INTRODUCTION
Solids suspended in water may consist of inorganic and organic particles or of immiscible liquids. Inorganic solids such as clay, silt, and other soil constituents are common in surface water. Organic material such as plant fibers and biological solids (algal cells, bacteria, etc.) are also common constituents of surface waters. These materials are often natural contaminants resulting from the erosive action of water flowing over surfaces. ecause of the filtering capacity of the soil, suspended material is seldom a constituent of groundwa ter. Other suspended material may result from human use of the water. !omestic wastewater usually contains large quantities of suspended solids that are mostly organic in nature. Industrial wastewater wastewater may result result in a wide variety of suspended suspended impurities impurities of either organic organic or inorganic inorganic nature. Immiscible liquids such as oils and greases are often constituents of wastewater. Suspended solids, where such material is li"ely to be organic and#or biological in nature, are an important parameter of wastewater. The suspended solids parameter is used to measure the quality of wastewater influent, to monitor several treatment processes, and to measure the quality of the effluent. $nvironmental %rotection &gency ($%&) has set a ma'imum suspended solids standard of mg#* for most treated wastewater discharges. & well+mi'ed measured sample is filtered through a weighed standard glass+fiber filter and the residue retained on the filter is dried to a constant weight at °- to °-. The increase in weight of the filter represents the total suspended solids. If the suspended material clogs the filter and prolongs filtration, it may b e necessary to increase the diameter of the filter or decrease the sample volume. OBJECTIVE
To provide provide and strengthen "nowledge, s"ill, and understanding in solid determination and enab le to relate theories taught to the practices in laboratory
THEORY
Solids refer to matter suspended or dissolved in water or waste water. Solids may affect water or effluent quality adversely in a number of ways. /aters with high dissolved solids generally are of inferior palatability and may induce a favorable physiological reaction in the transient consumer. Solids analyses are important in the control of biological and physical wastewater treatment process and for assessing compliance with regulatory agency wastewater effluent limitations. 0enerally, 1total solids2 is the term applied to the material residue left in the dishes after evaporation of a sample at 3- to 3-. Total solids include 1total suspended solids2, and 1total dissolved solids2. Total suspended solid is the portion of total solids retained by filter, and total dissolved solids is the portion of solids that passes through a filter of 4. 5m (or smaller) nominal pore si6e under specified conditions. 17i'ed solids2 is refer to the temperature (3- 8 3- for minutes). The weight loss on ignition is called 1volatile solids2. !etermination of fi'ed and volatile solids does not distinguish precisely between inorganic and organic matter because it includes losses due to decomposition or volatili6ation of some mineral salts. 1settleable solids2 is the term applied to the material setting of of suspension within a defined period. It may include floating material, depending on the technique.
DIAGRAM
Settle able solids
Inhofe cone
9icrowave (at ⁰c+ ⁰c)
Samples
7iber glass filter ( > 4. ?m)
9icrowave (at ⁰c+ ⁰c)
9icrowave (at : ⁰c+ 4⁰c)
!issolved solids (!S)
Suspended solids (ss)
9uffle furnace ( at ⁰c +⁰ c)
=olatile suspended solids (=SS)
Total solids (TS)
9uffle furnace ( at ⁰c +⁰ c)
7i'ed suspended solids (7SS)
Total =olatile solids (T=S) ; =SS < =!S
Total solids (TS)
=olatile dissolved solids (=!S)
7i'ed dissolved solids (7!S)
Total 7i'ed solids (T7S) ; 7SS < 7!S
EQUIPMENTS AND MATERIALS
Sets of evaporating dishes@ dishes of ml capacity made of porcelain, platinum or high silica glass and apparatus.
9uffle furnace for operating at - < -
Steam bath !esicator
!yring oven
&nalytical balance
9agnetic stirrer 0raduated cylinder
/id+bore pipet
*ow+form bea"er
PROCEDURE
A. Total Solid Test
i.
/eight of empty evaporation dish is ta"en.
ii.
The sample is poured into the dish
iii.
The sample on evaporating dish is weighted
iv.
The sample is placed in the incubator for drying process at :2- for minutes.
v.
&fter minutes the sample to remove from incubator and place in the desicator to cool up for minutes.
vi. vii. viii.
The sample is weight. The sample is put in the furnace for drying process at 2&fter minutes, sample si6e is removed, the sample place in the desicator again for minutes and after that the weight is ta"en.
B. Total Solid Ss!e"ded Solid Test
i.
%ut the filter pad in defecator. The purpose is to drying or inquiring, cooling, desiccating and weighing until the weight of the filter pad change less than AB or . mg from the previous weight.
ii.
&fter remove from the desiccators, each filter is weighed and the weight is logged on the beach sheet in the appropriated section.
iii.
Cse tweeters to put the filter pad at the top of the vacuum (stream both).
iv.
%ut the filter pad at the aluminum pad.
v.
/eight the filter pad and the aluminum pad
vi. vii. viii. i'.
%ut the sample at the steel tray. *eave the filter pad for a while /eight again the filter pad and aluminum pad again. %ut the filter pad and aluminum in the furnace for minute. Demove the filter pad and aluminum and weight again to record data.
C. Total Dissol#ed Solid Test.
i.
9easure the volume of the sample water. Cse ml for each sample water in the evaporation dishes.
ii.
/eight the sample water record.
iii.
%ut the sample water and evaporating dished in the oven for minutes at :2and cool the sample water.
iv.
Demove from desiccators, each sample water and the evaporating dishes is get the weight.
v.
%ut the sample water and evaporating dishes in the furnace for minutes at 2-.
vi.
Demove the sample water and the evaporating dishes from furnace. %ut it in the dictator for minutes to balance the temperature and weight.
RESULT AND CALCULATION
Sa%!le A
Sa%!le B
=olume of sample (ml)
4
/eight of evaporating dish (g)
4.E
4.4
/eight of evaporating dish < sample
4F.G
30.2
A
/eight of sample (g) ; ( H 4)
G.F
/eight of evaporating dish < sample after drying process at o- + o-
44.:G
G
/eight of solid (g) ; ( H 4)
.AF
F
"
Weight of evaporating dish ( g ) + solid after drying process at 103ºc 10!ºc Weight of volatile solid ( g ) (! # 7)
21.9
1.7
21.32
20.2
1.!$
1.7
E
Total Solid (TS) (mg#*) ; ( H 4)g ' J # m*
4EA.
%ercentage of solid in sample (B) ; (G # A ) '
4.:
%otal volatile solid ( &' ) ( g* ) 4 ,ercentage of volatile solid ( - ) $. TOTAL SOLID
10
30" 10 3 2!
3$0.0
17
170 103 17
4 A G F : &.
=olume of Sample (ml) /eight of filter paper (g) /eight of filter paper < solid after drying at o- + o- or at :o/eight of solid (g) /eight of filter < solid after drying at o- ± o- (g) /eight of volatile solid (g) Total Suspended Solid (SS) (mg#*) %ercentage of =olatile Suspended Solid (=SS) B TOTAL SUSPENDED SOLID
'. TOTAL DISSOLVED SOLID
Sa%!le A ( ).)*&& &$.+) &,.-' &$.'* ).)$
Sa%!le B 10 0.0922 22."1
2.9 22."0 0.01
Sa%!le A
Sa%!le B
$)
44.G
4.4
4F.4
23.!
/eight of sample (g) ; ( H 4)
A.G
2.3
/eight of evaporating dish < o sample after drying at : - (g)
44.FG
22.23
G
/eight of Solid (g) ; ( H 4)
.
.
F
Total !issolve Solid (T!S) (mg#*) ; ( H 4) ' J #
$.!!2
3
:
/eight of evaporating dish < solid after drying at o- ± o- (g)
44.F
21.23
E
/eight of dissolved solid (g) ; (: H 4)
.
.
Total dissolved Solid (SS) (mg#*) ; (: H 4) ' J #
.
.
2.27
1
=olume of sample (ml)
4
/eight of evaporating dish (g)
/eight of sample (g)
A
evaporating
dish
<
%ercentage of =olatile dissolved Solid (=SS) B ; ( # F) '
CALCULATION OR TOTAL SOLID $/ 0ei12t o3 sa%!le
Sample & @
; () H (4)
; 4F.GH 4.E ; G.Fg &/ 4ei12t o3 dissol#ed solid
Sample & @
; () H (4) ; 44.:G H 4.E ; .AFg
/ 4ei12t o3 #olatile solid Sample & @
; () H (F) ; 44.:G H 21.32 ; 1.!$ g
+/ Total solid
Sample & @
; ; ; ;
(G) K K =olume of sample /eight of solid ' K =olume of sample (.AF' ' ) # ml 4EA. mg#*
(/ Pe56e"ta1e o3 solid i" sa%!le
Sample & @
; (G) # weight of sample J ' B ; (.AF) # G.FJ ' B ; 4.:B
7/ Total #olatile solid
Sample & @
; (:) # volume of sampleJ ' ' ; (.FEG) # J ' ' ; :.4 ' mg#*
,/ Pe56e"ta1e o3 #olatile solid
Sample & @
; (:) # weight of sampleJ ' B ; (1.!$) # G.FJ ' B ; 2! B
CALCULATION OR TOTAL SUSPENDED SOLID $/ 4ei12t o3 ilte5 Pa!e5
Sample & @ $vaporating !ish < 7ilter %aper ; :.GGE g $vaporating !ish ; :.4FE g So, weight of filter paper ; :.GGE H :.4FE; ).)*') 1 &/ 4ei12t o3 3ilte5 !a!e5 8 solid a3te5 d59i"1 at $)' oC : $)(oC o5 at $-)oC
Sample &@ /eight of $vaporating !ish ; :.4FE g /eight of $vaporating !ish < 7ilter %aper < Solid after drying ; .:: g So, /eight of filter paper < solid after drying at at :o; .:: H :.4FE ; $$.-7+*1
'/ 4ei12t o3 Solid
Sample &@ /eight of $vaporating !ish ; :.4FE g /eight of $vaporating !ish < 7ilter %aper < Solid ; .:: g /eight of 7ilter %aper ; .E g So, /eight of Solid ; .:: H :.4FE H .E ; $$.,,$* 1
+/ 4ei12t o3 3ilte5 8 solid a3te5 d59i"1 at ()) oC
()oC ;1/
Sample &@ /eight of $vaporating !ish ; :.4FE g /eight of $vaporating !ish < 7ilter %aper < Solid after drying ; :.G g So, /eight of filter < solid after drying at o- ± o- (g) ; :.G H :.4FE ; ).)-77 1
(/ 4ei12t o3 #olatile solid ;1/
(/eight of residue < dish or filter before ignition) H (/eight of residue < dish or filter after ignition)J ' # 4 Sample &@ /eight of residue < dish or filter before ignition /eight of residue < dish or filter after ignition So, /eight of volatile solid ; .:GAE H .:GG
; .:GAE g ; .:GG g ; .F:mg ' #
; &.'(7) 1 7/ Total Ss!e"ded Solid ;SS/
(/eight of filter < dried residue) H (/eight filter)J ' # Sample &@ /eight of filter < dried residue ; .:GAE g /eight filter ; .E g So, Total Suspended Solid ; .:GAE H .E ; .FFEg ' # ; &.'(++ %1
,/ Pe56e"ta1e o3 Volatile Ss!e"ded Solid ;VSS/ = Sample &@ /eight of volatile solid ' ; 4.G ' ; &'(.7
DISCUSSION
$. Disti"1is2 >et0ee" ss!e"ded solid a"d dissol#e solid.
Total suspended solids are retained on a filter and weighed while total dissolved solids are solids dissolved in the solution that passes through the filter. & suspended solid refers to small solid particles which remain in suspension in water as a colloid or due to the motion of the water. It is used as one indicator of water quality. The dissolved is a very small pieces of organic and inorganic material contained in water. $'cessive amounts ma"e water unfit to drin" or limit its use in industrial processes.
4. S11est so%e !ossi>le 6ases o3 2i12 le#els o3 total ss!e"ded solids
The possible causes of high levels of total suspended solids in could be@ a) !omestic /astewater has low TSS(around Amg#*) because this domestic wastewater is discharged from our household usages@ we are not using more solid from our house. b) Industrial /astewater+ has high TSS(around few mg#*) because, the clean is used for various purposes in various industries. Lot all industry discharge with high TSS but some industries li"e tannery industries, food
water
wastewater
industry
discharge
wastewater weight high TSS. Mere the causes of high TSS are animal hair, preservatives and coloring agent.
'. T2e ss!e"ded solid 3o5 a 0aste0ate5 sa%!le 0as 3o"d to >e $,(%1tai"ed? 02at si@e sa%!le 0as sed i" t2e a"al9sis
Ta5e %ass o3 1lass 3i>5e 3ilte5 $.(+$'1 Reside o" 1lass 3i>5e 3ilte5 a3te5 d59i"1 at $)( )C $.(('- 1
G Total Suspended Solid (TSS), mg#* ;NNNN(& H ) ' NNNNN =olume of Sample (m*)
/here @ & @ Desidue on glass fibre filter after drying at o- (g) @ Tare mass of glass fibre filter (g) F mg#* ; (. :+ . A) ' G =olume of sample (m*) =olume of sample (m*) ; (.:+ . A) ' G F mg#* ; F.A4:G m*
CONCLUSION
7rom the e'periment, we able to characteri6e a water sample with respect to its solid content. Total solid in water are due to suspended matter and dissolved matter. These are determined separately and then added together. The suspended solids are found by filtering the water through a fine filter. The material retained on the filter is weighed. This gives the dissolved matter. Total solids include both total suspended solids and total dissolved solids. The average value of total solid (TS) is F.4A mg#*, total suspended solid (TSS) is 4.AA mg#*, total dissolved solid (T!S) is .A mg#*. Interim Lational Diver /ater uality Standard for 9alaysia(IL/S) can also be used to determine the quality of water in stream. It is based on parameter measured then, compared the data with the IL/S. Total dissolved solids are includes all solids present in a water sample filtered. It determined by evaporating a "nown volume of the filtrate sample in a : o- oven. Total suspended solids is includes all solids present in a sample that remain on filter. !etermined by filtering a "nown volume of sample and placing the filter and filter container in a : o- oven to evaporate the water. 7i'ed solids are solids that remain after firing a sample in a o- muffle furnace. It can be performed on total, dissolved, or suspended samples to determine total fi'ed solids, fi'ed dissolved solids, or fi'ed suspended solids. =olatile solids is solids that removed by firing a sample in a o- muffle furnace. It can be performed on total, dissolved, or suspended samples to determine total volatile solids, volatile dissolved solids, or volatile suspended solids. The result that we have obtained do not have proper standard, it is because we had to use a temperature of o- for muffle furnace. 7rom this e'periment, we can identify that temperature plays an important role to obtain accurate results.
