CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION Rationale
Tabloids, especially those written in the native tongue, have always been a staple in every Filipino. It is sometimes called the “newspaper for the masses, or “ pang masa o maka-masang diyaryo.”
It has remained one of the major competitors of broadsheet newspapers newspapers in terms of readership, mainly because of its affordability and style of presenting news and information to the public. Though it does not compete with broadsheets in terms of circulation, tabloid readership has undoubtedly captured the Filipino taste, and has satisfied the mass’ thirst for information (Florendo et.al., 2002). Thus, the term “tabloidization” was coined. The term initially referred to a size, half of a newspaper. Later on, its definition evolved to a “style” identified by media critics as that of tabloids: sensationalized, cheap, and a journalism flop. It was then that tabloid was linked to pornography (S. Elizabeth Bird, in Changing Faces of Journalism, 2009). Despite criticisms, tabloids held a formidable position in a class-stratified society. It held more readers than broadsheets do. Hence, it can be said that more people prefer tabloids’ “flop” writing style than broadsheets’ “formal and in-depth” analysis of news stories (Gans, Changing Faces of Journalism, 2009). People still seem to want to read newspapers as they ride on public transport vehicles, as they wait for appointments in offices, as they sip coffee in coffee shops and in their homes, and in other places (Danesi, 2002). 1
The above study suggests that “perception” of a news story, may differ due to the existence of some factors such as one’s social class, educational attainment and religious orientation. Another notable key is the relevance of a reader’s perception of the “reality” presented by a news story to him. It may cause him to mobilize, or it may result to a passiv passivee react reaction ion instea instead. d. In eff effect ect,, the reade readerr will will respo respond nd psycho psycholo logic gical ally ly an andd emotionally to the people and issues in news reports. The The em emph phas asis is on dram drama, a, em emot otio iona nall them themes es,, po powe werf rful ul imaages, and stro im stronng perso ersonnalitie itiess make the news a convenient medium for working out psychological tensions and social conflicts c onflicts (Bennett, 2007). Aside from the four components of communication, namely sender, message, channel, and receiver, one of the most important additions to the basic communication model is the ‘feedback’ of the receiver, which affects the whole cycle. The media use feedback to gauge the effectiveness of their communication. These sender-receiver transactions take its form in newspaper readers’ comments section, and among television networks in the form of ratings. It is through the collated audience’s attitude and perception towards a certain medium or channel, that the media agencies can improve their manner of delivery and style to suit the audience’s needs.
Statement of the Problem
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The above study suggests that “perception” of a news story, may differ due to the existence of some factors such as one’s social class, educational attainment and religious orientation. Another notable key is the relevance of a reader’s perception of the “reality” presented by a news story to him. It may cause him to mobilize, or it may result to a passiv passivee react reaction ion instea instead. d. In eff effect ect,, the reade readerr will will respo respond nd psycho psycholo logic gical ally ly an andd emotionally to the people and issues in news reports. The The em emph phas asis is on dram drama, a, em emot otio iona nall them themes es,, po powe werf rful ul imaages, and stro im stronng perso ersonnalitie itiess make the news a convenient medium for working out psychological tensions and social conflicts c onflicts (Bennett, 2007). Aside from the four components of communication, namely sender, message, channel, and receiver, one of the most important additions to the basic communication model is the ‘feedback’ of the receiver, which affects the whole cycle. The media use feedback to gauge the effectiveness of their communication. These sender-receiver transactions take its form in newspaper readers’ comments section, and among television networks in the form of ratings. It is through the collated audience’s attitude and perception towards a certain medium or channel, that the media agencies can improve their manner of delivery and style to suit the audience’s needs.
Statement of the Problem
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This study aims to answer the question: What are the attitudes and perception of Zone 21, Tondo, Manila residents towards tabloid news specifically front page banner news stories?
Our study also attempts to answer the following sub-problems: 1. What are are the demograp demographic hic characte characterist ristics ics of the barangay barangay?? a. Educat Education ional al att attain ainme ment nt b. Age c. Sex d. Inco Income me leve levels ls e.
Civil Status
2. What is is the tabloid tabloid reade readership rship of of residents residents in the the zone? a. In terms terms of of tablo tabloid id pref prefere erence ncess b. In terms terms of of frequ frequenc encyy of readi reading ng 3. What are are the positive positive and negativ negativee responses responses of the residents residents residing residing in the zone? a. In terms of presentation presentation of news in the front page page banner banner news story. b. In terms of the content of of news in the front front page banner news story. story. 4. Does Does the the resid resident ents’ s’ percep perceptio tionn of front page page ba bann nner er ne news ws story story in tabloid tabloidss affect their way of living? 5. Does Does the residen residents’ ts’ ed educa ucatio tional nal attai attainme nment nt aff affect ect their their pe perce rcepti ption on of front front page banner stories?
Objectives of the Study 3
The main objective of this study is to find out the attitudes and perception of Zone 21, Tondo, Manila residents towards tabloid news specifically front page banner news stories.
Hypothesis of the study Ho: Sample mean ≥ population mean.
The hypothesis means that readers have a positive perception on tabloid. H1: Sample mean < population mean
The hypothesis means that readers have a negative perception on tabloid
Our study also aims to achieve the following: 1. To determine the demographic characteristics of the barangay. a. Educational attainment b. Age c. Sex d. Income levels e. Status 2. To know the tabloid readership of residents in the zone. a. In terms of tabloid preferences b. In terms of frequency of reading 3. To know the positive and negative response of the residents residing in the zone. a. In terms of presentation of news in the front page banner news story. 4
b. In terms of the content of news in the front page banner news story. 4. To know whether the residents’ perception of front page banner news story in tabloids affect their way of living. 5. To know whether residents’ educational attainment affect their perception of front page banner stories. To answer the sub-problem, the researchers have identified a hypothesis statement: Ho: There is no significant difference in the educational attainment in terms of
perception of Tagalog tabloids’ front-page banner news story. H1: There is a significant difference in the educational attainment in terms of
perception of Tagalog tabloids’ front-page banner news story.
Significance of the Study
News is not just about people, it affects people. (Harris, et.al.,2000). The result of this study proves to be beneficial for a number of reasons. First, the study would provide relevant information for media practitioners particularly those in the print media about the readership status of Tagalog tabloids. The study would also reveal whether who among the population usually read Tagalog tabloids and how frequent do they read them.
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Through this study, the editors and publishers of Tagalog tabloids would learn about the people’s views regarding their presentation of news particularly their front page banner news stories whether they need to improve it or not. The study would be useful to them (editors and publishers) since it is important for them not only to communicate their news stories effectively but also to suit their audience’s preferences in terms of their writing style and news presentation. Second, as one of this study’s sub-problems, the researchers would want to find out if educational attainment plays a role in the respondents’ manner of perceiving banner news stories, especially those published in the front pages of Tagalog tabloids. The researchers also want to determine whether up to what extent educational levels affect the said perception of news stories, media literacy, and tabloid readership. Lastly, the research findings also prove useful to future researchers who plan to make a research regarding media’s effect on the public, specifically tabloids.
Definition of Terms Educational attainment - the level of education acquired by a certain individual.
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Perception Perception - (Lindsay et. al., 1977) the process by which organisms interpret and
organize sensation to produce a meaningful experience of the world. Banner story - the biggest or most highlighted story in a news page. This story is
treated with greater importance and news value among other stories. News - (Spencer, in Viduya, 2010) any event, idea, or opinion that is timely, that
interests or affects large number of persons in a community, and that is capable of being understood by them. Tabloid - a compact sized newspaper which is usually half the size of a broadsheet. Broadsheet - the standard size of newspapers. It is double the size of a tabloid. Sensationalism - (Stea (Stead, d, in Frankl Franklin, in, 20 2005) 05) the the use an andd prese present ntati ation on of conten contentt
designed to cause interest and excitement.
CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES
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Local tabloids: a brief history
During the Post-Liberation Era, just after the 1986 EDSA Revolution, major changes, advancements and developments took place in the field of Journalism in the Philippines The revival of the National Press Club and the Philippine Press Institute set standards in the mass media. Newspa Newspape pers rs an andd period periodica icals ls ha have ve expand expanded ed in pa page ges, s, secti sections ons,, scope scope of coverage, and circulations. Crimes and sensitive issues such as death penalty, charter change, visiting forces agreement have been the topic of every newspaper, issues which were ignored during the reign of the crony press. Rese Resear arch ch an andd acad academ emic ic orga organi niza zatition onss such such as the the Phil Philip ippi pine ne Cent Center er for for Investigative Journalism and the Center for Media Freedom and Responsibility, paved the way for an improved relationship with the government and the press, and honed journalists in the field. They have reduced corruption in the government by advocating transparency among government officials and the responsibility of the press. By 1998, there were 14 daily broadsheets and 19 tabloids published in Metro Manila Man ila.. Among Among large large circul circulat ating ing broads broadshe heet etss were were Man Manila ila Bullet Bulletin in (280 (280 00 0000 on weekdays and 300 000 on weekends) and the Philippine Daily Inquirer (260 000 on weekdays and 280 000 on weekends).
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The Abante and the People’s Journal were one of the leading tabloids with (417 600) and (382 000) circulation respectively. Out of the 408 provincial newspapers and periodicals, 30 are printed daily, 292 are published weekly, and the rest are circulated either monthly or quarterly. By the onset of the millennium, 559 print publications, 475 broadsheets, 45 maga ma gazi zine nes, s, an andd 39 tabl tabloi oids ds an andd comi comics cs ha have ve be been en very very acti active ve;; 22 pe perc rcen entt are are published in the National Capital Region, 12 broadsheets, 17 tabloids, 32 magazines, 39 comics, and 5 Chinese newspapers (Philippine (Philippine Media Fact Book, 2000). The Philippine Daily Inquirer emerged on top with a daily circulation of 270 000, followed by the Philippine Star with 255 000, and the Manila Bulletin, 250 000. Tabloids have also been a hit among the public. Bulgar posted a daily circulation of 448 450, which is followed by the People’s Journal, 382 200, and the People’s Tonight, 365 811. Other Other tab tabloi loids ds with with their their da daily ily circul circulati ation on are as follo follows: ws: Remate Remate,, 31 3100 00 000; 0; Abante, 260 000; Bandera, 253 523; Pilipino Star Ngayon, 250 200, People’s Bagong Taliba, 210 000; Balita, 175 725; Tempo, 160 000; Abante Tonight, 150 000; Isyu, 126 835; Saksi Ngayon, 100 000; Remate Tonight, 90 000; Balita sa Hapon, 35 000; and Sun Star Bulilit, 30 000. The community press also remained a hit. It covered 43 dailies; 3 in Luzon, 19 in the Visayas, and 21 in Mindanao. There are also 315 weeklies, 209 in Luzon, 30 in the Visayas, and 76 in Mindanao.
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Front-page banner news story
A front page banner news story is a news article that dominates the whole newspaper make-up and content. Being the most important story of the day, it is the story assessed by newspaper editors to have the highest news value, compared to other stories of the day.
Tabloidization
The term “tabloidization” was coined in the 20th century, which meant a decline in journalistic discourse (broadcast or print). The specific term also connoted the changes in traditional news. It was in USA where the term was first used. The term continually changes, as it faces evolution in print media. Journalist S. Elizabeth Bird cited one of the major problems is that “tabloidization is not a clearly defined term. She also identified three indices of tabloidization: content or style, emphasis on the personal, and a greater use of visual images. Tabloid style is usually distinguished from broadsheets because of its punchier sentences, narrative rather than analytical, and always attempts to make longer stories shorter. The second indicator is the emphasis of human quality or emotions in the story. Examples of these indicators are stories about big crimes –usually earthquakes, reported in such way that the story is focused on a particular individual. The third indicator, according to Bird, is the tabloid’s rendering of visual images. These pictures or sketches primarily draw the attention of readers.
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Tabloid make-up
The dimensions of a tabloid is 10 ½ by 14 inches, which could vary depending on the newspaper. Sometimes the size differs by up to two inches, often the size half of a full-page broadsheet. The front page of a newspaper catches the attention of the reader, because it is the first thing readers will see. The front page is what makes the sales or profit of the tabloid increase (Macale, 2006). Unlike the broadsheet, which is organized and formal, the tabloid is like a collage of information compressed in a page. It serves as a teaser of what is inside tabloid stories. The two kinds of tabloid make-ups (layout) are “poster” and “compact”. The poster is a classic and widely-used format of a tabloid’s front page. It has a larger photo, a banner headline and several other headlines. Compared to broadsheets, this kind of layout doesn’t display the lead on the front page. Instead, it engages readers by displaying photos, usually the subject of the story. In effect, for the poster make-up to sell, layout artists must put great pictures and an eye-catching headline in the front page. Compact, on the other hand, is like a mini-broadsheet. It is an improved version of poster layout with fewer stories, smaller photos, and smaller headlines. Compact, from the word itself is “compressed”. It seduces thru flashy fashion and vapid content: bold faced names, red carpet parties, socialite misadventure and
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the photogenic news design used to cover these tales. It feels cheap; and, for practitioners and press observers, that somehow feels wrong. (Michael Serrazio, in The Changing Faces of Journalism, 2009) Part of every news page, headlines are also a vital part of the tabloid make-up. In order for the newspaper to sell, it needs to have a “catchy” headline. Six words or less must summarize the whole story. It must be accurate, fair, clear, precise, “punchy,” thoughtful, inviting, relevant, urgent and readable. Headlines are like the mini version of the lead. The reader must understand the story right away after he read it and buy that newspaper to read the full-length story. Most newspaper uses all capital letters to grasp more attention because it shouts the message. Choosing what case must be used, is the problem of the copy editor because it must fit the size of the paper they use. The biggest stories are often the banner headlines. It is the largest headline in the front page. It is also means that it is the most important story in that day, as defined by editors.
Tabloid Readership
In the study conducted by the Nielsen Media Research in 2006 which covered respondents from Mega Manila, it clearly showed the facts and figures, that compact sized tabloids are more preferred by Filipinos than those huge-paged national dailies. Tabloids garnered 25% share of readership among other print publications, read mostly by those belonging to the social class D, the lower class. On the other hand,
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broadsheets garnered 12% share of readership and also read mostly by the social classes C2 and D, the middle and lower classes respectively. Both tabloids and broadsheets acquired 51.3% male readers and 48.7% female readers. Most of tabloids and broadsheets readers belong to the age bracket 20-29 followed by the age group 30-39. Bulgar ranked as the number one tabloid with 9.6% readership followed by Abante with 4.4% and third is People's Journal with 2.7% readership. While in broadsheets, Manila Bulletin is number one with 6.9% readership followed by Philippine Daily Inquirer with 5.1% and Philippine Star with 2.9 %(2007 Media Factbook). This only shows the fact that tabloids are more chosen and thus bought by Filipino newspaper readers.
Perception
Perception is the process by which people interpret data initially perceived through the five senses, which can be influenced by other external factors such as physical and psychological factor. External factors such as mood, wants, and needs, influences perception and include subjectivity in the process of perception. There are other selective processes that are taking place during the process of perception, namely selective exposure, selective perception, selective attention and selective retention.
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Selective exposure suggests that persons have the tendency to only expose themselves to a medium that is consistent with their attitude and beliefs. While selective perception is the tendency for perception to be influenced by their wants, needs, attitudes, and other psychological factors. Selective attention is the tendency for individuals to pay attention to specific parts of a message that are consistent with their attitudes, beliefs or behaviors. Individuals who have this tendency avoid those parts of a message that go against strongly held attitudes, beliefs, or behaviors. Lastly, selective retention is the tendency for information recall to be influenced by wants, needs, attitudes, and other psychological factors.
Role of Education in a Society
Defining the role of education in a society or community is not possible without touching the dimensions of social stratification and social mobility. The Philippines is an example of an open-stratified system or a class system. Our society is composed of the upper class, upper-middle class, lower-middle class, working class and lower class (Palispis, 2005). Sociologists and anthropologists have identified power, wealth and prestige as bases of social classes. Thus education constitutes one of the most important criteria in social status. Education is defined as a deliberate and structured training wherein the transmission or acquiring of knowledge, skills, attitudes and values occur.
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According to Palispis, there are basically three types of education – formal, informal and non-formal education. Formal education is systematic in terms of its hierarchical structures and chronological succession of grade levels, from primary to secondary, and from secondary to university or college, or even vocational and technical courses. Out of school education on other hand can also refer to either informal or non-formal types. In almost every society, the people’s level of education is a factor that causes social mobility. Through one’s obtaining of higher education, one can climb the social ladder (Palispis, 2005: p. 121).
Sensationalism
Journalists should be good in presenting their stories in such a manner that it would attract readers. They seek to write news stories that thrill, stimulate and move their readers and at the same time inciting discussion and debate. (Wolstenhome in The Complete Reporter, 2000). Thus, newspaper writers and reporters thought of a way on how to make their stories more interesting. They termed it ‘sensationalism’. Claims of sensationalism, using and presenting of content that is designed to cause interest or excitement, have been leveled at journalists at least the 1880’s. Sensationalism has always been associated with tabloids (Franklin et.al.,2005:p.242).
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Tabloid newspapers usually come up with stories which were branded as sensationalized - crime, sex and celebrity. These crime stories and celebrity news are always accompanied by heavy photographs. Stories about sex usually come in daily. Sensationalism by its very nature exploits the unusual… Historians have long argued the definition of sensationalism in journalism. A consensus of the arguments includes an appeal to baser emotions – excitement, titillation, shock, astonishment, horror and so forth (Berry, 2008).
Functions of the Press
Journalists, whether in print or broadcast, play a vital role in the society especially in a democratic nation like the Philippines. As watchdogs of the society, they have the principal duty of telling the public about what is happening – the news. The news serves mostly to inform, educate and mobilize the public so that the public can make responsible decisions. Many writers believed that the mass media, particularly the news, has powerful effects on people (Lule,2001 : p.35). Another important role that the press plays is the setting of public agenda. As McCombs and Shaw’s agenda-setting theory suggests - the media have always been successful in telling the public what to think about. The media provide an opportunity for the exchange of views and opinions (Harcup, 2007: p.159). The news media even provide entertainment to people. Humor columns, comic strips, crossword puzzles, pictures and celebrity interviews entertain the people.
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As watchdogs, the media has the responsibility of watching over the government as well as providing people with information they need to participate in the democracy. The media delivers practical and helpful information to people. With the information they give to the public, journalists are always expected to observe accuracy at all times.
Media Effects
Then, and perhaps only then, alas, can our press have an impact on Filipino morality, when it arrests the attention of evildoers, or stops erroneous judgment through warning, threat or ridicule. This is the reason why tabloids might serve a purpose, why malicious columns, which fatten on the shattering of reputations by using half-truths to hurt people they do not like could have a cause for existing. (Santillan-Castrence, in Media and Society, 2007) There are three evident effects that the media has on the society. These may be psychological effects, stimulating effects, agenda-setting effects, trend-setting effects, and framing effects (Willis, 2007). Psychological effects include feelings of alienation, togetherness, sadness, jubilation and fear, when confronted by a media’s portrayal of an event. This effect basically includes what is happening with the human mind, and how people perceive or feel about the media. Another identified effect is the stimulating effect. These are effects that can turn our perceptions and feelings into actions. Such stimulations that come from the media can be positive or negative reactions.
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An example of a positive reaction is a public outpouring of support for an individual, family, or entire country in a crisis. A good example of this was when typhoon “Ondoy” struck the country in 2009. While a negative response is characterized by violence in the media. Studies show that such violence stimulates “real-life” violence among those people confronted by particular media content. Furthermore, political scientists Russell Nueman, Marion Just, and Ann Crigler, described a “passive audience” that perceive the news. The traditional view of the way citizens gain information from the media is dominated by the imagery of a vegetative audience, passively absorbing media influence (Bennett, 2007). Previous studies also show that individuals actively select, filter, and personalize the meanings they obtain from the news. Doris Graber’s study, one of the pioneers on how people “tame the information tide,” revealed that many personal factors affect a reader’s attention to news, such as the influence of friends who provide updates on the news. Meanwhile, sociologist William Ganson’s study showed that people explore news issues in often remarkable depth through everyday conversation, and at the same time, applying various interpretations that were not contained in the stories they consumed. People may pick up and evaluate news information in following ways: 1.
Cueing –looking
for cues or labels (example: left, right; Republican, Democratic,
hawk, dove, environmentalist, gun-lover, terrorist, etc.)
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2.
Bolstering -selecting
bits of information that are offered to support positions
attached to a broad political cues and labels. 3.
Weighing –using
emotions in news reports to direct attention and learning.
4.
Personalizing –filtering
information into one’s believed and observed principles
(values, interests, lifestyle choices) that make up the individual’s personal life experience.
CHAPTER 3 FRAMEWORK OF THE STUDY
Theoretical Framework
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The researchers used the Expectancy Value Theory as the framework of the research. The expectancy theory is a “formalized model about message strategies and attitude, and behavior change” (Brooks, 1970) compelled by a medium (media) which deliver fear appeal, explicit opinions, and most especially, the intensity of the language used. It suggests that using different linguistic variations (language, language intensity) in persuasive messages to address a certain audience, describes the impact of the message’s persuasiveness impact on the source, message, and receiver.
Figure 1.1: The Conceptual Model of Language Expectancy Value Theory
In part, the study will tackle the respondents’ perception and comprehension of news stories. The “Model of Text Comprehension” (Van Dijk&Kintsch, 1983) describes
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the complete reading process, how the reader process what he reads and comprehends the meaning of a text. According to Van Dijk&Kintsch, a reader understands the text through the “comprehension process.” The proponents also assume that readers make three mental representations of the text which are the verbatim (word per word), semantic (meaning of the text), and situational representation.
Figure 1.1: The Conceptual Model of Text Comprehension Theory
Conceptual Framework
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The figure shown below describes the relationship of the variables of the study.
Front Page Banner News Stories
Evaluation
Produced Perceptio n
Produced Attitude
Feedback
Positive Perception
Negative Perception
Figure 2: Conceptual Framework of the Study
The researchers’ conceptual model suggests that the positive and negative responses of the respondents which comprise the feedback –arise from the predetermined perception and attitude of the reader. Furthermore, the attitude and
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perception also comes from the readers’ evaluation of a certain text or stimuli (front page banner news stories). The researchers paralleled dependent variables (attitude and perception), which could only be obtained by evaluating the respondents evaluation Thus, the main problem of the research (produced perception and attitude towards tabloid news) can be gauged depending on their evaluation of the text and images presented by front-page banner tabloid news.
CHAPTER 4 RESEARCH METHOD Research Design
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This study is purely quantitative in nature, which means that the only way to prove this research is by computing and interpreting data through a statistical process. Quantitative Research is used to gauge how many people feel, reflect or take action in a particular manner. This kind of research has a tendency to include large samples. This is used to congregate quantitative data, such as information dealing with numbers. Under quantitative research design, the researchers usually use a descriptive survey method, where prearranged questionnaires are utilized in integrating mainly questions with set of responses,
Sources of Data
The primary source of data came from the answers of the residents to the given questionnaire. An initial survey was also done through personal interviews. The questionnaire was self-administered and consisted of structured questions, which the respondents have answered. The questionnaire also distinguished the basic demographic characteristics of the respondent.
Research Participants
The researchers conducted the study at Zone 21, Tondo, located in Manila, Philippines. The researchers surveyed 150 tabloid readers as their target population, within the age bracket of 18 years old and above.
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Data Collection and Gathering Techniques
Much of the data that researchers used was obtained after the survey was finished. Primary data such as the respondents’ demographic characteristics and background were done before conducting the study. To verify prospect respondents who met the specified characteristics set by the researchers, filter questions were formulated. The researchers have inquired on randomly-chosen households suggested by the chief of the barangay . To validate the questionnaire, the researchers conducted a pilot test on September 30, 2010 at Asturias Street, Sampaloc, Manila, participated by 15 tabloid readers. Minor revisions were made upon the suggestion of the adviser. Data collection proper was done on October 10, 2010 and November 27, 2010 at Zone 21, Tondo, Manila. Self administered by the researchers, the questionnaire consisted of five (5) demographic questions, one (1) frequency question, and mostly attitude questions. The data gathered were tallied accordingly, and was submitted to the group’s statistician, Florence C. Navidad, R.N., R.M.T., M.Ed., for evaluation.
Population and Sampling Techniques
The researchers used the non-probability sampling because the samples are selected by non-random method, and not everyone has the chance of inclusion.
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The purposive sampling technique was also used for finite samples because the researchers do not specifically know the number of residents who read Tagalog tabloids. There was no random selection of cases from the population. The subjects needed were selected from a certain purpose. In addition, purposive sampling technique was used by the researchers to determine the number of population to be surveyed. Purposive sampling technique is a sampling technique that selects representatives of the population depending on the purpose of the study.
Statistical Treatment of Data
After gathering the data we used the mean to know the average of all the persons who answered a certain question. The formula for getting the mean is:
Where: = The mean or the average = The sum or summation of all the elements N= The number of elements After getting the mean, we solved the standard deviation. It is a statistic that tells how tight all the various examples are clustered around the mean in a set of data. This helped the researchers prove the hypothesis of the problem. The formula in getting the standard deviation is:
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Where: s= is the standard deviation x= entire list of numbers = The mean or the average n= numbers there are in the list Variance was also computed. It is the expected, or mean, value of the square of the deviation of that variable from its expected value or mean. Thus, the variance is a measure of the amount of variation within the values of that variable, taking account of all possible values and their (probabilities or weightings (not just the extremes which give the range). (Corty, 2007) The formula for variance is:
Where: = variance x= entire list of numbers = The mean or the average n= numbers there are in the list The study made use of inferential statistics to test the hypothesis of the researchers. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) treatment was used to solve the
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significance of the relationship between the variable ‘educational attainment’ and the perception of the tabloid readers. Due to the limited number of sample for this study, the researchers used a 0.05 level of significance for the statistical analysis of the data collected. This corresponds to a 95% precision level that the sample population is a representative of a whole population.
Data Analysis Techniques
The perception of the tabloid readers was computed through one tailed z-test. A z-test or a standard test uses mean and the standard deviation. The primary purpose of the test is to determine and describe the exact location of every score. (Gravetter and Wallnau, 2009) Another purpose of the z-score is to make the options or raw scores have a meaning or value inputted into them. Another purpose is for the entire distribution to be standardized. The formula for z-test is: z= Where: = deviation score The z-value indicates the number of standard deviation units of the sample from population mean.
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To solve the sub-problem, the researchers used the given formula to determine the significance of the dependent variable “education” to the other variables of the study (respondents who read tabloids, front-page banner stories). P= Where: P= percentage of the respondents who answered a given choice n= number of respondents who answered the given choice N= sample size Another way to analyze the data the researchers’ got is by using the single factor analysis of variance (ANOVA). It is used to analyze the means of 3 or more groups through their significant differences. (Blay, 2005). The formula for ANOVA is: H0: µ1 = µ2 = ... = µk against Ha: At least two of the µ’s are different Where: H0= The null hypothesis Ha= The alternative hypothesis k= Population or treatment µ= Population or treatment mean
Scope and Limitation
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The study covered the attitudes and preferences of Zone 21, Tondo, Manila residents towards tabloid news specifically front page banner news stories, by selected respondents only. The respondents’ answers to the questionnaire became the base of the study. Persons who qualified for the study are of following characteristics: 1) a resident of Zone 21, Tondo, Manila, 2) a reader of Tagalog tabloids, and 3) within the age bracket of Filipinos who read tabloid, that is 18 years old and above. Due to the limited time and resource constraints, it is hard to generalize the data gathered because it only covers one zone in Tondo. The findings will be useful to the readers of the study.
CHAPTER 5 PRESENTATION, INTERPRETATION AND ANALYSIS OF DATA
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This chapter shows the data obtained to address questions the research sought to answer. The data presented in this chapter were gathered through the use of survey questionnaire fielded to 150 tabloid readers in Zone 21, Tondo, Manila. This chapter also sought to analyze findings from the survey and interpret the same in the light of the specific questions raised in this research.
Presentation and Analysis of Data Question number 1 asks for the demographic characteristics of the barangay in
terms of age, sex, marital status, educational attainment, and income. The study focused mainly on Filipino tabloid readers within the age bracket of 18 to 70 years old. Out of 150 respondents, 11 or 7.33% are 18-25 years old, 23 or 15.33% are 26-30 years old, 14 or 9.33% are 31-35 years old, 14 or 9.33% are 36-40 years old, 17 or 11.33% are 40-45 years old, and 71 or 47.33% are 45 years old and above. Most of Tabloid readers are more than 45 years old, and are already retired. The residents of Zone 21, Tondo, Manila, read tabloids because they found tabloids entertaining and they also wanted to be informed with current events. This finding just proves that respondents believe that reading tabloid is essential to their everyday life.
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Fig. 1.0 shows the age distribution of Filipino tabloid readers in Tondo, Manila.
Out of 150 respondents, 86 or 57.33% are male, and 64 or 42.67% are female.
Fig. 1. 2 shows the gender distribution of Filipino tabloid readers in Tondo, Manila.
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Out of 150 respondents, 34 or 22.67% are single, 102 or 68% are married, 7 or 4.67% are separated, and 7 or 4.67% are widowed. Most of the respondents who read Tagalog tabloids are married. And these married respondents are housewives who are usually left at home managing the household and therefore have the luxury of time to read tabloids.
Fig. 1. 3 shows the civil status Distribution of Filipino tabloid readers in Tondo, Manila.
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The respondents’ educational attainment also varies, which the researchers categorized into three: 1) those who finished or were not able to finish elementary level and those who did not finish high school, 2) those who finished high school, those who were not able to finish college, and those who finished vocational courses, 3) those who finished college and those who pursued post-graduate studies. Respondents included in the first bracket is comprised of 25 or 16.67% of the entire population surveyed. Those belonging in the second bracket comprise 87 or 58%, while those in the third bracket also comprise 38 or 25.33%. Despite the differences of educational attainment, the data showed that one’s level of educational attainment does not affect the perception of readers. Regardless of their educational attainment, they still do not want to read negative news like crimes and economic depression.
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Fig. 1. 4 shows the distribution of educational attainment of respondents per bracket.
The respondents’ income were categorized into six: 1) those who are retired, not earning, and those who earn lower than 5,000, 2) those who earn 5,000 up to 10,000, 3) those who earn 11,000 up to 25,000, 4) those who earn 25,000 to 50,000, 5) those who earn 50,000 up to 75,000, and 6) those who earn 75,000 and above. The first bracket is comprised of 86 or 57.33%, while the second bracket is comprised of 38 or 25.33%, third with 19 or 12.67%, and the fourth with 5 or 3.33%. The fifth generated zero percent. Finally, the sixth bracket with 2 or 1.33%. Although most of the respondents’ have a low income, they still patronize tabloids. The respondents may not like the content of the newspapers but they still find it useful for their everyday living.
Fig. 1. 5 shows the income level distribution of respondents per bracket.
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Question number 2 asks the readership of Filipino tabloids.
Research findings show that out of 150 respondents, the top 5 mostly read tabloids by the respondents are Abante/Abante Tonite with 30%, Bulgar with 22%, tied at the third spot are Tiktik and Pilipino Star Ngayon with 9% and Remate with 5%.
Fig. 2.0 shows the top Filipino tabloid preferences of the respondents (in percent).
The distribution of patronized tabloids by the respondents is indicated in the graph below.
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Fig. 2.1 shows (in
percentage) the tabloid preferences of the respondents.
The researchers also found out that 85 or 56.67% of the respondents read tabloid newspapers every day, 54 or 36% of the respondents read the tabloid few times a week, and 10 or 6.67% of the respondents said that they only read the tabloid once a month, and 1 or 0.67% of the respondents said he only read the tabloid once a year.
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This only proves that they patronize the Tagalog tabloids. The residents proved that they like the sensationalism in the news of the newspaper. They believe that reading it everyday can help in their daily live and have an effect on them.
Fig. 2.2 shows the frequency (in percentage) of tabloid readership of the respondents.
The study shows in the survey that 79 or 52.67% of the respondents are able to acquire or read Filipino tabloids by purchasing it. While 26 or 17.33% of them are only borrowing a copy, and 27 or 18% of the respondents only reads along with those who bought a copy, and 18 or 12% of them acquire it through subscription, complimentary copy and through selling. The income
of the
38
residents does not matter here because they acquire the Tagalog tabloids by purchasing it. Fig. 2.3 shows (in percentage) how the respondents acquire Filipino tabloids.
Furthermore, findings suggest that majority of the respondents read tabloid because it is entertaining, with 59 or 39.33%. While 38 or 25.33% read tabloid because they can easily understand the contents, 46 or 30.67% read because of other reasons like for pastime, for lotto tips, and to get news and information. On the other hand, 7 or 4.67% read tabloid because it is cheap. Most of the residents find the Tagalog tabloids entertaining. Mostly because of the sports and celebrity news but it could also be because of the sensationalism of the news by the tabloids. This means that the readers, even disliking the content would still want to patronize it because of the information they get from the news stories.
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Fig. 2.4 shows the reasons of respondents (in percentage) on reading tabloids.
One hundred twenty-nine respondents (129) or 86% said they immediately read the front page banner news story, while only twenty-one (21) or 14% of the respondents said they do not read them at first sight. For the readers, they believe that reading the front page banner news story immediately is important for them to find out what is the latest news. They also read it immediately because it gives them additional information.
Fig. 2.5 shows readers’ response (in percentage) on whether or not they immediately read frontpage banner news stories.
Lastly, 129 or 86% of the respondents said that they will continue patronizing Filipino tabloids, 15 or 10% will still consider reading tabloids, but only sometimes; 5 or
40
3.33% will not consider reading tabloids anymore; and 1 or 0.67% of the respondents has no opinion regarding the matter. The readership of tabloids in Tondo is great because they will continue to read Tagalog tabloids. The content of the stories for them must be changed because they do not agree on what they read.
Fig. 2.6 shows the respondents’ tendency (in percentage) to continue patronizing Filipino tabloids.
Question number 3 asks the positive and negative responses of the residents
residing in the barangays. In terms of presentation: Research findings show that in terms of presentation of news in the front page banner news story, majority of the respondents, 105 or 70% are not in favor of tabloid’s
41
way of using informal words or terms. 19 or 12.67% said they are in favor, 18 or 12% are sometimes in favor and sometimes not in favor; while 8 or 5.33% do not have an opinion regarding the matter. The differences in the educational attainment does not affect the perception of the readers regarding this. They do not like to read the informal words or sensationalized words but they still continue to patronize the newspapers of such.
Fig. 3.0 shows the respondents’ views (in percentage) on the informal use of language.
Seventy-two (72) or 48% of the respondents said they are not in favor of having crime stories as front page banner news story of tabloids. On the other hand, 48 or 32% are in favor, 26 or 17.33% are sometimes in favor, sometimes not in favor; while 4 or 2.67% have no opinion.
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Same as shown above, the residents believe that the primary reason they read the tabloid is for the entertainment factor. They also believe that it has an effect on them that is why the read it. They say that it gives them additional information on the problem. Though they do not like the content, they would still continue to patronize in reading it.
Fig. 3.1 shows (in percentage) the respondents’ views on using crime stories as headlines in Filipino tabloids.
Moreover, 128 or 85% of the respondents said they easily understand the news presented by tabloids, 15 or 10% said they sometimes understand, and sometimes do not understand; 7 or 4.67% said they do not understand, while no one among the respondents has no opinion. Most of our respondents are high school graduates and undergraduate of college, for them it is easy to understant the tabloids because of the use of our lingua 43
franca, Filipino. For them, it is more easier to understant the news in that language. The jargons or informal words used is what they are used to or easier for them to understand.
Fig. 3.2 shows (in percentage) the respondents’ views regarding their understanding of tabloid news.
Seventy-five (75) or 50% of the respondents said that the tabloid’s manner of delivering news is proper, 50 or 30.33% said that sometimes it is proper and sometimes it is not; 20 or 13.33% said that it is not proper and 5 or 3.33% expressed no opinion. For the residents, they do not like the informal words, negative news stories (i.e. crime stories and economic depression) but it is still proper for them. The sensationalized news presented by tabloids is what they believed is the proper way of presenting the news. 44
Fig. 3.3 shows (in percentage) respondents’ views on tabloids’ manner of delivering news stories.
In terms of content: The researchers asked in the survey whether the respondents usually read good or bad news in the headline story. Out of 150 respondents, 99 or 66% said that they usually read bad news while 51 or 34% usually read good news. The residents are used to reading bad news story that is whay they continue to patronize it. For them, those news stories are important and part of our daily lives.
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Fig. 3.4 shows the respondents’ perception of front page banner news stories of Filipino tabloids.
Also, 103 or 68.67% of the respondents said that most of the time, stories about crimes and economic depreciation appear in headlines of tabloids; 33 or 22% said that only read negative news stories sometimes. While, 9 or 6% said that most of the time they don’t read negative news stories and 5 or 3.33% expressed no opinion about the matter. This means that the residents who read tagalong tabloids say that the bad news stories they read are mostly about crime and the economic depression of the country. For them, this has an effect on them because it gives them additional information on what is going on around them and on the country.
46
Fig. 3.5 shows (in percentage) respondents’ views regarding crime and economic depreciation as headlines.
In addition, 117 or 78% said that they often read stories about the government and the economy in tabloids headlines, 22 or 14.67% said that sometimes they read stories about the government and the economy, and sometimes they do not read stories about the government and the economy. While 11 or 7.33% said they do not read stories about the government and the economy, and no one among the respondents expressed their opinion. Like the crime stories and economic depreciation stories, they also read a lot of government stories. This is essential for them because they want to find out about what the government officials they voted doing.
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Fig. 3.6 shows (in percentage) the respondents’ views on making government and economic stories as headlines in tabloids.
Lastly, 51 or 34% of the respondents said that the tabloids they read are sometimes favoring the government, and sometimes not favoring it. Fifty or 33.33% said the tabloids they read are not favoring the government, 43 or 28.67% said the tabloids they read are favoring the government, and 6 or 4% expressed no opinion. Finding out that the tabloids they are reading are sometimes favoring the news means that the tabloids are sensationalizing the news stories on the government.
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Fig. 3.7 shows (in percentage) the respondents’ views on Filipino tabloids’ tendency to favor the government.
One hundred seventeen (117) or 78% said headline stories provide additional information, 24 or 16% said that sometimes headline stories provide additional information, and sometimes they do not; 6 or 4% said headline stories do not provide additional information, and 3 or 2% expressed no opinion. For them, the news stories provided by the Tagalog tabloids are important because of the information they give. The crime stories, economic depreciation and government-related stories provide additional information on what is going around them.
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Fig. 4.1 shows (in percentage) respondents’ views regarding tabloid’s tendency to give additional information.
On the other hand, seventy-one (71) or 47.33% of the respondents believe that tabloid headline reports are not comprehensive. Forty-six (46) or 30.67% said that sometimes the stories are comprehensive and sometimes they are not. Twenty-nine (29) or 19.33% said that tabloid headline reports are comprehensive, while 4 or 2.67% expressed no opinion. Even though the front page banner news stories give them additional information, they still believe that there are a lot of information they need to acquire to comprehend the news more. For them, the information they read is incomplete.
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Fig. 4.2 shows (in percentage) regarding respondents’ views on the comprehensiveness of tabloid news stories.
Question number 4 gauges whether the residents’ perception of front page
banner news story in tabloids affect their way of living. Research findings suggest that 88 or 58.67% of the respondents believe that reading tabloid’s front page banner news stories directly affect their lives because it provides information regarding current events; 30 or 20% believe that reading tabloid’s front page banner news stories also directly affects their lives, because it causes them to be more careful in dealing with others; 9 or 6% believe that reading tabloid’s front page banner news stories does not directly affect their lives, because they do not believe that stories in tabloid are true, and 14 or 9.33% believe that reading tabloid’s front page banner news stories also does not directly affect their lives, because they do not see any relevance in the content; while 9 or 6% cited other reasons.
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Clearly, the residents who read tabloid believe that it has an effect on them because it gives them the information they need. Even though the residents do not comprehend the information in the news because it is incomplete, it already gives them the information they need.
Fig. 4.0 shows (in percentage) the effects to respondents of reading tabloid front page banner news stories.
Question Number 5 whether residents’ educational attainment affect their
perception of front page banner stories. The figures in tables 1 and 2 are data collected and used for the statistical treatment analysis of variance (ANOVA). In this test, the data were compared and evaluated to determine whether the different educational attainment is a factor in the perception of front page banner news stories. The computed f-ratio of the study is 0.10,
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while the critical F is 3.20. After evaluation, the statistical treatment shows that the null hypothesis is accepted. Based on the computed data, there is no significant difference in the educational attainment in terms of perception of front-page banner news story among Filipino tabloid readers. The F computed value of 0.10 is less than the F tabular value of 3.22 at 0.5 level of significance with 2 and 42 degrees of freedom. Therefore, accept the null hypothesis and reject the alternative hypothesis. This shows that educational attainment does not affect the perception of the readers. Data gathered show that is stays the same, despite of the different educational attainment levels of the respondents. COMPUTATION ON NUMBER 5 Table 1: Summary of the Pre-determined Values for Anova Testing Groups Count Sum Average Column 1 16 51.85 3.240625 Column 2 16 53.16 3.3225 16 50.89 3.180625 Column 3
Table 2: Results of the Anova treatment Source of SS Df MS Variation 0.16230417 2 0.08115208 Between Groups Within Groups 9.8962875 45 0.2199175 10.0585197 47 Total
F
Variance
0.20580625 0.13963333 0.31431292
P-value
0.37
0.69
F crit
3.20
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General Question: What are the attitudes and perception of Zone 21, Tondo, Manila residents towards tabloid news specifically front page banner news stories?
Most importantly, the study aims to find out the perception of tabloid readers of residents in Zone 21, Tondo, Manila. Survey data results suggest that the null hypothesis should be accepted, and the alternative hypothesis should be rejected. Therefore, the readers have a positive perception of readers towards news in Tagalog tabloids. COMPUTATION Perception
Oo
Hindi
Minsan
Walang Opinyon
Q8 Q9 Q10 Q11 Q12 Q13 Q14 Q15 Q16 Q17
103 19 48 117 43 117 29 128 75 129 808
9 105 72 11 50 6 71 7 20 5 356
33 18 26 22 51 24 46 15 50 15 300
5 8 4 0 6 3 4 0 5 1 36
107.7
47.5
40.0
4.8
Percentage
Total
Population Mean
3.56 2.32 2.79 3.71 2.87 3.70 2.67 3.81 3.30 3.81 1500
3.25
The statistical treatment used was one-tailed z-test. In this test, the data were evaluated to determine whether the respondents have a positive or negative perception towards tabloid news.
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The z computed value is 0.23. Whereas, 3.25 is the sample mean, 2.5 is the population mean and 39.62 is the computed standard deviation. After evaluation, the statistical treatment showed that there is a positive perception.
INTERPRETATION
An analysis of the findings in this study led the researchers to believe that there is a positive perception of front-page banner news story among Filipino tabloid readers. The computed f-ratio of the study is 0.10, while the critical F is 3.20. After evaluation, the statistical treatment shows that the sample mean ≥ population mean. Therefore, there is a positive perception on tabloid. Despite sensationalized news common in tabloids, respondents still view tabloids positively, and regard it as a source of additional information and for entertainment. And therefore they will still continue patronizing them. Though only a minority of the respondents dislikes the content and how it is presented, they still continue patronizing the content.
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CHAPTER 6 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
The study aimed to determine the attitudes and perceptions towards Tagalog tabloid news by Zone 21, Tondo, Manila residents.
Moreover the study intended to find out the following problems: 1.
To determine the demographic characteristics of the barangay. a. Educational attainment b. Age c. Sex d. Income levels e. Status
2. To know the tabloid readership of residents in the zone. a. In terms of tabloid preferences b. In terms of frequency of reading 3. To know the positive and negative response of the residents residing in the zone. a. In terms of presentation of news in the front page banner news story. b. In terms of the content of news in the front page banner news story.
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4. To know whether the residents’ perception of front page banner news story in tabloids affect their way of living. 5. To know whether residents’ educational attainment affect their perception of front page banner stories.
The Summary of Findings
1. The researchers found that majority of the respondents (tabloid readers) in Tondo are included in the bracket ‘high-school graduate and undergraduate in college’. Most of the respondents who read Tagalog tabloid belong to the age bracket of 45 and above, wherein most are male respondents. Most of the respondents’ monthly income is P5,000 and below, and most are married. 2. Majority of the respondents prefer to read Abante/Abante Tonite. Most of the respondents read Tagalog tabloids on a daily basis. Moreover, most of the respondents said that their purpose of reading Tagalog tabloids is primarily for entertainment. 3.
A dominant number of respondents are not in favor of using informal words (salitang balbal) or terms in the presentation of tabloid banner and news stories. Furthermore, most of the respondents are not in favor of having crime stories in the front page banner of Tagalog tabloids. Furthermore, out of the 150 respondents, majority say that they usually read negative or bad news on the front page banner of tabloids. Lastly, most of the respondents said that the tabloids they read are sometimes favoring the government, and
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sometimes not favoring it. Compared to those who said that tabloid headline reports are comprehensive, majority of the respondents believe that stories are not comprehensive. 4.
Findings also suggest that most respondents said that reading tabloid’s front page banner news stories directly affect their lives because they provide information regarding current events; while a significant number also believe that reading tabloid’s front page banner news stories directly affects their lives, because it causes them to be more careful in dealing with others.
5. Through the gathered data, findings say that educational attainment does not affect the respondents’ perception of front page banner stories in tabloids. Conclusions
Based on the study and analyses, the researchers have proven that the respondents have a positive perception towards Tagalog tabloid news. The results suggest that as a whole, the respondents trust the content and favor the way tabloids present news stories. Despite a number of respondents who do not favor the usage of informal words, they still believe that the news presented by tabloid is informative. The researchers infer that high tabloid readership in the area caused their positive perception towards tabloid news. The respondents gathered were mostly adults and avid tabloid readers. The result of the study has contradicted the existing negative impressions on Tagalog tabloids which often highlight sex and entertainment, and sensationalized news
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instead of catering to the public interest. The respondents still perceived tabloid news as proper. Thus, at some point, tabloid writers and editors have used an effective and unique style of writing and presenting news which became popular. Even if yellow journalism or sensationalism is criticized by communication scholars, it is proved to be a successful communication tool especially to the masses. Moreover, the researchers also found out that educational attainment does not affect the perception of tabloid front page banner news stories across respondents of different educational attainments. The perceptions of respondents towards tabloid news do not vary so much. The result again contradicts a commonly held belief that one’s educational attainment affects his perception and comprehension of information given to him. For instance, jobs like teaching and others require someone a higher degree of learning or educational attainment because it is said that those who have acquired more knowledge are more capable of comprehending and evaluating information.
Recommendations
Considering the results obtained by the researchers, they recommend the following: 1.
Through this study, the editors and publishers of Tagalog tabloids would learn about the people’s view regarding their presentation of news particularly their
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front page banner news stories. Hence, they can use it as a reference to improve articles in the tabloid in terms of content and presentation. 2. Despite one of the major findings of this study that most tabloid readers are not in favor of sensationalized news, tabloids are still enjoying so much goodwill because its readers are still patronizing it primarily for two reasons, entertainment and its being cheap. Having enjoyed this high readership, editors and publishers of tabloids must take advantage on its readers by having a change of news content, publishing more serious stories like consumer stories about the change in prices of basic commodities instead of stories about crime and sex since tabloid readers are mostly educated as what the findings say. 3. The reading public, specifically tabloid readers, may also find the research useful in gauging the value of news stories presented to them almost every day. 4. Since the research surveyed mostly respondents aged 45 years old and above, future researchers may want to consider exploring the impact of tabloid story content to people who belong to this age bracket, gauged in terms of their political and religious views. Using the purposive sampling may also be helpful instead of using random sampling, since the research would require them a set of respondents already with given type of qualities.
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China: Mosby Inc.
Danesi, Manuel. (2002) Understanding Media Semiotics. New York, USA: Oxford Unversity Press Inc. pp. 71-74 Devore. Roxy and Peck, Roxy. (2008) Statistics: The Exploration and Analysis of Data 6 th Edition. Singapore
068808: Thomson Learning.
Featherstone, S., Pape, S. (2005) Newspaper Journalism: A Practical Introduction. California, USA: Sage Publications. Franklin, B., Hamer, M. Hanna, M., et.al. (2005) Concepts in Journalism Studies. California USA: Sage Publications. pp. 241-242 Harcup, Tony. (2007) The Ethical Journalist. California USA.: Sage Publications. Hariss, J., Johnson, S., Leiter, K. (2000) The Complete Reporter: Fundamentals of News Gathering, Writing and Editing.
Boston, USA: Pearson, Allyn and Bacon.
Keshner, J. (2005). Elements of News Writing . Boston, USA : Pearson Education Inc.
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Lindsay, P., Norman, D. (1977) Human Information Processing: An Introduction to Psychology . U.S.A.:
Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.
Matienzo, Narciso. (2002) Ang Bagong Pamahayagan sa Pilipino. Mandaluyong Metro Manila: National Bookstore Inc. Palispis, Epitacio (2005) Introduction to Sociology and Anthropology. Manila, Philippines: Rex Bookstore. pp. 117-139. Viduya, F. (2010) Basic Journalism Handbook. Manila, Philippines: Booklore Publishing Corp. Willis, Jim. (2007) The Media Effect- How the News Influences Politics and Government.
California, USA: Praeger Publishers. pp. 55-91.
Zelizer, Barbie. (2009) The Changing Faces of Journalism: Tabloidization, Technology and Truthiness. New 2007 Media Factbook.
York, USA: Routledge. pp. 13-51.
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Florendo, M., et.al. (2003) The Influence of Design, Layout and Typography of Selected Broadsheets to the Readers’ Interest and Level of News Patronage.
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APPENDIX
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University of Santo Tomas Department of Media Studies Faculty of Arts and Letters
Kami po ay mga estudyante mula sa Unibersidad ng Santo Tomas. Nagsasagawa po kami ng survey na ito para sa aming thesis na pinamagatang: “Educational Attainment as a factor in residents’ and local tabloid readers’ perception of front page banner stories”. Kayo po ay napili na sumagot ng survey na ito dahil sa inyong pagbabasa ng tabloid. Pakisagutan po ito nang naaayon sa nararamdaman ninyo tungkol sa bagay na tatalakayin. Wala pong maling sagot. Ang inyong sagot ay gagamitin lamang sa pagaaral na ito at hindi maaring gamitin sa kung ano mang iba pang bagay. Umasa po kayo na lahat ng nakapaloob dito ay “confidential” at tanging kami lamang ang makakabasa. Salamat po. Pangalan (name): _____________________________________________________________
Lagyan lamang po ng tsek (√) ang linya bago ang sagot. 1. Edad (age)
___ 18-25
____26-30
_____31-35
____ 36-40
____40-45
_____ 45 pataas
2. Kasarian
___ Lalake
___ Babae
3. Status
___ Single
___ Married
___ Hiwalay
___ Byudo/Byuda
4. Pinakamataas na grado na natapos (highest educational attainment)s
64
___ Elementary level (__)
____ High School level (__) ____ Vocational Courses
___ College Level (__)
____Post Graduate Studies
Iba: ______ 5. Kinikita sa isang buwan (income level)
_____ Mababa pa sa 5,000
_____ 25,000 hanggang 50,000
_____ 5,000 hanggang 10,000
_____ 50,000 hanggang 75,000
_____ 11,000 hanggang 25,000
_____ 75,000 pataas
1. Gaano ka kadalas magbasa ng tabloid?
_____ Araw-Araw
______ Isang beses sa isang buwan
_____ Isang beses sa isang lingo
______ Isang beses sa isang taon
2. Paano ka nakakabasa o nakakakuha ng tabloid?
_____ Binibili
_____ Nanghihiram
_____ Nakikibasa sa nagtitinda
____ Iba: _____________________
3. Bakit ka nagbabasa ng tabloid?
_____ Madaling maintindihan
_____ Mura
_____ Nakakaaliw Basahin
_____ Iba: ____________________
4. Anong tagalog tabloid ang madalas mong basahin?
_____ Abante/Abante Tonite _____ Bandera
____ Bulgar
_____ Hataw
_____ Pilipino Star Ngayon
____ Remate
_____ Taliba
_____ Tempo
____ Tiktik
_____ Toro
_____ Iba: ____________________
5. Binabasa mo ba kaagad ang front page banner news story (headline sa unang pahina ng tagalog tabloid)?
____ Oo
_____ Hindi
6. Ano ang kadalasan mong nababasa sa headline story ng binabasa mong tabloid?
____ Masamang Balita
_____ Magandang Balita
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7. Meron ba itong tuwirang epekto sa iyong pamumuhay?
____ Meron, dahil nakakapagbigay ito ng karagdagang impormasyon tungkol sa aking paligid. ____ Meron, dahil mas nagiging maingat sa pakikitungo sa aking nakakasalamuha ____ Wala, dahil hindi ako naniniwalang totoo ang aking nababasang balita. ____ Wala, dahil hindi naman ganoon kahalaga ang mga binabalita sa tabloid. ____ Iba pang mga dahilan.
8. Kadalasan bang negatibo (hal. tungkol sa mga krimen atg pagbagsak ng ekonomiya ng bansa) ang nababasa mong balita sa headline ng tabloid na iyong binabasa?
____ Oo
_____ HindI
____ Minsan
____ Walang Opinyon
9. Sa inyo pong palagay, dapat bang gumamit ng mga salitang balbal o impormal (hal. Kelot, niratrat, parak, tepok) sa headline ng front page ng tabloid at sa istorya nito?
____ Oo
_____ HindI
____ Minsan
____ Walang Opinyon
10. Sang-ayon ka ba na ang mga istoryang tungkol sa isang krimen ang kadalasang nasa headline ng frontpage ng isang tabloid?
____ Oo
_____ HindI
____ Minsan
____ Walang Opinyon
11. Madalas ka bang nakakapagbasa ng istorya ng headline ng tabloid na tungkol sa gobyerno or ekonomiya ng bansa?
____ Oo
_____ HindI
____ Minsan
____ Walang Opinyon
12. Sa iyong palagay, may pinapanigan ba sa gobyerno ang tabloid na iyong binabasa?
____ Oo
_____ HindI
____ Minsan
____ Walang Opinyon
13. Nakakapagbigay ba ng karagdagang impormasyon sa mga nangyayari sa bansa ang istorya sa headline ng tabloid?
____ Oo
_____ HindI
____ Minsan
____ Walang Opinyon
14. Sa inyong palagay, nasasagot ba ang lahat ng iyong katanungan tungkol sa balita na inilahad sa headline story ng tabloid?
____ Oo
_____ HindI
____ Minsan
____ Walang Opinyon
15. Madali mo bang naiintindihan ang balita na inilalahad sa iyo sa tabloid?
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