1.0 OBJECTIVE
To provide and strenghten knowledge, skill, understanding in solid determination and enable to relate theories taught to the practices in laboratory. 2.0 LEARNI LEARNING NG OUTCO OUTCOME ME
1. App Apply ly knowl knowledg edgee in solid solid deter determi minat nation ion 2. Analyz Analyzee the laboratory laboratory result result and differe differentiat ntiatee between suspended suspended solid solid and dissolve dissolve solid. 3. denti dentify fy problems problems and and use their their generic generic skill skill to to solve probl problems. ems. !. "ev "evelo elop p their their abili ability ty to to work work in grou group p 3.0 THEORY
#olids refer to matter suspended or dissolved in water or w aste water. #olids #olids may affect water or effluent $uality adversely in a number of ways. %aters %aters with high dissolved solids generally are of inferior palatability and may induce a favorable physiological reaction in the transient consumer. #olids #olids analyses are important in the control of biological and physical wastewater treatment process and for assessing compliance with regulatory agency wastewater effluent limitations.
&enerally, 'total solids( is the term applied to the material residue left in the dishes after evaporation of a sample at 1)3*+ to 1)*+. Total Total solids include 'total suspended solids,( and 'total dissolved solids(. 'Total suspended solids( is the portion of total solids retained by filter, and 'total dissolved solids( is the portion of solids that passes through a filter of 2.) -m or smaller/ nominal pore size under unde r specified conditions. '0ied solids( is refer to the residue of total, suspended, or dissolved solids after heating to dryness for a specified time at a specified temperature ))*+ )* + for 1 minutes/.
The weight loss on ignition is called 'volatile solids(. "etermination of fied and volatile solids does not distinguish precisely between inorganic and organic matter because it includes losses due to decomposition deco mposition or volatilization of some mineral salts. '#ettle able solids( is the term applied to the material settling out of suspension within a d efined period. t may include floating material, depending on the techni$ue.
icrowave at
Settleable solids
Imhof cone
Filter paper
Samples
Fibre Fibre lass !lter ( " #$0µm)
103οC - 105οC)
Total Total solids (TS)
Dissolved Sol
icrowave at
icrowave at
103οC - 105οC)
1%0οC &#οC)
S'spended solids (SS)
Dissolved solids (DS)
'e *'rnace (at
'e *'rnace (at
500οC ± 50οC)
500οC ± 50οC)
,olatile s'spended solids (,SS)
Fi+ed s'spended solids (FSS)
,olatile dissolved solids (,DS)
Total Total volatile solids T,S ,SS . ,DS
Fi+ed dissolved solids (FDS)
Total Total !+ed solids TFS FSS . FDS
Total Total solids (TS)
FIGURE 1.0: TOTAL SOLID DETERMINATION
4.0 EQUIPMENTS EQUI PMENTS AND MATERIAL
1. 4vapora 4vaporating ting dishe dishes5 s5 "ishe "ishess of 1))m6
7. "ryin "rying g oven
capacity made of porcelain, platinum
8. Analytical balance
or high9silica glass.
:. agnetic stirrer
2. uf uffl flee furna furnace ce for for oper operati ating ng at )) o+ ) o+
;. &raduated cylinder
3.
#team #te am bat bath h
1). %i %id9b d9bore ore pip pippet pette te
!.
"esicc "es iccator ator
11.. 6ow 11 6ow9fo 9form rm beak beaker er
. .w .wat ater er sa sam mpl plee
4vaporating dishes
=ven
Analytical balance
clipper
vacuum
water sample
+lamp
0urnace
5.1 PROCED PROCEDURE URE 5.2 TOT TOTAL AL SOLID TEST TEST
1. 2 crucible was labeled A,> A,> and weighed. "ata was recorded. 2. ?sing a ) m6 graduated cylinder, m6 of sample water was carefully measured into each crucible. 3. ?sing gloves, the crucibles was placed into the oven and the water was allowed to evaporate at a temperature te mperature of 1:)*+ for 2) to 3) minutes. !. ?sing gloves, the crucibles was removed from the oven and placed in a dessicator to cool for 1 minutes. A dessicator dessicator will keep the samples from absorbing any water from the air that would increase their mass. . An analytical balance was used to measure the mass of each crucible with the solids now left behind. 7. The crucible was again placed into the oven for 3 minutes at same temperature to get constant weight or until the weight change is less than !@ of the previous weight or ). mg, whichever is less. 7. The difference in mass before and after is the mass of the total solids. +alculations was made to convert the change in mass to mg6 total solids.
5.3 TOT TOTAL AL SUSPENDE SUSPENDED D SOLIDSS! SOLIDSS!
1. The 2 crucible was labeled and weighed. The data was recorded. 2. A forceps was used to lift a filter paper and it was p ut in both crucibles. t was again weighed and the data was recorded. 3. The sample was analyzed.
!. The filtering apparatus was assembled as shown above. . The water sample was first measured ml using beaker. Bet, the sample was poured into the filtering apparatus to pass through the filter paper. The pump was used to make the filtering process faster. "istilled water was poured around the filter holder to to make sure all the water sample had passed through filter paper. 7. The filter paper was carefully removed from the filtration apparatus using forceps and was transferred to the crucible again. 8. The filter paper was dried in the oven for 2) to 3) minutes at 1:)*+ 1: )*+ in the oven. t was left cool in the dessicator for 1) minutes. After that, the filter filter paper was weighed together with the crucible and the data was recorded. :. The filter paper was again put into the oven for 3 minutes. t was weighed until a constant weight is obtained or until the weight change is less than !@ of the previous weight or ). mg, whichever is less.
".0 RESULTS AND CALCULATION BENCH SHEET
7.1 ?nfiltered ?nfiltered #ample "ATA "ATA 0=C T=TA6 #=6" T4#T T#/ Sample A
Sample B
5
5
1
Volume of sample (ml)
2
Weight of evaporating dish (g)
25.32
24.!
3
Weight of evaporating dish " sample
3#.25
2$.5!
4
Weight of sample (g)
4.$3
4.$#
5
Weigh Weightt of evapo evaporat rating ing dish dish " sample sample after after o dr%ing pro&ess at 1!# '
25.34
24.#
Weight of solid (g)
#.#2
#.#2
$
otal Solid (S) (mg*+)
4###
4###
1#
,er&entage of solid in sample (-)
#.41
#.41
4ample +alculation for #ample A 1. %e %eight ight of sample sample D %eight %eight of evaporati evaporating ng dish E sample/ sample/ F %eight %eight of evaporating dish/ D 3).2 F 2.32/ g D 4.#3 $
2. %eigh eightt of of soli solid d "# "#//
D % %eight ight of evapo evapora rati ting ng dish dish E samp sample le afte afterr dry dryin ing g process at 1:)o+/ 9 %eight %eight of evaporating dish/ D 2.3! F 2.32/ g D 0.02 $
3. Total tal sol solid id T#/ T#/
D %e %eight ight of soli solid d vol volum umee samp sample le D ).)2 / 1))) 1))) D 4000 %$&L
!.
D %eight %eight of solid %e %eight ight of sample/ 1))@ D ).)2 !.;3/ 1)) =
0.41 '
7.2 0iltered 0iltered #ample "ATA "ATA 0=C T=TA6 #?#<4B"4" #?#<4B" 4" #=6" #=6 " ##/ ## / Sample A
Sample B
5
5
1
Volume of Sample (ml)
2
Weight of &ru&ile dish(g)
24.22
23.23
3
Weight of &ru&ile dish " filter paper(g)
24.32
23.32
2
Weight of filter paper (g)
#.1#
#.#$
3
Weigh Weightt of of filte filterr pape paperr " solid solid after after dr%ing dr%ing at 1!# 1!# o'
#.#$
#.#!
4
Weight of solid (g)
#.#1
#.#1
5
Weight of /et filter paper " solid efore dr%ing at 1!#o'(g)
#.3!
#.35
otal Suspended Solid (SS) (mg*+)
2###
2###
4ample +alculation for #ample A 1. %eight %eight of filter paper D Weight of &ru&ile dish " filter paper) 0 Weight of &ru&ile dish D 2!.32 F 2!.22 D 0.10 $
2. %eight %eight of solid solid
D% %eight eight of filtered filtered paper 9 %eight %eight of filtered paper E solid after drying process at 1:)o / D ).1) F ).); D 0.01 $
2. Total suspended suspen ded solid ##/
DG %eight %eight of solid g/H 1))) Iolume sample D ).)1/ 1))) 1))) D 2000 %$ & L
(.0 DATA DATA ANALYSIS ANALYSIS
8.1 Average of total solid T#/
D
Total #olid A E Total #olid >
2 D
!))) E !))) 2
D
8.2 8.2 Averag eragee susp suspen ende ded d soli solid d D
4000 mg/L
Total tal #usp #uspen ende ded d A E Total tal #usp #uspen ende ded d> 2 D
2))) E 2))) 2
D
2000 mg/L
8.3 "issolve "issolve #ample T=TA6 #=6" T#/ D T=TA6 #?#<4B"4" #=6" T##/ E T=TA6 "##=6I4 #=6" T"#/ Therefore, T=TA6 "##=6I4 #=6" T"#/ D T=TA6 #=6" T#/ F T=TA6 #?#<4B"4" #=6" T##/ TDS ) 4000%$&L * 2000%$&L ) 2000%$&L
+.0 DISCUSSIONS 1. D,-,/$ D,-,/$,- ,- / / -- --/66 /66 -78,6 -78,6 9/6 6,--78 6,--786 6 -78,6. -78,6.
#uspend #uspended ed solids solids refer refer to small small solid solid partic particles les which which remain remain in suspension in wate waterr as a colloid colloid or or due to the motion of the water. t is used as one indicator of water $uality. $uality.t is sometimes abbreviated ##, but is not to be confused with settle able solids, solids, also abbreviated
##, ##, whic which h cont contri ribu bute te to the the bloc blocki king ng of sewer sewer pip pipes. es.#us #uspend pended ed solids solids are impor important tant as pollutants as pollutants and and pathogens pathogens are are carried on the surface of particles. The smaller the particle size, the greater the total surface area per unit mass of particle, and so the higher the pollutant load that is likely to be carried.#uspended solid will include the larger floating particles and consist of sand, grit, clay, piece of wood, particles of food and garbage, and similar materials. "issolved solids are smaller in size than suspended solids. n order to differentiate them, you will need to filter the solution and then evaporated out the li$uid. The solids that filtered out would be the suspended solids and the solids remaining in the Jar after evaporation are known as the dissolved solids. 2. S$$- -7% 7--,8 ;9-- 7< ,$ 88- 7< 7< 798 --/66 --/66 -78,6-. -78,6-.
The causes of high levels of total suspended solids T##/ are mainly due to5 •
"ecaying
•
?rban Cunoff %hen surface runoff occurs due to raining or other reasons, soil particles and debris from the land surface can be washed into streams. >ecause of the large amount of pavement on the land surface, infiltration is decreased, velocity increases, and natural settling areas have been removed. #ediment is carried through storm drains directly to creeks and rivers.
•
#oil 4rosion #oil erosion is caused by the disturbance of o f a land surface. t could be due to the activities such as mining, construction of building, logging and so on. The eroded soil particles can be carried by storm water to surface water. water. This will will increase the T## of the water body.
•
%astewater %a stewater and #eptic #e ptic #ystem 4ffluent
The effluent from %astewater Treatment 9 -,? -9%8 9- -6 ,/ 9/98@-,- T9= %9-- 7< $89-- <,= <,8= )1.5413 $ R-,6 7/ $89-- <,= <,8= 9<= 6=@,/$ 9 105 C ) 1.553+ $
#olution5 mg Total Total suspended solids6
D
A 9 > / K 1))) #ample Iolume, m6/
18 1)3 g6
D
3 G1.3: F 1.!13/ K 1) H g K 1)))
L 12)) g L
D D
18 K 1)3 g6 K L 12)) g 18 K 1)3 g6
L
D
).))81! 6
L
D
(1.42# %L
#.0 CONCLUSION n conclusion, we had achieved the obJective of this eperiment that is determine the difference between suspended solid and dissolve solid. n this eperiment, we only did for total suspended solid test and other group did the total solid test. %e learned that total solid test is e$ual to total suspended solid plus total dissolve solid. 0rom this e$uation, we get the value of dissolve solid by using value of total solid minus value of suspended solid. "espite, we didn(t do the volatile test to the consuming of longer time. %e learned that theoretical for total solid on inlet is greater than outlet at same treatment plant process. 0or total dissolved solid, the conditions that tend to suspend larger particles through water motion can produce higher values of Total #uspended #olid not necessarily accompanied by a corresponding increase in turbidity. This is because particles above a certain size are not measured by a bench turbidity meter, but contribute substantially to the Total #uspended #olid value.
