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ED 72.19 Biomass Conversation Lab Report No.2: Heating value of solid fuel
The heating value or calorific value of a fuel is the amount of heat released during the combustion of a specified amount of it. It is measured in units of energy per unit weight: normally kcal/kg, kJ/kg. The bomb calorimeter is the most common device for measuring the heating value or calorific value of a solid fuel. Objectives
To determine the heating value of solid fuel. Theory
The amount of heat available from any solid fuel can be determined by testing a small sample of the fuel in a bomb calorimeter. The test sample such as charcoal, wood is made to burn completely in a bomb which pressurize with pure oxygen so that the heat developed by the combustion is absorbed by a definite mass of water. This causes a measurable rise in the water temperature, from which it is possible to calculate the heating value. Apparatus
-
G. Cuss Cusson onss bomb bomb calo calori rime mete ter r
Specification Power supply req requirement Manufacture
: :
220V, 50 Hz, single phase ase G. Cussons
The bomb calorimeter made by G. Cussons is self-contained with the control unit house in an instrument case that forms the base. The equipment includes the bomb itself, a calorimeter vessel, an outer double walled water vessel, electric stirrer gear, combined motor gear and ignition unit. A Backman type thermometer and charging unit with pressure gauge to facilitate the charging of the bomb with oxygen. Procedure
1. Measure Measure moisture moisture content content (wet basis) basis) and and prepare prepare fuel sample sample for bomb bomb calorimet calorimeter er test by powdering and drying at 105 C in oven at least 2 hours. 2. Weigh the the empty cup cup and put put the sample sample in the the cup about about 0.9-1.1 0.9-1.1 grams for for solid solid fuel. Weigh the sample with the cup again and weigh of the true sample can be determined. 3. Insert Insert the fuse fuse wire about about 7 cm. The The wire must must not not touch touch the cup. cup. 4. Fill about about 10 ml ml of distilled distilled water water in the bomb. bomb. This This is to to obtain obtain the higher higher heating heating value of fuel. 5. Assemble Assemble the bomb, bomb, tighten tighten the the cap securely securely by finger-tight finger-tight only. only. Care Care must must be taken of pilling the sample. 6. Slowly Slowly fill the the bomb bomb with oxygen oxygen at 31.5 31.5 bar (450 psig). psig). °
7. Measure distilled water of 2,000 ml.(2 Kg.) and pour into calorimeter bucket. The temperature of water must be 2 C below room temperature. 8. Put the bomb in the bucket, under the water level. 9. Assemble the calorimeter jacket. 10. Stir the water at lease 2 minutes before reading temperature. 11. Record water temperature at 1 minute interval for 5 minutes and then ignite the fuel. 12. Read thermometer at 1 minute interval until the maximum temperature is reached. 13. Keep on reading after the maximum point at 1 minute interval for 5 minutes. 14. Remove the bomb and release the residual pressure and take off the cap. 15. Calculate the calorific value of fuel. °
Results and discussion Table 1: Time and Temperature Reading Test 1 (Rice Husk) Test 2 (Saw Dust) Weight of crucible = 4.9813 g Weight of crucible = 4.9795 g Weight of crucible + Sample = Weight of crucible + Sample = 5.9817 g 5.9969 g
Weight of Sample = 1.0004 g
Weight of Sample = 1.0174 g
Time (min) 0
Temperature (°C) 1.010
Time (min) 0
Temperature (°C) 1.040
1
1.010
1
1.055
2
1.010
2
1.060
3
1.012
3
1.065
4
1.012
4
1.070
5*
1.014
5*
1.070
6
1.200
6
1.550
7
1.850
7
2.265
8
2.130
8
2.530
9
2.225
9
2.640
10
2.229
10
2.690
11
2.320
11
2.732
12
2.345
12
2.770
13
2.365
13
2.805
14
2.375
14
2.825
15
2.385
15
2.835
16
2.390
16
2.840
17**
2.392
17
2.847
18
2.392
18
2.849
19
2.392
19
2.850
20
2.392
20**
2.851
21
2.392
21
2.851
22
2.390
22
2.851
23
2.390
23
2.850
24
2.388
24
2.849
25
2.386
25
2.847
26
2.385
26
2.845
27
2.842
* **
Ignition Start Maximum Temperature Point
3
3
2 ) C 0 ( e r u 2 t a r e p m e 1 t
Rice Saw
1
0 0
5
10
15
20
25
30
time (min)
Figure 1: Time and Temperature Reading Table 2 Higher heating value calculation
Configuration n (min)
Test 1 (Rice Husk) 12
Test 2 (Saw Dust) 15
v1 (°C/min)
0.000800
0.006000
v2 (°C/min)
0.000778
0.001286
Trc = nv1 + (v2 – v1)/2
0.009589
0.087643
Tr = Tmax – Tign
1.378000
1.781000
Tdiff = Trc + Tr WV (kg) mwc (kg)
1.387589 0.412 2
1.868643 0.412 2
Mw = WV + mwc Cpw (kJ/kgK)
2.412 4.186
2.412 4.186
Mf (kg)
1.0004
1.0174
HHVd = (mw * C pw * Tdiff ) / mf (MJ/kg)
14.00
18.54
(HHVd calculation procedure was done by follow the British Standard No. BS 4379, Designation IP 12/73.)
where, n = number of minutes between the ignition and the attainment of the m aximum temperature v1 = rate of temperature raise in degree per minute at the beginning of test v2 = rate of temperature fall in degree per minute at the end of test Trc = radiation correction (°C) Tr = raise the temperature during test (°C) Tdiff = corrected temperature rise (°C) Tmax = maximum temperature during test (°C) Tign = Temperature at ignition started point (°C) WV = water value of the apparatus (kg) mwc (kg) = weight of water in calorimeter (kg) Mw = total equivalent weight of water (kg) Cpw (kJ/kgK) = specific heat of water = 4.186 kJ/kg K Mf (kg) = weight of fuel sample (g) HHVd = higher heating value of the solid fuel (dry basis) (MJ/kg)
As shown in table1, the higher heating value of rice husk and saw dust were determined by using of the bomb calorimeter. Figure1 shows that both water temperatures absorbed heat from rice husk and saw dust increased sharply after ignition time, and then the temperature remained about the same. Table 2 presents that higher heating value (HHV) of rice husk and saw dust are 14.00 MJ/Kg and 18.54 MJ/Kg respectively. HHV of rice husk is less than HHV of saw dust. This result has the same trend to proximate analysis in the experiment 1, as shown in table below.
