1.
Numi Nu miti ti cele cele 20 de tari tari ca care re form formea eaza za Amer Americ ica a Lat Latin ina a
Argentina, bolivia, brazilia, chile, columbia, costa rica, cuba, republica domi domini nica cana na,, ecua ecuado dor, r, el salv salvad ador or,, guat guatem emal ala, a, hait haiti, i, hond hondur uras as,, mexi mexic, c, nicaragua, panama, paraguay, peru, uruguay, venezuela 2.
Diferente in intre UE si UN UNASUR
UNASUR isi construieste o infrastructura care sa faciliteze deplasarile in cadrul blocului: se construiesc intens cai ferate, autostrazi, poduri si linii de tran transp spor ort, t, comp compar arab abil ile e cu supe superr- auto autost stra razi zile le NA! NA!A A si "A "A!A de pe cont contin inen entu tull Nor Nord Amer Americ ican an## UNAS UNASUR UR va avea avea un cons consil iliu iu de apar aparar are e regionala, regionala, cu rolul de a rezolva rezolva con$ictele, de a promova cooperarea cooperarea militara si produc%ia coordonata de arme, exact cum este prevazut un consiliu militar canadiano-american, ce pre&gureaza uni&carea guvernelor din aceasta zona# 4. Diferenta dintre tranzitia la democratie dintre Conul Sud si America Centrala 5. !eratiunea Condor si tarile !artici!ante 'pera%iunea "ondor, pentru care (udecatorul chilian )uan *uzman l-a inculpat pe fostul dictator Augusto +inochet, a reprezentat un program de represiune ini%at, in anii ./, de dictaturile din America de Sud pentru a vana si elimina &zic opozan%ii de stanga# 'rganizata de serviciile secrete din Argentina, 0olivia, 0razilia, "hile, +arag aragua uay y si Urug Urugua uay, y, oper opera% a%iu iune nea a a lasa lasatt in urma urma sute sute de pers persoa oane ne disparute# 1cuador si +eru s-au alaturat mai tarziu A luat nastere in cursul primei reuniuni de lucru a serviciilor secrete, desfasurata, intre 23 noiembrie si decembrie .3, la Santiago de "hile, conform anchetei realizate de (udecatorul )uan *uzman !apia, responsabil de partea chiliana a dosarului# +ersona( ersona(ul ul a$at la origine originea a acsetei acsetei ini%iativ ini%iative e este fondator fondatorul ul poli%iei poli%iei secrete a generalului +inochet, 4anuel "ontreras# +lanul a bene&ciat si de spri spri(i (inu null agen agen%i %ilo lorr Stat Statel elor or Unit Unite, e, conf confor orm m docu docume ment ntel elor or din din dosa dosaru rull (udecatorului (udecatorului *uzman# *uzman# ". #resedintele $tara% # 2# 7# # 3# =# .# ?# # /# # # 2# 2# 7# 7# #
Alan *arcia 5+eru6 Alvaro Ur Uribe 5" 5"olombia6 8uiz 9na 9nacio cio 8ula da da Sil Silv va 50r 50ra azil zilia6 ia6 elipe "alderon 54exic6 ;ugo "havez 5aniel 'rtega 5Nicaragua6 Rafael "orrea 51cuador6 Raul "astro 5"uba6 Sebas ebasti tia an +i +i@era era 5"h 5"hiile6 "risti "ristina na ernan ernande dez z de de ir irchn chner er 5Arge 5Argenti ntina na66 8aur 8aura a "hi "hinc nchi hill lla a 5"o 5"ost sta a Ric Rica6 a6 erna ernand ndo o 8ug 8ugo o 5+ar 5+arag agua uay6 y6 )osB 4u 4u(ica 5U 5Uruguay6
3# =# .# ?# # 2/#
8eonel ernandez 5Republica dominicanC6 +or&rio 8obo 5;onduras6 Alvaro "olom 5*uatemala6 4auricio unes 51l Salvador6 RenB +reval 5;aiti6 Ricardo 4artinelli 5+anama6
&. 'n ce an a de(enit )del castrol socialist* 4ay , = 10. 'nter(entii centrala si Carai,e-
militare
in
America
Latina+cazul
America
!he anana /ars Dere a series of occupations, police actions, and interventions involving the United States in "entral America and the "aribbean# !his period started Dith the Spanish-American Ear in ?? FG and the subseHuent !reaty of +aris, Dhich gave the United States control of "uba and +uerto Rico# 0etDeen the Dar Dith Spain and 7 the United States conducted military operations and occupations in +anama, ;onduras, Nicaragua, 4exico, ;aiti, and the >ominican Republic# !he series of con$icts ended Dith the DithdraDal of troops from ;aiti and +resident ranIlin ># RooseveltJs *ood Neighbor +olicy in 7# Reasons for these con$icts Dere varied but Dere largely economic in nature# !he term K0anana EarsK arises from the connections betDeen these interventions and the preservation of American commercial interests in the region# 4ost prominently, the United ruit "ompany had signi&cant &nancial staIes in production of bananas, tobacco, sugar cane, and various other products throughout the "aribbean, "entral America and Northern South America# !he United States Das also advancing its political interests, maintaining a sphere of in$uence and controlling the +anama "anal, critically important to global trade and naval poDer# 11. caudilloe de)nitie >ef: lider militar# )uan 4anuel de Rosas L "audillo al statului Argentina Anonio 8opez de Santa Anna - 4exic 12. 3erilee de tari +opular Revolutionary Army or 1(Brcito +opular Revolucionario is a leftist guerrilla movement in 4exico 4iscarea 2= 9ulie L "uba - idel "astro# !he 4ovement fought the 0atista regime on both rural and urban fronts# 16. UNASUR+1!- 4embrii "omunitatii Andine50olivia, "olumbia, 1cuador, +eru6, 4embrii 4ercosur5Argentina 0razilia +araguay Uruguay6, Alti membri5"hile, *uyana, Suriname
9n declaratia de constituire s-au stabilit atiuni in: # "oncentrarea, coordonarea politica si diplomatica in regiune# 2# "onvergenta intre 4ercosur, "omunitatea Andina si "hile intr-o singura zona de comert liber# Surinam si *uyana se pot asocia fara a pierde statulul sau in "aricom# 7# 9ntegrarea &zica, energetica si a comunicatiilor in America de Sud, stimulata de 9nitiativa pentru 9ntegrarea 9nfrasctructurii Regionale SudAmericane 599RSA6# # Armonizarea politicilor de dezvolare rurala si agroalimentara 3# !ransferul de tehnologie si cooperarea pe orizontala in toate domeniile stiinti&ce, educationale, culturale# =# "resterea nivelului de interactiune intre mediile comerciale si societatea civila# .# +romovarea graduala a masurilor, actiunulor si a domeniilor de actiune in baza institutiilor existente# Proiecte "omunitatea Sud-Americana a Natiunilor, a inceput planurile de integrare prin constructia unei cai de acces care va lega 0razilia de +eru, trecand prin 0olivia# Astfel 0razilia va castiga iesire la 'ceanul +aci&c, si +eru la 'ceanul Atlantic#"onstructia a inceput in septembrie 2//3, &ind &nantata de 0razilia L =/ M si +eru -/M# inalizarea proiectului se pervede la sfarsitul anului 2//# •
"onstructia 9nelului 1nergetic Sud-American, conducta prin care Argentina, 0razilia, "hile, +araguay si Uruguay vor primi gaz natural peruan# +ropunerea a fost rati&cata si inceputul constructiei va avea loc in 2//=# •
*azoductul 0inational, un proiect care vizeaza integrarea energetica intre "olumbia si
14. alianta !t !ro3res !he Alliance for #ro3ress 5 Alianza para el Progreso 6 initiated by U#S# +resident )ohn # ennedy in = aimed to establish economic cooperation betDeen North and South America# !he program Das signed at an inter-American conference at +unta del 1ste, Uruguay, in August =# !he charter called for: •
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•
•
•
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an annual increase of 2#3M in per capita income, the establishment of democratic governments, the elimination of adult illiteracy by ./ price stability, to avoid in$ation or de$ation more eHuitable income distribution, land reform, and economic and social planning# F2GF7G
17. !res carei tari e 8u3o ca(ez
+(enezuela- 19. cine dorea inde!endenta tarilor *reat 0ritainJs trade Dith 8atin America greatly expanded in the revolutionary period, so it supported the revolutionaries against Spain, Dhich in the past, due to mercantilist ideas, had alDays denied 0ritain trade Dith the Spanish colonies# United States +resident )ames 4onroe asIed Secretary of State )ohn Ouincy Adams to draft the 4onroe >octrine# 9t stated that the United States Dould not tolerate any 1uropean interference in the Eestern ;emisphere# 1". in ce an s a declansat socialismul* 9si are originile in Revolutia ranceza din anul .?# Se considera ca a fost sustinut de Revolutia 9ndustriala# 1&. Anul si cine a desco!erit america latina 2 L "ristofor "olumb 21.
'nde!endenta+!rocesul-
!he Latin American /ars of 'nde!endence Dere the various revolutions that tooI place during the late ?th and early th centuries that resulted in the creation of a number of independent countries in the 8atin American region# !hese revolutions folloDed the American and rench Revolutions, Dhich had profound ePects on the Spanish, +ortuguese and rench colonies in the Americas# ;aiti, a rench slave colony, Das the &rst to folloD the United States to independence during the ;aitian Revolution, Dhich lasted from . to ?/# !hDarted in his attempt to rebuild a rench empire in North America, Napoleon 0onaparte turned his armies to 1urope, invading and occupying many countries, including Spain and +ortugal in ?/?# !he +eninsular Ear, Dhich resulted from this occupation, caused Spanish "reoles to Huestion their allegiance to the metropole, stoIing independence movements that culminated in bloody Dars of independence, Dhich lasted almost tDo decades# At the same time, the +ortuguese monarchy relocated to 0razil during +ortugalJs rench occupation# After the royal court returned to 8isbon, the prince regent, +edro, remained in 0razil and in ?22 successfully declared himself emperor of a neDly independent 0razil# 21. lideri !o!ulisti !eron si (ar3a :uan Domin3o #er;n 5n# ? octombrie ?3- d# iulie .6 a fost un om de stat argentinian, de 2 ori presedinte al Argentinei, in perioada =33 si in perioada .7-.# Un militar de cariera, el a mai ocupat functia de ministru al 4uncii in cadrul guvernului militar din 7 si functia de vicepresedinte al Argentinei# +rimul sau mandat ca presedinte al Argentinei s-a incheiat dezastruos, &ind exilat in urma unei lovituri de stat# Se reintoarce in Argentina in .7, &ind reales ca presedinte, insa mandatul sau a durat mai putin de luni, murind in .#
ar3as 5n# aprilie ??2, SCo 0or(a, Rio *rande do Sul - d# 2 august 3, Rio de )aneiro6 a fost de doua ori presedintele 0raziliei, intre 7/-3 si 3-3# A devenit presedinte in urma unei lovituri de stat, in 7/# 9n 7 regimul sau da o noua constitutie semi-fascista tarii, cu elemente inspirate din corporatismul mussolinian# 9n 7., &indu-i interzisa 5prin constitutie6 o noua candidatura, impune regimul sau dictatorial Q1stado Novo, asemanator cu dictatura lui Salazar din +ortugalia# Avand la inceputul celui de-al doilea razboi mondial o pozitie neutrala, incepand cu 2 adopta o pozitie proaliata# 9n 3 este inlaturat de la putere de o lovitura de stat militara# Se intoarce in politica in 3, &ind ales presedinte# 1ste fondatorul companiei petroliere nationale braziliene, +etrobras# 9nvinuit de armata ca a fost in spatele unei tentative de asasinare a principalului sau adversar politic, "arlos 8acerda, se sinucide impuscandu-se in piept# 22# tarile americii centrale ce au !urtat raz intre 1&901&"0 Nicaragua, el salvador, guatemala, honduras
26. dictaturi miliatre in Cile si Ar3entina decat anul "hile - .7L/ Augusto +inochet Argentina - .= to ?7 0razilia - 4arch 7, = to 4arch 3, ?3 Uruguay - .7-?/
24. Comisiile de reconciliere si ade(are !e o tara+1 #unct9n "hile L "omisia Rettig L "omisia nationala de adevar si reconciliere# "u privire la abuzurile la adresa drepturilor omului care au avut ca rezultat morti si disparuti in timpul regimului militar al lui Augusto +inochet# A inceput in .7 si s-a terminat in / L 7= victime 52/3 ale militarilor .2/morti si ?3 disparuti# 9n +eru L 2// raportul din 2//7 documenteaza victimele perioadei ?/- 2//# =/// morti si disparuti 25. !rezidentialismul si !arlamentarism 27. anul in care castro sa declarat socialist 1&71 29 anul re(olutiei !e care a facuto cu ce 1&5& 2" tre,uia sa s!unem anul raz,oiului din insulele fau?land
1&"2 2& de e!licat tranzitia in cornul americii 61 conce!tul de securitate nationala National securit@ involves defence of the sovereignty both Dith respect to the states role as an independent actor in inter-state relations and the ultimate expression of legitimate coercion in internal aPairs# !he legitimate defence of territorial boundaries, internal order and suTcient political and economic stability to permit functioning of state institutions are also matters of national security# 9n the national security perspective, the primary forms of response are state centered including military, intelligence and diplomatic instruments and state-coalitions strategies# 9n 8atin America, during the cold Dar and beyond, the authoritarians regimes developed the so called “national security doctrines” Dhich explicitly included in the mission of the military forces to protect the state against internal ideological enemies# All along the civil con$icts of the ./s and ?/s, national security doctrines guided the military and police actions and cost the lives of ten of thousands of citizens# !he police forces under the so called regime policing had feD Lif any- accountability mechanisms they engaged in indiscriminate arrests and detention, torture and Iillings# 4oreover, intelligence gathering structures focused on enemies of the regime rather than on Vcriminal intelligence and crime prevention Das poorly developed# 9n +eru and "olombia, for example, the police have often times been Vdisplaced by the military as counter-insurgencies campaigns authorized military control of large areas of the territory under Vstates of emergency# +olice actions became a complement to military operations and loose in pro&le and prestige# 62 doua or3anizatii economice din america latina 41R"'SUR - +iata comuna a sudului - fondata in 2= martie de 0razilia, Argentina, Uruguay si +araguay, in urma semnarii !ratatului de la AsunciWn N#A##!#A# - Acordul Nord American de "omert 8iber 5North American ree !rade Agreement6 a fost semnat la . decembrie 2 intre SUA, "anada si 4exic 64. de ce e im!ortant :imm@ Carter !entru America Latina A semnat tratatul BorriosCarter care 3aranta statului #anama controlul asu!ra Canalului #anama. Astfel controlul era !redat de catre SUA !rin acest tratat statului #anama. 65. ce miscare sociaa a a(ut loc in 2000 in America Latina 4a(or social movements emerged in most of 8atin America in response to the economic crisis of the /Js and early 2///Js and challenged neoliberal ruling class control# !he most successful Dere found in 0razil, 1cuador,
throughout the country, represented the biggest and best organized social movement in 8atin America# !he 4S! built a broad netDorI of supporters and allies in other social movements, liIe the urban ;omeless 4ovement, the "atholic +astoral Rural 5Rural +astoral Agency6 and sectors of the trade union movement 5"U!6, as Dell as the left-Ding of the EorIers +arty 5+!6 and progressive academic faculty and students# !he 4S! succeeded through Jdirect actionJ tactics, such as organizing mass Jland occupationsJ, Dhich settled hundreds of thousands of landless rural DorIers and their families on the falloD lands of giant latifundistas# !hey successfully put agrarian reform on the national agenda and contributed to the electoral victory of the putative center-left EorIers +arty presidential candidate 9gnacio J8ulaJ >a Silva in the 2//2 elections#
67. ce miscare culturala eista intre arta si !olitica 9n 0razil, the Cinema Novo movement created a particular Day of maIing movies Dith critical and intellectual screenplays, a clearer photography related to the light of the outdoors in a tropical landscape, and a political message# !he modern 0razilian &lm industry has become more pro&table inside the country, and some of its productions have received prizes and recognition in 1urope and the United States# 6" Bratatul de la /asin3ton masuri neoli,arele im!use tarile din LA the Eashington "onsensus policies Dere designed to respond to the very real problems in 8atin America and made considerable sense Eashington "onsensus Dere Kdeveloped in 8atin America, by 8atin Americans, in response to Dhat Das happening both Dithin and outside the region 6& strate3ia militara ideolo3ica im!ortanta importance of military planners understanding the religion and culture of indigenous people# ;e believes to understand the religious thoughts and motivations of people are an important element in accomplishing military missions# 40 cum au facut fata tarile din Sud tranzitiei 41 ti!urile de 3erile Urbane si rurale 42 trecerea de la democratie a fost di)cila* 46 dinastia Somoza +dinastiile>inastia Somoza L 7=-. Nicaragua 5Augusto "esar Sandino va inspira frontul de eliberare sandinist ce va pune capat dinastiei Somoza# Sandinismul e inca la putere6 >inastia tru(illo L 7/ L = Rep >ominicana
>inastia >uvaliere L 3. L ?= ;aiti 44. cine a fost Sal(ador Allende. ost presedinte al statului "hile 45. cine e Daniel rte3a * presedintele statului Nicaragua 47.!resedintii din Uru3ua@ si #ara3ua@* U L )ose5accent ascutit pe e6 4u(ica + L ernando 8ugo 4". triun3iul (iolentelor in colum,ia ormat din: 4iscarile de gherila, cartelurile de droguri, organizatiile paramilitare 4iscarile de gherila 5AR" L fortele Armate Revolutionare "olumbiene 18N L Armata de 1liberare Nationala 1+8 L Armata de 1liberare +opulara6 sunt implicate in productia de cocaina# +entru a avea fonduri pentru productiile viitoare, gherilele rapeau oamenii si cereau recompense# Atacau de regula mosiile# +roprietarii de mosii formeaza organizatiile paramilitare# !ra&cantii de droguri reusesc sa ameninte statul columbian prin actiunile lor# >e asem ei s-au implicat in campaniile electorale, sustinand unii candidati in sch unor bene&cii# !otodata si membrii miscarilor paramilitare se pot a$a pe listele partidelor de la *uvernare# *herilele a(ung sa controleze si drumurile, &ind mai sigur sa calatoresti cu avionul decat sa alegi drumul pe autostrazi si sa risti sa & (efuit sau chiar rapit# "el mai rau afectati au fost taranii din zonele in care erau plantatiile de coca: in primul rand, din cauza substantelor folosite in plantatii, solul era atat de afectat incat nu mai era fertil pt nimic altceva# >e asem, in lipsa altor activitati econ, taranii erau nevoiti si chiar obligati sa lucreze la plantatiile de coca# *herilele au primit sustinere &nanciara din partea statelor care nu erau partenere SUA, dar si din partea statului columbian in timpul lui ;ugo "havez, dar si sustinere privin aprovizionarea cu arme# 9n tot acest moloz, sg lucru care poate ramane in picioare este "onst din # SUA incearca sa ia masuri impotriva cartelurilorX V #lan Colom,ia L a a(uta statul pe plan econ, social, militar L dorindu-se eradicarea culturilor de coca# 9n prez exista un program al "olumbiei pt a da o a 2a sansa membrilor de gherila sa renunte la aceste activitati# 4&. deceniul !ierdut al americii de sud 1ste reprezentat de criza &nanciara ce a pornit in anii ?/ cand datoriile externe intreceau castigurile fapt ce a dus la incapacitatea de a plati datoriile# 0razilia, Argentina si 4exic au imprumutat sume mari de la creditori internationali pentru industrializare si pentru programe de reabilitare a infrastructurii#
Su,iectele de la S#R Lim,a Romana Su,iectele de 1 !unctF 'nitiatorul sau ce(a de 3enul asta al inde!endentei +,oli(ar as zice- si care era (iziunea lui asu!ra statelor sau am lat Briun3iul (iolentei in Colum,ia de e!licat UNASUR mem,rior3anizaresco!uri Comisiile de analizatG!rezentat
ade(ar.
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Alte su,iecte Barile Anul si omul care a desco!erit america Cine este u3o ca(ez #resedintii ,oli(iei si ar3entinei Barile cu raz,oaie in anii 90"0 #rocesul de inte!endenta Caudillos Alianta !entru !ro3res Re(olutia 3lorioasa in cu,a Cand sa declarat socialist* !eratiunea condor si tarile !artici!ante <erilele de cate feluri erau si eem!lu unde se 3aseauF Cu,a Lideri !o!ulisti din 1&601&40 eem!leF !eron si (ar3a dictaturi miliatre in Cile si Ar3entina decat anul "hile - .7L/ Augusto +inochet Argentina - .= to ?7 0razilia - 4arch 7, = to 4arch 3, ?3 State in care america se implica militar la inceputul secolului 2/# +anama si "uba cel mai probabil#
