Lie, Hendri Hariwijaya 25013020
Tugas Teori Elastisitas dan Plastisitas
SOAL 1 Bila
tegangan resultan
yang besarnya adalah T n
15 satuan, mempunyai arah kosinus
cos(Tn , x) 0, 40 dan cos(Tn , y ) 0, 60 sedangkan normal bidang bekerjanya tegangan adalah n
1 2
2
i
2
j
1 2
k , gambarkanlah dalam skala vektor
JAWAB
Diketahui:
15
T n
cos(Tn , x ) 0, 40 cos(Tn , y ) 0, 60
1 , 2
n
2 1 , 2 2
Mencari nilai cos(Tn , z ) : cos 2 (Tn , x ) cos 2 (Tn , y ) cos2 (Tn , z ) 1 0, 40 2
0, 60 2 cos 2 (Tn , z ) 1
0, 16 0, 36 cos 2 (Tn , z )
1
cos 2 (Tn , z ) 0, 48 cos(Tn , z ) 0, 693 Mencari komponen vektor
Tn:
T y
Tn cos(Tn , y ) 15 0, 60 9
T z
Tn cos(Tn , z ) 15 0, 69 10, 4
T x
Tn cos(Tn , x ) 15 0, 40 6
Mencari panjang vektor n : n x
n
n
1 2
; ny n x 2
2
; n z
2
1 2
n y 2 nz 2
2 1 2 1
2 2
2
2
1 1 2
1
, tegangan
snn dan sns .
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Lie, Hendri Hariwijaya 25013020
Tugas Teori Elastisitas dan Plastisitas
Sudut antara vektor Tn dengan n (metode dot product ): ):
1 6 9 2 T n cos(Tn , n) n
2
1 10, 4 2 0, 9709
15 1
Tn n
Besar
2
snn dan sns adalah:
snn Tn cos(Tn , n) 14, 56 5635 satuan 2
2
sns T n snn 2 152 14, 5635 3, 5923 satuan Gambar dalam skala vektor
, tegangan
snn dan sns (dalam sistem kartesius 3D):
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Lie, Hendri Hariwijaya 25013020
Tugas Teori Elastisitas dan Plastisitas
SOAL 2
= 0, = 0,0, = 40 MPa, MPa, = 35 MPa, MPa, = −35 MPa, MPa, = 70 MPa cos( co s(n, n, x) x ) = 0, 7 50, 5 0, cos( cos(n,n, y)y) = 0,312,12, cos( cos(n,n, z)z) = 0,583583 Komponen tegangan pada suatu titik observasi benda pejal adalah sebagai berikut. .
Tentukanlah tegangan normal dan geser pada bidang dengan arah dan dan
.
JAWAB
Cek: cos2 (n,x) + cos2 (n,y) + cos2 (n,z) = 1 0,752 + 0,3122 + 0,5832 = 0,999 ≈ 1 (ok)
σnx = σxx cos (n,x) + σyx cos (n,y) + σzx cos (n,z) = 0 + 35 x 0,312 +70 x 0,583 = 51,73 MPa σny = σxy cos (n,x) + σ yy cos (n,y) + σzy cos (n,z) = 35 x 0,75 + 0 +(-35) x 0,583 = 5,845 MPa σnz = σxz cos (n,x) + σ yz cos (n,y) + σzz cos (n,z) = 70 x 0,75 + (-35) x 0,312 +40 x 0,583 = 64,9 MPa
σnn = σnx cos (n,x) + σny cos (n,y) + σnz cos (n,z) = 51,73 x 0,75 + 5,845 x 0,312 + 64,9 x 0,583 = 78,46 MPa
(σ(σnx2 + σny2 + σnz2) 51,51,73 + 5,845 + 64,9 ǀTǀ − 83,83,2 − 78,46 = 27,68 MPa
ǀTn ǀ = σns =
=
= 83,2 MPa
=
SOAL 3
= 55 MPa, MPa, = 110 MPa, MPa, = 45 MPa, MPa, = 90 MPa, MPa, = 45 MPa, MPa, = 36 MPa. cos( co s(n, n, x) x ) = 0, 6 00, 0 0,co cos( s(n, n, y) y ) = 0,650, cos( n, z)z) = 0,467467 n Komponen tegangan pada suatu titik observasi benda pejal adalah sebagai berikut.
Tentukanlah:
a. Tegangan normal dan geser pada bidang dengan arah dan dan
b. Sudut antara
dengan vektor normal
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Lie, Hendri Hariwijaya 25013020
Tugas Teori Elastisitas dan Plastisitas
Cek: cos2 (n,x) + cos2 (n,y) + cos2 (n,z) = 1 0,602 + 0,652 + 0,4672 = 1 (ok)
Nilai σnn dan σns: σnx = σxx cos(n,x) + σ yx cos(n,y) + σzx cos(n,z) = 55 x 0,6 + 90 x 0,65 +36 x 0,467 = 108,312 MPa σny = σxy cos(n,x) + σ yy cos(n,y) + σzy cos(n,z) = 90 x 0,6 + 110 x 0,65 +45 x 0,467 = 146,515 MPa σnz = σxz cos (n,x) + σyz cos (n,y) + σzz cos (n,z) = 36 x 0,6 + 45 x 0,65 + 45 x 0,467 = 71,865 MPa σnn = σnx cos (n,x) + σ ny cos (n,y) + σ nz cos (n,z) = 108,312
ǀTn ǀ = σns =
x
0,6 + 146,515 146,515 x 0,65 + 71,865 x 0,467 = 193,783 MPa
108,312 +146,515 + 71,865 (σ(σnx2 + σny2 + σnz2) 108, ǀTǀ − 195, 195,864 −193,783 = 28,476 MP n =
= 195,864 MPa
=
Besar sudut antara
dengan vektor normal :
28, 476 476 s ns = arc tan 28, = 8,36 ° atau 0,146 rad 193, 193 , 783 s nn
(Tn ,n) = arc tan atau
snn 193, 783 193, = arc cos = 8,36 ° atau 0,146 rad T n 195,864
(Tn ,n) = arc cos
SOAL 4
= 155 MPa, MPa, = 60 MPa, MPa, = −75 MPa, = 25 MPa, = −45 MPa, = 85 MPa Komponen tegangan pada suatu titik observasi benda pejal adalah sebagai berikut.
.
Lakukan transformasi komponen tegangan ke komponen tegangan kartesian system koordinat Ox’y’z’ dengan arah kosinus berikut:
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Lie, Hendri Hariwijaya 25013020
Tugas Teori Elastisitas dan Plastisitas
(a)
x
y
z
(b)
x
y
z
x'
0,818
0,269
0,508
x'
0,733
0,452
0,508
y'
0,545
-0,667
0,508
y'
0,533
0,784
0,318
z'
1,000
0
0
z'
0,133
0,939
0,318
JAWAB
Untuk arah kosinus (a): σx’x’ = σxxcos2(x’,x) + σyycos2(x’,y) + σzzcos2(x’,z) + 2σxycos(x’,x)cos(x’,y) + 2σ yz cos(x’,y)cos(x’,z) + 2σzx cos(x’,z)cos(x’,x) = 155 x 0,8182 + 60 x 0,269 2 + (-75) x 0,5082 + 2
x
25 x 0,818 x 0,269 + 2 x (-45)
x
0,269 x 0,508 + 2 x 85 x 0,508 x 0,818 = 158,047 MPa σy’y’ = σxxcos2(y’,x) + σyycos2(y’,y) + σzzcos2(y’,z) + 2σxycos(y’,x)cos(y’,y) + 2σ yz cos(y’,y)cos(y’,z) + 2σzx cos(y’,z)cos(y’,x) = 155 x 0,5452 + 60 x (-0,667) 2 + (-75) x 0,5082 + 2 x 25 x 0,545 x (-0,667) + 2 x (-45) x (-0,667) x 0,508 + 2 x 85 x 0,508 x 0,545 = 112,763 MPa σz’z’ =
σxxcos2(z’,x)
+
σyycos2(z’,y)
+
σzzcos2(z’,z)
+
2σxycos(z’,x)cos(z’,y)
+
2σyzcos(z’,y)cos(z’,z) + 2σzxcos(z’,z)cos(z’,x) = 155 x 1 2 + 60 x 02 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 = 155 MPa σx’y’ = σxx cos (x’,x) cos (y’,x) + σ yy cos (x’,y) cos (y’,y) + σ zz cos (x’,z) cos (y’,z) + σxy {cos (x’,x) cos (y’,y) + cos (x’,y) cos (y’,x)} + σ yz {cos (x’,y) cos (y’,z) + cos (x’,z) cos (y’,y)} + σzx {cos (x’,z) cos (y’,x) + cos (x’,x) cos (y’,z} = 96,957 MPa σy’z’ =
σxxcos(y’,x)cos(z’,x)
+
σyycos(y’,y)cos(z’,y)
σxy{cos(y’,x)cos(z’,y)
+
cos(y’,y)cos(z’,x)}
+ +
σzzcos(y’,z)cos(z’,z)
+
σyz{cos(y’,y)cos(z’,z)
+
cos(y’,z)cos(z’,y)} + σzx{cos (y’,z)cos(z’,x) + cos(y’,x)cos(z’,z} = 110,98 MPa σz’x’ =
σxxcos(z’,x)cos(x’,x) σ {cos(z’,x)cos
(x’,y)
+ +
σyycos(z’,y)cos(x’,y) cos(z’,y)cos(x’,x)}
+ +
σzzcos(z’,z)cos(x’,z) σ {cos(z’,y)cos
(x’,z)
+ +
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Lie, Hendri Hariwijaya 25013020
Tugas Teori Elastisitas dan Plastisitas
Dengan Metode Matriks untuk arah kosinus (b):
[L] =
0,0,753333 0,0,475284 0,0,530818 12555 6205 −8455 0,133 0,939 0,318 85 −45 −75 135, 3 8 108, 5 3 44, 7 93 108, 5 3 100, 5 9 56, 0 38 44,793 56,038 34,34,6262 [σ] =
[σ’] = [L] [σ] [L]T =
Sehingga dapat disimpulkan: σx’x’ = 135,38 MPa ; σ x’y’ = 108,53 MPa ; σ x’z’ = 44,793 MPa σy’y’ = 100,59 MPa ; σ y’z’ = 56,038 MPa ; σ z’z’ = 34,62 MPa
SOAL 5
Apabila diketahui besarnya tegangan utama ( snn)1 = (snn)3 =
sxx = 155 MPa, ( snn)2 = syy = 60 MPa
szz = -75 MPa, tentukan enam komponen tegangan pada sistem sumbu Ox’y’z’ yang
mana sudut sistem tersebut terhadap sistem s istem sumbu Oxyz sebagai berikut: x
y
z
x’
/4
/3
/3
y’
/2
3/4
/4
z’
3/4
/3
/3
JAWAB
Diketahui: (semua tegangan geser sama dengan nol karena dalam kondisi tegangan utama)
sxx syy szz
= 155 MPa =
60 MPa
= -75 MPa
sxy = 0 syz = 0 szx = 0
Sudut Ox’y’z’ adalah:
x’
x
y
z
/4
/3
/3
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Lie, Hendri Hariwijaya 25013020
Tugas Teori Elastisitas dan Plastisitas
Nilai kosinus dari sudut Ox’y’z’ adalah: 0,707
0,5
0,5
0
-0,707
0,707
-0,707
0,5
0,5
Dengan Metode Matriks tegangan hasil transformasi [ s’] adalah:
s s s s s s
s s s s s s
[s'] = [L][s][L]T
s s s s s s
=
=
−00,7,070077 −000,,,75507 00,07,,5057 15005 6000 −7−0075 0,007,,0557 −00,7,070077 −000,,,75507 173, 7 26 −47, 7 2 −81, 2 2 −47,2722 −7,−47,49772 −47, 7 2 −81, 73,726
Sehingga dapat disimpulkan: σx’x’ = 173,726 MPa ; σ x’y’ = -47,72 MPa ; σ x’z’ = -81,22 MPa σy’y’ = -7,497 MPa ; σ y’z’ = -47,72 MPa ; σ z’z’ = 73,726 MPa
SOAL 6
Tentukanlah apakah u = - xy, v =
(x2
+
ny2
-
ny2),
w =
gnyz,
dengan [ ,,g] adalah
konstanta dan n adalah rasio Poisson, merupakan solusi dari deformasi benda penjal.
JAWAB
Diketahui: u
= -xy
v
= (x2 + ny2 - n y2)
w
= gnyz
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Lie, Hendri Hariwijaya 25013020
Tugas Teori Elastisitas dan Plastisitas
Hubungan xx dengan sxx, syy, dan
xx
= (sxx - n(syy + szz))
szz:
misalkan
tidak terjadi tegangan normal pada bidang
yang normalnya searah sumbu y dan sumbu z, sehingga syy = szz = 0
s
xx
=
sxx
= Exx
sxx
= - yE
subsitusikan pers. (1) ... (2)
Nilai regangan zz:
zz
=
( ))
¶ ¶ gn = ¶ ¶
= gny
... (3)
Hubungan zz dengan szz, syy, dan sxx:
zz
= (szz - n(sxx + syy))
zz
=
zz
=
zz
=n
− − (− y E) n
s
n
dimana sebelumnya syy = szz = 0 maka, subsitusikan pers. (2)
y
jika pers. (4) disubsitusikan ke pers. (3) maka,
gny = n
y
Dengan kata lain:
g =
... (4)
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Lie, Hendri Hariwijaya 25013020
yy
=
Tugas Teori Elastisitas dan Plastisitas
− (− y E) n
yy = n
y
... (6)
Jika persamaan (5) disubsitusikan ke persamaan (6) maka diperoleh: 2n y = n 2 =
y
Jadi hubungan semua konstanta adalah: 2 = = g
Nilai regangan xy:
xy
+ ( )) + ( ( ))
=
¶ ¶
=
¶ ¶
¶ ¶
¶
n ¶
n
= -x + 2x 0
= -x + x
... (7)
Nilai regangan yz:
yz
= =
+ ( ( )) + ( ))
¶ ¶
¶
¶ ¶
n ¶
n
¶ gn ¶
= -2nz + gnz 0
-2nz + 2n
(8)
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Lie, Hendri Hariwijaya 25013020
Tugas Teori Elastisitas dan Plastisitas
Kesimpulan: Sesuai dengan kasus/permisalan di atas, sebuah kubus kecil hanya diberi tegangan
sxx seperti
di bawah ini.
sxx
deformasi kubus setelah diberi sxx
z
y
sxx
x Menurut gambar di atas, jika kubus kecil hanya diberi tegangan
sxx maka tidak akan terjadi
deformasi geser atau tidak terjadi perubahan sudut antara bidang yang saling tegak lurus ( xy =
yz
=
zx =
0). Hal ini ditunjukkan oleh persamaan (7), (8), dan (9) yang diturunkan dari
persamaan u, n, w, sehingga dapat dikatakan u, n, w adalah solusi deformasi benda pejal.
SOAL 7
Apabila regangan suatu benda pejal akibat beban luar dicatat sebagai,
= 0,003; 03; = −0,003; 03; = 0;0; = 0,003;03; = = 0
Turunkanlah persamaan untuk menentukan arah dari sisi elemen kubus benda bebas benda
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Lie, Hendri Hariwijaya 25013020
Tugas Teori Elastisitas dan Plastisitas
s E G
E (1 )(1 2) E 2(1 )
2,1 105 0, 30 (1 0, 30)(1 2 0, 30)
2,1 105 2(1 0, 30)
121153,85
80769, 23
s xx 2G 0 0 0 xx s 0 0 0 yy 2G yy s zz 2G 0 0 0 zz s 0 0 G 0 0 xy xy 0 s 0 0 0 0 G 0 yz yz s zx 0 0 0 0 0 G zx s xx 282692, 31 121153, 85 121153, 85 0 s 0 yy 121153, 85 282692, 31 121153, 85 s zz 121153, 85 121153, 85 282692, 31 0 0 0 0 80769,23 s xy s 0 0 0 0 yz s zx 0 0 0 0 s xx 484,61 s yy 484,61 s zz 0 s xy 0 s 0 yz s zx 242,31
0 0 0 0 80769,23 0
Menyusun persamaan karakteristik tegangan:
s C snn C
dimana C matriks kosinus
0,003 0,003 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 80769 ,23 0, 003 0
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Lie, Hendri Hariwijaya 25013020
snn3 I1snn 2 I 2s nn I 3 0
Tugas Teori Elastisitas dan Plastisitas
bentuk umum pers. karakteristik tegangan
dimana, I 1
s xx s yy s zz 0
I 2
293560,, 99 s xxs yy s yys zz s zzs xx s xy2 s yz2 s zx2 293560
I 3
s xx s yys zz s xxs yz2 s yys zx2 s zzs xz2 2s xys y z s zx 28453457,5
Akar-akar Akar-akar persamaan karakteristik tegangan t egangan (nilai eigen):
snn1 584,98 snn 2 100,37 snn3 484,61 Untuk arah s nn1 : Substitusikan snn
s nn1 ke pers. (1)
0 242, 31 cos( n, x) 0 484, 61 584, 98 cos( n, y) 0 0 484, 61 584, 98 0 242, 31 0 584, 98 cos( n, z ) 0 0 242, 31 cos(n, x ) 0 100, 37 0 cos(n, y ) 0 1069, 59 0 242, 31 0 584, 98 cos(n, z ) 0
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Lie, Hendri Hariwijaya 25013020
Tugas Teori Elastisitas dan Plastisitas
Untuk arah snn 2 : Substitusikan snn
s nn 2
ke pers. (1)
0 242, 31 cos( n, x) 0 484, 61 ( 100, 37) cos( n, y) 0 0 0 484, 61 ( 100, 37) 242, 31 0 ( 100, 37) cos( n, z ) 0 0 242, 31 cos(n, x ) 0 584, 98 0 cos(n, y ) 0 384, 24 0 242, 31 0 100, 37 cos(n, z ) 0
584, 98 cos(n, x) 242, 31 cos( n, z) 0 (a ) cos(n, x ) 0, 414 cos(n, z ) 384, 24 cos( n, y) 0
cos(n, y) 0
242, 31 31 cos( n, x) 100, 37 37 co c os( n, z ) 0
cos(n, x ) 0, 414 cos(n, z )
(b)
Pers. (a) dan (b) ekivalen sehingga cos cos(n, x ) 0, 414cos 4cos(n, z ) diketahui cos 2 ( n, x ) cos 2 (n, y ) cos2 (n, z ) 1 sehingga, ( 0, 414 cos( n, z )) 2
0 cos 2 (n, z ) 1
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Lie, Hendri Hariwijaya 25013020
Tugas Teori Elastisitas dan Plastisitas
Untuk arah snn3 : Substitusikan snn
s nn3
ke pers. (1)
484, 61) 0 242, 31 cos( n, x) 0 484, 61 ( 48 cos( n, y) 0 0 0 484, 61 ( 484, 61) 242, 31 0 ( 484, 61) cos( n, z ) 0 22 0 242, 31 31 cos(n, x ) 0 969, 22 0 0 0 cos(n, y ) 0 242, 31 0 484, 61 61 cos(n, z ) 0 969, 22 22 cos( n, x) 242, 31 cos( n, z) 0
cos(n, x ) 0, 25 cos(n, z ) 0 cos(n, y ) 0
(a)
cos(n, y ) 0
242, 31 cos( n, x) 484, 61 cos( n, z) 0
cos(n, x ) 1, 99 cos(n, z )
(b)
Solusi bersama untuk pers. (a) dan (b) adalah cos(n, x ) 0 dan cos(n, z ) 0 diketahui cos 2 ( n, x ) cos 2 (n, y ) cos2 (n, z ) 1 sehingga, 0 cos 2 ( n , y ) 0 1
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Lie, Hendri Hariwijaya 25013020
Tugas Teori Elastisitas dan Plastisitas
JAWAB
Diketahui: σnn1 = 180 MPa ; σnn2 = 80 MPa ; σ nn3 = 0 (tegangan 2D)
Menggunakan Metode Matriks: [σ’] = [L] [σ] [L]T
dimana [L] = matriks kosinus arah x' dan y'
σ σ 0 180 0 0 0 , 5 0 , 8 6 6 0 0 , 5 − 0 , 8 6 6 0 00 800 00 −0,0866 00,5 00 σ0 σ0 00 0,8066 00,5 00 =
[L]T [σ’] = [σ] [L]T
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Lie, Hendri Hariwijaya 25013020
Tugas Teori Elastisitas dan Plastisitas
b.
Tentukan berapa tegangan utama minimum dan maksimum,
c.
Tetapkan arah sumbu utama bagi tegangan minimum,
d.
Gambarkan lingkaran Mohr.
JAWAB
[s][C] = snn[C] [s][C] - snn[C] = 0 ([s] - snn[I])[C] = 0
σ σ −σ σσ −σ σσ coscocos(, ) 0 s (, ) ) 0 σ σ σ − σ coscos (, )) 0 =
Supaya matriks kosinus [C] tidak nol maka,
det ([s] - snn[I]) = 0
dimana [I] = matriks identitas
atau
snn3 – I1snn2 + I2 snn – I3 = 0
→ pers. tegangan utama
dimana, I1
= sxx + syy + szz = 20 + 11 + 11 = 42
I2
= sxxsyy + syyszz + szzsxx - sxy2 - syz2 - szx2 = 20 x 11 + 11 x 11 + 11 x 20 – (-
√ 2
√ 2
)2 – (-3)2 – (-
)2
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Lie, Hendri Hariwijaya 25013020
Tugas Teori Elastisitas dan Plastisitas
Arah sumbu utama tegangan utama minimum:
σ σ −σ σσ −σ σσ −12√ 2 −3√ 2 −√ 23 σ σ σ − σ √ 2 − 3 3 0 cos(, ) 12 − 2 2 √ √ −√ √ 22 −3 3 − 33 coscos (,(,(,))) 00 √ 2 √ 2 √ 2 √ 2 =
([s] - snn[I])[C] = 0
=
Misalkan Cx = cos(n,x), Cy = cos(n,y), Cz = cos(n,z)
12 Cx -
-
Cy +
Cz = 0
... (1)
Cx + 3 Cy – 3 Cz
=0
... (2)
Cx – 3 Cy + 3 Cz
=0
... (3)
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Lie, Hendri Hariwijaya 25013020
Tugas Teori Elastisitas dan Plastisitas
Cos (n,y) = Cos (n,z) = Cos (n,x) = 0
√ 2
Jadi arah snn minimum: Cos (n,x) = 0
(n,x)
= 900
Cos (n,y) =
(n,x)
= 450
(n,x)
= 450
Cos (n,z) =
√ 2 √ 2
Lingkaran Mohr:
sns
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Lie, Hendri Hariwijaya 25013020
Tugas Teori Elastisitas dan Plastisitas
c. Pada bidang yang melewati titik kajian, tegangan geser
σ = 60 MPa
. Berapa
interval nilai tegangan normal yang berada pada bidang tersebut?
d. Bila sepanjang suatu garis melalui titik kajian, tegangan normal = 0 , berapa interval nilai regangan geser Jawab:
ε
untuk variasi orientasi garis?
Lingkaran Mohr ruang bagi tegangan di titik yang dikaji:
σns maks = E baja
150 (60) 2
2,1.105 MPa
0,30
105
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Lie, Hendri Hariwijaya 25013020
Tugas Teori Elastisitas dan Plastisitas
1
nn2 s nn2 (snn1 snn3 ) E
1 2,1 10
5
50 0, 30(150 ( 60))
1,10 10 4 1
nn3 s nn3 (snn1 snn2 ) E
1 2,1 105
30(150 50) 60 0, 30
5,71104
ns ma maks
(7, 29 10 4 ( 5, 71 10 10 4 )) 2
6, 50 10 4
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Lie, Hendri Hariwijaya 25013020 2
Tugas Teori Elastisitas dan Plastisitas
snn1 snn2 s nn1 snn2 2 s s ns nn 2 2 2 2 s 150 60 602 150 60 nn 2 2 2 snn 45 60 2 150 2
2
2 snn 45 7425 2
snn 45 86,168 131,168 atau s nn 41,168 41,168 snn 131,168 Jadi intervalnya adalah antara a ntara -41,168 dan 131,168. Interval regangan geser saat semua σnn = 0: Jika semua σnn = 0 maka semua ε nn = 0 2
nn3 nn2 nn2 nn3 2 ns nn 2 2
2
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Lie, Hendri Hariwijaya 25013020
Tugas Teori Elastisitas dan Plastisitas
Catatan: ε = 1000000 με; modulus elastisitas bahan E = 71 GPa dan υ = 0,25; bentang balok 8 meter; dan dimensi penampang b = 400 mm, d = 750 mm.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Lie, Hendri Hariwijaya 25013020
Tugas Teori Elastisitas dan Plastisitas
Tegangan utama:
snn1
s xx s zz
2 106,971 MPa
snn2
s xx s zz
2 0, 471 MPa 0,471
(s xx s zz )2 2 (s xx s zz )2 2
s xz 2
s xz 2
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Lie, Hendri Hariwijaya 25013020
Pada titik 2:
xx xx
1 E
s xx (s yy s zz )
s xx E
s xx E xx 71000 500 10 106 s xx 35, 35, 5 MPa s s G
Tugas Teori Elastisitas dan Plastisitas
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Lie, Hendri Hariwijaya 25013020
Tugas Teori Elastisitas dan Plastisitas
Tegangan utama:
snn1
s xx s zz
(s xx s zz )2
2 0, 471 MPa
2
s xx s zz
(s xx s zz )2
snn2
2 106,971 MPa
2
s xz 2
s xz 2
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Lie, Hendri Hariwijaya 25013020
Lingkaran Mohr di titik 3:
Tugas Teori Elastisitas dan Plastisitas
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Lie, Hendri Hariwijaya 25013020
Persamaan gaya dalam M :
Tugas Teori Elastisitas dan Plastisitas