Faculty of Applied Sciences
CMT 565 Wastewater and Technology Tittle of the experiment: Experiment 2,3,4: Total solid (ts), total suspended solid (TSS), volatile suspended solid(VSS)
Name of students
1. Amy Nabila bt Rusli (2014473722) 2. Balkis bt Hazmi (2014636182) 3. Mohammad Syazwan bin Mohd Jafri (2014838732)
Date of Experiment Name of Lecturer
Dr. Shariff bin Che Ibrahim
Date of Submission 17.04.2016
Experiment 2,3,4: Total solid (ts), total suspended solid (TSS), volatile suspended solid(VSS)
Objectives To determine the Total Solids(TS), Total Suspended Solid(TSS), and Volatile Suspended Solid (VSS) in a water sample. Introduction In this experiment, we will determine the total solids, total suspended solid and volatile suspended solid in wastewater that have chosen by the laboratory. The term solid is used when referring to any material suspended or dissolved in water or wastewater that can be physically isolated either through filtration or evaporation. Solid can be classified as either filterable or non-filterable. Filterable solid may either be settleable or non-settleable. Solids can also be classified as inorganic and organic. Total solid is the term applied to the material residue left in the vessel after evaporation of a sample and its suspended drying in an oven at a defined temperature. Measurement of solids can be made in different water samples and is defined as residue upon evaporating of free water. Thus total solids are nothing but summation of total dissolved solids and total suspended solids. The term total dissolved solids refer to materials that are completely dissolved in water. Those solids are filterable in nature and defined as residue upon evaporating of non-filterable sample on a filter paper. Dissolved solids may lead to scaling in boiler, corrosion and degraded quality of the product. Estimation of total dissolved solids is useful to determine whether the water is suitable for drinking purpose, agriculture and industrial purpose. Suspended materials are very displeasing and provide adsorption sites for chemical and biological agents. Suspended organic solids which are degraded anaerobically may release abnoxious odours. Volatile suspended solids are a water quality measure obtained from the loss on ignition of total suspended solids. The sample water is filtered through a filter paper of known weight. The paper is then dried out and weighed to get the “suspended solids”. Then the filter paper is heated to an elevated temperature and weighed again. The % loss of the mass is the volatile suspended solids.
Apparatus & Materials 5 cm diameter of porcelain crucible, 100ml measuring cylinder, 10ml pipette, steam bath which was preheated at 100°C, preheated 103-103°C oven, desiccator, tongs and cotton gloves, 12.5 cm glass fiber filter disk, Buchner flask and funnel, Vacuum pump, Aluminum foil, Pinchers, muffle furnace, analytical balance
Procedure
A) Experiment 2 (Total Solid) 1) The water sample was shaken thoroughly to homogenize it. 2) 5 mL of sample was pipetted into the weighed porcelain crucibles which has been cleaned and dried to a constant weight in an oven previously. 3) The water was evaporated off on a steam bath until dry then it is dried in an oven at 105 degree Celsius for 1 hour. 4) The porcelain crucibles was cooled in a desiccator. 5) The porcelain crucibles was weighed.
B) Experiment 3 (Total Suspended Solid) 1) The filter disk was dried in the oven at 103 degree to 105 degree for 1 hour. It was cooled in a dessicators and weighed. 2) The filter disk was dried, 10 mL of water sample was pipetted onto centre of disk in a Buchner flask by using gentle suction. 3) The disk was carefully washed with 10 mL distilled water. The disk was dried at 103105 degree for 1 hour.
C) Experiment 4 (Volatile Suspended Solid) 1) The SS from TSS was wrapped with aluminium foil and it was ignited at 550 degree in the muffle furnace for half an hour. 2) It was cooled in a dessicator and it was weighed. It was repeated till a constant weight was obtained.
Data A) Experiment 2 (Total Solid) Mass of empty porcelain crucible
34.0770 g
Mass of porcelain crucible + Total Solid
34.1227 g
Mass of Total Solid
0.0457 g
Volume of sample
5.0 ml
B) Experiment 3 (Total Suspended Solid) Mass of empty filter paper
0.3064 g
Mass of filter paper + Total Suspended
1.5253 g
Solid Mass of Total Solid
1.2189 g
Volume of Sample
10.0mL
C) Experiment 4 (Volatile Suspended Solid) Mass of SS before ignition
1.2189 g
Mass of Volatile Suspended Solid after
1.2090 g
ignition Difference of before and after ignition
0.0109 g
Volume of Sample
10.0 mL
Calculation
A) Experiment 2 (Total Solid)
Total Solid (TS) =
x 106
Where, a = weigh of evaporating dish + remaining solid (g) b = weigh of dry empty evaporating dish (g) c = Volume of sample (mL)
x 106
Total Solid (TS) = = 9140 mg/L
B) Experiment 3 (Total Suspended Solid)
Total Suspended Solid (TSS) = Where, a = Weigh of disk + solid, (g) b = Weight of empty disk, (g) c = Volume of sample used (mL)
TTS =
x 106
x 106
C) Experiment 4 (Volatile Suspended Solid) Volatile Suspended Solid (VVS) =
x 106
Where: A= Weigh of disk + solid below ignition, (g) B= weight of empty filter disk + solid after ignition, (g) C= Volume of sample used (mL)
VSS =
x 106
Discussion The difference of total solid, total suspended solid and volatile suspended solid can be related with Equation: TS = TSS + TDS. Total solids, as defined by Standard Methods and EPA, is the material residue left in a vessel after evaporation of a sample and its subsequent drying in an oven at 103 to 105°C for one hour. Total suspended solids (TSS) is that portion of the Total Solids that are retained on a no-ash glass fiber filter disc of approximately 0.45 mm pore size. The wetted and weighed filter disc is placed in a filtering apparatus and a suction is applied. A measured volume of wastewater is passed through the filter. The filter containing the residue is then dried in an oven for one hour at 103 to 105°C. The sample is then cooled and weighed. The difference in weight of the dry filter before and after solids passed through is the TSS milligrams (mg) of suspended solids per liter (l) of wastewater filtered.
TSS are solid materials, including organic and inorganic, that are suspended in the water. These would include silt, plankton and industrial wastes. High concentrations of suspended solids can lower water quality by absorbing light. Waters then become warmer and lessen the ability of the water to hold oxygen necessary for aquatic life. Because aquatic plants also receive less light, photosynthesis decreases and less oxygen is produced. The combination of warmer water, less light and less oxygen makes it impossible for some forms of life to exist. Suspended solids affect life in other ways. They can clog fish gills, reduce growth rates, decrease resistance to disease, and prevent egg and larval development.
Particles that settle out can smother fish eggs and those of aquatic insects, as well as suffocate newly-hatched larvae. The material that settles also fills the spaces between rocks and makes these microhabitats unsuitable for various aquatic insects, such as mayfly nymphs, stonefly nymphs and caddisfly larva. Suspended solids can result from erosion from urban runoff and agricultural land, industrial wastes, bank erosion, bottom feeders (such as carp), algae growth or wastewater discharges. In this experiment, the amount of solid in waste water is calculated by using certain formula. In experiment 2, the amount of total solid that we got is 0.0457 g. In experiment 3, the amount of total suspended solid we got is 1.2189 g. The amount is quite big because there might be an error. The mass of solid calculated might be increased because have been exposed to the air so long that the water vapour is present. For experiment 4, we got the final amount of vaporized suspended solid is 1.2090 g. If being calculated the difference of final and initial mass of the solid, the difference is 0.0108 g. The mass of solid calculated is very small because the ignition process is very slow. Conclusion The amount of total solid, total suspended solid and volatile suspended solid has been calculated and the reason behind the result obtained has been discussed.
References 1. Basic Information of Total Suspended Solid, retrieved on 11 April 2016, from http://bcn.boulder.co.us/basin/data/NEW/info/TSS.html 2. Total Suspended Solid; What are They?, retrieved on 11 April 2016, from https://www.ndhealth.gov/WQ/SW/Z6_WQ_Standards/WQ_TSS.htm
Question
Experiment 2: 1. Name the various forms of TS that can be found in wastewater Total solids are the form of the suspended and dissolved solids which is organic, inorganic solids. In an average domestic wastewater, the organic compounds presented are proteins, carbohydrates, and fats together with the products of their decomposition. The organic solids, which are subject to decay, constitute the main problem in wastewater treatment. Inorganic solids are the natural waters that dissolve some of the rocks and minerals include sand, gravel and silt.
2. Explain the importance of Total Solid determination with respect to wastewater treatment plant. Total solid determination is important to determine and measure the value of wastewater strength. When the high amount of total solids goes to the wastewater treatment plant, it will damage the pump, especially the one that present as insoluble form. The total solid determination helps us to protect the pump. The insoluble form of total solids also can clog pipes. Also, it increases the possibility of pipe to be corroded.
3. List four possible sources of error in this determination. Sources of error can be from the apparatus and technique of handling the apparatus which is come from human error. One of the errors occurs when the water sample is taking up from the bottle. The sample does not thoroughly mix and not homogenized completely before pipette, so that it will affect our result. The temperature should be between 103 oC to 105 oC and cannot less than 100oC. The sample cannot dry completely and this will effect on weighing the solids. Some of the sample stacked on the wall of the disk in Buchner flask. This caused the amount of the solid become less and the result may be not accurate and not follow the theory on the experiment.
Experiment 3:
1. What is the impact of TTS on Wastewater quality? TSS is the most visible indicators of water quality. Excessive suspended sediment can impair water quality for aquatic and human life, impede navigation and increase flooding risks.
2. What doe TTS represent in the aeration tank of an activated sludge process? In activated sludge process wastewater containing organic matter is aerated in an aeration tank in which micro-organisms metabolize the suspended and soluble organic matter. The organic matter is synthesized into new cells and part is oxidized to CO2 and water to derive energy. In activated sludge systems the new cells formed in the reaction are removed from the liquid stream in the form of a flocculent sludge in settling tanks. A part of this settled biomass, described as activated sludge is returned to the aeration tank and the remaining forms waste or excess sludge.
Experiment 4:
1. Can this experiment be performed by using ordinary filter paper? No, because the suspended solid are very small that they can penetrate through the filter paper. This will make the filtration process useless. 2. What is the significance of VSS in wastewater? VSS is a measure of the organic (as in chemicals) solids in a sample. For an activated sludge biological plant treating human sewage, it is a measure of the bacterial population present.
