Biotech Chapters 4-6 Self Test Packet.
50 points
Most of the material in the next few chapters you have had before. We will not be covering this material in class, but it will be needed throughout the remainder of the course. Feel free to use the book or any other resource of your choosing. This is d ue upon my return on Tuesday Tuesday October ! th in its completion. "ome of these exact #uestions will be written into a test$#ui% next week along with some short answer. &ou &ou can work on the packet in class for the next days and then you can finish it up at home.
Chapter 4 – The Origin and Earl !istor of "ife 1. The hypothesis of Panspermia proposes that meteors or cosmic dust may have brought _________ to Earth. 2. All living organisms on Earth are characterized by cellular organization, groth, reproduction, and _____________. !. "n #parin$s bubble theory, the chemical%concentrating bubble%li&e structures ere called __________________. '. #rganelles such as the nucleus are not present in __________________ organisms. (. Pro&aryotes ere the only organisms for about ___________ billion years after life began on Earth. ). The early atmospheric condition of primitive Earth as thought to contain ample hydrogen atoms hich as conducive to bond formation and is referred to as a _________________ atmosphere. *. ____________ are bacteria that are able to gro +ithout air or that are poisoned by o-ygen. . Endosymbiotic bacteria relationships evolved into more comple- cell types called _____________, hich possessed nuclear membranes and membrane%bound organelles. /. 0ost recent molecular studies have led to the addition of a si-th &ingdom, Archaea, containing containing certain groups of _____________ ith unusual unusual cell alls, alls, membranes and eu&aryote%li&e eu&aryote%li&e genetic mechanisms. mechanisms. 1. Through reconstruction of the conditions of the primitive Earth in simulation e-periments, scientists have concluded that certain &ey _____________ of life could have been created as a by%product of its conditions at birth. 11. 11. Eu&aryotic, mostly unicellular fe multicellular3, photosynthetic or heterotrophic, such as amoebas and algae, are classified into a &ingdom called _____________. 12. Thomas 4ech coined the term ________________ to describe 56A molecules that behaved li&e enzymes. ____1!. #parin suggested suggested the theory of A. biogenesis 7. primary abiogenesis abiogenesis
4. natural selection selection
8. coacervates
E. protobionts protobionts
____1'. 9hen phospholipid phospholipid molecules are placed placed into ater, ater, microspheres microspheres form spontaneously. spontaneously. These microspheres are called A. protons 7. anaerobes 4. archaebacteria 8. eu&aryotes E. coacervates ____1(. Early cyanobacteria cyanobacteria evolved a form form of photosynthesis photosynthesis that permanently permanently changed the Earth:s Earth:s atmosphere by releasing hich of the folloing gases; A. carbon dio-ide dio-ide 7. nitrogen 4. o-ygen 8. ozone E. carbon mono-ide mono-ide ____1). The only only +origin of life life on Earth theory theory or possibility possibility that permits testable scientific scientific hypotheses is A. alien origin origin 7. special creation creation 4. spontaneous origin origin 8. double heli- E. atomic ____1*.
8. pollen grains grains
E. small animals animals
____2. =ife apparently originated on Earth about A. 1 million years ago 7. ) years ago 8. billion years ago E. !.( billion years ago
4. '.( billion years ago
____21. According to geochemists hich of the folloing ould have been the most unli&ely condition on the primitive Earth; A. atmospheric cooling 7. crust formation 4. gas cloud encircling the Earth 8. high levels of o-ygen E. ater, carbon dio-ide, and nitrogen among the early gases ____22. "t is generally agreed that the early Earth:s reducing atmosphere contained A. carbon dio-ide, methane, nitrogen gas 7. hydrogen sulfide, ater, ammonia 4. more than traces of free o-ygen 8. a, b, and c are true E. only a and b are true ____2!. uential steps starting ith a and proceeding to e3 e-cept A. assemble an atmosphere ith ?2, 4?', 6?!, and ?2< 8. increase the temperature of the gases 7. place this atmosphere over li>uid ater E. provide energy ith electrical spar& 4. inoculate ith a fe bacteria to get the process started discharges ____2). Among the products of the 0iller%@rey e-periments and subse>uent e-periments by others, it as shon that hich of the folloing could be produced in simulated primitive Earth conditions; A. ammonia and ater 7. amino acids 4. 4#2 and ?2# 8. formaldehyde and hydrogen sulfide E. methane and o-ygen ____2*. 7oth in 0iller%@rey e-periments and subse>uent e-periments by others, it as shon that hich of the folloing could be produced in simulated primitive Earth conditions; A. amino acids 7. adenine and other nucleotides 4. living bacteria 8. living eu&aryotes E. only a and b ____2. The characteristics of life include all of the folloing e-cept A. comple-ity 7. death 4. multicellularity 8. sensitivity to environment ____2/. All living organisms possess A. photosynthesis 7. cellular organization E. only b, c, and d
4. groth and metabolism
____!. 4oacervates have all of the folloing e-cept A. they enclose a small amount of ater 7. they divide 8. they have a to%layer outer boundary E. they sho heredity
E. inheritance
8. reproduction and heredity
4. they gro
____!1. #parin, in his theory of +primary abiogenesis suggested cell predecessors as A. microspheres 7. protocells 4. protobionts 8. coacervates E. liposomes ____!2. "t has recently been discovered that enzyme%li&e catalysis can be carried out not only by enzymes but also by A. sugars 7. 86A 4. phospholipids 8. 56A E.steroids ____!!. The most primitive bacteria that e-ist today are A. amoeba 7. eubacteria 4. archaebacteria 8. algae
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E. nitrogen%fi-ing bacteria
____!'. 7acteria that lac& the peptidoglycan in their cell all are A. coacervates 7. eu&aryotes 4. living fossils
8. archaebacteria
E. fungi
____!(. Probably the energy source for the first photosynthetic cells as A. chemical bond energy 7. lightning 4. radioactive decay 8. geothermal energy
E. sunlight
____!). #-ygen concentration of 1 of 1 billion years ago increased to the present level of 21 because of photosynthetic activity of A. fungi 7. cyanobacteria 4. plants 8. protests E. animals ____!*. The oldest fossils of eu&aryotes have been estimated to be A. ) years old 7. billion years old 4. '.( billion years old 8. 1.( billion years old ____!. The &ingdom not containing eu&aryotes is A. protista 7. archaebacteria 4. fungi
8. animalia
____!/. 0ulticellularity and endosymbiotic relationship is not observed in A. animalia 7. planta 4. bacteria 8. fungi
E. 1//( years old
E. planta
E. protista
____'. 5ecent molecular studies have added a ne si-th &ingdom for pro&aryotes that lac& peptidoglycan in their cell alls. "t is called A. yeast &ingdom 7. paramecium &ingdom 4. amoeba &ingdom 8. archaebacteria &ingdom E. eubacteria &ingdom ____'1. #ne of the theories about the origin of life is panspermia. Panspermia proposes that A. E-traterrestrials from e-treme distances from Earth seeded the developing planet ith primitive life forms, hich eventually evolved into hat e &no today. 7. 0eteors andBor cosmic dust clouds carried various primitive life forms to the Earth, hich eventually evolved into hat e &no today. 4. 0eteors andBor cosmic dust clouds carried various comple- organic molecules to the Earth, hich eventually evolved into hat e &no today. 8. E-traterrestrials from e-treme distances from Earth seeded the developing planet ith comple- organic molecules, hich eventually evolved into hat e &no today. E. uent formation of comple- carbon molecules that are common to life; A. There had to be a reducing atmosphere rather than one ith o-ygen, otherise formation of those molecules ould have been e-tremely difficult. 7. There had to be an atmosphere ith o-ygen rather than a reducing atmosphere, otherise formation of those molecules ould have been e-tremely difficult. 4. 4ellular respiration as necessary for the reducing atmosphere to form, otherise photosynthesis ould not have been able to occur. 8.
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____''. Even though archaebacteria are considered the most primitive forms of life so far discovered on Earth, they still A. utilize sunlight as a primary energy source 7. utilize ATP as their energy%carrying molecule 4. reproduce normally in o-ygen%rich environments 8. create their nuclear membranes from peptidoglycans E. have difficulty maintaining the cell all surrounding their cells ____'(. Archaebacteria live in hostile%to%life environments. uences to produce their proteins ____'. 9hich of the folloing as demonstrated by the 0iller%@rey e-periment; A. =ife began in the oceans. 7. =ife can be started e-perimentally in the laboratory. 4. #rganic molecules important to life could have been formed from a vast array of simple chemicals. 8. =ife began on the pre%biotic Earth !.( billion years ago. ____'/. #ne day hile 8r. Deelgood as or&ing in his ta-onomic laboratory, a pac&age arrived ith the folloing label +7eare, the contents of this pac&age contains a eu&aryotic, multicellular, nonmotile, nonphotosynthetic life form. #pen ith e-treme caution. 8r. Deelgood >uic&ly closed the doors and indos of his laboratory and opened the pac&age. To hich to &ingdoms of life could this life form belong; A. Archaebacteria 7. Animalia 4. Dungi 8. Plantae E. Protista ____(. Archaebacteria share all of the folloing characteristics e-cept A. unicellular structure 7. considered pro&aryotes 4. contain a peptidoglycan cell all 8. include human pathogens E. c and d are correct ____(1. The current bubble hypothesis for the evluation of life does not include A. volcanic eruptions under the ocean releasing gases in bubbles 7. bubbles of o-ygen mi-ed ith volcanic produced bubbles 4. comple- organic molecules mi-ed into the ocean from rain 8. energy sources included @F, radiation, and lightening E. gases concentrated inside bubbles ____(2. 0any scientists believe that life on Earth originated A. on the surface of clay particles 7. at deep%sea vents 8. in the foam produced at the ocean:s edge E. all of the above
4. under the frozen ocean
____(!. Archaebacteria are most li&ely to be found today in A. hot sulfur springs 7. in the 8ead
archaebacteria cyanobacteria protobionts eu&aryotes
Chapter 5 Cell Structure 1. Plasma ________ encloses the cell and separates its contents from the surroundings. 2. A semi%fluid matri- called the _________ occupies the area beteen the nucleus and the plasma membrane. !. All _____ contain a plasma membrane. '. The cell theory states that all of the ________ on earth are individual cells or aggregates of cells. (. The interior of eu&aryotic cells contain numerous membrane%bound structures called ___________. ). The _________ of a eu&aryotic cell contains most of the cell$s hereditary apparatus, hich isolates it from the rest of the cell. *. A distinctive feature of eu&aryotes is the organization of their chromosomal 86A hich is tightly pac&aged ith proteins into a membrane%bound structure called a _ ______. . The delivery system of eu&aryotic cells called the ______ comple- can collect, pac&age, modify, and transport molecules. /. The _________ is not only responsible for the cell$s shape and movement, but it also provides a scaffolding at certain locations of the cytoplasm for some enzymes and macromolecules. 1. ___________ is the generally accepted evolutionary process hich created the organelles, chloroplasts, and mitochondria. 11. Even though they ere similarly created by endosymbiosis, ___________ are important in respiration, hile chloroplasts are involved in photosynthesis. 12. 0any eu&aryotic cells possess flagella or cilia, hich have the characteristic ______ arrangement of microtubules. 1!. 0icrofilaments such as actin, microtubules, and the intermediate filaments form the cell%supporting structure called the ______________. 1'. As a cell:s size increases, the _____________ increases much more rapidly than its surface area. 1(. Animal cells e-crete glycoproteins outside of the plasma membrane to produce an __________________ hich is directly lin&ed to the cytos&eleton. ____1). uared E. is cubed ____1*. 0embrane%bound organelles that contain poerful enzymes found in cells are &non as A. lysosomes 7. plastids 4. vacuoles 8. liposomes E. ribosomes ____1. The proteins of the plasma membrane are in large part responsible for the cell$s ability to interact ith its environment. They act as or are involved in all of the folloing e-cept A. channel 7. recognition 4. reception 8. transport E. pac&aging histones3 ____1/. The genetic material of hich &ind of cells is included in a single, circular molecule of 86A devoid of any histone proteins; A. bacteria 7. protozoa 4. insects 8. floering plants E. yeasts ____2. 9ho first described cells; A. 8arin 7. Holgi 4. =innaeus
8. ?oo&e
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E. =eeuenhoe&
____21.
8. nucleoid area
____2). Photosynthetic bacterial membranes are located in the A. nuclei 7. chloroplasts 4. cell all 8. plasma membrane
E. flagella
E. plasmids
____2*. Plant cells often have a large membrane%bound sac that is used for storing ater and other substances. This organelle is called A. nucleus 7. chloroplast 4. Holgi body 8. centriole E. central vacuole ____2. 9hich of the folloing is not bounded by membranes; A. endoplasmic reticulum 7. microbody 4. Holgi body
8. nucleoid
E. nucleus
____2/.
8. cell all
E. Holgi bodies
4. rough endoplasmic reticulum
7. only 56A molecules 4. single, na&ed, and circular chromosomes E. large molecular aggregates of protein and 56A
____!(. The eu&aryotic organelle that is directly involved in the transport of proteins synthesized on the surface of the rough E5 is called A. mitochondria 7. vacuole 4. cytos&eleton 8. Holgi compleE. nucleus
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____!). =ipid synthesis occurs in hich eu&aryotic organelle; A. rough E5 7. smooth E5 4. lysosomes 8. mitochondria
E. nucleolus
____!*. 0any hormones induce changes in cells by first binding to plasma membrane A. mar&er proteins 7. pores 4. rough E5 8. channels E. surface receptors ____!. "n eu&aryotes, mitochondria are the organelles primarily involved in A. energy releaseBcapture 7. phospholipid assembly 4. e-port of enzymes E. protein synthesis
8. lipid synthesis
____!/. 9hich structure is the repository of the genetic information that directs all of the activities of the cell; A.E5 7. mitochondria 4. nucleus 8. chloroplasts E. centriole ____'.6uclear pores apparently permit the passage of only A. chromosomes outard 7. glucose molecules outard 8. proteins inard and outard, but 56A only outard
4. assembled 86A molecules outard E. sodium ions inard, potassium ions outard
____'1.6ucleolus of the nucleus is the site of A. protein synthesis 7. ribosome assembly 4. chromosome replication 8. lipid synthesis E. uncoiling and unraveling of chromosomes ____'2. 4hromosomes can be condensed into compact structures, visible ith the light microscope, but usually only A. after the cell is dead 7. during cell division 4. hile the 86A is being copied into 56A 8. hile the proteins are being assembled E. hile the nuclear pores are open ____'!. Dlattened sac&s of membranes apparently involved in the pac&aging and e-port of molecules synthesized in the cell are &non as A. Holgi bodies 7. microbodies 4. pinocytic vesicles 8. vacuoles E.chromosomes ____''. =ysosomes are vesicles bounded by membranes that contain o-idative enzymes. Their functions include all of the folloing e-cept they A. catalyze the rapid brea&don of macromolecules 7. brea& don old organelles 4. eliminate substances ta&en into the cell by phagocytosis 8. digest phagocytized pathogens E. allo bacteria to pass through u naffected ____'(. Pero-isomes in animal cells, and glyo-osomes in plant cells are e-amples of A. chromosomes 7. lysosomes 4. microbodies 8. nucleosomes E. ribosomes ____'). 0itochondria and chloroplasts are the other organelles besides the nucleus that contain A. genes 7. pores 4. channels 8. plasma membranes E. pigments ____'*. The organelle involved in the o-ygen%re>uiring process by hich the energy in macromolecules is stored in ATP is the A. nucleus 7. lysosome 4. E5 8. mitochondria E. chloroplasts ____'. The endosymbiotic theory is supported by the finding of non%nuclear 86A in hich of the folloing organelles; A. lysosomes 7. E5 4. mitochondria 8. chloroplasts E. both in c and d ____'/. The distinctive feature of chloroplasts is that they contain a green pigment called A. Hram stain 7. chlorophyll 4. hemoglobin 8. chromatin E. &eratin ____(. 9hich of the folloing is not found in the cytos&eleton; A. actin filaments 7. intermediate filaments 4. spindle fibers 8. microtubules ____(1. 4entrioles are organelles hich have A. a barrel shape 7. paired structures 8. microtubule assembly function
E. none of the above
4. composed of nine triplets of microtubules E. all of the above
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____(2. The functions of the cytos&eleton include A. providing the cell shape 7. providing a scaffolding for the enzymes in certain areas of the cell 4. organizing the cell$s activities 8. providing movement of molecules in the cell E. all of the above ____(!. 4ell craling is essential for hich of the folloing; A. cancer spreading 7. inflammation 4. ound healing ____('. 7acteria are generally A. 1 to 2 centimeters thic& 7. 1 to 2 millimeters thic& 8. 1 to 2 nanometers thic& E. 1 to 2 meters thic&
8. clotting of blood
E. all of the above
4. 1 to 2 micrometers thic&
____((. The electron microscope can magnify an obIect typically A. ten times bigger 7. one hundred times bigger 4. one thousand times bigger 8. tens of thousand times bigger E. hundreds of thousand times bigger ____(). A team of researchers is riting a grant for a microscope to use in their research on the e-ternal structures on the dorsal surface of a spider mite. The specific region on the mite:s bac& seems to be the habitat of an even smaller mite. These mites are e-tremely tiny and only one microscope ith very high magnification can be purchased. 7ased on the information given, hich type of microscope ould you suggest; A. transmission electron microscope 7. scanning electron microscope 4. binocular compound light microscope 8. monocular compound light microscope E. dissecting microscope ____(*. A computer program is being ritten by one of your friends to design the +perfect spherical cell. uare root of the cell$s diameter. 4. +Jes, ma&e sure that you include in the program that as the cell$s d iameter increases, the surface area of the cell increases by s>uaring the diameter of the cell, hile the cell volume increases by cubing the diameter of the cell. 8. +6o, as long as you clearly state the type of cell that is re>uiredKfor e-ample, a red blood cell or a bone cellK otherise you ill have to set up a differential e>uation that considers the nuclear d iameter. ____(. A cytologist is e-amining a tissue under an electron microscope. ?e notices in particular that the endoplasmic reticulum of each cell is e-tremely rough in appearance and of course &nos that the rough appearance is because of the ribosomes embedded there. ?e is curious about hy there are so many ribosomes. Jou can help. Jour response ould be, A. +This tissue e-ports lipids and is very involved ith m56A production, hich of course is used in protein synthesis. 7. +This tissue e-ports proteins to other areas of the body. 4. +This tissue has obviously been e-posed to the ne protein diet supplements that are so popular these days and has been recruited to ma&e more protein. 8. +This tissue e-ports various nucleic acids, hence the large number of ribosomes present on the endoplasmic reticulum in each of those cells. ____(/. #ne of the relationships that e-ists beteen ribosomes and lysosomes is that A. ribosomes produce enzymes that could be stored in lysosomes 7. ribosomes produce lipids that could be stored in lysosomes 4. lysosomes are located near ribosomes on the surface of the endoplasmic reticulum 8. lysosomes are produced by ribosomes and therefore contain proteins that ere synthesized at the ribosomes ____). A cell physiologist treats a cell ith a chemical that prevents entry of amino acids. 9hich organelle ill be affected the most; A. mitochrondia 7. lysosome 4. nucleus 8. ribosome E. Holgi apparatus
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____)1. A cell biologist has developed a ne drug that ill bloc& the cis face of the Holgi apparatus. "f eventually approved by the D8A, she ants to use this ne drug to aid cancer patients. 9hat specifically ill this drug prevent from happening inside a cancer cell; A. the synthesis of proteins or lipids on the endoplasmic reticulum 7. the movement of the lipids and proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Holgi apparatus 4. the bloc&age of proteins and lipids on the endoplasmic reticulum 8. the prevention of ATP synthesis by bloc&ing pyruvate formation on the trans face of the Holgi apparatus ____)2. A cell biologist treats a cell so that o-ygen cannot diffuse across the membrane. 9hich organelle ill be directly affected; A. mitochrondia 7. lysosome 4. nucleus 8. ribosome E. Holgi apparatus ____)!. Plants, fungi, and bacteria share hich one of the folloing characteristics; A. cell alls 7. nuclear membranes 4. nuclei 8. lysosomes E. vesicles ____)'.9hich of the folloing is not visible by use of a light microscope; A. paramecium 7. bacterium 4. large virus 8. red blood cell
E. eu&aryotic nucleus
____)(. A plant and animal cell both contain A. nucleus 7. Holgi apparatus 4. aysosome
E. all of the above
8. a and b only
____)). All of the folloing are considered to be part of the endomembrane system e-cept A. mitochondria 7. Holgi Apparatus 4. rough endoplasmic reticulum 8. plasma membrane E. transport vesicles ____)*. Pro&aryotic, Animal and Plant cells all possess A. ribosomes 7. plasma membrane 4. microtubules
8. b and c only
). 0atch each of the folloing. __________A. 86A in a membrane%bound structure. __________7. 4ell all present, at least in some members of the group. __________4. 4ell all of nitrogen%containing carbohydrate, cross%lin&ed ith short amino acid chains. __________8. Employ 56A and protein as the only hereditary materials. __________E. =arge cells, nucleus, inner membrane, and one or the other compartments.
E. a and b only
pro&aryotes only eu&aryotes only both pro&aryotes and eu&aryotes neither pro&aryotes nor eu&aryotes not consistently
Chapter 6 - Membranes 1. The lipid layer that forms the foundation of cell membranes is primarily composed of molecules called ____________. 2. 8ue to the repellent nature of the polar ater molecules, the ________ tails of the phospholipids are se>uestered together. !. 9hile ater continually orients phospholipids into a lipid bilayer, it does not fi- the lipids permanently into position. Thus they are considered _______ in nature. '. ________ is the net movement of substances to regions of loer concentration. (. #smosis is the diffusion of ater across a membrane in response to the concentration of one or more of the ________. ). 7ecause a given channel or carrier ill transport only certain &inds of molecules and ions, the plasma membrane is said to be ___________. *. The net movement of a solute across the plasma membrane toard a region of loer concentration, by means of specific channels or carriers, is called _________.
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. The type of active transport here protons are pumped out of the cell or into an organelle against their concentration gradient is called ___________. /. Hlycoproteins and glycolipids are e-amples of _____________________ associated ith the cell membrane. 1. 7oth active transport and facilitated transport utilize specific ______________ proteins embedded in the cell membrane. 11. #smosis occurs as ater can cross the lipid bilayer through __________________, specialized channels for ater movement. ____12. The plasma membrane is a thin sheet of lipid embedded ith larger molecules A. called proteins 7. called carbohydrates 4. called polymers 8. called nucleotides E. of sodium and potassium ions ____1!. 0embrane proteins are not very soluble in ater, because they possess long stretches of non%polar amino acids that A. are too long to interact ith the ater molecules 7. are hydrophobic 4. are transmembranal 8. are hydrophilic E. serve as transport channels ____1'. Proteins that function as passageays through hich substances and information crosses the membrane are called A. Iunction proteins 7. carrier proteins 4. hydrophilic proteins 8. hydrophobic proteins E. transmembrane proteins ____1(. "f a cell has the same concentration of dissolved molecules as of its outside environment, the cell:s condition is called as being A. isotonic 7. hypertonic 4. hypotonic 8. hydrophobic E. hydrophilic ____1). A type of transport of a solute across a membrane, up its concentration gradient, using protein carriers driven by the e-penditure of chemical energy is &non as A. osmosis 7. diffusion 4. facilitated transport 8. active transport E. e-ocytosis ____1*. The cell:s transactions ith the environment mediated by its plasma membrane include all of the folloing e-cept A. ingesting food as molecules and sometimes as entire cells 7. returning aste and other molecules bac& to the environment 4. responding to a host of chemical cues 8. directing the synthesis of various food%digesting proteins E. passing of messages to other cells ____1. 9hich of the folloing properties is not true of membrane phospholipids; A. The hydrophobic tails are oriented toards the interior. 7. The hydrophilic heads are oriented toards the e-terior. 4. #nly the saturated fatty acids are alays present. 8. #nce they are incorporated they remain in the membrane permanently. E. The bilayers made up of them are randomly interspersed ith proteins. ____1/. The fluid nature of the membranes is attributed to a lateral movement of A. protein channels 7. phospholipid molecules 4. antigen molecules 8. pumps such as the proton pump E. the entire lipid bilayer ____2.
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____22. 9hich of the folloing protein classes are not found as membrane proteins; A. transport channels 7. hormones 4. receptors 8. enzymes E. identity mar&ers ____2!. The part of a membrane protein that e-tends through the phospholipid bilayer is primarily composed of amino acids that are A. highly polar 7. negatively charged 4. non%polar 8. positively charged E. ater soluble ____2'. The folloing are all functions of a typical plasma membrane e-cept A. transport of ater and bul& material 7. selective transport of certain molecules and material 4. reception of information 8. e-pression of cellular identity E. be permanent in composition ____2(. The movement of substances to regions of loer concentration is called A. active transport 7. diffusion 4. osmosis 8. pumping E. e-ocytosis ____2). "f to solutions have une>ual concentrations of a solute, the solution ith the loer concentration is called A. isotonic 7. hypertonic 4. hypotonic 8. hypnotic E. osmosis ____2*. "n bacteria, fungi, and plants the high internal pressure generated by osmosis is counteracted by the mechanical strength of their A. plasma membranes 7. organelles 4. cytos&eletons 8. cell alls E. flagella ____2. uence 4. net charge 8. solubility E. immunity ____!. The process often thought of as +cell eating is A. osmosis 7. pinocytosis 4. phagocytosis
8. diffusion
____!1. 4arrier%mediated transport is also called A. facilitated diffusion 7. active transport 4. e-ocytosis
8. endocytosis E. phagocytosis
____!2. #smosis can only occur if ater travels through the A. cell all 7. semi%permeable membrane 4. vacuole
8. E5 E. cytos&eleton
____!!. 4ell%alled organisms cannot carry out A. e-ocytosis 7. active transport 4. osmosis
8. diffusion
E. active transport
E. endocytosis
____!'. The type of diffusion that is specific and passive, and hich becomes saturated if all of the protein carriers are in use is A. e-ocytosis 7. facilitated diffusion 4. active transport 8. endocytosis E. osmosis ____!(. The type of transport that is specific, hich re>uires specific carrier molecules and energy is A. e-ocytosis 7. facilitated diffusion 4. active transport 8. endocytosis E. osmosis ____!). "n a single sodium%potassium pump cycle, ATP is used up ith the result that A. ! sodium ions leave and 2 potassium ions enter 7. 1 sodium ion enters and 1 potassium ion leaves 4. 1 sodium ion leaves and 1 potassium ion enters 8. ! sodium ions enter and 2 potassium ions leave E. sodium and potassium ions enter and ater leaves ____!*.The accumulation of amino acids and sugars in animal cells occurs through the A. ATP pump 7. sodium%potassium pump 4. glucose pump 8. coupled transport ____!. 4holesterol functions in the plasma membrane to A. transport ions 7. serve as an energy molecule 4. maintain fluidity E. maintain hypertension
46
E. proton pump
8. mediate steroid action
____!/. A phospholipid molecule has a polar and a nonpolar end. 7ecause of this, ater molecules form A. polar bonds ith the nonpolar end of the phospholipid molecule 7. polar bonds ith the polar end of the phospholipid molecule 4. hydrogen bonds ith the nonpolar end of the phospholipid molecule 8. hydrogen bonds ith the polar end of the phospholipid molecule E. covalent bonds ith the nonpolar end of the phospholipid molecule ____'. The Dluid 0osaic 0odel proposed by uilibrium is reached. 7. 0ove from areas of lo concentration to areas of higher concentration until an e>uilibrium is reached. 4. 5emain stationary until their molecular motion allos for an e>uilibrium to be reached. 8. 0ove from areas of high concentration to areas of lesser concentration until facilitated transport can assist the molecular e>uilibrium. E. 0ove from areas of high concentration to areas of lesser concentration until an e>uilibrium is reached by a ctive transport. ____'!. Dacilitated diffusion is an important method for cells in obtaining necessary molecules and removing other ones. 5e>uirements for facilitated diffusion include hich of the folloing; A. The carrier molecule must be specific to the molecule that is transported. The direction of movement is alays ith the concentration gradient, never against the gradient. 7. The carrier molecule is nonspecific to the molecule that is transported. The direction of movement is alays ith the concentration gradient, never against the gradient. 4. The carrier molecule is nonspecific to the molecule that is transported. The direction of movement is alays against the concentration gradient, never ith the gradient. 8. The carrier molecule must be specific to the molecule that is transported and an ATP molecule must be attached to the specific carrier. The direction of movement is alays against the concentration gradient, never ith the gradient. ____''. "f a blood research laboratory is attempting to collect the content of human red blood cells, the researchers should use hich of the folloing types of solutions to cause blood cell lysis bursting3; A. hyperosmotic 7. isosmotic 4. hypoosmotic ____'(. #ne day during the summer you and some friends made ice cream using an electric ice cream ma&er. A fe days later you noticed a yello circle of dead grass here the ice cream freezer had been placed. 9 hat happened; A. The ice and salt mi-ture that spilled out hen the freezer as moved froze the grass. 7. The grass as frost bitten by the ice and salt mi-ture that spilled out hen the f reezer as moved. 4. The ice and salt mi-ture as isosmotic to the grass cells and caused the yello circle of dead grass. 8. The ice and salt mi-ture as hyperosmotic to the grass cells and caused the yello circle of dead grass. E. The ice and salt mi-ture as hypoosmotic to the grass cells and caused the yello circle of dead grass. ____'). 9hich of the folloing is not a component of an animal cell membrane; A. phospholipids 7. polynucleotides 4. a>uaporins 8. glycolipids E. cholesterol
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____'*. As a scientist you perform an e-periment in hich you create an artificial cell ith a selectively permeable membrane through hich only ater can pass. Jou put a (0 solution of glucose into the cell a nd you place that into a bea&er of ater. 9hat observations do you e-pect to see; A. 9ater moves out of the cell. 7. Hlucose moves out of the cell. 4. 6o net change in cell eight. 8. 9ater moves into the cell. E. Hlucose moves into the cell. ____'. As a scientist you perform an e-periment in hich you create an artificial cell ith a selectively permeable membrane through hich only ater can pass. Jou put a (0 solution of glucose into the cell a nd you place that into a bea&er of 10 glucose. 9hat observations do you e-pect to see; A. 9ater moves out of the cell. 7. Hlucose moves out of the cell. 4. 6o net change in cell eight. 8. 9ater moves into the cell. E. Hlucose moves into the cell. ____'/. The turgor pressure observed in plants is a direct result of the plant cells being _________________ to their environment. A. hypoosmotic 7. isosmotic 4. osmosis 8. hyperosmotic E. 6one of the above ____(. 9hich of the folloing is not a part of the
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e-terior glycolipids lipid bilayer transmembrane proteins
