RATIFICATION PAGE
Complete report of Animal Structure practicum with title “The Integument System” that System” that arranged by: Name
:
Andi NUrhidayah
ID
:
1114040171
Class
:
ICP of Biology A
Group :
III (three)
After checked by Assistant and Assistant Coordinator, so this report was ac cepted. Makassar, May 15th 2012 Asistant Coordinator,
Muh. Rizaldy Trias Jaya Putra ID. 081404024
Assistant,
Muh. Rizaldy Trias Jaya Putra ID. 081404024
A. Preview of Literatur The integumantary system contains the largest organ in the human body, the skin. It is also comprised of such extensions of the skin as hair and fingernails. The skin, however, is the most important of these. The skin protects and cushions the body's delicate organs. It also provides the body a physical barrier to keep out foreign materials and to prevent the body from drying out. The skin is made of three separate la yers, each with its own particular function (Anonym a, 2012). Skin and its derivatives and appendages form the integumentary system. In humans,skin de-rivatives include nails,hair,and several types ofsweat and sebaceous glands.Skin,or integument, consists oftwo distinct regions,the superficial epidermis and a deep dermis.The superficial epi-dermis is nonvascular andlined by keratinized stratified squamous epithelium with distinctcell types and cell layers.Inferior to the epidermis is the vascular dermis, which ischaracterizedby dense irregular connective tissue.Beneath the dermis is the hypodermis, or the subcutaneouslayer ofconnective tissue and adipose tissue that forms the fascia seen in gross anatomy ( Aninym b, 2012). Integument comes from the Latin word integument, meaning "cover" or "enclosure." In animals and plants, an integument is any natural outer covering, suchas skin, shell, membrane, or husk. The human integumentary system is an externalbody covering, but also much more. It protects, nourishes, insulates, and cushions. Itis absolutely essential to life. Without it, an individual would be attacked immediatelyby bacteria and die from heat and water loss. The integumentary system is composedprimarily of the skin and accessory structures. Those structures include hair, nails,and certain exocrine glands (glands that have ducts or tubes that carry their secretionsto the surface of the skin or into body cavities for elimination) (Jensen, 1979: 306). The integumentary system is the organ system that protects the body fromdamage, comprising the skin and its appendages (including hair, scales, and nails). The integumentary system has a variety of functions; it may serve to waterproof,cushion and protect the deeper tissues, excrete wastes, regulate temperature and is thelocation of receptors for pain, sensation, pressure and temperature. In humans theintegumentary system additionally provides vitamin D synthesis. The integumentarysystem is the largest organ system. It distinguishes, separates, protects and informsthe animal with regard to its surroundings. Small-bodied invertebrates of aquatic or continually moist habitats respire using the outer layer (integument). This gasexchange system, where gases simply diffuse into and out of the interstitial fluid, iscalled integumentary exchan ge (Brown, 1992 : 226). The integument is actually one of the largest organ system of the body. The function of the integument is to protect you against injury and parasitic invasion. It's a Good way to keep the critters out! The integument also regulates the body temperature by insulation you with a layer of fat underneath and aids the body in elimination, thereby preventing dehydration. It is a reservoir for food and water. The integument is a sense organ for the cutaneous (skin) senses. And when it is exposed to sunlight, it is able to absorb (Anonym c, 2012).
B. Purpose This experiment has purpose to observe the histology and anatomy structure of the integument system and it’s derivate. C. Work Procedure 1. Prepared the microscope according the way to use it. 2. Took the durable the materials of entigument system. 3. Observed the materials accurately. 4. Drew the materials in the paper. 5. Compared your observation result with that picture.
D. Result of Experiment Picture 1. Chelonia sp
Notes Dorsal (Carapace) 1. Nuchal 2. Central 3. Costa 4. Marginal 5. Supracanal Ventral (Plastron) 1. Interngular 2. Epiplasteron 3. Endoplasteron 4. Hypoplasteron 5. Xiphiplasteron 6. Anal 7. Femoral 8. Abdominal 9. Pectorial 10. Humeral 11. Gular
2. Feathers
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
Vane Rachis Barb Afterfeather Downy barbs Hollow shaft calamus
3. Nail
1. Cuticle (eponychium) 2. Nail Bed 3. Nail Plate 4. Hyponychium 5. Epiderm 6. Collagen Fibers 7. Nail Matrix 8. Distal Phalanx 9. Luluna 10. Paronychium 11. Proximal nail fold
4. Human Skin
1. 2. 3. 4.
Dermis Hair Shaft Epiderm Arrectore Pili Muscle 5. Sebaceous Gland 6. Hair Bulb 7. Hair Papilla
5. Anatomy of Horn
1. Horn 2. Bone 3. Skin
6. Anatomy of Goat Feet
. Deep flexor tendon . Plantar cushion . Sensitive frog . Insensitive frog . Navicular bone . White line . Sensitive laminae . Coffin bone . Coronary band 0. Short pastern 1. Long pastern 2. Cannon bone
7. Anatomy of Hamster
. . . .
Claw Digital balls Plantar balls Feather
E. Discussion 1. Chelonia sp At this observation we observed anatomi structure of horn at the chelonia sp. At this animal dorsal surface and closed ventral by horn lamina which very big. More than composed by bones dermal. At the dorsal partscalled by plastron. Carapace and plastron is the specific characteristic from Chelonia sp. Carapace consist of marginal plates, an series from plates gore withhorn laid at in the middle of from rearward front partakes, Costal plats whichlocated between neural and marginal. In the dorsal of chelonia sp there are nuchal, central, costa, marginal, and supracanal. In the ventral (plastron) of chelonia sp there are intergular, epiplasteron, endoplasteron, hypoplasteron, xiphiplasteron, anal, femoral, abdominal, pectoral, humeral, and gular. The dorsal or carapace of chelonia sp consist of complex rib bone and vertebrate. As for the plastron consist of abdomynal bone and clavicle. There are eight costals on each side. The main shaft of the rib is visible only as aslight bulge on the inside of the element, but the head of the rib, whicharticulates with the vertebral centrum, and the tip of the rib are clearly visible.The tip articulates with a pit or groove in a peripheral bone or between twoperipherals. There are 10 dorsal vertebrae, and 10 pairs of ribs. The first andsecond ribs are fused to the first costal element. The ninth and tenth ribs arefused with the eighth costal element. The plastron typically consists of nine bony plates articulated suturally. Theseare the unpaired anterior entoplastron flanked by the paired epiplastra and thepaired hyoplastra, hypoplastra and xiphyplastra. In a few extant pelomedusidsand some fossils, a pair of mesoplastra occurs between the hyo- and hypoplastralelements. 2. Feather In this observation we observed the feather of chiken. Feather tah we observed consist of many kinds there are tall, flight, semiplume, filoplume, bristle, downy. From this observation, we can found that the feather consist of vane, rachis, barb, afterfeather, downi barbs, hollow shaft calamus. The lightness and stiffness of keratin is also a key to bird flight. In the form of feathers it provides the large airfoils necessary for flapping and gliding flight. In another form, the light fluffy down feathers,also made of keratin, are some of the best natural insulators known. This superior insulation is necessary to help maintain the high body temperatures of birds. Countour feathers are large feathers that cover the body, wings and tail. They have an expanded vane that provides the smooth, continuous surface that is required for effective flight. This surface is formed by barbs that extend out from the central shaft. If you look carefully at a feather you can see that on either side of each barb are thousands of barbulesthat lock together by a complex system of hooks and notches. if this arrangement becomes disrupted, the bird uses its beak to draw the barbs and barbules together again in an action known as preening. Down feathers are the only feathers covering a chick and form the main insulation layer under the contour feathers of the adult. They have no shaft but consist of a spray of simple, slender branches.
3. Nail Nails in humans correspond to the hooves of horses and cattle and the claws of birds and reptiles. Found on the ends of fingers and toes, nails are produced by nail follicles just as hair is produced by hair follicles. The nail root is that portion of the nail embedded in the skin, lying very near the bone of the fingertip. In this observation, we observed the nail of human and the structure are we know of as the nail is divided into six specific parts - the root, nail bed, nail plate, eponychium (cuticle), perionychium, and hyponychium. Each of these structures has a specific function, and if disrupted can result in an abnormal appearing fingernail. The nail bed is part of the nail matrix called the sterile matrix. It extends from the edge of the germinal matrix, or lunula, to the hyponychium. The nail bed contains the blood vessels, nerves, and melanocytes, or melanin-producing cells. The nail plate is the actual fingernail, made of translucent keratin. The pink appearance of the nail comes from the blood vessels underneath the nail. The underneath surface of the nail plate has grooves along the length of the nail that help anchor it to the nail bed. The cuticle of the fingernail is also called the eponychium. The cuticle is situated between the skin of the finger and the nail plate fusing these structures together and providing a waterproof barrier. The perioncyhium is the skin that overlies the nail plate on its sides. It is also known as the paronychial edge. The perionychium is the site of hangnails, ingrown nails, and an infection of the skin called paronychia. The hyponychium is the area between the nail plate and the fingertip. It is the junction between the free edge of the nail and the skin of the fingertip, also providing a waterproof barrier. 4. Human Skin In this experiment we observed the human hair. Each hair originates from a tiny tube like structure called a hair follicle that extends deep into the dermis layer. Often, the follicle will project into thesubcutaneous layer. Capillaries and nerves attach to the base of the follicle,providing nutrients and sensory information. Inside the base of the follicle,epithelial cells grow and divide, forming the hair bulb or enlarged hair base.Keratin, the primary component in these epithelial cells, coats and stiffens thehair as it grows upward through the follicle. The part of the hair enclosed inthe follicle is called the hair root. Once the hair projects from the scalp or skin, it is called a hair shaft. The older epithelial cells forming the hair root and hair shaft die as they are pushed upward from the nutrient-rich follicle base by newly formedcells. Like the upper layers of the epidermis, the hair shaft is made of deadmaterial, almost entirely protein. The hair shaft is divided into two layers: the cuticle or outer layer consists of a single layer of flat, overlapping cells; thecortex or inner layer is made mostly of keratin. Attached to each hair follicle is a ribbon of smooth muscle called anarrector pili muscle. When stimulated, the muscle contracts and pulls on thefollicle, causing the hair shaft to stand upright. 5. Anatomy of Horn
In this experiment, we observed the horn of goat. In this this experiment, we can found true horns are made of keratin and are found in sheep, goats and cattle. They are never branched and, once grown, are never shed. They consist of a core of bone arising in the dermis of the skin and are fused with the skull. The horn itself forms as a hollow cone-shaped sheath around the bone. The antlers of male deer have quite a different structure. They are not formed in the epidermis and do not consist of keratin but are entirely of bone. They are shed each year and are often branched, especially in older animals. When growing they are covered in skin called velvet that forms the bone. Later the velvet is shed to leave the bony antler. Other animals have projections on their heads that are not true horns either. The horns on the head of giraffes are made of bone covered with skin and hair, and the ‘horn’ of a rhinoceros is made of modified and fused hair -like structures. 6. Anatomy of Goat Feet In this experiment, we observed the goat feet to see the part of unguis, distal phalanx, and the sub unguis. The frog is a triangular shaped elastic tissue in the sole of the hoof. The frog has a point (Apex) and a central groove. The frog blends into the bulbs of the heel. The frog distributes pressure as the horse moves and the action of the frog, when it makes contact with the ground, helps circulate blood back up the leg. The frog normally sheds several times a year. Laminae (Interior Layer) Parts of the internal layer of the hoof that blend with the thick middle layer of the hoof. Periople (Outer Layer) The periople is the waxy outer coating of the hoof wall. This layer is covered with thin horny scales that reduce the evaporation of moisture from the hoof and protects the hoof from drying out. Quarter The side to rear region of the hoof behind the toe, where the hoof begins to curve. Sole The bottom of the hoof visible when the hoof is lifted from the ground. The sole is divided into seven parts: the wall, white line, sole, bars, frog, cleft of frog and the heel. Toe The front of the hoof. Wall The hoof wall is the hard outer portion of the foot. It is not an even thickness around the foot. It is thickest at the toe, where it is under the most pressure, and thins at the quarters. The hoof wall is made up of three layers: the Periople, the Corium and the Laminae. White Line (Laminae) The connection between the sole and the wall. 7. Anatomy of Hamster In this experiment, we observed the feet of hamster couse the structre of cat is like the hamster. From this observation, we can found feet, digital baills, and plantar balls. A hamster's versatility in the wild stems partly from its multi-functional integumentary system, thus giving it the tools necessary to survive as an efficient predator. This external system of organs and tissues includes a feline's outer covering, such as fur, in addition to derivative structures like claws and whiskers. A hamster's integumentary system serves many crucial functions. It insulates and cools the body to maintain a constant body temperature. This system creates a barrier to protect internal structures
from damage. Finally, a cat's integuments can help it conceal itself within its environment, whether during pursuit of prey or for safety from predators.
F. Conclution According to the experiment had done, we can conclude that the integument system. Integument comes from the Latin word integumentum , meaning "cover" or "enclosure." In animals and plants, an integument is any natural outer covering, such as skin, shell, membrane, or husk. The human integumentary system is an external body covering, but also much more. It protects, nourishes, insulates, and cushions. It is absolutely essential to life. Without it, an individual would be attacked immediately by bacteria and die from heat and water loss. The integumentary system is composed primarily of the skin and accessory structures. Those structures include hair, nails, and certain exocrine glands (glands that have ducts or tubes that carry their secretions to the surface of the skin or into body cavities for elimination). G. Sugestion 1. For the apprentice should be carefull to do this observation, especially when used microscope. We have to carefully cause this microscope is v ery easy to broken. 2. For assistant to please watch out and contiguous, so the result of observation can be good and process of observation can be fast. Bibliography Anonym a. 2012. Integument System. http://library.thinkquest.org/3007/integumentary.html . Accessed at May 11th 2012.
Anonym b. 2012. Integument System. http://www.scribd.com/doc/187360/Chapter-10 Integumentary-System. Accessed at May 11th 2012. Anonym c. 2012. Integument System. th http://www.drstandley.com/bodysystems_integumentary.shtml . accessed at May 11 2012. Brown, T. A. 1992. Genetics a molecular approach second edition. London : Chapman & Hall. Jensen, William A. 1979. Biology. California: A Division of Wadsworth, Inc.
