronality to the activity o the cultua contact. The abence of objective" meaning i may apect o the cultre allow each to etablih be wee the elemet o the cultue and hime a drect, personal and partly ncommcable od Let u take te example o dance: a fol dance mot often a grop dance dene each oe' roe moaly and ocially Such a dace posee a heme tat dee each partcpat' tuaton ad eeing partclaly n type of love reationhp To the deee hat the cople become one agent the denition of ocial ole i emoved and the roe o peonal ntepetatio iceae. Nevethele, a waltz o tango still imposes certai setiments on the

 PIL O

partcpants. O he other had, the someimes spectcula mportance of techque  cotemprary dances allows the daces tota lberty ot  ony on the level of mprovsaton (n  whch the dace acheves the freedom of a "jam sesso") ut especally o he leve of reatons etween he parers Technue appears o e the ecessary co dton for  eraon fom rules ad  laws; echque does o express seme i t frees them fom socal ad mora covetos ad  estalishes a  clea ut secret relaion etwee he parer Everyone senses tha ths example has mpoace oy ecause t evokes love Oly oday is thee nally ang place a geerazato of he gea teme that came from Reaissace taly eghteehcetuy France ad D H. Lawrencepleasue-love tha s esue-love freed from ts soca cosats ad ts moal ues Who would argue that hose who eca tha love s me ad has s ow echues are reducg i o gesures? he impernaliy of is ues is oly he mas of modesty ad secrecy tha covers the encounte of two pesos hs freedom fom rules ad from accepted o socially imposed models of ehavor s he true measure of he exsece of leisure actvtes Mateay free me has ee developed a the expense of worg ime oth n erms of the wee and of sandards of livg Eve more mprtan progress has een made  terms of fee ac viy he passage fom cuure o lesure ad moe speciay fom foloe o lesure acvty hs chage s so pofound ha he tem esur iy as useful ad re ealig as it s sometmes seems isucent It would e prefeable  spe of delierate uegulated ehavor hose facets of cultural fe hat are farthest fom lesure acvtes i he orday sense of he wod ei

Soa rpto  Clt oao

dence he same culur change that s chaacterstic of our tme. It w i suce to ase he example of elgous fe: i evoluion s aogous o ha of dance n the example tha we have just ased The mos elemetary aalyss of relgous behavor can dsigush a least hree deret means. There s st wha we ca call adona egionrecnzg te grea iexactes of hs tem-the depedece ad sumissio of ma eaive o an order hat is o aura ad supeaura o whch oe mus conform, a kind of relgion n whc ries ad Obatios pay a ceral role ecody here s membershp  a church or sec, that s  a soca orgazaton tha s srongy bound o he surroudg SOcety. The simples of such bods s he correspodece eween relgous aaton or roles ad social stratcato: he lack who has come to Chcago gradualy clims te herrchy of churches as he grows more posous d moves from he norh to he souh of e lac secio_ Fnay here is eigo as he apprehension of huma destny, exstence and deah. In Wese society, de-Christiaizaion, he cumblig o col lapse of Chistan socety has reduced the mporance of he st two aspecs of regious lfe ad f t does no ncese, a  leas t isolates he imprace of he hrd I sugges at  the hisorc  imprace of "progesse Chrsaiy does ot esu om he fac  ha t ries o asfom he ole of socia allegiance of he Cathoc--r ProesaChurch as much as from he c tha  crticay  cu the tradional es of egous ife ad opens the way o auonomous egous behavior. Lke the dace ad  panting, relon becomes a leisure acy ha s, deberate, uregulated behavor  personal ad secre: he pies-worker is ot exterally dierent fom

TY TH  P  S T . I N D U T R  A L S O C  E

ose with whom he works; he is not proected by a coection of outward ules of ehavior he simpy give his ie a dieret meaning. he Chrisia ad the o Chrsia o onger ive i deret socieies ad mora words; they simpy ve deret exriec�s. . I thus reatig eisue activty ad reigO, o  etion is no o equate regious ife wih moves or bowig but o recogze i a he aspcts of cuture he same genera evouto that casts ight o the pro foud meanig of eisue aciviy: the passage rom sociay and moray reguated ehavior o acion freey oriented oward ojects or vaues ha aTe a he more demandng of the indvidua to the degee that they are

o longe separated rom hm by a layrth o socia

codes This ransormaton of cultural acivies comes io

coRic with some corary tendencies t ca be vewed a a reinforcement of socia picpatio ad iegao in wO mai w ays Firs, the strugge agais he iuece of commeciazed cosumpon may ead o a coectve ogaizaion o eisure actvities ad to he de.veopm  coecve istrumen trough which socia eao S achieved ecod ms cosumption may ead o a i ceasgy pecise saiatio he divesiy of ifsyes eig repaced y he hearchy of ivig sadards ad the seegaion of dierent styes o cosumpn \e us pause over these tendencis hat are destruve to esure activies.

In the rst place, it is poible o admit our criicism o

"cutua withdrawa ad ye to interpret i i a diee sense rom ours if it is true oe may say that the cutura themes of our socety are ess oud han ormey o pro-

Sci Paicon  Cl nnvn

fessoal actvity and to the partcular social expeece of iduals ad more to products ad siuatios born of he acivty of the coeciviy he bod etwee he cu ue ad the sociey mus be created ad maaned by e coleciviy iself ad idividuas must e put i con ac with culural vaues by meas of collecve isru met If the ea o culura prcularsm is over ha of he ogaed partcipation o all i the common culture is beginng Ths colectivs pson s quite aurally opposed y the leralsm o the rich countres n which he deveop ment o livg standars the diuso o educaion and of the means of informaon heoretcally perm all o reach all the maeria ad no-material products of the cuture his smple opposton s evertheless false, o it wllfully cofuses cltral activiy wth he sttu ioal condtios hat alow individuas o have conact wh the products of the culture In sressng the indivdualiato of cuural activiy we have touched oly he rst o hese prolems It is possie to defed a he same me he dea o a socia io of cultua acivies, if oy to cicize ther com meciazaton  a society ike ous; u tis poitica son has no igh o decare ha access to cutual goods s necessarly boud to more rigid oia integra tio and must e accompaied y uiveal adoption of ceta ehavor models  one accep or precedig aalyses, such a positio signes he dsappearance o he udametal meang of leisue actvtes hat is the idvdual's feedom o e· havior whe he particpaes i cerai cultural ojectives Sovet socety cosders antsocia ad reactoary every eor to realie either obly or poorly his freedom of he

TH PST.NUSTRAL SETY

o nots the barriers fomery rase by loc n pr fessional commues -proect cetan specc acvi tes of these communies; hey aim only at solaing certa socal group n ther pracce of actves which

ae o oger specl o hem. There s more han money behn such barrers Vennese socal emocracy ate Wor War I was se up as a socey whn socey: one playe chess, bllas cs in sociaemocratc dubs

Likewise, the member o he Kommol end to solate themselves rom ohe. Accodigy, we aeran a socia stracaon n the pracce o leisue acvtes a he same me as here s a desatcaion of  he lesure acivtes themselves. Greaer homogeney of e coet o the actves is accompaned by a seng-up of paros n

he socal foms hey ake hese remarks lead drecly o a more geerl formula tion. The breakdown of the adtioal bods bewee cuua acvies and paicular socal colectivtes opes the way o wo oppoed procees he st gives rse to wha is called mass socey ad ma cultue hs makes cul tua actves arbues o soca funcio ad social

level;  makes them producs o be consumed A5 de Jouvenel has wsely recalled hs democracy of mass con sumpo rests o the prcple of he nequal vote Not only do the rch voe ha is buy more ofe than others but since vg coss absob a much smaer part of ther income, they enjoy a uasi-monopoly ove the creation of consumabe goo d sevices Clua acviy is sub ected to soca strataion ad also to he oms n whch wor is orgazed he socal orgnzao o space when t leads to segegon accodg o ncome levels, n ceases he uece of soca negao For her part, he large ms especaly whe locaed ousde meropo

Scal Particpn and l Ivatio

tan centers, constue hieachied socal and cutura mleux. hs mass socety segthes the iuence of the aeas of pmary ocalizao especally he family Culurl n stumens wthi he home, eghbohood elatons and voluary ocal assocaos enforce socal ad cultural dsance, and eduae hildren  songly deentaed wods his ecals some of the best·kow themes of David Resman I is unneessay to repea here how futie it would be to oppose to s strated society he ostalgic dream of a commuty and o imagie a meopls both ich  the stmulaons o the mass socey i whch there would also be he form of geeralied partcpaon of a smal peidusral cty or o oe of hose lowerclass neighborhoods so beloved by snobs Let us recall agai that hs social inegraion o cul ual actvies ca ke forms ohe han ma consump on It can be achieved by admnstaive means rahe han by commercial means he collecve arrageme a he commus munciplties n he worker cons ousde Pas have ofen set up i a remarkable mane are also means to acheve a hgh degree of negaon Ther advaage s hat hey coueac he ueces ha lead o maon her weakness is ha hey enclose the consumer on a mddle level where he s deprved of reaviy The soc ramewok buil aroud lesure actves n Soviettype coutes mos ofe sreghen social moby by placig emphasis on stuco p esioa advancemen and polcal paricpaon and a the same ime esablshes an exteme cultural conserva ism ha multples cosevaores o culture raher han ceners o novaon he commerca ad admsra ve varas of socal nerao are assuedly vey df

0

 IDUR SI

feent rom one another bu each gves abolue prioriy o negation and o renforcemen of he ocal hearchy The other posible diecion "deociales cultura acvie I more drecly relae a clra model baed on cenc and ehncal nowledge hene on sysems of formazaon rahe han dea and oc-moral con en wth a defense or armaon of perona exene Becaue or ociey is orened by knowledge and deve opmen ha , becaue t  techncal he ndvdal dened by h own peronaliy ousde of h pofesona and oial ole-culates new demand inead of beng governed by a specic mage of man, ocey, and he word Eduaon  les and le dened a ocalizaon ha  as an apprencehp for ocal roe On one de it i the learnng of langage on the oher   he dscovey and fomaton of personaliy hee two oienaon are n conan tenon bu they ae no conradory hey boh bypa he organzaon of the ocal hearchy: one by going ove i hrough culural model he ohe by gong under  hrough he auonomy of personaliy A onemporary ndural ocey poee cutural ceatv y o he degee ha i couner he onrol of traed onsumpon by etabshing an allance between ndvd ualy and cutural models ha are increangly fee of any patcular ocal conen Culural atvy  oppoed o ocal organzaon. Sc ence and ndvduaty are aled agin negraon n mave organzaon and agan he sracaon of lfe styles Culure i amed as the creaon of a "ae of nae acordng o Serge MocovcV tha s a he con2 rg M,  r 'hT e d  r (Par: Fmrn 98 

ca Ptco ad ll nnovton



structon of a relaon beween man and h mater phycal and bologcal envronmen We mut rejec he spercal oppoton beween work and eure and re place t wh he oppoon between culure and ocal organizaon In a ocety of ma producon and conumpon there canno be radcal eparaton beween work actve and acvte outde wor The force tha domnae ociey do no any longer exere her inuence only wthn rm; whaeve hee force may be they extend her on rol o he whole of economc and ocal lfe to conump ton a well a to the organaon of pace and educaon Consumpon a wel a profesonal acvty dene one's plae n a herached ocal yem In a derent way however creave acvty  no to be idened wth he organaton of work The reearher  no an execve. Senc dcovery is not the manage men of the m; he language of mahemat  not hat of he bureauray Lkewise herarchzed conumpon s no idented wh he armaon of he ndvdual n the econd part of h eay we showed hat "ma clure had wo complemenary aspec racaon of onumpon and herarhzaon of he foms of personal aHonomy here s no apparen spl beween hese ob servaon and he new propoon ha we have j n roduced in instng on boh he mpoance of abstract cuura model and the mporance of prvae lfe n ou knd of oety Ye here  profound opposon beween hese wo repreenaons In he r cae culral be havor s emboded n oal ratcaion n he econd it rancend  n term of boh ctural models and peronal "need Ths  why he role of youh epecially udent s so

 ·INURIL I

mporan in culral demands. They are the gop leas negaed n he scal orgnaton and stracation, the gp ms ataced by he new forms o knowledge and most invlved n e poblems  pesnal fe Whie mss clLre reconciles and cnls te tw pes f o cltral system by sbjecng hem to he framewok f soca organzaon clual demands appea to creatvy aganst paricpaton bear wtness t he cnRct beween knowedge and peronal fe and he opposin between ltra initiatve and social gnion Enugh has been sad abou yh and s prtcpain n he mass clure o recall hee ha n separang cl ta actvy frm scal patcipaton ne s als thnng of he suaton of he elderly Ther magnaly s hope less if he ony opeave pncple s he vrtes f socal patcpaon he degree f pacpaion s neeaiy slght; tey n longe have pfessional ativity the n come s low the apacty o patcpan n a socey  apid clral changes s dmnshed Eveyone knows that n advance s made n solvng hs problem by deamng f cmmunes f he eldely r lbs f he ered. he lie of the eldely can be enhaned only i ld age like you-s ecogned as a paca expeene as the time f ee acv and no f socal paipaton as the tme fo memory and magnaton raher han ereat Abve all does not he conscOsness f e bdy a ths age best nfy pacpaon n scenc knowledge and pena eperence? I reae that hese ae csy ob sevans bt tey dcate a genel dectn o eec tn r or socees wll be maked by a growng nm be of ndividuas abe to pacpate nly weaky in soey: the eied the ll and the handcapped I we mease hem nly accodng t he degee o patcpa

Sl Pin n Ctl nnv n they wU reman nohng b magna ndvdals hs reasonng hdden nder the slent acqescence f the majoiy acceps the entroducn o wechedness a he very moment when prgess n pductivy ends t diminsh  mporance in the wod f work he prvaiaon o clre that we ae dscussng can only be creave i  s bound t patcpatn n the culal objecves tha dene he hsorcty of ou sc ey: knwledge the sysems o fomaan the ans ormain of the nvee hi can cme abu only hugh he econlation f t presses Fst clral mdels and languages ms be massvey dused and placed at he cene of scey, no a ts summt hs s he seing n whch he poblems of ed atn and the ciy mst be psed n boh cases t is a mat er of descaling the la mdes tha are pposed f weakenng he roe o hetage and o "conent a om seekng o rereae generaled patpaton n sc culual values technicctral mdes ms be df sed and bond o the demand of pesonaliy A plays this ole o he degee ha t assocaes fomalan and imagnatn that t is dehmaned that s t bemes anguage and dese insead o message and epesena ton of scety and s sentmens he cty s a place of e change and consmpn bt t can als be a wrk  atno a place n which woks of ar ae encosed bt  non o artstc consrcons and imagnaive appea, a natal aher han a sal place whee mae and  maztions ae ssiaed his image o he cy is the pste  he uban cm munity ha s reqeny opposed t he ctes whse growh has been bond o ndsrialaon ts bass s nt the search or soal negan and paicpain b

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 URL ET

the copeentit nd epion of cete of cl ece o the pce of peron ife. Thee woud ocup  dipeed hbtt in whch nre" w xed wth  exbe bn ptte Th e ppoe condebe deveopet o indvd nd colective en of rnportion Th edenc i evdet  o ero polt center, whee the er cit  ept d the od ecton e ether dionied o e eoccpied b  new tocc ed to p der or proxit to the cene o cltl inuence d coption of the pt The jorit of the ption  ctteed n oe d oe dt burb; the epto of dweipce fo wokinpce becoe n inceinl co poble to eolve but t i oe of the ecooc cot of  ew otio of pce jt  the eet o ld uppoe ipont ivetet in l id o conicton Secod beond hi coexitence thee ut be cltur citci of oclied conpton If eie  not to be onl  tter of copio it ut be ded nd citic. h i wh hee i o uch lk of cutr revo nd oppotio o he  oce nd ocl inerton Th  wh he oppoton oveen nite cen, tit, nd the on t he force o ocl neron nd cutu ipon. Grievce d den  be dieced r nt the educto of peo lfe to the deie to cone o pee, d to ucceed, ebehed oen with lo of efexpeion Coecled eotci nd fhion e two of he bou e  which pofod cu· t iovio tht ofte tfo oe' elohip to the bod e ecupeted" b the herchied word of coei d oe Th exple how tht o oppoe  cultue o ct citici  if the wee

S c d utl nnvn

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entie epte e would ke the lte ee he defee of tditonl or toctic ode The ctul epreet oppoed pocie" which oiet the di· oton o foer cuurl for n dieet directon Nothi  oe uperci th  lob codetion o  cle nd  content Oe u oppoe o thi rejection  citic ttude tht ee cutu inovtion o the ocl coto tht weih it dow Jut   the t cetu oe totl reected idutio, o ctci o t ocil conto d o the ue to whch i w pt led to the fotio o ocil oveent d oci che Ct dend ut o be dected i the oci utiltio of ciec owede; f the eject thi tpe o kowlede  ode to pefer ideoo o eotiol the becoe ecti  the wi be eectve whe the uetio the llice be twee kowede nd the oci oder epec the cofio o teectl copeece wih the power o e deciio in he uiveit te h ct ded  cetive on if t  unted," o if it doe ot becoe the too o new orce of oci teton Whe oe oppoe hh ctue (conideed  liberin) o he  edi thi  onl the defene o n riocrtc coception o ocie which renforce  hierched te of conpton Whe oe oppoe the oiio o eure cvie to ee ie, one  onl popo  derent fo of oci eton oppeive, nd oete ore o The technque o culturl dio peitt et to the deree th the e ot reued b the politc d dittve uthoitiethe expreo of the ito d the ded o the peoit ococlt oppoton ht in the coto o copton. Ed

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 -DUR CI

a ad tc t allw h gat m  atcat  h w ltal mdl   vd hat h lba  th dvdal ltal avy ad ctc crat a  aad wth  ad  B th  t al ha  h  a f th mv gaza ad ad c m I h way, w d  ad  ha d  cd  h mt ft d May hav cd B' ca  a a f   d way dd  t d l l l malty ad fw val h gat wd  aly ca h ctl f ltcal w ad lg cla O  ct d a a f dy ad a ca f c hy d  dvct t th  d y all h tct ad tatcath dmad ad catvty f h dvdal a wl a th al dmad f wldg ad t laag Th l  l dlgal tha  aa   ay t add ha  cty a fc wht gaa  atat, ad mham  cal ga F a clgt   h blm f  acvy   t aal  ma d h aty agat ty ad t tat b  va  t tw h ca d ad t trmt f grat   had ad th f f ct vt ad a dca  t th ha mt b k   h fal y  what  alld ma mt tad f cdg t a a a whl that m acct ad h j h clgy f l atvty  th tdy f th ct w cal ga ad la ca

POSTSCRIPT

Why Socologsts?

 hav dd m f h a f th w y ha  gradaly bg gazd ad  A t  ah  a: Ca h cmt  h cl g accay d h hag a cy i dgg  ha ty    avly vlvd wh h hag thgh da, ct ad a adj m a  l  aaly aat ty  dh bf th w tgg ga f ltal f wa afmd ad dlg ad ta aad Aft havg  abd f a lg tm y h lm f t w m tct y h d v  E ad th ldy tac t th d d mvmt f th czd l Fh ty ha gadally  cc f th gc

28

 OT-DTRL OCT

and dicte ihee i economic growth. U vey recey t had o expeeced, ethe i deas o aios he coicts rased by hs gowth; one resut was he weaknes of sociologca anaysis ocooy hestated in decsvey betwee an deooy hat eded a soia probems to resstace to ecessay ad sef-jsed hage ad ecoue o oos iheied fom an eae sitato The pogess o socooga aayss s no sm py a maer o deveopg studes o worg out ew oceps It sup}se that socey w reat to is ow chages tha t wi dee obectves ad expeece he soca ad cta cocts hogh whch the decion of he chages ad he fom of the ew soiety may be debated f he theme ha s hough the pecedg chapters he bih o a ew ype of socey the po ammed socey mees such sog essace is  o because Fench socey s passvey udegog s hages rathe ha ivg them ot votay  he mdst of hope ad coc? Bded by he vigo o eoomic gowth and the apd iy o socia chage socooy ha oe efsed to dene the new sociey tha is beg omed out of ecoomc so ia and cra hage Whehe  imit tse to study ing he codos or eecvey adapig dvidas ad gops o chage o stcs to otg he conane of ode foms of ecoomc powe cuta eqaes ad soca cocs it tus away om he research ito ew deemats o owh ew soca casses, ew srgges, ad ew modes o soca and cutua aco he chap e o hs boo ae a proest agas a socoogca "em picsm ha coas he meag of hsoc chages wh oee cay by appeang o chage modenzao o the mass socey ad ocenaes a is aeon on

 coogss?

229

he espoes o dvdas ad goups o a new uao What we eed mos gety s no an aaysi of soca be havo bt of socey, cosdered o oge as a staio bt as a system o acon a etwor of cta oienta ios ad powe eatioships ] Fech sooogy hesaes to comm e o hs path a age pa o he easo s ha ech socey is ot mag t ow hstoy he exhaso of he Ja ob mode o[ aco has oe bee deouced b amos aways  he ame o a eobera pagmasm ha speas oy o adapao exby ad saegy  he spg o 1968 Fech socey had ot bee domated by ay gea socia ad poica debae Ths does ot mea hat  s pemaey ee of soca sgges and deo ogies n ac  s domaed by he eg o the Whgs that s, the combao of he od and new g casses unde he potecto o a Sae ha s boh poweu ad sHig mode ad osevave  hs sese we can spea of depotczao, whch does ot mea dieree on the pat o the eecorae or the dsappeaae of hoices or conics The potca paes deend the teres of certa socia goup see to dect {he Stae ad somemes reate themseve to overa cocepos of potica powe and the soca egme ut hey ae hady at a vved by ay questo ig of poica powe Poiics seems apped o he eve o sios t does o ueson the uig powes whose ahoity goves he fctog o he stu os Vey oen poitca setmet mst become  voved wh aaway pobems beoe i ca tae fom We have poca nsios some o them wsh o ceate ew powe othes wsh o omba  t poca semes and he suios amos neve come io

23

TE TNTRL CE

oat Polia hough is udiplied outde he i ttUo ol prolem ha e poed ol throgh eo pma ha o th tde almo a of hom ad outde o politl orgaao A a  ial moeme ad a tua prig th Ma Moe met a ot a rop politi for ded  a ogam, a oganization and a taeg  a udi ed a i eaed conadicions: t had ther the ll or h apat to furhr he tttoalzatio o he oi that t triggred t mporta is de to the at that i resoed o Frh ot h consciousness of it htot; hat t uetoed por ad a elato that it aised up ideoogies ad uopias; that t mod the eaizaion ha a oet  ot o the olleto of the means ad eecs o eoom gowh bu rimarl the ofroao beween th fore tha tuggle fo the otol o hag ad o th rato of atagoti mode o[ delopmet Th aal o contempay ot a o e de ogia o og a uh oal moemet do ot reeate a ate o horit hh oiolog a the ud deie ad explai Bu oiooga elaao aa zed he  d he oia atio ha ea it oet o i m e meey rpode he oo e of he artpat i he ao ad ofe ther taeme th it o o he ea gatherd  th oo tt moe to he i eto ha to he reult of socioogial aal he eah tr o eate o h oal movemens hoe ao aloe juie ther extee he aso tr to eep a disae om he paicipans ad thr ideoogies. In th ee our eo is anaogous to tha which  pred uder dl ad ra odo i he teahig

 oc?

23

of oolog O the oia ommimt o th td a aom he aaltial or o th teahe t i he eahe' ole o otat eoe h t dmd of oedge, o epae ideog ih exaato a io h eao h i di oda h th e oal momet are td ad o th ieiti d polia eo egh ( do too hea o the hghl e ati o ieeal ali Bu h diut mu aolute o  alloed o d u a to apoahe ha eem r rotd om dagro oamato h ould  the om lt tumh of deoogy eaue it od rlud th dat ad trugg hat dee the hito xtee o a ot Frh oet  hagg erta B toard wha led  whom ad a hat rie? In m opinion, ooogy ha er e  a moe ao al poo h deito o he dameta meh am o oa eoluto ued to e ssined to tri eoomi aa toda goh ad hage a l e od a he re o oa roe rolem o poer ud o  deed ih hoe of he S d h  o poltial a a a ara ite eaated om oology oda he le eatohi d e o fo etee oe ad itituto i tdig to  apar Ititutio are omig o  e  here o oia meag hle oe  eag o  did th oage ag h irodued the otio of hod (eprise hh eem o ii rimarl o he im eroal haace of a or hat ho l ot  muh thogh do a  the almot atrl og of l of orgazatio prodto ad deomag t  dd moe  t apa o impede he oia · dtme h the oal otrol o h ium o

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H OTNUTR OT

ng  y  mposo o  sovrig w T sp o soioog nysis gows o  g  soy's piy o  o s incss I s ru  oy  poso o oso sms ou o  pr s spr o nss, w o r vourism on o s  o  or  ps so jo o w  ons  sooogs s su o opposig pssus rom s or u ps Ovy omp rrs o  M upsg mus o p Frn soy o  is rom   o isor o I s o oug o r gns  soi y  s  u o  onomy on o s n o pso powr o  o i s o noug o   jvs n mos o poss poi on o mus rog rs o   r soy i mos Europ sois, is ving mo  mor rou sg on  v o sor o I  v oms p o og so o ov   i ous  mp o o so ] srogy ou  soioog w   o n y rson or xisig or  y o rog ni s gr proms Durg r yrs, soiy s  sumg i prospry n gow Toy,   so n po  wng o y 68  rs s   my r poms  sm sou  guy gow us· m o ogng n um r ous  govn , pogmm rs  s rio o opposio oms ou, soy w s s py o  o s spp  i w  u o voi g io  p Soo w   oy   onsn o soy. s s o on mor so o rmng  nssy o sooogy,  nssiy  is o ony nu u

Wh Soiolosts

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pso? Oy sooogy ms  possi o nscn  orions w  impson ono s y oy n  vo in  m o pson  oiv civy Oy socoogy n sov  po y o ou soiy  vo  sc pow n  impson oo n  soi momn n  rvo  inu pom g  sooogis   poi pom  s  soiy: ow  sorm o vopmn  onu prpon in soi g  spns n unvoi i on ono wn oo n vo oioo  no ogr oppos o so osis  xgs  mor vus mo n   o , nor onn is w sig  mn o so pr s  i ou  unsoo ipny o  p i c ups w   o sori io or oo og so oogy s go og s gs  oo p  n r  poii wg o  soy   sus, or  s  usoig o i os n  orms o is ognio, ows  soioogs o r sovr  uniy o  oj o s suy  o is own wor

Index

Aln. J  18 Agen War 10 lienation 7-, 1, 12-1 61, 63, 7 4, 14 Am Feat f abr ! Amns  3 Anahu 170 Anx nd 3 X$ Chtophe 141- n Raymo 12,  t 10-13,  DacheeT F 175> Bah H P 1 Bana ChS  141 Bassl en�. 14 Bax tem 6 Bnak K 36 Bhaio, 223, 141-, 14 lee 204 67, 212, 13

en Ra 41 eot   e Bnnett 36 eon Hni  eel ee Ui\   oa ele, Alf A J 43 a P  anq At,   Pte 17 lh·Lan! F 184 aacy:  , 145, 156, 69 7, 2-  oganzati 8 , 56-,  nivit  3, 13 aca  6,  7 n hma 13 10 Cae 12 li 6 8  21-2, !2, 

2 Captam oned) 50. 56, 7', 78 143, 149 154, 57 Z Cent1 wdh bor Ogn tion 133 Gerteau M d,  Can a 6 11, 47, 73, , 93, 05 Chauiu, Pre. 8 Chiago hool o Soology 35 ChJa d au Pau H., 35 Chstian wor! ' unon (CFT) . 114n 64" ties, 1 6 55 99 116 195.217 , 218 223-4 C: cncts, 1617. 7. 63. 7, 75 76, 78 120, 156 cniousnss 1-2,  36 movemns u Movement oppition 50- ty 29-4, 5 5truction o, 3-7 structu 69 77 82£ 156 Clas ee Scia as Cohn-Bend Danl 89 107 Cluma Unversty 90, l25h/, II mmuniton Se noaon Cmmunim Cnese 79 en, 89, 9 II l 12 IH 126f 6 l85n 29 vet, 7-8, 91, 59 1, 21 6 218f tpian. 127 &e ao C«osloaa Le arx, Toyte ommunity See Decnrala; Gups, unty Negh· rhood ompany Set Firm Conedration Frise et Dm rtqu du raa (CFDT) , 164 Condraon g��rle du traal (CGT) , 00 36 185 Conderazon enera taao d Lavor (GL  164

IEX Conc cla, 17, 47. 6�. 7� 5. 76 78 , 156 nduta nstiutionalizd, 17 2, �8, 4 47   27 3, 67, 77-8 lao,  46. 48, 92 nsttnalizd. 109. 2  5, 67. 76. 8 sal 4 17 56, 76. 80, 82 ne 6 94 7. -20 24f 2 479, 71  77. M 9, lO, 5. 16, 14 66 175 214 9th ntuy 2 34 6 7 105 onorty 9 42 onousn lass 1-2 4 6 onsumr. 5. 4 6, 6 av/p 196 1920 onfs 6. 158 t s on cts sial Csumpn ma atudes t wards, 835. 159, 20. 24 s nstmen. 5 49. 5-. 66 7, 1590  ne [ultue ]9-9 2 28 224,  o"ton. 24 66, 76 43 S, 1697 IOI atty. 5 I. 2,20,220 22 Cozer hl. 6.  76, 170 Culte m appoa 10 5 dnd 197 207 doaliztn  209 220 22 ndendnce and 97 99 ntiatve and. 209, 217, 222 manpulaton o. 7. 1 74 84 lS 206, 22 May \ment and 03, 1 15 mements ad. 12-31 35 6 6 rsults  209. 216-17. 218 social intgratio and 7. 209.214 222 224 tadonal 12, 29 2 -3. 4 202, 21415 21718, 29

nx Culture mas coiued wor 196 youh 19,  osloa 20  25hr  M  7 hndof. R ! 42  57,  76 77 Denlaon, 24,  6, 7 Dsonmakng sms  7 e  F, rganan D Gaull et Gaule. hars de Dmocracy, 798 Depden ee Partcpation Despotsm 71 Domnat as 53, 6 . 70char 26 Domnaon socal, 78, 69 reblion aganst 10 6, 71 Dmadr J, 198 DuPon. 155 Durand , 18 Duran \ 55 Durhem, m. 22 Dutsch R 26 Ecole S cho cno, 212 57, 180 and dvopment 51 7 and th  245 47  79, 8 95 97 101 107 27 14 9 ad pogr   5 72 Eonos indusr. 51 ont,  86. 9- bera 7 1  9 md/volunta!t 46 83 85  9 duton 45 72 76, 95 61, 75 ultur and 7  27  22   pofiona tanng 2 51! 60 66 878 96 97 9-9, 65 ee a$ chos nersities te 24 4�, 44 50 9 74 96 55, 206 Emplos Su Wkers

2 Empoent tdn ee Ed ton Engn  58 Engand. O, 3 9 20 130 : 75 7 Eninmen ee Ci, S Erh Ludwg. 12 Eutive. 4 7 Exrts  7Dha.  174 xploation. noc 7. 8, 34. 6 67 105 4 ates 9 4 Famly f Se  am draton des tuans lutonnars (R 89 Fnan 72, 57, 164 75 ee abo Investment irm () : adminstraion/organ ton n 48 523, 15-5 6770 72 as ommuntions netwo, 72 on or 44 4. 148 52 15 175, 879, 9 in ntractual sces 84. 186  utu and, 97,   21-19 decision-aking  6, 62 01 52, 57, 158 16 7. 175 79 18 n grt of 55 57 16 69 e'otion of, 1 73 7  9 excun of r n. 52 -9 " exa ntests/e o 57 8, 16! 9, 7 goas of, SO, 57, 70, 180 n. govemet Stte)  11 6, 75 790, 18 head o, 7,2 56, 67 19, 80 88, 19 as nittn, 4 50 162, 16 4 167 169 1879 nter /stuture  167 9. 79

NDX Frm (s) oied) and labo relatiops 145.  1567 160-1, 168, 19 n lao nions 53 160 14 l 1768 179-8 18  10 191 in iberl soctis. 1781 18, 185-6, O- in mnaged/vounrt iti, 78 179, 181-3 18, 5, 1 91 manaemnt o. 148 153, 56-7 166 1670 79, ISO-, 191 a of 17 158 11, 175 ationalized Frenh 4 poliizaion of 6, 180 pwer of, 17, 7�, 7 privt  syste of  private/publi. 2 5m 16970 role o 17, 10 5 6 17 oal ers of 161 6 oa prolms in, 7l. 72. 17.  See asQ Crporion rganiza ion Ford. Heny. 55 ourh lan, 5  14 9 290 31 38,  59, 8, 9  0 120, 125charl 12 1 177 181 183, 186, 20 2 216 219 27 ee d Gov en, c; May Mov men Fdom 2, 20 21-16 Friedmann, Geoes 7. 19B, 204 Fmm, E  Galbraith, Joh K 4 62 au Cals d  88 5 1 109 12' 117, 2, 27 Gany 4 50 88 120 122  6 16-7 181, 8 dhorpe,  H 15 ment an nomal gss, 8, 51 71, 78 100 101 59 16!, 5

Govment (oied) ntnon o, n industry, !B, 6-7, 56 162 16! 179-0 19 entury la of !O- socia cni and 24, 4 1!5 159 164 207-8 21516 socia/student movmnts and 126 128 -2, 3 Govment, nh Gaulist), 15. 35 18- ono issues and 51, 00 126-7 177 29 May Movnt and  9 9-7, 1 12-!. 109, 16, 117 4 Grene agemn, 0 Gous coi. 1, I!, 1, 176 22 doinated 2 dry 2223 fcal. 157, 164, 175 fod 2 0 9 indusral 157, 64, 175 pressure. 67-. 76 primay, 21-2 2OS   rsistne, 6!-5 at ruing 24 S, 74. 20 a, 51-2 201, 216 217- thnoat as 5S speial iet 67, 68 Guth, Gegs 69 Harbison. Frdrich H 61. 181 Harmann, H 181 Haghut,  22 Halth, 48. 67, 72 Hegl, Gor W F 8 Hiarchy ia 2 29 2 Hing.  55 67 22 Huma eaios $hoo, 12 dentity 54   lO 1, 6S Indnde. en 197 9 Indusria rlations. IS2  a so Con idusria

I Industrition 19th cntuy, 6. 29-Sl  !4. !8, 62, 7S. 74. 81, 8S, 98 105, 20, 140, 149

Indusy: trnfoation oE, 1485 15

 ao Corpoaion Fim, 

gition, esearc nquait 76. 209 27 218 aion, 5 nformaion deonmaing d. 62S 65, 72

mass, 1 71, 72. 9S 195 197 20-2. 20S, 2

Instituon ( , poliicl powr s 12 25haJ 23 2312 ee o ir gnizto, U \'erities Insituiona Revoluion pary (R)  S2 nao  7. 209, 21 2 224 e aL Conts ntec. 9910 en 7, 45- 4, 5.  73. 56 Ialn ommnis ar (PCI) , 6 taian scaist prty (U) , 26 Ialy, 18 20. 3B 20, 124, 144 Janowi, Mors 76-7 Japan, 2 99 2 2haJ, 28 

Jeunes Combtes Rvo1utonnai CR) , 89 Jouvnl. Bertrand d, 75, 179, 218 ues E A 4

rr, Ca SO Kirk, GTyson  Knoledge prodtion and, 5 12 51 61, 68, 97 98 102 222 caer. S 20 abor S nons, Work Wor movent

tn Amrica 121 1 2, 31-2 201 awr, avd H, 212 de 64, 1 16 166, 176 fb, Hen, 55 126 Leo, aude 89 Lisure aiviies activepassi 1 19720, 205f malized, 200 224 os abou, 24 216 eaier, 194, 202 212 211 5, 217-8, 219 o ldry. 2223 and om, 2O.  20 govent and, 207-8, 215-16 hobbies nd.  I5 mdia ad. 19!. 195, 197, 199. 200-2, 20S  poduct onsupion and 979 214, 2 224.  eligon ad, 2!14 ole/wor and, 7£ 19 197 ul 19. 195, 20S l partiption ad 23  214, 217, 222S cal stricaon ad, 2027 209, 24 21 soolgl ew o 2O! in ovietype coun 215-16 18 29 chniciy and 211 tr did, 210, 212 Lein, Vldmir  0, 1S 3 Lif faiy 175, 202, 207, 208, 21 prva, 56, 8, 0, 2  222,22   9, 195. 23 syle 7, 35 201-2 206 207-8 2117 ignon, Jan, 36 ipset your Main. 29 ivin. sadard o !O S5 45, 95 15 4. 2 24

Lkood, , 5 Love 22 Ludte& 2

D Situtioni 107 Sloan, A, 1 oa chnge See hange a Social sse 278 dominad 4 7Ohart, 74 former, 4769, 70chr, 7, S 82 85 93 � new, 479 70eat 74 7 See  omnant lss, Mide cas ulin cl Tehno cas, Uper cls, oring � oa conc See Conict Soal roups S Gous ol ie 6 0 ol moblity See Mobty Sol movemns Su MOments Sol oganizon S: O ton Socl rionalization ee Raon ition Sol reson$ibliy  espon blty Sol euity 00, 2 Social spae. See Sae Sal sracation. See StiQ tion alism, 8 20, 32 7 91 127 13' "Soalsm u rari 8 Soeis; collectic 8n See DU Cmmunism contctu nstia, 7, 6, 190, 91 libea ura, 7 1, 190, 191 manaed/olunrist industal, 46 8-3, 86 90, 19 9 enty indust, 6. 2-31, 73, 74 81 83 98 20, 126, 140 49

 in,  42 7 olian, 423, 44 7, 79 iional, 2 29 leisure n I, 20, 29 ocioloy pproh of 6, 216, 3 7, . 14 30

Socolgy (ninUd) clue nd, 2039, 226 rms and 30, 47 il cons and, 99 2, 7 Soronne 88  12 W 37 II  May Movement Space, socil,  72 217 218 22  abo Ci Spin 28 Salin Jpb, 9 1 Staer, G M. 3n Sate Su Govemen Stus 60, 63 Strsbou nivey, 106 07 Stiaon al 77 82 202 7  24. 27f Stie (  Frenh eel 38n 91 7 27 l, 9  7 student 89, 7 112 Studen (s  atiudes of 87, 989 18 29, 23 increase in number of, 12 97 9 elo o 1.   70· hr 99, 0 tang S: Educion Sudet movemet ($)  Amein 89,   6 293l !, 37 cmn o 88.• 9 38 s cltul eolt, 98 23  36 nli, 19 formed, 99, 23 French, 119 27 29, 30 Mrch 22 0, 108, 8 at Nantere S8 0J   Nan 07 <J 88 st·s, 107n at Sbou 106, 07n Vnnns, 2 S / May Movment German, 88, 6

e Stent movemet () ontnud) ideology nd, 1367 ln, 26 Japnese 99, 128 politilizton of 24[" 31 s i ion, 19, 1223 s oil mo\emen 9 29 3 in soclist countes 131 1, 137 Soviet 9 9  16, 37 Spanish, 28 Subcultures, 9, 197, 200 2 Sweden, 47 323 1 87 Syndct natona de 'ensegnement sup
e unions Se Unon de Tretin B.,

16

Troyies Sn 107n Unemploymet, 00, 0 Union  tudian Communtes (U.C , OB nion Naonle  Eunts de France (UN 4

nion of Soviet Socialit Republc, 178, 9, 9 182 2116 21S, 29 nions bor, S9 03 26, 133 47S Amecan, 15 S in conttu/lbealolunar· st oeties, 1798 18 182. 18 86 1 ealie ole o 30 32 3S 13 76, 77 9   Wor e' moement Frenc 3, 114, 136 3 64 18 86 an My MOemnt, 9 96 0, 77 stuent/tech 108 4 ln 26 1, 1 Mecan 32 presnt le of, -8 59 4, 62 72 100, 0, 9, 32n

44 48 60, 6 168 173 76 S IS7-.  912 Swedish 47 133 d Stes, 7IS, 3, 3 99 16 121 26, 2934 19 02, 23 ni>ety of alo 48, 89, 90. 2r 31 nsity  ris I Sorbonne ersity ea' nion S.N.SP 114 nieities n Americ  S9 90, 12 2Schart, 12-31

Euroen, 1201 12char cuties of. S Tehe French 9297 99 102, 20, 12, 223, 2cr 27 S3 Se bo May Moement nrese n students t 12 92, 97 8, 120 mor mode 122 1232 ew ole of, 2 2, 68 97 9, 102, 2