CENTRO DE PROMOCION Y DESARROLLO RURAL CEPRODER - APURIMAC
PROYECTO: “Qipa Kausayninchikta Allinchaspa - Mejorando nuestro futuro”
TECNOLOGÍAS MÁS EFECTIVAS PARA EL MANEJO APÍCOLA EN APURIMAC (Informe Final)
Apurimac, abril de 2013
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CENTRO DE PROMOCION DE DESARROLLO RURAL Apurimac
Jorge Corcuera Luján Luján Director Ejecutivo Av. Condebamba N° 242 Villa Gloria Abancay Telefax: (083) 321875
[email protected]
EQUIPO CONSULTOR Hugo Rojas Senisse Responsable de la Consultoría Juan Orco Díaz Responsable de trabajo de campo
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CONTENIDO
AGRADECIMIENTO PRESENTACIÓN I.
INTRODUCCIÓN
II.
GENERALIDADES 1. 2. 3. 4.
III.
EL PROCESO TECNOLÓGICO DE LA APICULTURA EN APURIMAC: ENTRE LA CRIANZA TRADICIONAL Y LAS EXIGENCIAS DEL MERCADO 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
IV.
El contexto La demanda La oferta
NUEVAS TECNOLOGÍAS Y SABERES TRADICIONALES A RECUPERAR 1. 2.
VI.
Sistemas de vida de la abeja Tipos de abejas Tipos de crianzas El apiario y equipo apícola Alimentación y nutrición Sanidad Cosecha de productos
EL MERCADO REGIONAL APICOLA 1. 2. 3.
V.
Origen de la apicultura El rol del apicultor Importancia de la apicultura Dimensión y perspectivas de la apicultura
Las tecnologías apícola más aceptadas y adaptadas Saberes a recuperar
CUADRO COMPARATIVO PROPUESTAS
DE
VENTAJAS
DE
LAS
TECNOLOGÍAS
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AGRADECIMIENTOS
El presente documento es resultado de un trabajo colectivo y, por consiguiente, cabe agradecer a CEPRODER APURIMAC por la confianza de encargarnos tan importante labor, y a todas los criadores de cuyes, técnicos y especialistas de Abancay, y al equipo técnico de CEPRODER, que, no obstante su recargada labor, nos ofrecieron su tiempo y conocimientos que ha permitido hacer posible la culminación del presente estudio. Mi reconocimiento a Juan Orco Díaz, miembro del equipo consultor, que aportó conocimientos y esfuerzos en el campo, a lo largo del trabajo realizado.
Hugo Rojas Senisse
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PRESENTACIÓN El presente documento contiene el Informe preliminar del estudio sobre Tecnologías más efectivas para el manejo de las abejas en Apurímac”, elaborado en el marco del proyecto “Qipa Kausayninchikta Allinchaspa - Mejorando nuestro futuro”, que
ejecuta el Centro de promoción y Desarrollo Rural (CEPRODER) en consorcio con la Asociación Tarpurisunchis y COPYME y el apoyo de Madre Coraje, ONG española. Para ello se han realizado visitas de campo a los lugares de producción, entrevistas a profundidad a apicultores de diverso nivel en Abancay y se ha llevado a cabo un Encuentro Tecnológico, que permitió la asistencia de apicultores y especialistas de la región. Las visitas de campo permitieron ver in situ los apiarios y las tecnologías que se aplican, así como sus resultados. resultados. Con las entrevistas se ha logrado obtener obtener información información directa desde la percepción e interés de los actores productivos, y el evento sirvió como espacio para el intercambio de experiencias y conocimientos en el manejo tecnificado de las abejas en la región. Con el conjunto de información obtenida, seleccionada y analizada se ha elaborado el presente documento y su exposición ha sido ha sido organizado de la siguiente manera: luego de la Presentación del documento, el Capítulo I presenta la Introducción al tema central del documento; el Capítulo II hace referencia a los aspectos generales de la apicultura, especificando sus orígenes, el rol del apicultor, su importancia y sus perspectivas; mientras que el Capítulo III expone el proceso tecnológico aplicado, en el marco del tránsito de la explotación tradicional de las abejas a la apicultura moderna. Más adelante, el Capítulo IV ofrece una reseña sintetizada del mercado regional de la miel, centrado en la ciudad de Abancay; el Capítulo V se señalan las tecnologías más adaptadas y aceptadas en la regional
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I.
INTRODUCCIÓN
La vida e importancia de las abejas está íntimamente vinculada con las diversas culturas del mundo, desde el más remeto pasado hasta el presente, acompañando con el más antiguo edulcorante o endulzante, cuando aún no se conocía otro, como el azúcar de caña y la remolacha. Diversas culturas utilizaron y colocaron a la miel, el principal producto de la colmena de abejas, como un elemento alimenticio, medicinal y ritual: desde el antiguo Egipto, hasta la cultura maya se han registrado diversas imágenes de la importancia de las abejas en cada una de las culturas. El hombre, con los escasos conocimientos, supo agenciarse para obtener la rica miel y usarla de diversas maneras; aunque nunca pudo domesticarla, pudo acceder a la miel, y en ese afán fue inventando técnicas y acumulando conocimientos sobre la abeja y los productos de la colmena original, una rama, un tronco hueco, que modelos que fueron moldeando diversas formas para atraer y atrapar a las colonias silvestres y usar sus aportes como alimento y elemento ceremonial. Los especialistas afirman que, en realidad la apicultura moderna se inicia con Jan Dzierzon (1811) nacido en Lowkowice, cerca de Kluczbork, en el Reino de Prusia, quién estudio la vida social de las abejas melíferas y construyó varias colmenas experimentales. En 1840, inventó una colmena de marcos o cuadros móviles que permitió la manipulación de panales de miel individuales sin destruir la estructura de los panales de las colmenas. Su colmena ganó popularidad rápidamente en Europa Central. Otro de llos que marcó el derrotero de la apicultura moderna fue Lorenzo Lorraine Langstroth (1810), (1810), apicultor estadounidense, nacido en Filadelfia, Pensilvania, fue quien introdujo el concepto de la apicultura moderna. Inventó la colmena de cuadro móvil (1852), difundido mundialmente precisamente bajo el nombre de Colmena Langstroth. Los tiempos y la difusión de la apicultura moderna han llegado a todos los países, entre ellos al Perú, aprovechando las ventajas de sus variados climas y pisos ecológicos hasta por encima de los 3,200 msnm1, extendiéndose en costa sierra y selva, proveyendo miel, polen, propóleos, cera, entre otros derivados y productos procesados que hoy se venden en los mercados mercados local, regionales regionales y nacional, y también apuntando apuntando a la exportación, donde China lidera los países productores de miel en el mundo seguido de Estados Unidos de Norteamérica, argentina, México entre otros.
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pioneros e impulsores de un proceso que ya lleva un poco más de treinta años, con el apoyo de instituciones públicas y privadas. Los hijos de apicultores tradicionales, que accedían a la miel mediante métodos antiguos y se animaron atrapar las colonias silvestres, se han convertido en verdaderos animadores del proceso. Han logrado avanzar de las colmenas y su manejo rústico al uso e incorporación de nuevas tecnologías que ha permitido que Apurimac esté presente en el concierto nacional de recolectores de miel y elaboración de otros productos. Algunos afirman que son más de cuatro mil apicultores, en un territorio de rica vegetación agrícola y natural, y más de quince mil colmenas instaladas, que progresivamente han ido replicando enseñanzas con especialistas nacionales y extranjeros, y asimilando nuevas tecnologías para elevar la producción y productividad de los productos de la colmena, para aprovechar el mercado regional que aún no ha sido cubierto por la oferta local. Sin embargo, no es un proceso sencillo y fácil. Los apicultores enfrentan dificultades económicas para invertir en mejoras, la presencia de enfermedades que diezman sus colonias, un sistema de comercialización desfavorable y la diversidad de actividades complementarias que limita un mayor ingreso a la actividad apícola. No obstante estas dificultades, la existencia de un extenso territorio y rico en diversidad natural y un mercado que crece, presenta buenas perspectivas a la apicultura regional como proveedora de elementos nutricionales, medicinales e ingresos familiares.
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II.
GENERALIDADES
1. Origen de la apicultura La apicultura es una rama de la zootecnia que se dedica a la crianza de las abejas2 y a prestarles los cuidados necesarios con el objeto de obtener productos mediante la explotación artesanal o industrial. Además de la miel, producto principal, con la apicultura se obtiene el polen, la cera, la jalea real, el propóleos y veneno de abejas, y se pueden lograr ingresos por la venta de núcleos, colmenas, reinas y el alquiler de colmenas para polinización. Esta, como muchas actividades humanas, no es reciente sino que hunden sus raíces en la historia, desde épocas remotas. En efecto, se ha encontrado pinturas rupestres con escenas de recolección de miel en el mesolítico, entre los siete y ocho mil años de antigüedad, en el mesolítico, entre los diez y cinco mil años A.C., y en el neolítico, cuando aprende el poblador a controlar las abejas y los enjambres. Otros datos históricos, como los encontrados en los papiros de 2400 años A.C, corresponden al período predinástico de Egipto, que muestran prácticas apícolas, como el traslado de colmenas en embarcaciones a lo largo del río Nilo. También se encuentra en la antigua Grecia, en el Asía Menor, en Roma, donde se han encontrado vestigios del conocimiento de las abejas y de la explotación racional de la miel y la cera. Más adelante, la apicultura alcanzó su apogeo cuando la miel era el único elemento conocido para endulzar endulzar los alimentos. Sin embargo, embargo, el descubrimiento descubrimiento de América (1492) y la plantación de caña de azúcar en varias de sus regiones tropicales, hicieron decrecer sensiblemente la importancia de la apicultura, pero sin interrumpir su práctica.
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La abeja reina o madre
La abeja reina tiene como función poner huevos para asegurar la continuidad y supervivencia de la sociedad. Su misión es es ovopositar de 2,000 a 3,000 huevos al día, cuya producción disminuye con la edad. Es creación de las obreras y vive de tres a cuatro años. Es de tamaño mayor que la abeja obrera, tiene abdomen más alargado y alas más cortas. Segrega una feromona que controla y mantiene unidos a todos los habitantes de la colmena. Tiene aguijón sólo para pelear con otras reinas, y cuando es muy vieja aparecen en la colmena más crías de zánganos de lo normal. Una vez que eclosiona el huevo, la larva es alimentada con jalea real que prepara las abejas obreras. obreras. La reina se desarrolla en un periodo de dieciséis días, que es cuando alcanza la adultez: después de tres días la larva sale del huevo, y durante cinco días y medio de vida y permanece en su celdilla abierta, luego se convierte en ninfa por siete días y medio de vida en una celdilla operculada por las abejas obreras. Al alcanzar el estado adulto, la reina destruirá las larvas del resto de
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alimentan a las larvas y las mantienen calientes, a partir de los 10 días de vida acompañan a la reina y ventilan la colmena con sus alas, segregan cera, hacen la miel y construyen las celdas reales. Cuando cuentan con una edad de 19 a 20 días, vigilan la colmena para que no entren otros insectos y a partir de los 21 días salen al campo en busca de polen, néctar y resinas. El polen es depositado en una especie de canastillas a los lados de las patas traseras y el néctar en un buche previo al intestino. Con las resinas de los árboles elaboran el propóleo. Las abejas obreras que nacen en primavera viven unas 7 u 8 semanas y las que nacen en otoño, unos 5 ó 7 meses porque pasan el invierno en la colmena siendo relevadas en primavera.
Los zánganos
Los zánganos nacen de un huevo sin fecundar puesto por la reina ( partenogénesis) y reciben jalea real durante tres días después pan de abeja como las obreras. Tienen como función fecundar a la abeja reina y dar calor a la cría, aunque están muchas horas en el campo y son las obreras las que mantiene la humedad y temperatura adecuados. Viven solo en primavera y verano, no tienen aguijón por lo que no colaboran en la defensa de la colmena y no recolectan néctar ni elaboran miel. En las colonias desorganizadas algunas obreras activan sus atrofiados ovarios y depositan varios huevos en cada celdilla de donde nacerán zánganos de menor tamaño que sus hermanos. El zángano requiere 24 días para alcanzar el estado de adulto, pasando por tres fases: huevo (3 días), larva (5 días y medio) y ninfa (15 días y medio). .
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Foto 1: apicultores con sus respectivos trajes
Para la práctica de la apicultura, el apicultor necesita de una serie de elementos y herramientas. Entre ellas, la colmena como el elemento principal, que es la casa donde se aloja la colonia de abejas, que puede provenir de un enjambre natural, de una colonia o colmena rústica, o tal vez de un núcleo o paquete de abejas que se compra a otro apicultor. No existe un solo tipo de colmena, sino varios, las cuales difieren principalmente en sus medidas de ancho, largo y alto. Las más utilizadas son las Langstroth y la Jumbo y constan de un piso, alzas, cuadros y techo. Otros elementos necesarios que necesita el apicultor para realizar su práctica son los siguientes:
Ahumador Pinza o palanca para manejo de cuadros Cepillo para desabejar
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Posteriormente, con el desarrollo de nuevas técnicas de conservación, manipulación y mecanismos para su recolección se recolecta polen polen,, propóleo ropóleo,, jalea real y veneno de abejas (apitoxina apitoxina)), y a partir de la miel se produce crema facial, champú, acondicionador para el cabello y poli miel.
Vemos brevemente cada uno de estos productos que se obtienen de la c olmena:
La miel
Es un alimento pre digerido elaborado por las abejas a partir del néc tar que recogen de las flores y lo almacenan en su primer estómago, a donde es parcialmente digerido y convertido en miel. La miel es una fuente alimenticia para la abeja y es almacenado en la colmena para los meses de escasez invernal. El metabolismo de la miel por la abeja produce calor, lo cual mantiene la temperatura de la colmena en 17-34 grados. La colonia necesita aproximadamente 200 libras de miel anuales para sobrevivir. Es utilizada por los humanos como alimento, medicina y en cosméticos y artículos de tocador. Aunque en su contenido la miel varía según las flores de las que procede, está compuesta por tres valores esenciales: hidratos de carbono, agua y cenizas
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El Polen
Es el elemento masculino de la flor. Aunque no es elaborado por las abejas, el polen es de suma importancia para el crecimiento y la reproducción de la colonia, ya que gracias a él las abejas obtienen los elementos necesarios para formar los músculos, órganos vitales, alas, pelos y reponer reponer los tejidos desgastados. desgastados. Una colonia necesita aproximadamente 60 libras de polen al año para sobrevivir. La recolección de polen requiere la instalación de trampillas especiales en la colmena. Estas trampillas se lo arrancan y su abertura es la justa para dejar pasar pasar a la abeja a través de ellas. El polen contiene agua, aminoácidos, proteínas, lípidos, carbohidratos, minerales, vitaminas, enzimas y otros micronutrientes. La composición depende de la especie pero generalmente, además de numerosas vitaminas y aminoácidos, tiene los siguientes valores nutritivos: proteína 16-30%; almidón 1-7%; azúcares azúcares 0-15% y lípidos 3-10%. El polen se emplea como suplemento dietético.
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Foto 4: cera estampada
Propóleos
Es una sustancia resinosa que las abejas recogen de los árboles. Lo usan para rellenar agujeros, barnizar y reforzar la colmena. También lo emplean como antibiótico natural, agente antiviral y anti hongos. Los humanos lo recogen en moldes especiales y lo emplean en medicina y suplemento dietético. A veces se le conoce como 'cola de abeja'.
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Foto 6: muestra de jalea real refrigerado
Veneno
Para la obtención del veneno de la abeja, se requiere la instalación de una membrana cargada eléctricamente delante de la colmena, de modo que cuando las abejas chocan con ella reciben una descarga eléctrica y pican la membrana, depositando el veneno. El
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4. Dimensión y perspectiva de la apicultura La apicultura en el Perú, se presenta como una actividad complementaria en el mundo rural, de la que se obtiene, principalmente, la miel como producto alimenticio y medicinal, ingresos económicos y un impacto benéfico al medio ambiente por su acción polinizadora. Al igual que en otras latitudes, fue una actividad practicada en el Perú antiguo. Las abejas silvestres sin aguijón, propias del continente americano, y otras especies de abejas nativas tuvieron un espacio sagrado y ceremonial en algunas de las culturas precolombinas, donde la miel recolectada era usada en ceremonias con un valor religioso y medicinal. Aunque no aparecen datos relevantes de la época colonial y la república, excepto la instalación de colonias en conventos y monasterios que congregaban sacerdotes europeos que traían junto al cristianismo, costumbres y rasgos culturales de occidente, la trascendencia de la apicultura y la representatividad local de los apicultores aparece mucho después, en el siglo XX, cuando hacia los años cincuenta, apicultores de origen extranjero4 instalan colmenas en zonas vírgenes para la apicultura comercial. No fue una actividad inmediatamente seguida por pobladores peruanos, sino hasta los años cincuenta y sesenta, al conocer el valor nutricional y medicinal de la miel y otros derivados de la colmena, y empiezan a tener importancia en los mercados locales y la demanda no era satisfecha por la producción local.
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secos del norte y del sur del país, que representan un gran potencial en recursos naturales y se puede aprovechar para la explotación apícola y cubrir la demanda insatisfecha del mercado nacional. Esta potencialidad no se aprovecha en gran parte por la persistencia de características que frenan esa perspectiva mayor. Así, tenemos una apicultura que se caracteriza por ser una actividad incipiente, con una producción que no satisface la demanda interna, ya que el sistema de producción es inadecuado a tal punto que de las diez mil colmenas estimadas, más del 50% son rústicas y su índice de producción media por colmena colmena es de 10 Kg/año. El 95% de los apicultores sólo producen miel y hay casi un desconocimiento de la explotación de los otros productos productos de la colmena, como la cera, el polen, el propóleo propóleo y la jalea real. No existe un sistema de apoyo en sanidad, asistencia técnica, capacitación ni
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III.
EL PROCESO TECNOLÓGICO DE LA APICULTURA EN APURIMAC: ENTRE LA CRIANZA FAMILIAR Y LAS EXIGENCIAS DEL MERCADO
El interés del hombre sobre las abejas comenzó con la caza y el robo de las colonias de abejas silvestres que se encontraban en huecos de troncos o en hendiduras de las piedras. La miel era la única sustancia para endulzar la comida, hasta el desarrollo del proceso de refinamiento del azúcar en el siglo XIX. La miel tenía valor como alimento y por sus usos en la medicina popular. Desde entonces se ha observado y estudiado la abeja con fines de aumentar la producción de la miel y facilitar su cosecha; también ha interesado sus hábitos sociales, proponiendo
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1. Sistemas de vida de las abejas
La vida silvestre de las abejas
Las abejas con frecuencia hacen sus nidos en alguna grieta, en un árbol o un tronco, muchas veces fuera del alcance de la persona que quiere cosechar la miel. Por ello, necesariamente tiene que destruir el panal. La miel que se obtiene se usa para productos caseros o para vender en mercados locales. Así, ha sucedido en la región hasta antes de los años ochenta, cuando los recolectores de miel, obtenían el producto de modo empírico7. La incorporación de la apicultura apicultura moderna ha reducido esta actividad tradicional, pero sin eliminarla totalmente, aunque actualmente se orientan a conseguir el núcleo para instalarlo en la colmena moderna.
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2. Tipos de abeja Existen diferentes tipos de abejas. La mayoría son solitarias, pero algunas son sociales y viven juntas en colonias con una división de labores entre los miembros de la familia.
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popular para la apicultura es su habilidad de sobrevivir bajo condiciones variadas. Otra característica es que es fácil de encontrar, porque aparece naturalmente en las poblaciones nativas, o por haber sido introducida a tales poblaciones históricamente. En Apurímac, las abejas son domésticas, son las europeas y, por consiguiente, en
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El apiario
Un apiario, conocido como colmenar, es el grupo de colmenas dispuesto en un determinado terreno por un apicultor. Los apicultores de Apurimac, ubican el apiario
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regla práctica recomendada es no tener más de 25/40 colmenas en un asentamiento permanente, pero pero mediante la trashumancia, trashumancia, los apicultores pueden colocar un número mayor de colmenas, temporalmente, en un mismo lugar con buenos recursos de néctar. En este sentido, en general, en la región, la vegetación y el agua es
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limpiadoras a arrojar partículas extrañas fuera de la colonia. La colonia se aísla del suelo, a unos cuarenta cuarenta centímetros de altura, para evitar la humedad y limpiar zonas de malas hierbas que favorecen la acción de posibles enemigos. La separación entre apiarios será entre 3 y 4 Km. y estarán agrupados en filas.
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El cambio de reina LA ALIMENTACION
¿De qué tipo de plantas o flores se alimenta las abejas en esta zona?
¿Utiliza alimentación artificial? ¿Qué tipo de alimento artificial utiliza? ¿Por qué? ¿Da buenos resultados?
¿Qué tipo de alimentadores utiliza?
LA SANIDAD
¿Cuáles son las plagas que atacan a sus abejas? ¿En qué época? ¿Cuáles son las enfermedades que atacan a la abeja? ¿En qué época?
¿Cómo enfrentan las plagas?
¿Cómo curan las enfermedades?
LOS PRODUCTOS OBTENIDOS
II.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. III.
¿Cómo cosecha la miel, el polen, la jalea real, la cera? ¿Cuál es la calidad de los productos que obtiene?
La demanda del mercado y la oferta productiva
¿A qué mercado vende su producción? ¿Qué cantidad y cada que tiempo? ¿Qué tipo de envase utiliza? ¿Qué tipo de transporte emplea? ¿Cuáles son las exigencias del mercado? Nuevas tecnologías y saberes tradicionales a recuperar
1. ¿Qué conocimientos tradicionales cree que deben ser rescatados y revalorados en el manejo técnico de abejas? IV.
Cuadro comparativo de ventajas de las tecnologías t ecnologías propuestas
1. ¿Qué ventajas le ofrece las nuevas tecnologías que emplea en la crianza de abejas?