Tema 5. Sistemas de captación, adaptación y distribución de señales de RTV

Udb` 41 \mstdb`s ed l`pt`lmüf, è`pt`lmüf y emstrmkulmüf ed sdð`nds ed [UZ.

ÂFEMLD 0. MFU[HETLLMÜF < ;. MF\U@N@LMHFD\ MFUD[MH[D\ ED EM\U[MKTLMÜF ED \DÐ@ND\ ED [UZ 5 ;.0. Edjmfmlmüf Edjmf mlmüf ................................................................................................................................................... 5 ;.;. Umphs ............................................................................................................................................................ 5 ;.;.0. Mfst`n`lmhfds mfemvmeu`nds ;.;.;. Mfst`n`lmhfds lhndltmv`s

5 4

<. L@SU@LMÜF ED [UZ : <.0. @ftdf`s @ftdf` s ....................................................................................................................................................... ? <.0.0. Edjmfmlmüf <.0.;. L`r`ltdrâstml`s

? ?

<.0.;.0. O`f`flm`

7

<.0.;.;. @flgh ed k`fe` h rdspudst` ed jrdludflm`

7

<.0.;.<. @flgh ed g`z h àfounh ed `pdrtur`

=

<.0.;.5. [dn`lmüf edn`ftd/`tràs

03

<.0.;.4. Emrdltmvmeè

00

<.0.;.:. Mbpde`flm` l`r`ltdrâstml`

0<

<.0.;.?. [dn`lmüf ed Hfe` Dst`lmhf`rm` ([HD)

0<

<.0.;.7. L`ro` `n vmdfth

0<

<.0.<. Dadbpnhs

05

<.0.<.0. @ftdf` 03<3 ed Udndvís

05

<.0.<.;. @ftdf` 00;0 ed Udndvís

05

<.0.5. Emphnh <.0.4. Umphs

04 0?

<.0.4.0. @ftdf`s ed UZ

0?

<.0.4.;. @ftdf`s ed JB

;0

<.0.4.<. @ftdf`s ed rèmh E@K

;;

<.0.4.5. @ftdf`s ed UZ s`tínmtd

;<

<.0.:. \mbkhnhoâ` <.0.?. Dndllmüf ed n` `ftdf` sdoñf o`f`flm` y jrdludflm` <.0.7. Srd`bpnmjmlèhrds <.0.=. Emphnh `ltmvh <.0.03. Mfydlthr ed lhrrmdftd <.0.00. Bdzlnèhr ed bàstmn

Dfl`rf`lmüf B`râf L`k`nndrh

;< ;5 ;: <0 <0 <;

Sàomf` 0 ed 47


<.;. \hphrtds y `lldshrmhs ........................................................................................................................ <5 <.;.0. Bàstmnds <.;.;. Uhrrdt`s <.;.<. O`rr`s <.;.5. K`sds <.;.4. Zmdfths

<4 <: <:
<.<. Mfst`n`lmüf ed n`s `ftdf`s ................................................................................................................. 53 <.<.0. Lhnhl`lmüf ed n`s `ftdf`s df dn bàstmn <.<.;. Jma`lmüf edn bàstmn shkrd n` p`rde <.<.<. Jma`lmüf edn bàstmn shkrd dn sudnh <.<.5. Jma`lmüf edn bàstmn shkrd dn sudnh ed uf` thrrdt`

53 50 5; 5< 5<

<.<.4. Dndllmüf edn smstdb` ed lhome`1 thrrd, bàstmn, vmdfths,…

<.5. Lànlunh edn bhbdfth jndlthr ed uf bàstmn..................................................................................... 5: <.5.0. [dlhbdfe`lmhfds ed mfst`n`lmüf ed n`s `ftdf`s

4<

<.4. Medftmjml`lmüf shkrd pn`fhs y dsqudb`s ....................................................................................... 45 5. @E@SU@LMÜF ED [UZ 44 4. EM\U[MKTLMÜF ED [UZ 4: :. ZDFU@F@ S[MFLMS@N EDN S[HO[@B@ L@\U :3 4? ?. D\PTDB@ ED N@ MF\U@N@LMÜF ED\ED DN S@T 47


Sàomf` ; ed 47


0. MFU[HETLLMÜF Dn @fdxh M edn [d`n Edlrdth <5:/;300 eds`rrhnn` n` fhrb` tílfml` ed mfjr`dstrultur` lhbñf ed tdndlhbufml`lmhfds p`r` n` l`pt`lmüf, è`pt`lmüf y emstrmkulmüf ed sdð`nds ed rèmhemjusmüf shfhr` y tdndvmsmüf, prhldedftds ed dbmsmhfds tdrrdstrds y ed s`tínmtd . Dstd @fdxh M rdlhod n`s l`r`ltdrâstml`s qud edkd rdufmr uf` mfst`n`lmüf , dftrd n`s qud sd mflnuyd n` dndllmüf ed nhs dndbdfths y lhbphfdftds èdluèhs ` n` juflmüf qud rd`nmz`f edftrh ed n` mfst`n`lmüf. N`s mfst`n`lmhfds rdldpthr`s ed UZ tdrrdstrd sd pudedf ln`smjml`r df trds or`feds p`rtds1 \mstdb` l`ptèhr ed n` sdð`n (`ftdf`s)1 ds uf lhfaufth ed dndbdfths dfl`roèhs ed rdlmkmr n`s sdð`nds ed UZ. \mstdb` ed tr`t`bmdfth y è`pt`lmüf ed n` sdð`n (dqumph ed l`kdldr`)1 ds uf lhfaufth ed dndbdfths qud rdlmkdf n`s sdð`nds edn lhfaufth l`ptèhr y n`s prdp`r`f p`r` su emstrmkulmüf phr n` rde. \mstdb` ed emstrmkulmüf ed n` sdð`n (rde)1 emstrmkuyd n`s sdð`nds prhldedftds edn dqumph ed l`kdldr` g`st` n`s thb`s ed nhs usu`rmhs. 





Df n` jmour` 0 sd budstr` dn dsqudb` tâpmlh ed uf` mfst`n`lmüf p`r` n` rdldplmüf y emstrmkulmüf ed n` sdð`n ed tdndvmsmüf qud lubpnd lhf n` fhrb`tmv` MLU .

Jmour` 01 Dstrultur` ed uf` mfst`n`lmüf rdldpthr` ed UZ.


Sàomf` < ed 47


;. MF\U@N@LMHFD\ MFUD[MH[D\ ED EM\U[MKTLMÜF ED \DÐ@ND\ ED [UZ ;.0. Edjmfmlmüf \hf n`s dfl`roè`s ed emstrmkumr n`s sdð`nds ed rèmh y tdndvmsmüf edsed dn dqumph ed l`pt`lmüf g`st` n`s thb`s ed usu`rmh . Dstàf jhrbè`s phr uf` sdrmd ed dndbdfths dndltrüfmlhs, ed tmph p`smvh h `ltmvh , y phr dn smstdb` ed l`kndèh d mftdrlhfdxmüf .

;.;. Umphs \d puded `jmrb`r qud dxmstdf prmflmp`nbdftd ehs tmphs ed mfst`n`lmhfds p`r` n` emstrmkulmüf df mftdrmhr ed sdð`nds ed rèmh y tdndvmsmüf 1 Mfst`n`lmhfds mfemvmeu`nds. Mfst`n`lmhfds lhndltmv`s. 



;.;.0. Mfst`n`lmhfds mfemvmeu`nds

N`s mfst`n`lmhfds mfemvmeu`nds dstàf edstmfè`s ` uf shnh usu`rmh (ví`sd n` jmour` ;). \d bhft`f prmflmp`nbdftd df vmvmdfe`s ed tmph ufmj`bmnm`r qud fh rdqumdrdf uf` mfst`n`lmüf ed tmph lhbufmt`rm`. \hf sdflmnn`s ed bhft`r y lhfjmour`r . Lhfst`f ed uf` h v`rm`s thb`s ed usu`rmh .

Jmour` ;1 Mfst`n`lmüf mfemvmeu`n.


Sàomf` 5 ed 47


;.;.;. Mfst`n`lmhfds lhndltmv`s

N`s mfst`n`lmhfds lhndltmv`s dstàf edstmfè`s ` n` emstrmkulmüf df lhbufmeèds ed vdlmfhs (ví`sd n` jmour` <). Df dstd tmph ed mfst`n`lmhfds dxmstdf bulghs dndbdfths, t`fth ed l`kndèh lhbh ed tr`t`bmdfth ed n` sdð`n, qud shf lhbufds ` thehs nhs usu`rmhs. \u bhftàd y pudst` df b`rlg` ds bulgh bàs dxmodftd qud df n`s ed tmph mfemvmeu`n. Lhfst`f ed v`rm`s thb`s ed usu`rmh .

Jmour` <1 Mfst`n`lmüf lhndltmv`.









N`s mfst`n`lmhfds lhndltmv`s sd ln`smjml`f df nhs smoumdftds tmphs1 B@UZ1 mfst`n`lmhfds lhndltmv`s ed tdndvmsmüf tdrrdstrd . L@UZ1 mfst`n`lmhfds lhndltmv`s ed tdndvmsmüf phr l`knd . \B@UZ1 mfst`n`lmhfds lhndltmv`s B@UZ ` n`s qud sd nd `ðèd n` k`fe` ed s`tínmtd . MLU1 mfst`n`lmhfds lhndltmv`s qud mflnuydf ` \B@UZ y y emsphfdf ed l`f`n ed rdthrfh .


Sàomf` 4 ed 47


<. L@SU@LMÜF ED [UZ Tf smstdb` ed l`pt`lmüf ed sdð`nds ds uf lhfaufth ed dndbdfths dfl`roèhs ed rdlmkmr n`s sdð`nds ed [UZ tdrrdstrds y s`tínmtds . N` ukml`lmüf ed dsths dqumphs sd dfludftr` odfdr`nbdftd df dn dxtdrmhr edn mfbudknd , df dn tdaèh h `zhtd` edn demjmlmh . \d lhbphfd ed `ftdf`s, bàstmnds, thrrdt`s, dndbdfths ed suadlmüf y thehs nhs dndbdfths `ltmvhs h p`smvhs (prd`bpnmjmlèhrds, rdp`rtmehrds, dtl.) dfl`roèhs ed èdlu`r n`s sdð`nds p`r` dftrdo`rn`s `n dqumph ed l`kdldr` . N` jmour` 5 budstr` n` mfjr`dstrultur` tâpml` qud shphrt` dn `lldsh ` nhs sdrvmlmhs ed rèmhemjusmüf lhftdbpnèhs lhftdbpnèhs df n` fhrb`tmv` ed n` MLU p`r` uf demjmlmh ed vmvmdfe`s.

Jmour` 51 \mstdb` ed l`pt`lmüf ed sdð`nds ed [UZ.


Sàomf` : ed 47


<.0. @ftdf`s <.0.0. Edjmfmlmüf

N` `ftdf` ds dn dndbdfth tr`fseulthr dfl`roèh ed lhfvdrtmr n` sdð`n dndltrhbòfítml` rdlmkme` df n` sdð`n dníltrml` qud sdrà emstrmkume` e mstrmkume` phr the` n` mfst`n`lmüf . N`s `ftdf`s pudedf sdr rdldpthr`s y dbmshr`s. N`s `ftdf`s rdldpthr`s lhfvmdrtdf uf` hfe` dndltrhbòfítml` df uf` sdð`n dníltrml` . N`s `ftdf`s dbmshr`s lhfvmdrtdf uf` sdð`n dníltrml` df uf` hfe` dndltrhbòfítml` qud sd dbmtd . Tf` bmsb` `ftdf` puded sdrvmr lhbh dbmshr` h rdldpthr`. 



<.0.;. L`r`ltdrâstml`s

















N`s prmflmp`nds l`r`ltdrâstml`s qud edjmfdf uf` `ftdf` shf1 O`f`flm`. @flgh ed k`fe` h rdspudst` ed jrdludflm`. @flgh ed g`z h àfounh ed `pdrtur`. [dn`lmüf edn`ftd/`tràs. Emrdltmvmeè. Mbpde`flm` l`r`ltdrâstml`. [dn`lmüf ed Hfe` Dst`lmhf`rm` ([HD). L`ro` `n vmdfth.


Sàomf` ? ed 47


<.0.;.0. O`f`flm`

N` o`f`flm` ds n` rdn`lmüf dftrd n` tdfsmüf bàxmb` l`ptè` phr n` `ftdf` y n` tdfsmüf bàxmb` l`ptè` phr uf` `ftdf` ed rdjdrdflm` ed o`f`flm` ufmeè . Df nhs l`tànhohs, n` o`f`flm` sd dxprds` df eK . Dadbpnh 01 Tf` `ftdf` lhf uf` o`f`flm` ed 0; eK qumdrd edlmr qud n` `ftdf` dftrdo` 0; eK bàs ` n` s`nme` ed nhs qud g` rdlmkmeh, h sd` qud sm ` n` `ftdf` nd nndo`f :3 eKξZ, df n` s`nme` tdferdbhs :3 + 0; 2 ?; eKξZ.

Dadbpnh ;1 Oràjml` ed o`f`flm` ed Miusm.

<.0.;.;. @flgh ed k`fe` h rdspudst` ed jrdludflm`

Dn `flgh ed k`fe` h rdspudst` ed jrdludflm` ds dn b`rodf ed jrdludflm`s df dn lu`n n` `ftdf` b`ftmdfd sus l`r`ltdrâstml`s . Dadbpnh 01 Edtdrbmf` luàn ds n` o`f`flm` bàxmb` y p`r` quí jrdludflm` hlurrd, ed n` smoumdftd lurv` ed rdspudst` prhphrlmhfè` prhphrlmhfè` phr uf j`krml`ftd ed `ftdf`s.

\hnulmüf1 O(eK) 2 ;< eK, J 2 733 BGz. Dfl`rf`lmüf B`râf L`k`nndrh

Sàomf` 7 ed 47


Dn `flgh ed k`fe` ed uf` `ftdf` ds dn b`rodf ed jrdludflm`s qud sd lhfsmedr` vànmeh df dn juflmhf`bmdfth ed n` `ftdf` , lhnhl`feh dn nâbmtd df `qudnn`s jrdludflm`s qud sd rèm`f, `n bdfhs, lhf uf ?3% rdspdlth edn bàxmbh . Dxprdsèh df bheh nho`râtbmlh, n`s jrdludflm`s vànme`s sdràf sdràf `qudnn`s luyh fmvdn edslmdfe` shkrd dn bàxmbh bdfhs ed < eK . Dadbpnh ;1 @ p`rtmr ed n` smoumdftd lurv` ed rdspudst` ed uf` `ftdf`, edtdrbmf` luàn ds su `flgh ed k`fe`.

N` `ftdf` dstà emsdðè` p`r` rdlmkmr nhs l`f`nds ed n`s k`fe`s MZ y Z , y` qud l`pt` n`s jrdludflm`s qud lhbprdfedf edsed dn l`f`n ;0 (5?3 “ 5?7 5?7 BGz) g`st` dn l`f`n := (745 “ 7:; 7:; BGz) . Dn `flgh ed k`fe` ` -< eK ds, phr ph r t`fth, the` n` k`fe` ed TGJ. N` o`f`flm` bàxmb` ed n` `ftdf` ds ed 00 eK, `nrdedehr edn l`f`n :3 (?7;-?=3 BGz) . N` o`f`flm` bâfmb` ds ed 7 eK, df dn dxtrdbh mfjdrmhr ed n` k`fe`, l`f`n ;0 (5?3 BGz) . N` o`f`flm` df dn dxtrdbh supdrmhr ed n` k`fe` , l`f`n := (7:; BGz) ds ds ed = eK. <.0.;.<. @flgh ed g`z h àfounh ed `pdrtur`

Dn `flgh ed g`z h àfounh ed `pdrtur` ds dn àfounh qud jhrb`f nhs pufths ehfed n` o`f`flm` emsbmfuyd < eK rdspdlth rdspdlth edn pufth bàxmbh ed rèm`lmüf . Lè` p`rtd edn emòr`b` ed rèm`lmüf jhrbèh jhrbèh phr n` `ftdf` sd edfhbmf` ed fhbmf` nükunh.

Emòr`b` ed rèm`lmüf ghrmzhft`n ed uf` `ftdf`.


Emòr`b` ed rèm`lmüf vdrtml`n ed uf` `ftdf`.

Sàomf` = ed 47


Nükunhs ed rèm`lmüf ghrmzhft`n y vdrtml`n ed uf` `ftdf`. <.0.;.5. [dn`lmüf edn`ftd/`tràs

N` rdn`lmüf edn`ftd/`tràs (E/@) ds n` rdn`lmüf dftrd n` o`f`flm` df n` emrdllmüf ed bàxmb` rèm`lmüf y dn v`nhr df n` emrdllmüf hpudst` . \d dxprds` df eK . FHU@1 Fhrb`nbdftd, nhs j`krml`ftds prhphrlmhf`f dn e`th rdspdlth `n pufth pu fth hpudsth `n nükunh prmflmp`n (073³) . Dadbpnh 01 Emòr`b` ed rèm`lmüf ed uf` u f` `ftdf`.

Dadbpnh ;1 L`nlun` n` rdn`lmüf edn`ftd/`tràs ed n` smoumdftd `ftdf`1


Sàomf` 03 ed 47


<.0.;.4. Emrdltmvmeè

N` emrdltmvmeè ds n` l`p`lmeè qud tmdfd uf` `ftdf` ed lhfldftr`r n` phtdflm` `kshrkme` h rèmè` df n` emrdllmüf ed bàxmb` o`f`flm` . N` emrdltmvmeè fhs mfeml` dn àfounh lhf qud puded rdlmkmr uf` `ftdf`. S`r` rdprdsdft`rn`, sd bmed n` l`ftmeè dbmtme` (h rdlmkme`) df emjdrdftds àfounhs vdrtml`nds y ghrmzhft`nds , tr`z`feh uf emòr`b` phn`r lhf lhf nhs rdsuntèhs df lè` pn`fh, qud sd edfhbmf` emòr`b` ed rèm`lmüf. Dn emòr`b` ed rèm`lmüf ed uf` `ftdf` ds uf` gdrr`bmdft` buy ñtmn p`r` dn `fànmsms ed n`s l`r`ltdrâstml`s ed uf` `ftdf` . Lhf ín sd puded lhfhldr ed uf` jhrb` ln`r` y sdflmnn` lübh rèm` uf` `ftdf`, pdrbmtd edeulmr su emrdltmvmeè, emr dltmvmeè, o`f`flm`, rdn`lmüf edn`ftd/`tràs y dn `flgh ed g`z . Dadbpnh 01 N` smoumdftd jmour` budstr` dn `spdlth ed ehs emòr`b`s ed rèm`lmüf tâpmlhs . Tf` `ftdf` hbfmemrdllmhf`n ds l`p`z ed rdlmkmr y rèm`r dfdroâ` pràltml`bdftd phr mou`n df the`s n`s emrdllmhfds edn dsp`lmh . Df l`bkmh, df uf` `ftdf` emrdllmhf`n sd `prdlm` uf` zhf` df n` lu`n n` rèm`lmüf ds bàxmb` , nn`bè` nükunh prmflmp`n . N`s zhf`s qud dfvudnvdf nhs bàxmbhs ed bdfhr `bpnmtue sd edfhbmf`f nükunhs sdlufe`rmhs .

N` `ftdf` hbfmemrdllmhf`n sd utmnmz` df n` rdldplmüf ed sdð`nds ed rèmh y n` `ftdf` emrdllmhf`n df sdð`nds ed tdndvmsmüf phr su emjusmüf ds ed jhrb` ldftr`nmzè`. N` emrdltmvmeè vmdfd edtdrbmfè` phr n` emrdllmüf ed bàxmb` rèm`lmüf . FHU@1 Dn j`krml`ftd dst`kndld n` o`f`flm` p`r` n` emrdllmüf ed bàxmb` rèm`lmüf y odfírml`bdftd n` edfhbmf` o`f`flm`, ùfqud dstrmlt`bdftd edkdrâ` edfhbmf`rsd emrdltmvmeè (E). N` emrdltmvmeè odfdr`nbdftd fh sd dspdlmjml` emrdlt`bdftd df dn emòr`b` ed rèm`lmüf, y` qud ístd ds uf emòr`b` fhrb`nmzèh (dn j`krml`ftd prhphrlmhf` dstd p`ràbdtrh df uf` t`kn` ed l`r`ltdrâstml`s `p`rtd). N` o`f`flm` df uf` emrdllmüf qud fh ds n` edn bàxmbh vmdfd `tdfuè` phr dn j`lthr dspdlmjmlèh df ds` emrdllmüf phr dn emòr`b` ed rèm`lmüf .


Sàomf` 00 ed 47


Dadbpnh ;1 N` smoumdftd jmour` budstr` dn emòr`b` ed rèm`lmüf ed ed uf` `ftdf` ehfed sd mfeml`f

nhs prmflmp`nds p`ràbdtrhs qud n` edjmfdf.

S`r` n` emrdllmüf ed =3± , n` emrdltmvmeè qude` `tdfuè` ;3 eK . Shr t`fth, n` o`f`flm` p`r` dst` emrdllmüf ds ed -4eK1 O(=3±) 2 E - N(=3±) 2 04 eK - ;3 eK 2 -4 eK S`r` n` emrdllmüf ed 0<4± , n` sdð`n l`ptè` phr n` `ftdf` ds fun` , y` qud dst` emrdllmüf sd lhrrdsphfed lhf uf funh edn emòr`b` ed rèm`lmüf . Dn `flgh ed g`z ds `prhxmbè`bdftd ed ;3±, y` qud df n` emrdllmüf ed 03³ n` n` `tdfu`lmüf ds ds ed < eK 1 N(03±) 2 < eK. Dn `flgh ed g`z, phr t`fth, sdrà dn ehknd (;3±) . N` rdn`lmüf edn`ftd-`tràs ds ed ;4 eK, y` qud n` `tdfu`lmüf edn nükunh sdlufe`rmh tr`sdrh ds ds ed ;4 eK 1 N(3±) ∛ N(073±) 2 3 eK “ (“;4 eK) 2 ;4 eK Dadbpnh <1 N` smoumdftd jmour` budstr` dn emòr`b` ed rèm`lmüf ed ed uf` `ftdf` ehfed sd mfeml`f

nhs prmflmp`nds p`ràbdtrhs qud n` edjmfdf.


Sàomf` 0; ed 47










N` `ftdf` budstr` n`s smoumdftds l`r`ltdrâstml`s p`r` uf` o`f`flm` bàxmb` (E) ed 00 eK 1 N` emrdllmüf ed =3³ lhmflmed lhf uf funh ed rèm`lmüf, phr nh qud lu`nqumdr sdð`n qud prhvdfo` ed ds` emrdllmüf sdrà `tdfuè` lhbpndt`bdftd . N` o`f`flm` p`r` uf` emrdllmüf ed 54± ds ed -03 eK, y` qud df ds` emrdllmüf n` `tdfu`lmüf rdspdlth edn bàxmbh ds ed `prhxmbè`bdftd ;0 eK 1 O(54±) 2 E - N(54±) 2 00 eK e K - ;0 eK 2 -03 eK Dn `flgh ed g`z ds ed `prhxmbè`bdftd 53±, y` qud df n` emrdllmüf ed ;3³ n` n` `tdfu`lmüf ds ds ed < eK 1 N(;3±) 2 < eK. Dn `flgh ed g`z , phr t`fth, sdrà dn ehknd (53±) . N` rdn`lmüf edn`ftd/`tràs ds ed ;3 eK, y` qud n` `tdfu`lmüf edn nükunh sdlufe`rmh tr`sdrh ds ed ;3 eK 1 N(3±) ∛ N(073±) 2 3 eK “ (“;3 eK) 2 ;3 eK

FHU@1 Lhbh sd hksdrv`, dn emòr`b` ed rèm`lmüf dstà fhrb`nmzèh rdspdlth n` emrdllmüf ed bàxmb` rèm`lmüf edn emòr`b` ed rèm`lmüf , ed jhrb` qud df dst` emrdllmüf n` o`f`flm` ds ed 3 eK, smdfeh fdlds`rmh qud dn j`krml`ftd prhphrlmhfd t`bkmíf dn v`nhr ed n` emrdltmvmeè .

<.0.;.:. Mbpde`flm` l`r`ltdrâstml`

N` mbpde`flm` l`r`ltdrâstml` ds n` rdsmstdflm` qud prdsdft` n` `ftdf` df n` jrdludflm` qud g` smeh smfthfmzè` . @ dst` mbpde`flm` phedbhs nn`b`rn` t`bkmíf rdsmstdflm` ed rèm`lmüf . N` mbpde`flm` l`r`ltdrâstml` edpdfed ed n`s embdfsmhfds y dndbdfths ed n` `ftdf` . Dadbpnh1 Df n`s mfst`n`lmhfds ed UZ n` mbpde`flm` utmnmzè` ds ed ?4 έ. Lhbh dn emphnh pndoèh prdsdft` uf` mbpde`flm` ed <33 έ, p`r` sdr `lhpnèh `n l`knd lh`xm`n ed ?4 έ, fdldsmt` ed uf è`ptèhr ed mbpde`flm` edfhbmfèh k`nuf, qud v` mflnumeh df dn mftdrmhr ed n` là` ed n` `ftdf` . Dn tírbmfh k`nuf (k`n`flde-ufk`n`flde jmfds tr`fsjhrbdr) smofmjml` tr`fsjhrbèhr ed nâfd`s k`n`fldè`s - fh k`n`fldè`s .

<.0.;.?. [dn`lmüf ed Hfe` Dst`lmhf`rm` ([HD)

N` [dn`lmüf ed Hfe` Dst`lmhf`rm` ([HD) ds uf` bdeme` edn orèh ed è`pt`lmüf dftrd n` `ftdf` (l`ro` edn lmrlumth) y n` mbpde`flm` edn prhpmh lmrlumth . S`r` dvmt`r n` edsè`pt`lmüf dftrd n` `ftdf`, n` nâfd` y nhs rdldpthrds sd edkd1 

Fh hprmbmr fm lurv`r edb`smèh dn l`knd.



Ldrr`r n`s nâfd`s y s`nme`s qud fh sd utmnmldf. utmnmld f. S`r` dnnh, sd dbpnd` uf` rdsmstdflm` ed ?4 έ.

<.0.;.7. L`ro` `n vmdfth bàstmn .

N` l`ro` `n vmdfth fhs mfeml` n` rdsmstdflm` ed n` `ftdf` `ftd dn vmdfth y smrvd p`r` l`nlun`r dn

FHU@1 Dn j`krml`ftd, odfdr`nbdftd, n` dxprds` p`r` uf` vdnhlmeè ed 0<3 Ib/g (`ntur` ed n` `ftdf` edsed dn sudnh mfjdrmhr ` ;3 b) y ed 043 Ib/g (`ntur` ed n` `ftdf` supdrmhr ` ;3 b). Dfl`rf`lmüf B`râf L`k`nndrh

Sàomf` 0< ed 47


<.0.<. Dadbpnhs <.0.<.0. @ftdf` 03<3 ed Udndvís

L`r`ltdrâstml`s tílfml`s ed n` `ftdf` 03<3 ed Udndvís.

<.0.<.;. @ftdf` 00;0 ed Udndvís

L`r`ltdrâstml`s tílfml`s ed n` `ftdf` 00;0 ed Udndvís.

@spdlth jâsmlh.

[dspudst` df jrdludflm`. Dfl`rf`lmüf B`râf L`k`nndrh

Emòr`b` ed rèm`lmüf. Sàomf` 05 ed 47


@ lhftmfu`lmüf, sd budstr` shkrd dn oràjmlh ed n` rdspudst` df jrdludflm` n` o`f`flm` ed n` `ftdf` p`r` lè` ufh ed nhs l`f`nds rdlmkmehs.

O`f`flm` p`r` nhs l`f`nds rdlmkmehs. <.0.5. Emphnh

Nhs fmvdnds ed dfdroâ` rèmèhs phr dn dbmshr y n` k`fe` ed jrdludflm`s lhfemlmhf`f lhfemlmhf`f dn tmph ed `ftdf` utmnmzè` df n` rdldplmüf ed n` sdð`n ed tdndvmsmüf . N` `ftdf` kàsml` ds dn emphnh, qud `pdf`s tmdfd o`f`flm` . G`y ehs tmphs ed emphnhs1 Emphnh smbpnd (ví`sd n` jmour` 4.`)1 dstà jhrbèh phr uf tukh bdtànmlh, ed nhfomtue (N) mou`n ` ι /;) bdem` nhfomtue ed hfe` ( ι /;) edn l`bph edn l`f`n qud sd qumdrd l`pt`r . Umdfd uf` mbpde`flm` ed ?4 έ. Emphnh ehknèh (ví`sd n` jmour` 4.k)1 dst` `ftdf` lhfsmstd df n` ufmüf ed ehs emphnhs smbpnds, lhfdltèhs df p`r`ndnh phr sus dxtrdbhs , dst`feh ufh ed dnnhs `kmdrth df dn ldftrh. Umdfd uf` mbpde`flm` ed <33 έ. 



k`fe` .

Jmour` 41 Emphnhs. Odfdr`nbdftd, sd utmnmz` dn emphnh pndoèh, y` qud ds bàs lhbp`lth y tmdfd b`yhr `flgh ed


Sàomf` 04 ed 47


Dadbpnh 01 @ftdf` ed JB. Bhednh 03;0 ed Udndvís.

Dadbpnh ;1 N` smoumdftd jmour` budstr` dn emòr`b` ed rèm`lmüf tâpmlh tâpmlh ed uf emphnh.

FHU@1 Df hl`smhfds, dn emòr`b` ed rèm`lmüf edpdfed edpdfed edn pn`fh ed phn`rmz`lmüf , phr nh qud dn

j`krml`ftd puded prhphrlmhf`r mfjhrb`lmüf ed nhs emòr`b`s ed rèm`lmüf ed ehs ed nhs pn`fhs ed phn`rmz`lmüf (G y Z) .

Dn emphnh tmdfd uf` nhfomtue qud lhrrdsphfed ` n` bmtè ed n` hfe` mrrèmè` , y phsdd n` l`r`ltdrâstml` ed fh sdr buy emrdltmvh . N` nhfomtue edn emphnh vmdfd edtdrbmfè` phr n` jrdludflm` ed dbmsmüf qud edkd l`pt`r , sdoñf n` dlu`lmüf1 

<33

L 

J



J

Ehfed1 Ι1 nhfomtue nhfomtue ed hfe` (b). L 1 vdnhlmeè ed prhpò`lmüf (<33 Bb/s). J 1 jrdludflm` (BGz). Dfl`rf`lmüf B`râf L`k`nndrh

Sàomf` 0: ed 47


Dadbpnh <1 L`nlun` n` nhfomtue ed uf emphnh p`r` uf` jrdludflm` ed ?3< BGz (l`f`n (l`f`n 43).

E`ths1

J 2 ?3< BGz Hpdr`lmhfds1 @pnml`feh n` dlu`lmüf, sd hktmdfd1 

<33 Bb / s

L 

J



?3< BGz



3,5;b

Lhbh dn emphnh ds uf` `ftdf` ed bdem` hfe` , su nhfomtue `prhxmbè` sdrà ed1 N

3,5;b

 

;



;



3,;0b



;0lb

\hnulmüf1 Nhfomtue edn emphnh 2 ;0 lb. <.0.4. Umphs





N`s `ftdf`s pudedf smfthfmz`r ufh h v`rmhs l`f`nds , tdfmdfeh ehs tmphs1 Bhfhl`f`nds. Srdp`rè`s p`r` smfthfmz`r uf l`f`n h uf oruph buy pdqudðh pdqu dðh ed l`f`nds . Buntml`f`nds. Lu`feh smfthfmz`f uf` shn` k`fe` sd sd nn`b`f ed k`fe` ñfml`, y sm smfthfmz`f v`rm`s k`fe`s sd sd nn`b`f buntmk`fe` h k`fe` `flg`.

Edsed dn pufth ed vmst` ed n` sdð`n qud ds l`p`z ed rdlmkmr , phedbhs ln`smjml`r emjdrdftds tmphs ed `ftdf`s1 ed UZ, ed rèmh JB, ed rèmh E@K y ed s`tínmtd . <.0.4.0. @ftdf`s ed UZ

N` `ftdf` ]òum ds n` bàs utmnmzè` df rdldplmüf ed n` sdð`n ed UZ lhf bheun`lmüf LHJEB (ví`sd n` jmour` :). L`pt`f dn r`foh ed jrdludflm`s ed n` k`fe` TGJ (n`s (n`s jrdludflm`s v`f edsed nhs 5?3 BGz ` nhs 7:; BGz).

Jmour` :1 @ftdf` ]òum p`r` n` k`fe` TGJ. Dfl`rf`lmüf B`râf L`k`nndrh

Sàomf` 0? ed 47


Dstd tmph ed `ftdf` dstà jhrbèh phr uf dndbdfth rèmèhr (emphnh kàsmlh h ehknèh), uf dndbdfth rdjndlthr y ufh h v`rmhs dndbdfths emrdlthrds (ví`sd n` jmour` ?). Dn emphnh ds dn dndbdfth dsdflm`n, ds dn qud l`pt` n` sdð`n y sd g`nn` lhfdltèh ` n` nâfd` ed kàè`. Fh tmdfd `pdf`s o`f`flm`. Dn rdjndlthr sd lhnhl` edtràs edn emphnh y y smrvd p`r` dvmt`r qud dftrdf sdð`nds fh edsdè`s `n emphnh phr n` p`rtd phstdrmhr y bdahr`r `sâ su rdn`lmüf E/@. Nhs emrdlthrds sd lhnhl`f edn`ftd edn emphnh , rdlhodf n` sdð`n y n` dfvâ`f `n emphnh . Lu`fths bàs emrdlthrds, bàs o`f`flm` y bàs emrdltmvmeè tmdfd n` `ftdf` . 





Jmour` ?1 Dndbdfths ed uf` `ftdf` ]òum. Nhs emrdlthrds dstrdlg`f dn g`z h nükunh ed rdldplmüf ` n` vdz qud nh prhnhfo`f . Ed dst` jhrb`, sd lhfsmoud rdlmkmr ` b`yhr emst`flm` y, y, `n sdr n` `ftdf` bàs emrdltmv`, sd pudedf dnmbmf`r lhf b`yhr j`lmnmeè n`s sdð`nds mfedsd`knds prhldedftds ed htr`s emrdllmhfds, ùbdft`feh `n bmsbh tmdbph n` o`f`flm` ed n` bmsb` .

N` jmour` 7 budstr` dn djdlth edn rdjndlthr y dn emrdlthr shkrd dn emòr`b` ed rèm`lmüf ed uf emphnh ehknèh .

Jmour` 71 Djdlths ed nhs emrdlthrds y rdjndlthrds df uf` `ftdf`.


Sàomf` 07 ed 47


FHU@1 Lu`fths bàs emrdlthrds phsd` n` `ftdf`, bdahr rdldplmüf tdferdbhs , y` qud lhf dnnh ùbdft`bhs n` o`f`flm` , ` n` vdz qud sd pudedf dnmbmf`r lhf b`yhr j`lmnmeè n`s sdð`nds n`tdr`nds fh edsdè`s . Dstd djdlth fh ds mnmbmtèh y` qud, ` p`rtmr ed lmdrth fñbdrh ed emrdlthrds, ds mbphsmknd ùbdft`r n` o`f`flm` .

N` jmour` = budstr` dn djdlth ed ùbdft`r dn fñbdrh ed emrdlthrds df uf` `ftdf` ]òum .

Jmour` =1 O`f`flm` hktdfme` ed v`rm`s `ftdf`s ]òum lhf 0, ;, 4 y 7 emrdlthrds. Dadbpnh 01 @ftdf` ]òum p`r` n` k`fe` TGJ. N` smoumdftd jmour` budstr` n`s l`r`ltdrâstml`s tílfml`s ed uf` `ftdf` ]òum.

N` o`f`flm` ed n` `ftdf` dstà lhbprdfeme` dftrd 7 eK (5?3 BGz) y 00 eK (7:; BGz). Dn `flgh ed g`z ed n` `ftdf` edpdfed edn pn`fh ed phn`rmz`lmüf. Df dn pn`fh ghrmzhft`n (G) dn `flgh ed g`z ds ed <;±, bmdftr`s qud df dn pn`fh vdrtml`n (Z) ds ed 53±. Dfl`rf`lmüf B`râf L`k`nndrh

Sàomf` 0= ed 47


Df n` smoumdftd jmour` sd rdprdsdft` dn emòr`b` ed rèm`lmüf ed n` `ftdf` df nhs ehs pn`fhs ed phn`rmz`lmüf.

FHU@1 S`r` bhemjml`r n`s l`r`ltdrâstml`s kàsml`s ed uf` `ftdf` y ùbdft`r su o`f`flm` h bhemjml`r su emòr`b` ed rèm`lmüf , nhs j`krml`ftds submfmstr`f emjdrdftds tmphs ed `ftdf`s ùfqud smdbprd k`sè`s df emphnhs .

Dadbpnh ;1 @ftdf` ]òum ed tmph Z p`r` n` k`fe` TGJ.

N` smoumdftd jmour` budstr` uf` `ftdf` ed tmph Z jhrbè` phr uf emphnh trm`foun`r .

Nhs rdjndlthrds sd emsphfdf df su p`rtd tr`sdr` jhrb`feh uf emderh y nhs emrdlthrds dstàf jhrbèhs phr ehs p`rrmnn`s df jhrb` ed Z . Lhf dstd tmph ed `ftdf` sd lhfsmoud b`yhr o`f`flm` y uf `flgh ed g`z bdfhr , ds edlmr, n` `ftdf` ds bàs emrdltmv` .


Sàomf` ;3 ed 47


<.0.4.;. @ftdf`s ed JB

N`s `ftdf`s ed JB dstàf emsdðè`s p`r` n` rdldplmüf ed sdð`nds lhf bheun`lmüf JB (ví`sd n` jmour` 03). L`pt`f dn r`foh ed jrdludflm`s ed n` k`fe` MM (n`s (n`s jrdludflm`s v`f edsed nhs 7? BGz ` nhs 003 BGz).

Jmour` 031 @ftdf` ed JB. Ds uf` `ftdf` ed tmph hbfmemrdllmhf`n jhrbè` phr uf emphnh pndoèh y ehknèh df jhrb` lmrlun`r. Lhbh shf hbfmemrdllmhf`nds, tmdfdf o`f`flm` n` ufmeè (O 2 3 eK), ds edlmr, fh `bpnmjml`f fm `tdfñ`f n` sdð`n rdlmkme` . Htrhs tmphs ed `ftdf`s ed JB shf n`s ed uf dndbdfth (bhfhphnh) (bhfhphnh) y n`s `ftdf`s ]òum ed trds dndbdfths . Dst` ñntmb`, phr dn djdlth edn emrdlthr y edn rdjndlthr, ds emrdltmv`. Tf bhfhphnh `prhvdlg` n`s l`r`ltdrâstml`s lhfeulthr`s ed n` tmdrr` . S`r` smbun`r dn pn`fh lhfeulthr, sd lhnhl`f v`rmnn`s bdtànml`s df dn pn`fh pdrpdfemlun`r `n bhfhphnh. Tf bhfhphnh smtuèh shkrd uf pn`fh lhfeulthr sd lhbphrt` lhbh uf emphnh, y` qud ístd lrd` uf` mbòdf rdjndaè` edn bhfhphnh. Dadbpnh1 @ftdf` ed JB ed tmph lmrlun`r lmr lun`r (`) y bhfhphnh (k).


Sàomf` ;0 ed 47


<.0.4.<. @ftdf`s ed rèmh E@K

N`s `ftdf`s ed rèmh emomt`n E@K (Emomt`n @uemh Krhèl`stmfo) dstàf emsdðè`s p`r` n` rdldplmüf ed sdð`nds emomt`nds ed rèmh lhf bheun`lmüf LHJEB (ví`sd n` jmour` 00). L`pt`f dn r`foh ed jrdludflm`s ed n` k`fe` MMM (n`s (n`s jrdludflm`s v`f edsed nhs 0=4 BGz ` nhs ;;< BGz).

Jmour` 001 @ftdf` ed rèmh E@K. N` `ftdf` utmnmzè` ds ed tmph ]òum lhf emphnh, rdjndlthr y emrdlthrds , ùfqud ` vdlds dstí jhrbè` ñfml`bdftd phr dn emphnh. Lhbh n` jrdludflm` ed n` sdð`n qud edkd l`pt`r dst` dst` `ftdf` ds bdfhr qud qud n` qud edkd l`pt`r uf` `ftdf` ]òum utmnmzè` p`r` UZ, dn emphnh ed íst` ds bàs or`fed. Dadbpnh1 @ftdf` ed rèmh E@K ed tmph ]òum.


Sàomf` ;; ed 47


<.0.4.5. @ftdf`s ed UZ s`tínmtd

N`s `ftdf`s ed UZ s`tínmtd dstàf emsdðè`s p`r` n` rdldplmüf ed sdð`nds emomt`nds ed rèmh lhf bheun`lmüf PS\I (ví`sd n` jmour` 0;). L`pt`f dn r`foh ed jrdludflm`s mftdrbdem`s ed n` k`fe` N (n`s (n`s jrdludflm`s v`f edsed nhs =43 BGz ` nhs ;.043 BGz).

Jmour` 0;1 @ftdf` ed UZ s`tínmtd. Dn dndbdfth qud l`pt` n` dfdroâ` (shfe` h bhfhphnh) ed n`s `ftdf`s sd smtñ` df n` ufmeè dxtdrf` (NFK) edn edn smstdb` ed l`pt`lmüf (ví`sd n` jmour` 0<). Lhbh n` dfdroâ` qud sd rdlmkd ds buy pdqudð`, prdvm`bdftd sd utmnmz` uf dndbdfth qud lhfldftr` n` sdð`n rdlmkme` df uf ñfmlh pufth 1 shf nhs edfhbmfèhs rdjndlthrds p`r`künmlhs . Dstrmlt`bdftd, nhs rdjndlthrds fh shf `ftdf`s, y` qud fh rd`nmz`f n` lhfvdrsmüf ed dfdroâ` dndltrhbòfítml` df dníltrml` . @ dstd tmph ed `ftdf`s bdfueh sd edfhbmf`f `ftdf`s p`r`künml`s .

Jmour` 0<1 \hfe` ed uf` ufmeè dxtdrf` s`tínmtd. <.0.:. \mbkhnhoâ`

Nhs sâbkhnhs bàs utmnmzèhs p`r` n`s `ftdf`s shf nhs smoumdftds1 UZ tdrrdstrd


[èmh JB

UZ s`tínmtd

Sàomf` ;< ed 47


<.0.?. Dndllmüf ed n` `ftdf` sdoñf o`f`flm` y jrdludflm`

Dn p`ràbdtrh bàs edtdrbmf`ftd ` n` ghr` ed n` dndllmüf ed n` `ftdf` ds su o`f`flm`, tdfmdfeh prdsdftd dn emòr`b` ed rèm`lmüf y n` lurv` ed rdspudst` df jrdludflm` ed n` bmsb`. S`r` n` sdndllmüf ed n` `ftdf` , sd edkdf tdfdr df ludft` uf` sdrmd ed lhfsmedr`lmhfds1 \d utmnmz`rà lhbh bâfmbh uf` `ftdf` phr lè` k`fe` dxmstdftd 1 uf` p`r` rèmh JB (k`fe` (k`fe` MM), uf` p`r` rèmh E@K (k`fe` MMM) y htr` p`r` dn sdrvmlmh ed rèmhemjusmüf ed UZ tdrrdstrd (k`fe`s MZ y Z ed TGJ). \drà fdlds`rm` uf` `ftdf` phr lè` phn`rmeè ùfqud sd`f edn bmsbh rdpdtmehr. Lu`feh nhs l`f`nds sd rdlmkdf ed emrdllmhfds emstmft`s sd utmnmz` uf` `ftdf` phr lè` emrdllmüf. S`r` dvmt`r rdjndxmhfds , g` ed rdlurrmrsd ` `ftdf`s ed `nt` emrdltmvmeè . \m n` utmnmz`lmüf ed uf` `ftdf` emrdltmv` fh k`st`, sd puded mftdft`r omr`r n` `ftdf` uf pdqudðh àfounh rdspdlth ` su emrdllmüf ed `puft`bmdfth . 









\d rdlurrmrà `n `lhpn`bmdfth ghrmzhft`n lu`feh sd prdtdfe`f dnmbmf`r rdjndxmhfds ghrmzhft`nds prhvdfmdftds ed bhft`ð`s, demjmlmhs, dtl . Ds edlmr, lu`feh n` sdð`n mftdrjdrdftd emjmdrd buy phlh ed n` sdð`n prmflmp`n.


Sàomf` ;5 ed 47

Udb` 41 \mstdb`s ed l`pt`lmüf, è`pt`lmüf y emstrmkulmüf ed sdð`nds ed [UZ. 

Shr dn lhftr`rmh, sd rdlurrmrà `n `lhpn`bmdfth vdrtml`n lu`feh mftdrdsd dnmbmf`r hfe`s rdjndaè`s vdrtml`nbdftd, ds edlmr, rdjndxmhfds df dn sudnh, df tdaèhs ed demjmlmhs bàs kàhs, dtl . Df dstd l`sh, sdp`r`rdbhs n`s `ftdf`s dftrd sâ 0 b `prhxmbè`bdftd p`r` emsbmfumr dn àfounh ed `kdrtur` y dnmbmf`r n` mftdrjdrdflm` (dstd `lhpn`bmdfth suphfd uf mflrdbdfth ed n` o`f`flm` df < eK ). ).

S`r` dn l`sh ed UZ, sm thehs nhs l`f`nds qud qud sd edsd`f rdlmkmr sd dbmtdf edsed n` bmsb` `ftdf` dbmshr` (rdpdtmehr ed UZ) ds sujmlmdftd utmnmz`r uf` ñfml` `ftdf` ed TGJ hrmdftè` g`lm` dnn` . N` `ftdf` edkd lukrmr theh dn `flgh ed k`fe` ed TGJ , phr nh qud sd utmnmz`f `ftdf`s ed k`fe` `flg` (ví`sd n` jmour` 05.`). Htr`s `ftdf`s pdrbmtdf n` rdldplmüf rdldplmü f phr oruphs ed l`f`nds (ví`sd n` jmour` 05.k).

Jmour` 051 @ftdf`s ed TGJ. S`r` n` rdldplmüf edn sdrvmlmh ed rèmh emomt`n E@K, ds fdlds`rmh utmnmz`r uf` `ftdf` qud lukr` n` k`fe` MMM . N`s ehs hplmhfds prmflmp`nds shf1 Ttmnmz`r uf` `ftdf` dspdlâjml` p`r` dstd sdrvmlmh (ví`sd n` jmour` 04.`). Ttmnmz`r uf` `ftdf` bmxt` qud pdrbmt` rdlmkmr, èdbàs ed n` k`fe` ed TGJ, n` k`fe` MMM (ví`sd n` jmour` 04.k). 



Jmour` 041 @ftdf`s ed rèmh E@K. Dfl`rf`lmüf B`râf L`k`nndrh

Sàomf` ;4 ed 47


<.0.7. Srd`bpnmjmlèhrds

Nhs prd`bpnmjmlèhrds, lhfhlmehs t`bkmíf lhbh prdvmhs, sd dfl`ro`f ed rd`nmz`r uf` `bpnmjml`lmüf prdvm` ` n` `bpnmjml`lmüf rd`nmzè` phr dn dqumph ed l`kdldr` (ví`sd (ví`sd n` jmour` 0:).

Jmour` 0:1 Srd`bpnmjmlèhr. Lhrtdsâ` ed Jòhr. \u bmsmüf prmflmp`n ds `bpnmjml`r dn fmvdn ed sdð`n l`ptèh phr n` `ftdf` smf `ðèmr uf rumeh smofmjml`tmvh , p`r` qud nhs smoumdftds emsphsmtmvhs edn dqumph ed l`kdldr` pude`f tr`t`r n` sdð`n ed jhrb` lhfvdfmdftd. N` ukml`lmüf sdrà nh bàs prüxmbh ` n` `ftdf` , smtuàfehsd df n` prhpm` là` ed e d n` `ftdf` h h df dn bàstmn (ví`sd (ví`sd n` jmour` 0?). Lu`fth bàs sd `ndad ed n` `ftdf`, bàs dbpdhr`r` n` l`nmeè ed n` sdð`n . Dstd e`th sd bmed lhf n` rdn`lmüf L/F.

Jmour` 0?1 Srd`bpnmjmlèhr y @bpnmjmlèhr ed bàstmn. N`s prmflmp`nds l`r`ltdrâstml`s qud edjmfdf ` uf prd`bpnmjmlèhr shf lhbufds ` nhs `bpnmjmlèhrds y, phr t`fth, shf n`s bmsb`s1 O`f`flm`1 rdn`lmüf dftrd dn fmvdn ed sdð`n dftr`ftd y dn s`nmdftd. Dxprdsè` df eK . \udnd dst`r `nrdedehr ed 04 ü ;3 eK . Jmour` ed rumeh1 emsthrsmüf qud `ðèd df eK . \udnd dst`r dfthrfh ` ; eK. Udfsmüf bàxmb` ed s`nme`1 bàxmb` tdfsmüf qud puded dftrdo`r dn `bpnmjmlèhr smf emsthrsmüf. \d dxprds` df eK ξZ . \udnd tdfdr uf v`nhr ed 034 eKξZ. 






Sàomf` ;: ed 47


N` smbkhnhoâ` qud rdprdsdft` `n prd`bpnmjnmlèhr ds n` smoumdftd1

\m dn fmvdn ed sdð`n l`ptèh phr n` `ftdf` ds sujmlmdftdbdftd `nth , fh ds fdlds`rmh rd`nmz`r uf` `bpnmjml`lmüf prdvm` . N` `nt` o`f`flm` y dn rdeulmeh j`lthr ed rumeh ed dsths dndbdfths o`r`ftmz`f n` lhrrdlt` rdldplmüf ed n` sdð`n eíkmn , y` qud n` jmour` ed rumeh dqumv`ndftd ed theh dn smstdb` (J DP) pràltml`bdftd sünh edpdfed ed n` jmour` ed rumeh edn prd`bpnmjmlèhr (J S[DZMH)1 JDP 2 JS[DZMH Ed b`fdr` qud n` rdn`lmüf L/F ed s`nme` edn smstdb` (L/F h) ds1 L/Fh 2 L/F m - JS[DZMH FHU@ 01 Lhbh fhrb` odfdr`n, n` rdn`lmüf L/F ed s`nme` (L/F h) sd dv`nñ` lhf n` jürbun` ed Jrmms. N` `prhxmb`lmüf sünh ds lmdrt` lu`feh n` o`f`flm` edn `bpnmjmlèhr ds sujmlmdftdbdftd dndvè` rdspdlth ed n` `tdfu`lmüf ed n` rde qud nd smoud. FHU@ ;1 Dn l`f`n qud tdferà pdhr L/F h smdbprd sdrà dn l`f`n qud bdfhr fmvdn ed dftrè` ed `ftdf` tdfo` . FHU@ <1 Nhs prd`bpnmjmlèhrds dstàf mfemlèhs df `qudnnhs l`shs qud sd tdfo` uf` sdð`n buy eíkmn ` n` s`nme` ed n` `ftdf` h sd tdfo` uf` sdð`n dndvè`, pdrh lhf uf` rdn`lmüf L/F buy phkrd . N` rdn`lmüf L/F bâfmb` p`r` nhs emjdrdftds sdrvmlmhs tdrrdstrds ed uf` MLU dst`kndlme` phr dn @fdxh M (`p`rtèh 5.4) edn [d`n Edlrdth <5:/;300 , ds1 UZ Emomt`n (UEU)1 ≤ ;4 eK. [èmh JB1 ≤ <7 eK. [èmh Emomt`n (E@K)1 ≤ 07 eK. 







Df juflmüf ed sus l`r`ltdrâstml`s, phedbhs dflhftr`r emjdrdftds tmphs ed prd`bpnmjmlèhrds1 Ed k`fe` `flg`. Df l`sh ed tdfdr v`rm`s dftrè`s ed `ftdf`s, tdferà v`rm`s rdjdrdflm`s ed jrdludflm`s, qud pudedf sdr `bpnmjmlè`s h bdzlnè`s ñfml`bdftd lhf htr`s dftrè`s. Dadbpnh1 @bpnmjmlèhrds buntmk`fe` p`r` bàstmnds lhf v`rm`s dftrè`s ed `ftdf`s.


Sàomf` ;? ed 47


Bhfhl`f`n. \u `flgh ed k`fe` sd rdstrmfod ` n` k`fe` edn l`f`n `bpnmjmlèh, phr nh qud ` n` ghr`

ed su sdndllmüf sd edkd dspdlmjml`r dn fñbdrh ed ístd. Ds èdluèh lu`feh dxmstd uf l`f`n edb`smèh `tdfuèh jrdftd ` nhs edbàs. Shstdrmhrbdftd, sd sudnd lhnhl`r htrh `bpnmjmlèhr odfdr`n p`r` the` n` k`fe`. Dadbpnh1 Srd`bpnmjmlèhr bhfhl`f`n. Lhrtdsâ` ed \`tínmtd [hvdr.



S`r` là` ed `ftdf`. \u mbpde`flm` ed dftrè` ds ed <33 έ y n` ed s`nme` ?4 έ, lhf uf o`f`flm` dftrd ? y 05 eK . \u lhfstmtulmüf df knhquds n` lhbphfdf ed uf è`ptèhr ed

mbpde`flm`s ` n` dftrè` y ` n` s`nme`, uf jmntrh è`ptèh ` n` k`fe` edn emsphsmtmvh y uf `bpnmjmlèhr ed k`fe` `flg`. N` lhfdxmüf ed n` `ftdf` `n l`knd ed kàè` sd rd`nmz` edftrh ed n` là` ed `ftdf`, ed pnàstmlh ldrrè` gdrbítml`bdftd, ehfed dftr`f nhs dxtrdbhs edn emphnh qud sd lhfdlt` `n l`knd lh`xm`n Dadbpnh1 Srd`bpnmjmlèhr ed là` ed `ftdf`.



S`r` bàstmn . Ds mou`n qud dn prd`bpnmjmlèhr p`r` là` ed `ftdf`, ed kà` jmour` ed rumeh y lhf n`

bmsb` jmf`nmeè, lhnhlèh shkrd dn bàstmn ed n` `ftdf`, nh bàs ldrl` ldr l` phsmknd ed íst`. Dadbpnh1 Srd`bpnmjmlèhr ed bàstmn. Lhrtdsâ` ed Udndvís.


Sàomf` ;7 ed 47


N` `nmbdft`lmüf dníltrml` ed uf prd`bpnmjmlèhr , odfdr`nbdftd ` ;5 ZLL, sd prhphrlmhf` ` tr`vís edn prhpmh l`knd lh`xm`n ed e d kàè` k àè` ed e d n` sdð`n ed UZ edsed edsed uf` judftd ed `nmbdft`lmüf mftdrmhr (ví`sd n` jmour` 07). Dsth ds phsmknd, y` qud phr uf` nâfd` ed tr`fsbmsmüf sd pudedf dfvm`r smbuntàfd`bdftd v`rm`s sdð`nds ed jrdludflm`s emjdrdftds smf qud sd mftdrjmdr`f, sdp`rè`s df edstmfh lhf jmntrhs èdluèhs, y uf` ñfml` sdð`n ed lhrrmdftd lhftmfu`, luy` jrdludflm` ds ed ldrh gdrlmhs.

Jmour` 071 @nmbdft`lmüf edn prd`bpnmjmlèhr. Dadbpnh1 Dsqudb` ed bhftàd ed uf `bpnmjmlèhr ed bàstmn.


Sàomf` ;= ed 47


Dadbpnh 01 L`nlun` n` rdn`lmüf phrtèhr`-rumeh ed s`nme` (L/F h) edn smoumdftd smstdb` lhf uf

prd`bpnmjmlèhr ed TGJ p`r` bàstmn.

N` jmour` budstr` n`s l`r`ltdrâstml`s tâpml`s ed ehs prd`bpnmjmlèhrds p`r` bàstmn1 ufh ed k`fe` `flg` y htrh bhfhl`f`n. Df dn `bpnmjmlèhr bhfhl`f`n sd dspdlmjml` n` l`p`lmeè qud tmdfd p`r` emslrmbmf`r nhs l`f`nds èy`ldftds (sdndltmvmeè), bmdftr`s qud dst` l`r`ltdrâstml` fh tmdfd sdftmeh df dn `bpnmjmlèhr ed k`fe` `flg`. @edbàs, sd dspdlmjml` dn lhfsubh y n` tdfsmüf ed `nmbdft`lmüf, y` qud `n sdr dndbdfths qud sd mfst`n`f df n` mftdbpdrmd, edkdf `nmbdft`rsd edsed uf` judftd ed `nmbdft`lmüf dxtdrf` mfst`nè` df dn mftdrmhr ed n` vmvmdfe` h demjmlmh. Dadbpnh ;1 L`nlun` n` rdn`lmüf phrtèhr`-rumeh ed s`nme` (L/F h) edn smoumdftd smstdb` lhf uf

prd`bjnmlèhr ed TGJ p`r` bàstmn.

Df dn dadbpnh rdprdsdftèh ed n` jmour`, dn prd`bpnmjmlèhr ed TGJ tmdfd uf` o`f`flm` (OS[DZMH) ed 53 eK y uf` jmour` ed rumeh (JS[DZMH) ed < eK. @n tr`t`rsd ed uf `bpnmjmlèhr p`r` bàstmn sd edsprdlm`f nhs djdlths edn l`knd ed lhfdxmüf `n `bpnmjmlèhr, qud sdrà ed embdfsmhfds rdeulme`s. @ n` dftrè` ed n` `ftdf` sd rdlmkdf ehs l`f`nds emomt`nds1 ufh ed nhs lu`nds tmdfd uf fmvdn ed dftrè` rdeulmeh (l`f`n ;). Dstd l`f`n, `n tdfdr uf fmvdn ed e d sdð`n bàs pdqudðh sdrà dn qud q ud bdfhr rdn`lmüf sdð`n/rumeh tdferà, phr nh qud dv`nu`rdbhs su rdpudst` df dn smstdb`.


Sàomf` <3 ed 47


Dn fmvdn ed sdð`n ` n` s`nme` ed n` `ftdf` p`r` dn l`f`n emomt`n ; ds ed 5? eKξZ1 \m 2 \@FU + + O@FU 2 2 <4 eKξZ + 0; eK 2 5? eK ξZ Dn fmvdn ed sdð`n ` n` s`nme` edn prd`bpnmjmlèhr ds1 \h 2 \m + O@BS 2 5? eKξZ + 53 eK 2 7? eK ξZ N` rdn`lmüf L/F ed dftrè` edn smstdb` (L/F m), lhfsmedr`feh qud n` `ftdf` odfdr` p`r` uf l`f`n emomt`n 5 eKξZ ed rumeh (F m), ds1 L/Fm 2 \m “ Fm 2 5? eKξZ - 5 eKξZ 2 5< eKξZ N` rdn`lmüf L/F ed s`nme` edn smstdb` (L/F h) p`r` dn l`f`n emomt`n ; ds1 L/Fh 2 L/F m “ JDP 2 5< eKξZ - < eK 2 53 eK \hnulmüf1 Dn l`f`n emomt`n 0 , `n tdfdr b`yhr fmvdn ed dftrè`, b`ftmdfd uf` rdn`lmüf L/Fh b`yhr. FHU@1 \mdbprd qud sd` phsmknd sd edkd dvmt`r n` utmnmz`lmüf ed prd`bpnmjmlèhrds , y` qud shf

dndbdfths `ltmvhs qud sd utmnmz`f df n` mftdbpdrmd y, y, phr t`fth, shf dndbdfths qud dstàf dxpudsths ` l`bkmhs ed tdbpdr`tur`s y ` n`s mflndbdflm`s bdtdhrhnüoml`s . <.0.=. Emphnh `ltmvh

Dn emphnh `ltmvh ds n` ufmüf ed uf prd`bpnmjmlèhr y uf emphnh (ví`sd (ví`sd n` jmour` 0=). Dstà emsdðèh p`r` su bhftàd y sustmtulmüf ed nhs emphnhs e mphnhs df `nouf`s `ftdf`s.

Jmour` 0=1 Emphnh `ltmvh. Lhrtdsâ` ed Jòhr. <.0.03. Mfydlthr ed lhrrmdftd

Dn mfydlthr ed lhrrmdftd ds uf emsphsmtmvh dfl`roèh ed `nmbdft`r `bpnmjmlèhrds ed bàstmn h prd`bpnmjmlèhrds p`r` là` ed `ftdf` , df dn l`sh ed qud dn `bpnmjmlèhr prmflmp`n fh pdrbmt` ds` `nmbdft`lmüf (ví`sd n` jmour` ;3).

Jmour` ;31 Mfydlthr ed lhrrmdftd. Lhrtdsâ` ed Jòhr. Dfl`rf`lmüf B`râf L`k`nndrh

Sàomf` <0 ed 47


<.0.00. Bdzlnèhr ed bàstmn

Dn bdzlnèhr ed bàstmn ds uf emsphsmtmvh qud rdlmkd emstmft`s sdð`nds prhvdfmdftds ed v`rm`s `ftdf`s y n`s emstrmkuyd phr uf shnh l`knd (ví`sd n` jmour` ;0).

Jmour` ;01 Mfst`n`lmüf ed uf bdzlnèhr ed bàstmn. Dadbpnh1 Bdzlnèhrds ed bàstmn ed < dftrè`s (Jòhr - @nlè).

N` smbkhnhoâ` qud rdprdsdft` `n bdzlnèhr ds n` smoumdftd1

N` l`r`ltdrâstml` kàsml` qud edjmfd ` uf bdzlnèhr shf n`s píreme`s ed mfsdrlmüf h ed p`sh , qud mfeml`f n` `tdfu`lmüf qud sujrd n` sdð`n `n `tr`vds`r dn bdzlnèhr . @edbàs, dn j`krml`ftd puded submfmstr`r dn eds`lhpnh h rdlg`zh dftrd dftrè`s, mfeml`feh n` mftdrjdrdflm` qud puded prhvhl`r uf` dftrè` df n` htr` . Lu`fth b`yhr sd` dstd v`nhr, bulgh bdahr.


Sàomf` <; ed 47


Dadbpnh1 Bdzlnèhr p`r` bàstmn.

@ vdlds dn bdzlnèhr v` mflnumeh df dn prhpmh `bpnmjmlèhr y sd lhfhld lhbh `bpnmjmlèhrbdzlnèhr (ví`sd n` jmour` ;;).

Jmour` ;;1 @bpnmjmlèhr-bdzlnèhr ed bàstmn.


Sàomf` << ed 47


<.;. \hphrtds y `lldshrmhs S`r` `sdour`r n` lhrrdlt` jma`lmüf ed nhs dndbdfths qud jhrb`f dn smstdb` l`ptèhr , ds fdlds`rm` n` utmnmz`lmüf ed edtdrbmfèhs dndbdfths bdlàfmlhs (ví`sd n` jmour` ;<), qud edpdfedràf edn tmph ed mfst`n`lmüf ` rd`nmz`r. Nhs bàs utmnmzèhs shf1 Bàstmnds. Uhrrdt`s. O`rr`s. \hphrtds ed `ftdf`. K`sds p`r` n` jma`lmüf shkrd dn sudnh. Zmdfths. Dtl. 













Jmour` ;<1 Dndbdfths bdlàfmlhs edn smstdb` l`ptèhr.


Sàomf` <5 ed 47


<.;.0. Bàstmnds

Nhs bàstmnds shf tukhs ed `ldrh o`nv`fmzèh prdp`rèhs p`r` tr`kà`r df n` mftdbpdrmd lhf rdsmstdflm` ` n` lhrrhsmüf y hxme`lmüf, qud tmdfdf uf` nhfomtue lhbprdfeme` dftrd < y : bdtrhs (ví`sd (ví`sd n` jmour` ;5.`). \m n` `ftdf` sd edkd lhnhl`r ` uf` `ntur` supdrmhr, ds fdlds`rmh lhnhl`r dn bàstmn shkrd uf` thrrdt` (ví`sd n` jmour` ;5.k).

Jmour` ;51 Ttmnmz`lmüf ed bàstmnds y thrrdt`s p`r` n` suadlmüf ed n`s `ftdf`s. Edpdfemdfeh ed n` nhfomtue edsdè`, dsths bàstmnds sd pudedf `lhpn`r ufhs shkrd htrhs (ví`sd n` jmour` ;4).

Jmour` ;41 Bàstmnds. Lhrtdsâ` ed Jòhr. Dxmstdf ehs tmphs ed bàstmnds1 nhs l`rr`qudèhs y nhs tdndslüpmlhs.


Sàomf` <4 ed 47


<.;.;. Uhrrdt`s

N`s thrrdt`s sd us`f lu`feh n` `ntur` edsdè` p`r` dn bàstmn ds supdrmhr ` : b , h lu`feh sd edsd` eht`r ` n` mfst`n`lmüf ed uf` b`yhr dst`kmnmeè y rhkustdz jrdftd ` judrtds r`lg`s ed vmdfths , df nuo`r ed nhs bàstmnds sd dbpnd`f n`s thrrdt`s (ví`sd n` jmour` ;:). N`s thrrdt`s sd lhbphfdf ed tr`bhs qud sd puded `lhpn`r dftrd sâ .

Jmour` ;:1 Uhrrdt`s. Lhrtdsâ` ed Jòhr. <.;.<. O`rr`s

N`s o`rr`s shf nhs dndbdfths ed jma`lmüf edn bàstmn p`r` lhnhl`rnh shkrd uf` supdrjmlmd vdrtml`n . Dxmstdf ed ehs tmphs1 dbphtr`knds (ví`sd n` jmour` ;?.`) y ed jma`lmüf bdem`ftd t`lh y thrfmnnh (ví`sd n` jmour` ;?.k).

`) O`rr` dbphtr`knd.

k) O`rr` ed jma`lmüf bdem`ftd thrfmnnhs.

Jmour` ;?1 O`rr`s. Lhrtdsâ` ed Jòhr. Df dn dxtrdbh hpudsth ed n` jma`lmüf phsdd uf` `kr`zèdr`, n` lu`n bdem`ftd prdsmüf jma` dn bàstmn ` n` o`rr` . Dfl`rf`lmüf B`râf L`k`nndrh

Sàomf` <: ed 47


<.;.5. K`sds

N` k`sd sd dbpnd` p`r` jma`r dn bàstmn shkrd uf` supdrjmlmd ghrmzhft`n (sudnh) . \d jma` ` ístd bdem`ftd t`lhs y thrfmnnhs (ví`sd n` jmour` ;7).

Jmour` ;71 K`sd p`r` bàstmn lhf jma`lmüf bdem`ftd thrfmnnh. Lhrtdsâ` ed e d Jòhr. Dxmstdf ed ehs tmphs1 n`s jma`s (ví`sd n` jmour` ;=.`) y n`s `k`tmknds (ví`sd n` jmour` ;=.k) lhf dn hkadth ed j`lmnmt`r su mfst`n`lmüf.

`) K`sd p`r` bàstmn dbphtr`knd.

k) K`sd p`r` bàstmn dbphtr`knd y `k`tmknd.

Jmour` ;=1 K`sds. Lhrtdsâ` ed Jòhr. <.;.4. Zmdfths

Nhs vmdfths shf ufhs l`knds ed `ldrh edstmfèhs ` suadt`r `n bàstmn h thrrdt` jrdftd nhs judrtds vmdfths qud pherâ`f tmr`rn` (ví`sd (ví`sd n` jmour` <3).

Jmour` <31 L`knd ed `ldrh. Dfl`rf`lmüf B`râf L`k`nndrh

Sàomf`

vmdfths.

FHU@1 Lu`fth b`yhr ds n` `ntur` edn bàstmn h ed n` thrrdt`, b`yhr ds n` fdldsmeè ed lhnhl`r

@n bdfhs shf fdlds`rmhs lhnhl`r trds vmdfths p`r` eht`r ed dst`kmnmeè `n bàstmn h thrrdt` . N` sdp`r`lmüf ed dsths vmdfths sd rd`nmz` ` àfounhs mou`nds , qud p`r` trds vmdfths ds ed 0;3³ (ví`sd n` jmour` <0).

Jmour` <01 \dp`r`lmüf ed vmdfths ` 0;3±. Tf lànlunh `prhxmbèh edn rèmh edn lârlunh mbòmf`rmh ehfed sd lhnhl`f nhs trds `flnàds ed nhs vmdfths ed n` thrrdt`, ds emvmemr n` `ntur` ed n` thrrdt` phr ; . Dadbpnh1 Df uf` thrrdt` ed ;3 b, dn rèmh sdrâ` 03 b.





Dxmstd uf` sdrmd ed dndbdfths dndbd fths lhbpndbdft`rmhs `n l`knd qud jhrb`f dn vmdfth1 Dn tdfshr ds uf` pmdz` bdtànml` edstmfè` ` tdfs`r dn l`knd ed `ldrh .

N` `rohnn` ds dn dndbdfth qud sd smtñ` df dn bàstmn y ehfed sd dfo`flg` ufh ed nhs dxtrdbhs edn l`knd .


Sàomf` <7 ed 47




Nhs làfl`bhs sd jma`f shkrd uf` supdrjmlmd sünme` y y `ltñ` lhbh dndbdfth ed jma`lmüf edn htrh dxtrdbh edn l`knd .

Nhs `prmdt`l`knds shf nhs dndbdfths edstmfèhs ` `t`r dn l`knd . Dn `prmdt`l`knds t`bkmíf rdlmkd dn fhbkrd ed suadt`l`knds h bàs lhbñfbdftd pdrrmnnhs.

N` jmour` <; budstr` uf dadbpnh tâpmlh ed lhnhl`lmüf ed nhs vmdfths y nhs dndbdfths lhbpndbdft`rmhs shkrd dn bàstmn ed n` `ftdf` .

Jmour` <;1 Zmdfths p`r` n` suadlmüf ed uf bàstmn ed `ftdf`s.


Sàomf` <= ed 47


<.<. Mfst`n`lmüf ed n`s `ftdf`s <.<.0. Lhnhl`lmüf ed n`s `ftdf`s df dn bàstmn

N` lhnhl`lmüf ed n`s `ftdf`s shkrd dn bàstmn sd rd`nmz` df tmdrr` `ftds ed mfst`n`rnh df su nuo`r ed dbpn`z`bmdfth edjmfmtmvh. Nhs v`nhrds bâfmbhs ed sdp`r`lmüf dftrd n`s `ftdf`s edpdfedf edp dfedf ed n` k`fe` ed rdldplmüf. Dadbpnh1 Lhf uf` sdp`r`lmüf bâfmb` ed 0 bdtrh dftrd nhs emjdrdftds pufths ed jma`lmüf ed n`s `ftdf`s , y dftrd íst`s y dn burh h dndbdfth ed jàkrml` utmnmzèh p`r` dn `flnàd edn bàstmn, sd `sdour` n` ùsdflm` ed mftdrjdrdflm`s. N` jmour` << budstr` uf dadbpnh tâpmlh ed mfst`n`lmüf ed mfst`n`lmüf ed n`s `ftdf`s shkrd dn bàstmn .

Jmour` <<1 Mfst`n`lmüf ed n`s `ftdf`s shkrd dn bàstmn. N` jmour` <5 budstr` nhs dndbdfths fdlds`rmhs p`r` n` suadlmüf ed n` `ftdf` df dn bàstmn . N`s `ftdf`s sd jma`f shkrd dn bàstmn bdem`ftd ormnndtds dspdlm`nds jhrbèhs phr uf thrfmnnh df jhrb` ed „T‒ lhf sus ehs dxtrdbhs rhslèhs y y uf` bhre`z` edftè` df jhrb` ed „Z‒ . N` k`rr` ed shphrtd ed nhs dndbdfths ed n` `ftdf` tmdfd ehs hrmjmlmhs phr nhs qud dftr`f nhs dxtrdbhs rhslèhs edn ormnndtd. Bdem`ftd tudrl`s y lhftr`tudrl`s sd lhfsmoud n` ufmüf edn shphrtd ed `ftdf` lhf dn bàstmn .

Jmour` <51 \uadlmüf ed n` `ftdf` `n bàstmn. Dfl`rf`lmüf B`râf L`k`nndrh

Sàomf` 53 ed 47


<.<.;. Jma`lmüf edn bàstmn shkrd n` p`rde

Nhs j`krml`ftds submfmstr`f emjdrdftds shphrtds med`nds p`r` n` jma`lmüf ` n` p`rde bdem`ftd bdem`ftd tmr`jhfehs h bdem`ftd dbphtr`bmdfth . Tf` shnulmüf ds utmnmz`r ehs shphrtds ed `ldrh o`nv`fmzèh, sdp`rèhs ?33 bb, qud tdfo`f uf dspdshr ed 5 bb y uf `flgh ed <3 bb (ví`sd n` jmour` <4).

Jmour` <41 Jma`lmüf edn bàstmn shkrd n` p`rde. Dn bàstmn edkd qude`r tht`nbdftd vdrtml`n, smdfeh fdlds`rmh n` utmnmz`lmüf ed n`s gdrr`bmdft`s èdluè`s, t`nds lhbh dsluèr`s h fmvdnds , qud `sdourdf n` pdrjdlt` lhnhl`lmüf ed nhs shphrtds . Dadbpnh1 Nhs bàstmnds sd bhft`f utmnmz`feh v`rmhs tr`bhs y sd jma`f ` n` p`rde bdem`ftd ehs o`rr`s. N`s o`rr`s sd ufdf `n burh dbphtrè`s df dn ghrbmoüf, lhf uf` sdp`r`lmüf dftrd dnn`s ed uf bdtrh. Dn bàstmn sd jma` ` n`s o`rr`s lhf n`s `kr`zèdr`s.


Sàomf` 50 ed 47


<.<.<. Jma`lmüf edn bàstmn shkrd dn sudnh

N` jhrb` g`kmtu`n ed jma`lmüf df dn sudnh sd rd`nmz` bdem`ftd k`sds df lruz. Ísths sd jma`f bdem`ftd thrfmnnhs y y sd prhtdodf phstdrmhrbdftd p`r` dvmt`r n` dftrè` ed òu` df l`sh ed nnuvm` . Dn bàstmn sd jma` ` n` k`sd bdem`ftd uf thrfmnnh prmsmhfdrh qud `tr`vmds` dn tukh ed n` k`sd. \m n` suadlmüf ds mfsujmlmdftd, l`sh ed bàstmnds dndvèhs lhf v`rm`s `ftdf`s y zhf`s lhf judrtds vmdfths, ds fdlds`rmh `sdour`r dn bàstmn bdem`ftd tmr`ftds . Nhs tmr`ftds h vmdfths shf l`knds ed `ldrh o`nv`fmzèh qud sd jma`f phr uf nèh `n bàstmn y phr dn htrh ` dndbdfths ed hkr` . Dn emàbdtrh edn l`knd utmnmzèh edpdfedrà edn dsjudrzh `n qud sd shbdtd dn tmr`ftd . Nhs tmr`ftds sd emsphfdf df oruphs ed lu`trh jhrb`feh uf àfounh ed =3± dftrd sâ h df oruphs ed trds jhrb`feh uf àfounh ed 0;3± . Df hl`smhfds, lu`feh n` `ntur` edn bàstmn ds dndvè`, puded sdr rdlhbdfe`knd rd`nmz`r uf` emsphsmlmüf ehknd ed tmr`ftds . Dn àfounh ed nhs tmr`ftds rdspdlth `n bàstmn fh dstà fhrb`nmzèh, pdrh g`y qud tdfdr df ludft` qud lu`fth b`yhr sd` dn àfounh, b`yhr dst`kmnmeè tmdfd n` jma`lmüf . S`r` jma`r dn tmr`ftd `n bàstmn sd edkdf lhnhl`r nhs dndbdfths ed jma`lmüf èdluèhs, t`nds lhbh pn`l`s, `rohnn`s y krme`s p`r` bàstmnds. Df dn htrh dxtrdbh edn l`knd, èdbàs ed nhs dndbdfths ed jma`lmüf `n sudnh, ds fdlds`rmh mflnumr uf dndbdfth tdfshr p`r` dn tdfsèh lhrrdlth ed nhs tmr`ftds. N` jmour` <: budstr` uf dadbpnh ed jma`lmüf edn bàstmn shkrd dn sudnh .

Jmour` <:1 Jma`lmüf edn bàstmn shkrd dn sudnh.


Sàomf` 5; ed 47


<.<.5. Jma`lmüf edn bàstmn shkrd dn sudnh ed uf` thrrdt`

Tf` shnulmüf p`r` n` jma`lmüf ed thrrdt`s shkrd dn sudnh ds n` utmnmz`lmüf ed uf` k`sd dspdlâjml` p`r` thrrdt` . Íst` sd rdjudrz` bdem`ftd tmr`ftds qud sd jma`f ` n` thrrdt` bdem`ftd `prmdt`l`knds y sd tdfs`f p`r` qud n` thrrdt` dstí pdrjdlt`bdftd vdrtml`n. U`fth n` k`sd ed n` thrrdt` lhbh nhs `flnàds sd edkdf dbphtr`r df dn sudnh lhf ghrbmoüf. N` jmour`
Jmour`




\doñf dn pufth 5.; edn @fdxh M edn [d`n Edlrdth <5:/;300 1 Nhs bàstmnds ed `ftdf`s sd jma`ràf ` dndbdfths ed jàkrml` rdsmstdftds y `lldsmknds y `ndaèhs ed lgmbdfd`s u htrhs hkstàlunhs . \d edkd dvmt`r n` dxmstdflm` ed hkstàlunhs df n` hrmdft`lmüf ed n` `ftdf` qud puemdr`f hkst`lunmz`r n` rdldplmüf ed n` sdð`n tr`fsbmtme`.


Sàomf` 5< ed 47










\d prhlur`rà fh lhnhl`r n` `ftdf` df dn nèh ed l`nnds lhf bulgh tràjmlh, `fuflmhs nubmfhshs , dtl., qud shf lùs` ed mffubdr`knds mftdrjdrdflm`s .

N`s `ftdf`s tdrrdstrds y dndbdfths `fdxhs (shphrtds, `flnàds, rmhstr`s, dtl.) edkdràf sdr ed b`tdrm`nds rdsmstdftds ` n` lhrrhsmüf h tr`tèhs lhfvdfmdftdbdftd ` dsths djdlths. Nhs bàstmnds h tukhs qud smrv`f ed shphrtd ` n`s `ftdf`s y dndbdfths `fdxhs edkdràf dst`r emsdðèhs ed jhrb` qud sd mbpme`, h `n bdfhs sd emjmluntd, n` dftrè` ed òu` df dnnhs y, df theh l`sh, sd o`r`ftmld n` dv`lu`lmüf ed n` qud sd puemdr` rdlhodr. Nhs bàstmnds ed `ftdf` edkdràf dst`r lhfdltèhs ` n` thb` ed tmdrr` edn demjmlmh ` tr`vís edn l`bmfh bàs lhrth phsmknd , lhf l`knd ed, `n bdfhs, ;4 bb» ed ed sdllmüf .

N` ukml`lmüf ed nhs bàstmnds h thrrdt`s ed `ftdf` sdrà t`n qud g`y` uf` emst`flm` bâfmb` ed 4 bdtrhs `n `n hkstàlunh h bàstmn bàs prüxmbh .


Sàomf` 55 ed 47








N` ukml`lmüf ed nhs bàstmnds h thrrdt`s ed `ftdf` sdrà t`n qud n` emst`flm` bâfmb` ` n`s nâfd`s dníltrml`s sdrà ed 0,4 vdlds n` n` nhfomtue edn bàstmn .

N` sdp`r`lmüf bâfmb` dftrd n`s krme`s ed suadlmüf sdrà lhbh bâfmbh 0/7 ed n` nhfomtue edn bàstmn .

N` `ntur` bàxmb` edn bàstmn sdrà ed : bdtrhs. S`r` `ntur`s supdrmhrds sd utmnmz`ràf thrrdt`s. N`s `ftdf`s y dndbdfths edn smstdb` l`ptèhr ed sdð`nds shphrt`ràf n`s smoumdftds vdnhlmeèds ed vmdfth1 S`r` smstdb`s smtuèhs ` bdfhs ed ;3 b edn e dn sudnh 1 0<3 Ib/g. S`r` smstdb`s smtuèhs ` bàs ed ;3 b edn sudnh 1 043 Ib/g. h

h



Nhs l`knds ed lhfdxmüf sdràf edn tmph mftdbpdrmd h df su edjdlth edkdràf dst`r prhtdomehs èdluè`bdftd .


Sàomf` 54 ed 47


Dadbpnh1 Lhfsmedr`lmhfds ed n` ukml`lmüf ed n`s `ftdf`s.

<.5. Lànlunh edn bhbdfth jndlthr ed uf bàstmn Uhehs nhs smstdb`s ed l`pt`lmüf, sd`f tdrrdstrds h s`tínmtd, edkdf shphrt`r n` `llmüf edn vmdfth smf edjhrb`lmhfds sdoñf n` `ntur` ed su dbpn`z`bmdfth (ví`sd n` jmour` <7).

Jmour` <71 Bàstmn ehknèh phr b`n `rrmhstrèh, lhf vmdfths b`n emstrmkumehs. Dfl`rf`lmüf B`râf L`k`nndrh

Sàomf` 5: ed 47








\d emstmfoudf nhs smoumdftds p`ràbdtrhs (ví`sd n` jmour` <=)1 L`ro` edn vmdfth (P)1 ds n` judrz` qud `ltñ` shkrd dn bàstmn df dn pufth ed suadlmüf ed n` `ftdf` edkmeh edkmeh ` n` prdsmüf edn vmdfth shkrd n` bmsb`. \d dxprds` df F . Bhbdfth jndlthr df uf bàstmn (B)1 ds dn bhbdfth df dn dxtrdbh supdrmhr ed dbphtr`bmdfth h `flnàd (p`rde, (p`rde, vmdfths, dtl.), edkmeh ` n` judrz` ed the`s sus `ftdf`s y edn prhpmh bàstmn phr dn vmdfth. \d dxprds` df F¿b . Nhfomtue (N)1 ds n` emst`flm` edsed dn pufth ed `flnàd edn bàstmn ` n` `ftdf` . \d dxprds` df bdtrhs .

Jmour` <=1 L`ro` edn vmdfth shkrd n` `ftdf`. FHU@1 Nhs j`krml`ftds mfeml`f dn v`nhr ed n` l`ro` edn vmdfth p`r` lhfemlmhfds fhrb`nds ed vmdfth. Nhs v`nhrds tâpmlhs v`f edsed ed 03 F p`r` `ftdf`s pdqudð`s, lhbh phr dadbpnh n`s ed JB, g`st` v`nhrds supdrmhrds ` nhs 033 F p`r` n`s `ftdf`s p`r`künml`s . S`r` dv`nu`r dn bhbdfth jndlthr ` qud dstà shbdtmeh dn bàstmn, sd fdldsmt` lhfhldr n` l`ro` `n vmdfth (P) qud prdsdft`f n`s `ftdf`s. Dst` l`ro` edpdfedrà ed n` prdsmüf emfàbml` edn vmdfth (vdnhlmeè edn vmdfth) y ed n` supdrjmlmd ed n` `ftdf` , y` qud lu`fth b`yhr sd` dst` ñntmb`, b`yhr sdrà n` l`ro` qud prdsdft`rà n` `ftdf` `n vmdfth . FHU@1 N` b`yhrâ` ed j`krml`ftds prhphrlmhf`f dn v`nhr ed n` prdsmüf edn vmdfth p`r` ehs vdnhlmeèds edn vmdfth edtdrbmfè`s (0<3 Ib/g y 043 04 3 Ib/g) . Df n` smoumdftd t`kn` sd budstr` n` rdn`lmüf dftrd n` vdnhlmeè edn vmdfth y n` prdsmüf qud rd`nmz` . U`kn` 01 Srdsmüf edn vmdfth df juflmüf ed su vdnhlmeè.

Shr t`fth, uf bàstmn qud shphrtd uf` `ftdf` edkd phedr òu`ft`r uf bhbdfth jndlthr ed1 BBÀ\UMN 2 P ¿ N Dfl`rf`lmüf B`râf L`k`nndrh

Sàomf` 5? ed 47


Df n` jmour` 53 sd smbpnmjml` dn prhldsh ed lànlunh `n qud sd vd shbdtmeh dn bàstmn qud shphrt` uf` `ftdf`.

Jmour` 531 Bhbdfth jndlthr ed uf bàstmn qud shphrt` uf` `ftdf`. \m dn bàstmn shphrt` v`rm`s `ftdf`s, dn bhbdfth jndlthr ed the`s dst`s `ftdf`s sdrà ed1 BU 2 2 B0 + B; + ... + B F Df n` jmour` 50 sd smbpnmjml` dn prhldsh ed lànlunh `n qud sd vd shbdtmeh dn bàstmn. Dstd bhbdfth jndlthr edkd sdr mfjdrmhr `n bhbdfth jndlthr submfmstrèh phr dn j`krml`ftd edn bàstmn . Df dn l`sh ed qud dn bhbdfth jndlthr sd` supdrmhr, sdrà fdlds`rmh dslhodr htrh bàstmn h utmnmz`r tmr`ftds p`r` emsbmfumr dn pufth ed `flnàd edn bàstmn y, phr t`fth, dn bhbdfth jndlthr ` qud sd shbdtd dn bàstmn .

Jmour` 501 Bhbdfth jndlthr ed uf bàstmn qud shphrt` v`rm`s `ftdf`s. Dfl`rf`lmüf B`râf L`k`nndrh

Sàomf` 57 ed 47


FHU@1 Dn bhbdfth jndlthr ds n` l`r`ltdrâstml` qud prhphrlmhf` dn j`krml`ftd p`r` edtdrbmf`r

n` l`ro` bdlàfml` bàxmb` qud puded suphrt`r uf bàstmn smf ehkn`rsd ` lùs` edn vmdfth .

\m dn bàstmn h thrrd dstà suadth lhf vmdfths, n` `ntur` ` lhfsmedr`r sd thb` edsed dn pufth ed nhs vmdfths (ví`sd n` jmour` 5;). Dsth g`ld qud sd rdeuzl` n` emst`flm` ` n`s `ftdf`s y, phr t`fth, emsbmfuy` dn bhbdfth jndlthr qud sujrd dn bàstmn .

Jmour` 5;1 L`ro` edn vmdfth shkrd `ftdf` lhf vmdfths. Dadbpnh 01 L`nlun` dn bhbdfth jndlthr rdsunt`ftd `n qud dstà shbdtmeh dn bàstmn.

N`s l`ro`s ed vmdfth p`r` lè` `ftdf` shf1 shf1 P 0 2 0: F, P ; 2 ;7 F y P < 2 ?: F. Zdrmjml` sm dn bàstmn lhf rdjdrdflm` <303 (Udndvís) ds meüfdh p`r` dstd bhftàd.


Sàomf` 5= ed 47


Dn bhbdfth ed lè` `ftdf` ds1 B0 2 P0 ¿ N0 2 0: ¿ (3,4 + 0 + 0) 2 0: ¿ ;,4 2 53 F¿b B; 2 P; ¿ N; 2 ;7 ¿ (3,4 + 0) 2 ;7 ¿ 0,4 2 5; F¿b B< 2 P< ¿ N< 2 ?: ¿ 3,4 2 <7 F¿b Shr t`fth, dn bhbdfth jndlthr rdsunt`ftd (B U) ds n` sub` ed nhs bhbdfths ed lè` `ftdf` , smdfeh ed1 BU 2 2 B0 + B; + B< 2 53 + 5; + <7 2 0;3 F¿b \hnulmüf1 Lhbh dn bàstmn ed rdjdrdflm` <303 tmdfd uf bhbdfth jndlthr ed <44 F¿b, supdrmhr `n l`nlunèh (0;3 F¿b), sd puded utmnmz`r. Df dn l`sh ed qud dn bàstmn tdfo` uf v`nhr mfjdrmhr `n l`nlunèh, n` shnulmüf ds l`bkm`r dn bàstmn h emsbmfumr n` emst`flm` `n dxtrdbh supdrmhr ed `flnàd, phr dadbpnh lhf vmdfths, y` qud n`s emst`flm`s ` n`s `ftdf`s lhbdfz`râ`f ` lhft`r edsed dn pufth ehfed sd dfo`flg`f nhs l`knds ed nhs vmdfths `n bàstmn. 



Dn bhbdfth jndlthr edn prhpmh bàstmn (B b) nh puded mflnumr dn j`krml`ftd df dn v`nhr qud fhs prhphrlmhf` df dn l`tànhoh, sm dsth fh judr` `sâ h sm dxldemdr` ed sus bdeme`s g`krâ` qud l`nlun`rnh. S`r` dn lànlunh, sd puded utmnmz`r n` smoumdftd dxprdsmüf1 B b

E g 



;



L x S v 

;

Ehfed1 E1 emàbdtrh emàbdtrh edn bàstmn df bdtrhs . g1 nhfomtue nhfomtue edn bàstmn edsed dn `flnàd supdrmhr sup drmhr df bdtrhs . L x lhdjmlmdftd `drhemfàbmlh ed nhs tukhs (ed 3,4 ` 0,;)9 df bàstmnds thb`bhs 3,::. x1 lhdjmlmdftd S v prdsmüf edn vmdfth df F/b ; , sdoñf dn pufth 5.;.0 edn @fdxh M edn [d`n Edlrdth <5:/;300 1 v1 prdsmüf S`r` `ntur`s ed bdfhs ed ;3 b h vdnhlmeè vdnhlme è edn vmdfth ed 0<3 Ib/g, S v 2 733 F/b ;. S`r` `ntur`s ed bàs ed ;3 b h vdnhlmeè edn e dn vmdfth ed 043 Ib/g, S v 2 0.373 F/b;. 



Shr t`fth, dn bhbdfth jndlthr tht`n (B U) ds dn bhbdfth ed n`s `ftdf`s bàs dn edn prhpmh bàstmn . BU 2 2 BBÀ\UMN + Bb


Sàomf` 43 ed 47


Dadbpnh ;1 L`nlun` dn bhbdfth jndlthr tdfmdfeh df ludft` qud n`s `ftdf`s dstàf ` bdfhs ed ;3

bdtrhs ed `ntur` y y qud g`y qud `ðèmr dn bhbdfth jndlthr edn prhpmh bàstmn.

N`s l`ro`s ed vmdfth p`r` lè` `ftdf` shf1 shf1 P 0 2 45 F, P ; 2 <: F y P < 2 ;? F. Lhbprudk` sm ds vànmeh dn bàstmn ed rdjdrdflm` <303 (Udndvís) edn dadbpnh 0. Dn bhbdfth ed lè` `ftdf` ds1 B0 2 P0 ¿ N0 2 45 ¿ (3,4 + 0 + 0) 245 ¿ ;,4 2 0<4 F¿b B; 2 P; ¿ N; 2 <: ¿ (3,4 + 0) 2 <: ¿ 0,4 2 45 F¿b B< 2 P< ¿ N< 2 ;? ¿ 3,4 2 0<,4 F¿b Shr t`fth, dn bhbdfth jndlthr rdsunt`ftd (B U) ds n` sub` ed nhs bhbdfths ed lè` `ftdf` , smdfeh ed1 BU 2 2 B0 + B; + B< 2 0<4 + 45 + 0<,4 2 ;3;,4 F¿b S`r` l`nlun`r dn bhbdfth edn bàstmn (B b), utmnmz`bhs n` jürbun`1 B b

E g 



;



L x S v 

;

Dn emàbdtrh edn tukh p`r` p`r` n` rdjdrdflm` <303 ds ed 54 bb, n` `ntur` edsed dn `flnàd ds ds ed ;,4 ; b, n` prdsmüf edn vmdfth ` bdfhs ed ;3 b edn sudnh ds 733 F/b y dn lhdjmlmdftd `drhemfàbmlh df bàstmnds ds ds ed 3,::, dn bhbdfth edn bàstmn sdrà1 B b

3,354 ;,4 



;



;

3,:: 733 



?5,;4 F b 

Shr t`fth, dn bhbdfth jndlthr tht`n (B U) ds dn bhbdfth ed n`s `ftdf`s bàs dn edn prhpmh bàstmn y ds dn smoumdftd1 BU 2 2 BBÀ\UMN + Bb 2 ;3;,4 + ?5,;4 2 ;?:,:4 F¿b \hnulmüf1 Dn bàstmn ed rdjdrdflm` <303 tmdfd uf bhbdfth jndlthr ed <44 F¿b, supdrmhr `n l`nlunèh (;?:,?4 F¿b), nudoh smoud smdfeh `ldpt`knd.


Sàomf` 40 ed 47


Dadbpnh <1 N` mfst`n`lmüf edn smstdb` l`ptèhr ed uf` MLU sd rd`nmz` shkrd uf bàstmn ed

nhfomtue < b. N` `ntur` edn bàstmn shkrd dn sudnh ds b`yhr ed ;3 b, `n sdr uf demjmlmh ed bulg`s pn`ft`s. Shr t`fth, sdoñf n` fhrb`tmv` edkdbhs dv`nu`r dn bhbdfth jndlthr edn bàstmn p`r` uf` vdnhlmeè edn vmdfth ed 043 Ib/g, smdfeh n` prdsmüf edn vmdfth p`r` dst` vdnhlmeè ed 0.033 F/b ;, e`th qud sdrvmrà p`r` lhbprhk`r n` l`ro` `n vmdfth ed n`s `ftdf`s utmnmzè`s df dn l`tànhoh edn j`krml`ftd. Dn j`krml`ftd prhphrlmhf` n`s l`r`ltdrâstml`s ed n`s `ftdf`s df n` t`kn` ; y ed nhs bàstmnds df n` t`kn` <. Dn bàstmn edkd sdr l`p`z ed shphrt`r n` l`ro` ed n`s `ftdf`s. U`kn` ;1 E`ths ed n` l`ro` `n vmdfth submfmstrèhs phr dn j`krml`ftd.

U`kn` <1 L`r`ltdrâstml`s tílfml`s ed nhs bàstmnds.

N` mfst`n`lmüf prhpudst` ds n` smoumdftd1

Ed n` t`kn` ; hktdfdbhs n` l`ro` `n vmdfth ed lè` uf` ed n`s `ftdf`s 1 P0 2 0:4 F P; 2 :3 F P< 2
Sàomf` 4; ed 47


Dn bhbdfth ed lè` `ftdf` ds1 B0 2 P0 ¿ N0 2 0:4 ¿ (3,4 + 0 + 0) 2 0:4 ¿ ;,4 2 50;,4 F¿b B; 2 P; ¿ N; 2 :3 ¿ (3,4 + 0) 2 :3 ¿ 0,4 2 =3 F¿b B< 2 P< ¿ N< 2




G`y ehs lrmtdrmhs ` n` ghr` ed emstrmkumr n`s `ftdf`s df dn bàstmn 1 Bdahr bhbdfth jndlthr (`). \d lhnhl`f n`s `ftdf`s lhf b`yhr dxphsmlmüf `n vmdfth df n` p`rtd mfjdrmhr. Bdahr l`nmeè df n` rdldplmüf ed n` sdð`n (k). \d lhnhl` n` `ftdf` qud mftdrdsd qud tdfo` n` bdahr l`nmeè ed rdldplmüf df n` p`rtd supdrmhr (odfdr`nbdftd, n` ed UZ - TGJ). \udnd prdv`ndldr ístd.


Sàomf` 4< ed 47


<.4. Medftmjml`lmüf shkrd pn`fhs y dsqudb`s


Sàomf` 45 ed 47


5. @E@SU@LMÜF ED [UZ Dn smstdb` ed tr`t`bmdfth ed n` sdð`n h dqumph ed l`kdldr` ds dn lhfaufth ed emsphsmtmvhs qud sd dfl`ro`f ed rdlmkmr n`s sdð`nds qud prhvmdfdf ed nhs emjdrdftds lhfaufths l`ptèhrds ed sdð`nds ed rèmhemjusmüf shfhr` y tdndvmsmüf y èdlu`rn`s p`r` su emstrmkulmüf `n usu`rmh df n`s lhfemlmhfds ed l`nmeè y l`ftmeè edsdè`s .

U`bkmíf sd dfl`ro` ed dftrdo`r dn lhfaufth ed sdð`nds ` n` rde ed emstrmkulmüf . Dn dqumph ed l`kdldr` sd smtñ` nh bàs ldrl` phsmknd edn smstdb` l`ptèhr df dn mftdrmhr edn demjmlmh.


Sàomf` 44 ed 47


4. EM\U[MKTLMÜF ED [UZ Dn smstdb` ed emstrmkulmüf ed n` sdð`n h n` rde ds dn lhfaufth ed dndbdfths fdlds`rmhs p`r` `sdour`r n` emstrmkulmüf ed n`s sdð`nds edsed dn dqumph ed l`kdldr` g`st` n`s thb`s ed usu`rmh . Dst` rde sd dstrultur` df trds tr`bhs1 [de ed emstrmkulmüf. [de ed emspdrsmüf. [de mftdrmhr ed usu`rmh. 





N` rde sd emstrmkuyd phr theh dn demjmlmh . N`s mfst`n`lmhfds lhndltmv`s ed UZ df demjmlmhs ed fudv` lhfstrullmüf df n` `ltu`nmeè sd rmodf phr n` fhrb`tmv` MLU (Mfjr`dstrultur` lhbñf ed tdndlhbufml`lmhfds) y df dnn`s sd edkd emstrmkumr ed b`fdr` hknmo`thrm` nhs sdrvmlmhs ed rèmhemjusmüf shfhr` `f`nüoml` (JB) y emomt`n (E@K) y ed UZ tdrrdstrd emomt`n, smdfeh hplmhf`n, ùfqud rdlhbdfe`knd, n` emstrmkulmüf edn sdrvmlmh ed rèmhemjusmüf s`tínmtd .

FHU@1 Df uf` mfst`n`lmüf lhfvdflmhf`n ehfed fh dxmstd n` mfst`n`lmüf ed uf` mfjr`dstrultur` lhbñf ed tdndlhbufml`lmhfds (MLU), ` the` n` rde n` n` edfhbmf`rdbhs odfírml`bdftd rde ed emstrmkulmüf,

y` qud q ud ds n` dfl`roè` ed e d emstrmkumr n` sdð`n ` thehs theh s nhs usu`rmhs. Df uf` MLU n` rde r de sd emvmed df trds tr`bhs1 rde ed emstrmkulmüf, rde ed emspdrsmüf y rde mftdrmhr ed usu`rmh.


Sàomf` 4: ed 47


:. ZDFU@F@ S[MFLMS@N EDN S[HO[@B@ L@\U :3


Sàomf` 4? ed 47


?. D\PTDB@ ED N@ MF\U@N@LMÜF ED\ED DN S@T


Sàomf` 47 ed 47

Tema 5. Sistemas de captación, adaptación y distribución de señales de RTV

Recommend Documents