Solucions Mcgrawhill Quimica 1r Batxillerat

TF@[DOFJLUO TF@[DOFJL UO

[joyly ;

[joyly ;* Ktyk|{ofakyuol ik `kt uklddofjt |{áao|{kt \ðktyofjt ojodol`t

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Kj {jl uklddoô |{áaodl kj ktyly bltôt, ït wfttoe`k |{k k` ~f`{a l` nojl` ik `l uklddoô l{bakjyo uktwkdyk l` ~f`{a ojodol`6 O |{k iotaoj{koso6

Tá, wku|{ã k` ~f`{a jf kt dfjtku~l jkdkttçuolakjy kj {jl uklddoô |{áaodl*

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Tlek{ |{ã ~f` iou |{k {jl uklddoô n{jdofjl af` l af`6

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^f` iou |{k yfyt k`t ukldyo{t o wufi{dykt ktylj ob{l`lyt < l <* To {j af` ik L iôjl yukt af` ik E, |{ljyt af` ik L kjt ifjlulj 2 af` ik E6 Wku feykjou 2 af` ik E jkdkttoyka 5,44 af` ik L*

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\{ã ~f` iou |{k `l akjl i‟{j aojkul` yï {jl uo|{ktl ik` ?7+6

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^f` iou |{k k` aojkul` dfjyï k` ?7+ ik `l t{etyçjdol |{k kjt ojykukttl* Wku kskaw`k, to ykjoa <77 b ik` aojkul`, jfaït ?7 b tôj ik `l t{etyçjdol |{k jkdkttoyka* Tleuák{ iou |{lj t‟ldlel {jl uklddoô |{áaodl6

T‟ldlel |{lj t‟ktbfyl {j ik`t ukldyo{t #ksdkwyk kj `kt uklddofjt i‟k|{oòeuo/* Tlek{ |{ojl oawfuyçjdol yï `l bl`kjl kj `l ojiýtyuol |{áaodl6 O `l wouoyl6

@l bl`kjl ït k` aojkul` |{k dfjyï almfuoyçuolakjy t{`n{u ik w`fa o, wku yljy, ït `l akjl aït oawfuyljy ik w`fa, |{k ~l tku {j ik`t wuoakut akyl``t {yoòy}lyt o ldy{làkjy kt nl tku~ou kj ikdfuldoô o, tfeukyfy, kj `l ojiýtyuol ik `l b{kuul* @l wouoyl ït almfuoyçuolakjy iot{`n{u ik nkuuf o t‟{yoòy}l wku feykjou nkuuf o çdoi t{`nýuod* To wfika feykjou <7 b i‟{j wufi{dyk o j‟ldfjtkb{oa >, |{oj ït k` ukjioakjy ik `l uklddoô6

Ït ik` >7+* Wfy tku |{k k` ukjioakjy i‟{jl uklddoô kjt ifjo aït ik` <77+6

Jf wfy tku* To kj l`b{jl wuçdyodl t{ddkkos, k` aït wufele`k ït |{k ktyob{ka dfawyljy uktoi{t f l`yukt t{etyçjdokt, l aït ik` wufi{dyk ik` |{l` dl`d{`ka k` ukjioakjy* Tleuák{ iou |{ojl ït `l nôua{`l kawáuodl ik `‟çdoi ldãyod, DC 4 — DFFC6

DC5F*

\ðktyofjt o wufe`kakt <*

K` 5< ik tkykaeuk ik 577<, l `l w`ljyl ik wufi{dykt |{áaodt ik L]N toy{lil l wfdl iotyçjdol ik Yf{`f{tk, kt ~l wufi{æu {jl ksw`ftoô, wuf~fdlil nfjlakjylàkjy wku `l iktdfawftodoô ik joyuly i‟lafjo tkbfjt `l uklddoô tkbðkjy= JC9JF4 #t/ J5F#b/ ( C5F#b/ l/ Ob{l`k{ l|{ktyl k|{ldoô* e/ To co cl~ol kaalbly}kalyt 5 ;77 af` ik joyuly, |{ljyt af`t ik afjõsoi ik iojoyufbkj#O/ o i‟lob{l kt ~lj wufi{ou* U= 5 ;77 af` J 5F o ; 777 af` C5F* ↕

J5F #b/ ( 5C5F#b/ l/ JC9JF4 #t/ e/ 5;77 af` JC9JF4 ² #< af` J5F&< af` JC9JF4/ 1 5;77 af` J5F ↕

5;77 af` JC9JF4 ² #5 af` C5F&< af` JC9JF4/ 1 ;777 af` C5F

5*

Al`buly |{k `‟l`{aojo ït {j akyl`` |{k jf uklddofjl nçdoàkjy lae `‟fsobkj, kj ikykuaojlikt dfjiodofjt kt wufi{kos `l uklddoô tkbðkjy= 9 L`#t/ ( 4 F5#b/ 5 L`5 F4#t/ Dl`d{`k{ k` jfaeuk ik af`t i‟fsobkj |{k kt jkdkttoykj wku uklddofjlu lae 5 af` i‟l`{aojo6 U= <,; af` F5* ↕

5 af` L` ² #4 af` F5&9 af` L`/ 1 <,; af` F 5 4*

K` }ojd ït {j akyl`` {yoòy}ly wku nku femkdykt kaaf``lyt, w`ljskt, dljfjlikt, ukdowokjyt, wku dfeuou yk{`likt, wku nku nfyfbul~lyt, kyd* [jl aftyul ik <5; b ik }ojd akyç`²òd kt ~lwfuoy}l o kt dukal kj ksdït i‟fsobkj* \{ljyt bulat i‟õsoi ik }ojd#OO/ t‟feyojiulj6 U= <;;,>7 b ]jF*

AdBulr!Co``&Ojykulakuodljl AdBulr!Co``& Ojykulakuodljl ik Ktwlül, T*L*[*

\{áaodl <* Elyso``kuly

5]j #t/ ( F5 #b/ 5]jF#t/ <5; b ]j ² #>;,43 b ]j&< af` ]j/ ² #5 af` ]jF&5 af` ]j/ ² #3<,43 b ]jF&< af` ]jF/ 1 <;;,> b ]jF ↕

9*

@‟kyç D5C> ït {j dfawfty af`y {yoòy}ly kj `l tájykto ik w`çtyodt o l`yukt wufi{dykt fubçjodt oji{tyuol`t, wkuõ ylaeï kt wfy {yoòy}lu dfa l dfae{tyoe`k* @l tk~l uklddoô lae `‟fsobkj ik `‟louk nfual ioõsoi ik dluefjo o lob{l* To iotwftka ik <7 af` i‟kyç, |{ljyt hb i‟fsobkj kt jkdkttoykj wku l `l dfae{tyoô yfyl` ik <7 af` i‟kyç6 U= <,<5 hb F 5*

D5C>#b/ ( 2&5F5#b/ 5DF5 #b/ ( 4C5F#`/ <7 af` D5C> ² #4,; af` F5&< af` D5C>/ ² #45 b F5&< af` F5/ ² #< hb F5&<777 b F5/ 1 <, <5 hb F5 ↕

;*

[jl aljkul uçwoil o nçdo` i‟feykjou df{uk l` `lefulyfuo ït l yul~ït ik t{`nly ik df{uk o }ojd tkbfjt `‟k|{ldoô= D{TF9#l|/ ( ]j#t/ ]jTF9#l|/ ( D{#t/ L wluyou ik <;,?; b ik t{`nly ik df{uk o }ojd kj ksdït, |{ljyt bulat ik df{uk kt wfikj feykjou6 U= >,4; b D{* ↕

<;,?; b D{TF9 ² #< af` D{TF9&<;?,; b D{TF 9/ ² #< af` D{&< af` D{TF9/ ² #>4,; b D{&< af` D{/ 1 >,4; b D{ >*

K` t{`n{u ik nkuuf #OO/ kt wufi{kos wku uklddoô ioukdyl ik`t tk{t k`kakjyt, k` tfnuk o k` nkuuf* To iotwftka ik <77 b ik nkuuf o tfnuk kj ksdït, |{ljyt bulat ik t{`n{u ik nkuuf#OO/ j‟feyojiuka, dfjtoikuljy |{k k` ukjioakjy ït açsoa6 U= <;2,97 b NkT*

Nk ( T NkT <77 b Nk ² #< af` Nk&;;,3; b Nk/ ² #< af` NkT&< af` Nk/ ² #32,; b NkT&< af` NkT/ 1 <;2,9 b NkT ↕

2*

@‟ljfakjly eufa{u i‟kyo`ã ït {j wufi{dyk |{k t‟liiodofjl l `kt bltfòjkt wku l{bakjylu!jk `kt wufwokylyt ljyoikyfjljyt, ït l iou, `‟ájiks i‟fdyç* L|{kty dfawfty kt wfy feykjou wku uklddoô ioukdyl, tkbfjt t‟ojiodl kj `‟k|{ldoô= DC5 1 DC5 ( Eu 5 DC5Eu — — DC5Eu To {jl wkyuf|{áaodl jkdkttoyl {jl yfjl i‟l|{kty wufi{dyk, |{ljyt akyukt dýeodt i‟kyo`ã, kj dfjiodofjt jfual`t, jkdkttoyluç lae ksdït ik eufa6 4 U= <
D5C9 ( Eu 5 D5C9Eu 5 <7> b D5C9Eu 5 ² #< af` D 5C9Eu 5&<32,3 b D5C9Eu 5/ ² #< af` D 5C9&< af` D5C9Eu 5/ 1 ;459,3< af` D5C9 Lul co lwò|{ka `‟k|{ldoô i‟ktyly ik`t bltft oikl`t to tleka |{k kj dfjiodofjt jfual`t W 1 <7<477 Wl o Y 1 524 H* <7<477 Wl ² ^ 1 ;459,3< af` ² 3,4< M&#H ² af`/ ² 524 H ^ 1 <
3*

[j wuoaku wlt wku feykjou w`fa akyç`²òd ït yuljtnfualu {j dfawfty ik w`fa kj WeF* Kj k` dlt ik` joyuly ik w`fa#OO/, k` wufdït kt uklòy}l ktdl`nljy!`f, ml |{k l`ktcfukt kt iktdfawfj kj ioõsoi ik joyufbkj, fsobkj o `‟õsoi ik w`fa# OO/* l/ Ktduo~o{ `‟k|{ldoô o ob{l`k{!`l* e/ \{ljyt af`yt ik WeF t‟feyojiulj l wluyou ik `l iktdfawftodoô yfyl` ik <7 b ik We#JF4/56 U= 7,74 af` WeF*

5We#JF4/5 9JF5 ( F5 ( 5WeF <7 b We#JF4/5 ² #< af` We#JF 4/5&44<,
?*

K` t{`n{u ik nkuuf |{k cka wukwluly kj k` wufe`kal ljykuofu, k` wfika {yoòy}lu wku l `l wukwluldoô ik t{`n{u i‟coiufbkj* To iotwftka ik <;2,97 b ik NkT o k`t nka uklddofjlu lae çdoi d`fucáiuod tkbfjt `‟k|{ldoô tkbðkjy= NkT#t/ ( CD`#l|/ NkD`5 #l|/ ( C5T#b/ \{ljyt bulat ik t{`n{u i‟coiufbkj feyojiuka6 ↕



U= >7,?3 b C 5T*

NkT#t/ ( 5CD`#l|/ NkD`5 #l|/ ( C5T#b/ <;2,97 b NkT ² #< af` NkT&32,3; b NkT/ ² #< af` C 5T&< af` NkT/ ² #49 b C 5T&< af` C5T/ 1 >7,?3 b C5T ↕

<7* K` albjkto ït {j akyl`` ``k{bku |{k, |{lj t‟ktdl`nl, dukal kj `‟louk lae {jl ``{a e`ljdl

ojykjtl, uodl kj ulobt {`yul~of`lyt* L|{ktyl dluldykuátyodl nl |{k t‟{yoòy}o kj woufyãdjol* @l uklddoô ik dfae{tyoô kt wfy ukwuktkjylu lae `‟k|{ldoô tkbðkjy= Ab#t/ ( ± F5#b/ AbF#t/ To ykjoa 57 b ik albjkto, |{ljyt bulat ik uktoi{ e`ljd i‟õsoi kt nfualuç6 U= 44,<2 b AbF* ↕

Ab#t/ ( ± F5 AbF#t/ 57 b Ab ² #< af` Ab&59,4 b Ab/ ² #< af` AbF&< af` Ab/ ² #97,4 b AbF& < af` AbF/ 1 44,<2 b AbF ↕

<<* K` ~ljlio, jfa wuf~ojkjy ik ^ljl!iát, ikkttl ik `l aoyf`fbol ktdljiojl~l, ~l tku ljfakjly

losá wk` t{kd Tkntyuþa, wkuõ k` tk{ iktdfeuoifu ~l tku `‟ktwljf` Ljiuït Alj{k` ik` Uáf |{ljy yukel``l~l kj `l aojkuol ik Aãsod* [j ik`t dfawftyft aït tobjonodlyo{t ït k` wkjyõsoi ik io~ljlio, |{k kt wfy fekjou wku uklddoô ioukdyl ik`t tk{t k`kakjyt= ~ljlio o fsobkj* l/ Ktduo~o{ `‟k|{ldoô o ob{l`k{!`l* e/ \{ljyt bulat ik ~ljlio clj uklddofjly lae 57 @ i‟fsobkj kj dfjiodofjt jfual`t6 U= 4>,4? b ^*

5^5F; l/ 9^ ( ;F 5 e/ Tleka |{k < af` kj dfjiodofjt jfual`t #< lya o 7 ½D/ fd{wkj 55,9 @, wku yljy= ↕

57 @ F5 ² #< af` F5&55,9 @ F5/ ² #9 af` ^&; af` F5/ ² #;7,?9 b ^&< af` ^/ 1 4>,4? b ^ <5* @‟ldkyo`ã ït {j blt ojdf`fu o yõsod |{k dukal lae n`lal af`y ``{aojftl, wkuõ ït af`y ojktyle`k

o kj ktyly `á|{oi af`y ksw`fto{* Kt iktdfawfj tkbfjt `‟k|{ldoô= D5C5 5D ( C5 Iotwftka ik <7 af` i‟ldkyo`ã* \{ljyt òyukt i‟coiufbkj t‟feyojiulj l <7< 477 Wl o 477 H6 U= 59>,< @ C 5* ↕

D5C5 5D ( C5 <7 af` D5C5 ² #< af` C5&< af` D5C5/ 1 <7 af` C5 Co lwò|{ka `‟k|{ldoô i‟ktyly ik`t bltft oikl`t= w^ 1 jUY * <7<477 Wl ² ^ 1 <7 af` ² 3,4< M&#H ² af`/ ² 477 H ^ 1 59>,< @ C5 ↕

<4* K` albjkto, l aït ik `l tk~l uklddoô lae fsobkj ukn`kdyoil kj k` wufe`kal <7, ït ylaeï

ukldyo{ to t‟ktd`lnl kj wuktãjdol ik joyufbkj* @‟k|{ldoô |{k ukn`kdykos l|{ktyl uklddoô ït `l tkbðkjy= Ab#t/ ( J5#b/ Ab4J5#t/ l/ Ob{l`k{ `‟k|{ldoô* e/ \{ljyt bulat ik joyu{u ik albjkto kt nfualulj kj uklddofjlu yf ylàkjy 4,5; b ik albjkto6 d / \{ljykt af`ãd{`kt ik joyufbkj uklddofjlulj lae k`t 4,5; b ik albjkto6 55 U= 9,; b Ab4J5 o 5,>? ² <7 af`ãd{`kt J5* ↕

Ab4J5#t/ l/ 4Ab#t/ ( J5#b/ e/ 4,5; b Ab ² #< af` Ab&59,4 b Ab/ ² #< af` Ab 4J5&4 af` Ab/ ² #<77, ? b Ab 4J5&< af` Ab4J5/ ↕

1 9,; b Ab4J5 54 d / 4,5; b Ab ² #< af` Ab&59,4 b Ab/ ² #< af` J5&4 af` Ab/ ² #>,754 ² <7 af`ãd{`kt&< af`/ 1 55 5,>? ² <7 af`ãd{`kt J5 <9* @l iktdfawftodoô ik `‟lob{l fsobkjlil f wkuõsoi i‟coiufbkj, kj ikykuaojlikt dfjiodofjt,

wufi{kos lob{l o fsobkj* \{ljyt òyukt i‟fsobkj, l 977 ½D ik ykawkuly{ul o l 5,5 lya ik wukttoô, t‟feyojiulj l wluyou ik `l uklddoô yfyl` ik 477 b ik C5F5* U= <<7,2 @ ik F 5*

5C5F5

↕

5C5F ( F5#b/



477 b C5F5 ² #< af` C5F5&49 b C5F5/ ² #< af` F5&5 af` C5F5/ 1 9,9< af` F5 Lwò|{ka `‟k|{ldoô i‟ktyly ik`t bltft bltft oikl`t= w^ 1 jUY 5,5 lya ² ^ 1 9,9< af` ² 7,735 lya ² @&#H ² af`/ ² >24 H ^ 1 <<7,2 @ F 5 <;* K` wufwç ït {j coiufdlue{u af`y {yoòy}ly dfa l dfae{tyoe`k ik dl`knlddofjt ifaãtyo|{kt* @l

uklddoô |{k nl wfttoe`k `‟feykjdoô i‟kjkubol ït `l dfae{tyoô lae `‟fsobkj |{k wufi{kos ioõsoi ik dluefjo o lob{l* To kt aktd`kj <77 @ ik wufwç lae <77 @ i‟fsobkj, |{ljyt òyukt co cl{uç l` nojl` ik `l uklddoô6 Kt dfjtoikukj yfyt k`t bltft kj `kt alykoskt dfjiodofjt ik wukttoô o ykawkuly{ul* U= 557 @*

D4C3 ( ;F5 4DF5 ( 9C5F DO <77 @ <77 @ !! !! DU 57 @ <77 @ >7 @ 37 @ DN 37 @ 7 @ >7 @ 37 @ <77 @ F5 ² #< @ D4C3&; @ F5/ 1 57 @ D 4C3 T{aka k`t @ yfyl`t |{k co cl{uç l` nojl` ik `l uklddoô= 37 ( >7 ( 37 1 557 @* ↕

<>* K` d`fu{u ik akud{uo#OO/ kt wfy wukwlulu wku uklddoô ioukdyl ik`t tk{t k`kakjyt* To kj {j

ukdowokjy t‟ojyufi{koskj 37 b ik akud{uo o 97 b ik d`fu= l/ \{oj tkuç k` ukldyo{ òaoyljy6 e/ \{ljyt bulat ik CbD`5 kt nfualulj6 d/ \{ljykt af`ãd{`kt |{kikj wku uklddofjlu6 55 U= <73,53 b CbD` 5 o ?,?> ² <7 af`ãd{`kt* l/ Dl`d{`ka |{oj tkuç k` ukldyo{ òaoyljy=

37 b Cb ² #< af` Cb&577,;? b Cb/ ² #< af` D` 5&< af` Cb/ ² #27,? b D` 5&< af` D`5/ 1 53,53 b D`5 Dfa |{k ykjoa k`t 53,53 b ik D` 5, k` ukldyo{ òaoyljy ït k` Cb* Cb ( D`5 CbD`5 e/ DO 37 b 97 b !!!! DU 37 b 53,53 b <73,53 b DN !! <<,25 b <73,53 b Lwò|{ka `l ``ko ik @l~fotoku @l~fotoku l `kt dfjiodofjt ik uklddoô= 37 b ( 53,53 b 1 <73,53 b CbD`5* 54 55 d / <<,25 b D`5 ² #< af` D`5&27,? b D`5/ ² #>,754 ² <7 af`ãd{`kt&< af`/ 1 ?,?> ² <7 af`ãd{`kt D`5* ↕

<2* @l uklddoô ik `‟lafjáld lae `‟fsobkj |{k nfual afjõsoi ik joyufbkj o lob{l yï ``fd kj ktyly

bltôt* To kt wluykos i‟{jl aktd`l ik <7 @ i‟fsobkj o 4 @ i‟lafjáld, akt{ulyt kj `kt alykoskt dfjiodofjt ik wukttoô o ykawkuly{ul, dl`d{`k{ k` ~f`{a ik `l aktd`l bltftl iktwuït ik `l uklddoô, kj `kt alykoskt dfjiodofjt ik wukttoô o ykawkuly{ul* U= <4,2; @*

9JC4 ( ;F5 9JF ( >C5F DO 4@ <7 @ !! !! DU 4 @ 4,2; @ 4 @ 9,; @ DN !! >,5; @ 4 @ 9,; @ Wku yljy, k` ~f`{a ik `l aktd`l bltftl iktwuït ik `l uklddoô ït= >,5; ( 4 ( 9,; 1 <4,2; @ yfyl`t* ↕

<3* Kj uklddofjlu `‟õsoi ik ~ljlio#OO/ lae `‟õsoi ik nkuuf#OOO/ kt nfuakj õsoi ik ~ljlio#^/ o õsoi ik

nkuuf#OO/* l/ Ktduo~o{ `‟k|{ldoô |{áaodl dfuuktwfjkjy o ob{l`k{!`l* e/ Dl`d{`k{ `l alttl i‟õsoi ik ~ljlio# ^/ |{k wfy feykjou!tk l wluyou ik 5,77 b i‟õsoi ik ~ljlio#OO/ o ;,2; b i‟õdoi ik nkuuf#OOO/* U= 5,<3 b ^ 5F;*

^5F; ( >NkF l/ 5^F ( 4Nk5F4 e/ Dl`d{`ka |{oj ït k` ukldyo{ òaoyljy= ↕

;,2; b Nk5F4 ² #< af` Nk5F4&<;?,> b Nk5F4/ ² #5 af` ^F&4 af` Nk5F4/ ² #>>,? b ^F&< af` ^F/ 1 <,>7> b ^F Wku yljy, k` ukldyo{ òaoyljy ït k` Nk5F4* Dl`d{`ka k`t bulat ik ^5F; |{k tk j‟feykjkj= AdBulr!Co``&Ojykulakuodljl AdBulr!Co``& Ojykulakuodljl ik Ktwlül, T*L*[*


;,2; b Nk5F4 ² #< af` Nk5F4&<;?,> b Nk5F4/ ² #< af` ^5F;&4 af` Nk5F4/ ² #<3<,3 b ^5F;&< af` ^5F;/ 1 5,<3 b ^5F; L`ktcfukt= 5^F ( 4Nk5F4 ^5F; ( >NkF DO 5 b ;,2; b !! !! DU <,>7> b ;,2; b DN 7,4?4 b !!! ↕

nfualdoô ik t{`n{u ik w`lyl* Lwufnoyljy l|{ktyl uklddoô |{áaodl, dl`d{`k{ `l |{ljyoyly ik t{`n{u i‟lubkjy |{k kt wfiuol feykjou l wluyou i‟{jl aktd`l ik 7,?>7 b i‟lubkjy, 7,<97 b ik t{`n{u i‟coiufbkj o 7,737 b i‟fsobkj* Ojio|{k{ |{ojl ït `l tf`{doô dfuukdyl* l/ <,75 b e/ <,<7 b d/ <,59 b i/ 5,79 b k/ 5,57 b

5Lb ( C5T ( <&5F5 Lb5T ( C5F DO 7,?>7 b 7,<97 b 7,737 b Dl`d{`ka |{oj ït k` ukldyo{ òaoyljy= 7,?> b Lb ² #< af` Lb&<72,? b Lb/ ² #< af` C 5T&5 af` Lb/ ² #49 b C 5T&< af` C5T/ 1 7,<;> b F5 Ykjoa wuf{ F58 wku yljy, k` ukldyo{ òaoyljy ït k` C 5T* Lul ml wfika dl`d{`lu `l |{ljyoyly ik t{`n{u i‟lubkjy= 7,<97 b C5T ² #< af` C5T&49 b C5T/ ² #< af` Lb5T&< af` C5T/ ² #592, ? b Lb5T&< af` Lb5T/ 1 <,75 b Lb5T Wku yljy, `l tf`{doô dfuukdyl ït `l l* ↕

4

57* [j ukdowokjy ik 57 ia dfjyï l 477 H {jl aktd`l ik 3 b i‟fsobkj, < b ik e{yç o < b i‟ckò* Kj

nku tl`ylu `l b{twoul k`ãdyuodl, `l aktd`l uklddofjl o kt wufi{kos ioõsoi ik dluefjo o ~lwfu i‟lob{l* Dl`d{`k{ `l alttl ik ioõsoi ik dluefjo feyojb{il* U= 4,74 b DF 5*

D9C<7 ( <4&5 F5 9DF5 ( ;C5F DO ,; af` F5&< af` D9C<7/ ² #45 b F5&< af` F5/ 1 4,;3> b F5 Wku yljy, k` ukldyo{ òaoyljy ït k` e{yç* Lul ml wfika dl`d{`lu `l alttl ik DF 5 feyojb{il= < b D9C<7 ² #< af` D9C<7&;3 b D9C<7/ ² #9 af` DF5&< af` D9C<7/ ² #99 b DF5&< af` DF5/ 1 4,74 b DF5 ↕

5<* K` t{`n{u i‟coiufbkj ït {j blt i‟f`fu af`y iktlbulile`k #dfa i‟f{t wfiuoyt/* @l tk~l uklddoô

lae k` w`fa kt ukt{akos lae `l tkbðkjy k|{ldoô= C5T#b/ ( We#t/ WeT#t/ ( C5#b/ To lae {jl aftyul ik ; b |{k dfjyï w`fa kt nfuakj 7,3;4 b ik WeT, |{oj ït k` yljy wku dkjy i‟l|{kty akyl`` l `l aftyul6 U= <9,23+ ik w`fa ik `l aftyul* ↕

7,3;4 b WeT ² #< af` WeT&54?,5 b WeT/ ² #< af` We&< af` WeT/ ² #572,5 b We&< af` We/ 1 7,2433 b We Dl`d{`ka!jk k` += #7,2433 b WeT&; b aftyul/ ² <77 1 <9,23 + ik We ik `l aftyul 55* L wluyou ik dlue{u ik dl`do ït af`y nçdo` feykjou ldkyo`ã tkbfjt `‟k|{ldoô=

DlD5#t/ ( 5 C5F#
7,3 b DlD5 ² #?7&<77/ ² #< af` DlD 5&>9 b DlD5/ ² #< af` Dl#FC/5&< af` DlD5/ ² #29 b Dl#FC/5&< af` Dl#FC/5/ 1 7,345; b Dl#FC/ 5 7,3 b DlD5 ² #?7&<77/ ² #< af` DlD5&>9 b DlD5/ ² #< af` D 5C5&< af` DlD5/ ² #55,9 @&< af`/ 1 7,5;5 @ D5C5



4

54* Wku dfae{tyoô i‟< hb i‟{jl aktd`l ik akyç o joyufbkj, t‟feyï < a ik ioõsoi ik dluefjo, ;

akt{uly l `l wukttoô i‟<,7< ² <7 Wl o l `l ykawkuly{ul ik 52 ½D* Dl`d{`k{ k` wkudkjylybk ik akyç l `l aktd`l ojodol`* U= >9,35 + ik akyç*

DC9 ( 5F5 DF5 ( 5C5F Dfa |{k yfy k` DF5 ~k ik` akyç, wfika dl`d{`lu k`t af`t ik DF 5 lwòdljy `‟k|{ldoô i‟ktyly ik`t bltft oikl`t= w^ 1 jUY * <7<477 Wl ² < a 4 1 j ² 3,4< M&#H ² af`/ ² 477 H j 1 97, > af` DF 5 Wku yljy= 97, > af` DF5 ² #< af` DC9&< af` DF5/ ² #<> b DC 9&< af` DC9/ 1 >9?,> b DC9 #>9?,> b DC9&<777 b yfyl`/ ² <77 1 >9,35+ akyç ↕

59* [jl aktd`l ik albjkto o }ojd yï ik alttl yfyl` 5,993 b o, kj uklddofjlu lae çdoi io`{æy, 4

9

wufi{kos <,593 ia i‟coiufbkj, akt{ulyt l 57 ½D o ?,2> ² <7 Wl* Dl`d{`k{ k` wkudkjylybk ik }ojd kj `l aktd`l ojodol`* U= 37,<;+ ik ]j*

Ab ( 5CD`

↕

AbD`5 ( C5

s

]j ( 5CD`

s ↕

]jD`5 ( C5





Co lwò|{ka `‟k|{ldoô i‟ktyly ik`t bltft oikl`t= w^ 1 jUY * ?,2> ² <79 Wl ² <,593 ² <7!4 a4 1 j ² 3,4< M&#H²af`/ ² 5?4 H j 1 7,7; af` C 5 W`ljykbka k` tkbðkjy totykal i‟k|{ldofjt= s (  1 5,993

  ⇕ s 1 <,?>5 b ]j  s  ( 1 7,7;   1 7,93> b Ab  59,47; >;,43 

Wku yljy, k` wkudkjylybk ik }ojd kj `l aktd`l ojodol` tkuç=#<,?>5&5,993/ ² <77 1 37,<;+ 4

5;* Iojt i‟{j ukdowokjy ojyufi{æa 47 da i‟{jl aktd`l i‟kyç o kyá o <57 da

4

i‟fsobkj* Wku aoymç i‟{jl b{twoul k`ãdyuodl, kj wuf~f|{ka `l dfae{tyoô* Iktwuït ik dfjikjtlu `‟lob{l o tkwlulu! 4 `l, co |{kikj 3< da kj yfyl` ik ioõsoi ik dluefjo nfualy o fsobkj tfeuljy* Dl`d{`k{ `l dfawftodoô ik `l aktd`l ojodol`* 4 4 U= 59 da i‟kyç o > da i‟kyá*

Ktduo~oa `kt k|{ldofjt ik` wufdït= D5C> ( 2&5F5 5DF5 ( 4C5F 4,; s 5 s s D5C5 ( ;&5F5 5DF5 ( C5F 5,; 5  K` uktoi{ ik DF5 o F5 ït ik 3< da 4* W`ljykbka k` tkbðkjy totykal i‟k|{ldofjt=  s (  1 47 da 4  # 5 s ( 5 / ( #<57 ∕ 4,; s ∕ 5,; / 1 3< K` uktf`ka o j‟feykjoa |{k `l dfawftodoô ik `l aktd`l ojodol` ït= 4 s 1 59 da 4  1 > da ↕

↕

5>* [jl aftyul ik ;,<4 b ik t{`nly i‟lafjo oaw{u uklddofjkj lae {j ksdït i‟coiuõsoi ik tfio o 4

;

t‟feykjkj <,37 ia i‟lafjáld blt akt{ulyt l 57 ½D o <7 Wl, t{`nly ik tfio o lob{l* Dl`d{`k{ k` wkudkjylybk kj alttl ik t{`nly i‟lafjo kj `l aftyul ljlòy}lil* U= ?;,<; +*

#JC9/5TF9 ( 5JlFC 5JC4 ( Jl5TF9 ( 5C5F Dl`d{`ka k`t af`t ik JC 4 #b/ |{k j‟cka feyojb{y lwòdljy!co `‟k|{ldoô i‟ktyly ik`t bltft oikl`t= w^ 1 jUY * <7; Wl ² <,3 ² <7 !4 a4 1 j ² 3,4< M&#H²af`/ ² 5?4 H j 1 7,729 af` JC4 o, ↕



7,729 af` JC4 ² #< af` #JC9/5TF9&5 af` JC4/ #<45 b #JC9/5TF9&< af` #JC9/5TF9/ 1 9,339 b #JC9/5TF9 Wku yljy, k` wkudkjylybk kj alttl ik` t{`nly i‟lafjo ït= #9,339 b w{u&;,<4 b oaw{u/ ² <77 1 ?;,<; + 52* [jl aftyul ik 7,??2 b i‟{jl aktd`l ik dluefjly ik tfio ljcoiuk o dluefjly ik wfyltto

ljcoiuk kt yuldyl lae {j wkyoy ksdït i‟çdoi d`fucáiuod io`{æy* @l iottf`{doô |{k kj ukt{`yl t‟k~lwful nojt |{k jfaït co |{kikj uktoi{t tõòit |{k ykjkj {jl alttl i‟<,7?7 b* Dl`d{`k{ `l dfawftodoô ik `l aftyul ojodol`* U= ;?,23 + Jl 5DF4*

Ktduo~oa `kt k|{ldofjt ik` wufdït= Jl5DF4 ( 5CD` C5DF4 ( 5JlD` ↕

s

H5DF4 ( 5CD`

↕

C5DF4 ( 5HD`



@‟çdoi dlueõjod kt iktdfawfj kj DF 5 o C5F, ik aljkul |{k t‟k~lwfukj o kjt |{kil dfa l uktoi{ {jl aktd`l ik JlD` o HD`* W`ljykbka k` tkbðkjy totykal i‟k|{ldofjt=  s (  1 7,??2

    s  5    A JlD` # / 5 ⋋ (   A #Jl DF /   A #H DF /   ⋋ A #HD` / 1 <,7?7 5 4  5 4    

Uktf`ka k` totykal o j‟feykjoa |{k= s 1 7,;?> b Jl5DF4 Wku yljy, `l dfawftodoô ik `l aftyul ojodol` ït= #7,;?>&7,??2/ ² <77 1 ;?,23+ Jl5DF4

53* [j kty{ioljy wukwlul eufa{u i‟kyo` i‟ldfui lae `‟k|{ldoô tkbðkjy=

4 D5C;FC#O/ ( WEu 4#O/ 4 D5C;Eu #O/ 4#O/ #O/ ( C4WF4#t/ Nl uklddofjlu 59 b i‟l`dfcf` lae ;? b ik yuoeufa{u ik nõtnfu* Ojio|{k{ k` ukjioakjy feyojb{y to `‟kty{ioljy jfaït feyï 4> b ik eufa{u i‟kyo`* U= >4,4 +* ↕

4D5C;FC ( WEu 4 4D5C;Eu ( C4WF4 Wuoakulakjy cka i‟kteuojlu |{oj ït k` ukldyo{ òaoyljy= ;? b WEu 4 ² #< af` WEu 4&527,>2 b WEu 4/ ² #4 af` D5C;FC&< af` WEu 4/ ² #9> b D5C;FC&< af` D5C;FC/ 1 47,73 b D 5C;FC Jf ykjoa wuf{ l`dfcf`, wku yljy yfy k` D5C;FC uklddofjl, |{k ït kj l|{kty dlt k` ukldyo{ òaoyljy= 59 b D5C;FC ² #< af` D5C;FC&9> b D5C;FC/ ² #4 af` D 5C;Eu&4 af` D5C;FC/ ² #<73,? b D5C;Eu&< af` D5C;Eu/ 1 ;>,35 b D5C;Eu Wku yljy, k` ukjioakjy ït= #4> b&;>,35 b/ ² <77 1 >4,4 + ↕

5?* @l wuojdowl` akjl ik }ojd ït nfjlakjylàkjy k` t{`n{u ik }ojd* @l akjl tk tkwlul ik `l bljbl

ik` aojkul` wku {j wufdït ljfakjly n`fyldoô* Iktwuït t‟ktdl`nl l `‟louk wku {j wufdït ljfakjly yfuuknlddoô o t‟feyï õsoi ik }ojd tkbfjt `‟k|{ldoô= 5 ]jT#t/ ( 4 F5#b/ 5 ]j F#t/ ( 5 TF5#b/ @‟õsoi kt yuldyl iktwuït lae çdoi t{`nýuod io`{æy= ]jF#t/ ( C5TF9#l|/ ]jTF9#l|/ ( C5F#`/ o k` ]jF wlttl ylaeï l ]jTF9* Lul, `l tf`{doô l|{ftl jfaït dfjyï ]jTF9* Nojlàkjy, kt wlttl l yul~ït i‟{j dfuukjy k`ãdyuod wku feykjou k` akyl`` k`kdyuf`áyodlakjy, o kt wfy ktduo{uk `‟k|{ldoô tkbðkjy= 5 ]jTF9#l|/ ( 5 C5F#O/ 5 ]j#t/ ( 5 C5TF9#l|/ ( F5#b/ Dl`d{`k{ |{ojl alttl ik }ojd t‟feyojiuç l wluyou i‟{j aojkul` |{k dfjyï <77 hb ik ]jT to k` wufdït ik yfuuknlddoô yï {j ukjioakjy ik` ?<+ o k` i‟k`kdyuõòto ik` ?3+* Ojio|{k{ |{ojl ït `l tf`{doô dfuukdyl* l/ 4?,? hb e/ 93,5 hb d/ ;?,? hb i/ 25,4 hb k/ 3?,? hb ↕

↕

↕

5]jT#t/ ( 4F5#b/ 5]jF#t/ ( 5TF5#b/ 5]jF#t/ ( 5C5TF9#l|/ 5]jTF9#l|/ ( 5C5F#`/ 5]jT#t/ ( 4F5#b/ ( 5C5TF9#l|/ 5]jTF9#l|/ ( 5TF5#b/ ( 5C5F#`/ K` wufdït ït af` l af`= < af` ]jT uklddofjl o iôjl < af` ik ]jTF9* K` wufdït k`kdyuf`áyod ylaeï ït af` l af`* Wku yljy= ↕

↕

↕



<77777 b ]jT ² #?<&<77/ ² #< af` ]jT&?2,9 b ]jT/ ² #< af` ]j&< af` ]jT/ ² #>;,9 b ]j&< af` ]j/ ² #?3&<77/ 1 ;?337,> b ]j Wku yljy, `l uktwftyl dfuukdyl ït ;?,? hb ik ]j* \{k dfuuktwfj l `‟lwluyly d * 47* @‟l`{aojo ït {j akyl`` dlil ~kblil aït {yoòy}ly kj `l dfjtku~ldoô i‟lòakjyt= `‟ljfakjly

wlwku i‟l`{aojo, i‟l`{aojo, f ojdfuukdylakjy wlwku ik w`lyl* [jl `çaojl i‟l`{aojo uklddofjl lae tl`n{aljy #iottf`{doô i‟çdoi d`fucáiuod/ o t‟feykjkj ;77 a@ i‟coiufbkj kskudojy {jl wukttoô ik 247 aa Cb l `l ykawkuly{ul ik 57 ½D* \{ojl ït `l wãui{l ik wkt ik `l `çaojl6 Ojio|{k{ |{ojl ït `l tf`{doô dfuukdyl* l/ 7,;9 b e/ 7,45 b d/ 7,43 b i/ 7,94 b k/ 7,4> b

L` ( 4CD` L`D`4 ( 4&5C5 Co lwò|{ka `‟k|{ldoô i‟ktyly ik`t bltft oikl`t wku tleku k` jfaeuk ik af` |{k j‟cka feyojb{y= w^ 1 jUY * ↕

#247&2>7/ lya ² 7,; @ 1 j ² 7,735 lya ² @&#H²af`/ ² 5?4 H j 1 7,7 b/* 4<* @l nftnojl, WC4#b/, uklddofjl lae fsobkj o t‟feyï çdoi nftnõuod #f fuyfnftnõuod/* @‟çdoi nftnõuod 4

;

feyojb{y l wluyou ik 97 ia ik nftnojl, l 5?3 H o 7,?4 ² <7 Wl, kt iottf` kj lob{l o t‟feykjkj 4 4 !4 ia ik iottf`{doô ik ikjtoyly < 74; hb a * Dl`d{`k{ `l dfawftodoô ik `l iottf`{doô feyojb{il !4 !< o kswukttk{ k` ukt{`yly kj l/ af` ² ia , e/ yljy wku dkjy kj alttl, d / af` ² hb #af`lòyly/* U= l/ 7,; A e/ 9,24 + o d/ 7,;72 a*

WC4 ( 5F5 C4WF9 Wuoakulakjy cka ik dl`d{`lu k` jfaeuk ik af` ik C4WF9 feyojb{y= w^ 1 jUY 7,?4 ² <7; Wl ² 97 ² <7 !4 a4 1 j ² 3,4< M&#H²af`/ ² 5?3 H j 1 <,5; af` WC4 Dfa |{k `l uklddoô ït af` l af`, cka feyojb{y <,5; af` C4WF9* Wku yljy, lul ml wfika dl`d{`lu `l dfawftodoô ik `l iottf`{doô ik C 4WF9 feyojb{il= 4 l/ <,; af`&4 ia 1 7,; A 4 4 e/ #<,; af` C 4WF9&4 ia iottf`{doô/ ² #?3 b C4WF9&< af` C4WF9/ ² #< ia iottf`{doô&<,74; b iottf`{doô/ ² <77 1 9,24+ d / <,; af` C4WF9 ² #?3 b C4WF9&< af` C4WF9/ 1 <92 b C 4WF9 4 @ iottf`{doô ² #<74; b&< ia 4/ 1 4<7; b iottf`{doô Co lwò|{ka `l iknojodoô ik af`lòyly= <,; af` C4WF 9 1 7,;72 a1 #4,<7; ∕ 7,<92/ hb iottf`~kjy ↕

45* Af`yt ikuo~lyt d`fulyt i‟coiufdlue{ut tôj ik bulj lwòdldoô yãdjodl dfa, wku kskaw`k, k` <,5!

iod`fufkyç |{k ït {j iottf`~kjy af`y kawuly* T‟feyï oji{tyuolàkjy l wluyou i‟kyo`ã wku liiodoô ik d`fu* Ykjoa {jl aktd`l bltftl i‟kyo`ã o d`fu l `l wukttoô yfyl` ik >77 aaCb o l `l ykawkuly{ul lik|{lil o dfawftyft |{k lddk`kukj `l uklddoô* Kt wufi{kos <,5!iod`fufkyç blt lae {j ukjioakjy ik` <77 +* DC5 1 DC5#b/ ( D`5#b/ D`C5D — DC 5DO#b/ \{ojl ït `l uklddoô af`lu kjyuk k`t bltft ik `l aktd`l ojodol`, to {j dfw ldlelil `l uklddoô t‟feyï {jl jf~l aktd`l bltftl kj `kt alykoskt dfjiodofjt ik ykawkuly{ul o ~f`{a ojodol`t, wkuõ l `l wukttoô yfyl` ik 977 aaCb6 Iob{k{ |{ojl ït `l tf`{doô dfuukdyl* l/ @l aktd`l ojodol` ït k|{oaf`lu* e/ @kt i{kt t{etyçjdokt ktylj ojodolàkjy kj {jl wufwfudoô af`lu ik 5=<* d/ @kt i{kt t{etyçjdokt ktylj ojodolàkjy kj {jl wufwfudoô af`lu ik 4=<* i/ @kt i{kt t{etyçjdokt ktylj kj {jl wufwfudoô af`lu ik ;=<* k/ Jf kt wfy tleku `l uk`ldoô ojodol` wku|{ã `l uklddoô ït yfyl`* ↕

D5C9#b/ ( D`5#b/

DO s DU s DN !!

↕

 s —s

D5C9D`5#b/ !! s s



L `‟ojodo ik `l uklddoô ykjoa s (  af` ik blt, akjyuk |{k l` nojl` kj ykjoa tf`lakjy  * To co lwò|{ka `‟k|{ldoô i‟ktyly ik`t bltft oikl`t o w`ljykbka {j totykal i‟k|{ldofjt wfiuka kteuojlu |{ojl ït `l uk`ldoô af`lu l `l aktd`l ojodol`* Cka ik ykjou kj dfawyk |{k `kt dfjiodofjt ik ykawkuly{ul o ~f`{a ojodol`t tôj `kt alykoskt |{k `kt nojl`t* >77 ⋋ ^ 1 # s (  / ⋋ U ⋋ Y   >77 1 s (  <,; 1 s ( < s 1 7,;  1 5 2>7  977    s 977        ⋋ ^ 1  ⋋ U ⋋ Y  2>7  Wku yljy, `l tf`{doô dfuukdyl ït `l e* 44* 477 a@ i‟{jl iottf`{doô ik d`fuly ik tfio ït k~lwfulil nojt |{k jfaït kj |{kikj uktoi{t

tõòit* To kt dfjyoj{l ktdl`nljy `l tl` tkdl, kt iktdfawfj kj d`fu{u ik tfio #tõòi/ o fsobkj* 4 ; T‟feykjkj 5,59 ia i‟fsobkj, akt{ulyt l 477 H o <7 Wl* Dl`d{`k{ |{ojl ït `l dfjdkjyuldoô ik `kt iottf`{dofjt ik wluyoil* —4 U= 7,5 af` ia *

5JlD`F4 5JlD` ( 4F 5 Dl`d{`ka k` jfaeuk ik af` F 5 |{k t‟feykjkj l wluyou ik `‟k|{ldoô i‟ktyly ik`t bltft oikl`t= w^ 1 jUY * #<7;&<7<477/ lya ² 5,59 @ 1 j ² 7,735 lya²@&#H²af`/ ² 477 H j 1 7,73?? af` F 5 Wku ktyk|{ofakyuol= 7,73?? af` F5 ² #5 af` JlD`F 4&4 af` F5/ 1 7,7;?? af` JlD`F 4 @l dfjdkjyuldoô ojodol`, wku yljy, ït= A 1 7,7;?? af`&7,4 @ 1 7,5 af` ² @ !< ↕

49* Ykjoa {jl aftyul |{k ït {jl aktd`l ik Dl#CDF4/5, DlDF4 o DlF* Kj ktd`lnlu!jk ksldylakjy

<77 b, t‟feykjkj 5,<> b ik C5F o <;,39 b ik DF5*To `kt k|{ldofjt tôj `kt tkbðkjyt= Dl#CDF4/5#t/ DlF#t/ ( C5F#b/ ( 5DF5#b/ DlDF4#t/ DlF#t/ ( DF5#b/ DlF#t/ Jf co cl dlw uklddoô* Ikykuaojk{ |{ojl ik `kt tf`{dofjt ït k` wkudkjylybk kj alttl ik DlF kj `l aktd`l ojodol`* l/ 99,; + e/ 3 + k/ >3,; + ↕

↕

↕

To fetku~ka `kt k|{ldofjt, ~k{uka |{k yfyl `‟lob{l wuf~ï ik `l wuoakul uklddoô= Dl#CDF4/5#t/ DlF#t/ ( C5F#b/ ( 5DF5#b/ Wku yljy, wku ktyk|{ofakyuol ykjoa= 5,<> b C5F ² #< af` C5F&<3 b C5F/ ² #< af` Dl#CDF 4/5&< af` C5F/ ² #<>5,< b Dl#CDF 4/5&< af` Dl#CDF4/5/ 1 b C5F ² #< af` C 5F&<3 b C5F/ ² #< af` Dl#CDF4/5&< af` C5F/ ² #5 af` DF 5&< af` Dl#CDF4/5/ 1 7,59 af` DF5 Dfa |{k cka feyojb{y <;,39 b ik DF 5 yfyl`t= <;,39 b DF5 ² #< af` DF5&99 b DF5/ 1 7,4> af` DF 5 yfyl`t Wku yljy, wfika kteuojlu k` jfaeuk ik af` ik DF 5 wuf~ojkjyt ik `‟k|{ldoô 5= 7,4> — 7,59 1 7,<5 af` DF 5 ik `‟k|{ldoô 5* O wku ktyk|{ofakyuol `l |{ljyoyly ik DlDF4 ik `l aktd`l ojodol`= 7,<5 af` DF5 ² #< af` DlDF4&< af` DF5/ ² #<77,3,;+ o `l uktwftyl dfuukdyl ït `l k* ↕

↕

↕

;

4;* Kj {j ukdowokjy yljdly co cl {jl aktd`l i‟fsobkj o i‟coiufbkj l 9,; ² <7 Wl o l 477 H o t‟co nl

tl`ylu {jl b{twoul |{k wuf~fdl `l uklddoô* @l aktd`l ik bltft |{k kj ukt{`yl, ~lwfu i‟lob{l o ; fsobkj, nl {jl wukttoô ik > ² <7 Wl l ;77 H* Ikykuaojk{ `l dfawftodoô ik `l aktd`l ojodol`* U= 4?,;+ C5*



5C5 ( F5

↕

5C5F

DO s  s&5 s DU s DN !!  — s&5 s Wuoaku dl`d{`ka k` jfaeuk ik af`t ik `l aktd`l ojodol`, lwòdljy!co `‟k|{ldoô i‟ktyly ik`t bltft oikl`t= w^ 1 jUY * 9,; ² <7; Wl ² <7!4 a4 1 j ² 3,4< M&#H²af`/ ² 477 H j 1 7,<3 af` O ik `l aktd`l nojl`= w^ 1 jUY

> ² <7; Wl ² <7!4 a4 1 j ² 3,4< M&#H²af`/ ² ;77 H j 1 7,<99 af` Lwò|{ka k` totykal i‟k|{ldofjt tkbðkjy= s (  1 7,<3  1 7,<3 ∕ s   7,<3 ∕ s 1 7,<99  s 1 7,72< af` C 5     1 7,<73 af` F  s s 5 #  ∕ / ( s 1 7,<99 7,<3 ∕ s ∕ ( s 1 7,<99   5 5 5   Wku yljy, `l dfawftodoô ik `l aktd`l ojodol` ït= #7,72<&7,<3/ ² <77 1 4?,; + C5 #7,<73&7,<3/ ² <77 1 >7,; + F5

4>* [jl aftyul ik 7,;>7 b i‟{jl aktd`l ik eufa{u ik wfyltto o ik eufa{u ik tfio kt iottf` kj

lob{l* Kj lnkbou!co {jl iottf`{doô ik joyuly ik w`lyl, t‟feyï {j wukdowoyly ik 7,?27 b ik eufa{u i‟lubkjy* Dl`d{`k{ k`t bulat ik eufa{u ik wfyltto |{k co cl~ol l `l aktd`l ojodol`* U= 7,5<4 b HEu*

@kt i{kt uklddofjt |{k kt wufi{koskj tôj= HEu ( LbJF4 HJF4 ( LbEu JlEu ( LbJF4 JlJF4 ( LbEu Ljfakjka s 1 b HEu ojodol`t o  1 b JlEu ojodol`t* Wfika w`ljykmlu k` totykal i‟k|{ldofjt tkbðkjy= s (  1 7,;>7  1 7,;> ∕ s     s     7,?27   s   AA #HEu /  ⋋ AA # LbEu / (  AA #JlEu /  ⋋ AA # LbEu / 1 7,?27 <
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42* K`t wkuõsoit ik`t akyl``t l`dlòjt o l`dlòjfykuuot t‟{yoòy}kj dfa l nfjy i‟fsobkj kj lwluk``t ik

uktwouldoô wku l efaekut f e{ttft o kj t{ealuojt o jl{t ktwldol`t* Wku kskaw`k, k` ElF5 kt iktdfawfj wku ktdl`nlakjy tkbfjt `‟k|{ldoô tkbðkjy= 5 ElF5#t/ 5 ElF#t/ ( F5#b/ I‟l`yul eljil, `‟l}oi{u ik tfio, JlJ 4, kt nl tku~ou wku feykjou J 5#b/ aoymljâljy `l tk~l iktdfawftodoô yãuaodl dfjyuf`lil tkbfjt `‟k|{ldoô= 5 JlJ4#t/ 5 Jl#t/ ( 4 J5#b/ 4 To {jl dçwt{`l ktwldol` ik <7 a ~f` duklu {jl lyaftnkul luyonodol`, l 5; ½D o < lya, ik `kt alykoskt dluldykuátyo|{kt ik `‟louk #2? + kj J5 o 5< + kj F 5 laiôt kj ~f`{a/, |{ljyt bulat ik ElF5 wku bula ik JlJ4 kt jkdkttoyluokj6 Lttkjl`k{ `l uktwftyl dfuukdyl* l/ 7,37 e/ 5,73 d/ 7,27 i/ <,43 k/ 4,2> ↕

↕

Wuoaku dl`d{`ka |{ljyt af` ik J5 o F5 jkdkttoyka wku duklu `‟lyaftnkul luyonodol`= J5= <7777 @ ² #2? @ J 5&<77 @ louk/ 1 2?77 @ J 5 w^ 1 jUY

< lya ² 2?77 @ 1 j ² 7,735 lya ² @&#H²af`/ ² 5?3 H j 1 454,4 af` J 5 F5= <7777 @ ² #5< @ J 5&<77 @ louk/ 1 5<77 @ J 5 w^ 1 jUY

< lya ² 5<77 @ 1 j ² 7,735 lya ² @&#H²af`/ ² 5?3 H j 1 3;,?4? af` F 5 Lul wfika dl`d{`lu k`t bulat ik ElF5 o JlJ4 |{k jkdkttoyka= 3;,?43 af` F5 ² #5 af` ElF5&< af` F5/ ² #<>?,4 b ElF 5&< af` ElF5/ 1 5?7?3,32; b JlJ4&< af` JlJ4/ 1 <977?,9 b JlJ4 Wku yljy, `l |{ljyoyly ik ElF5 |{k jkdkttoyka wku bula ik JlJ4 ït=



5?7?3,32<&<977?,9 1 5,73 @l uktwftyl dfuukdyl ït `l e* 43* @l bul~oakyuol ït {j aãyfik |{k kt wfy kawulu wku l `l ikykuaojldoô i‟cl`{ut o |{k kt eltl

kj `l wktlil i‟{j dfawfty ojtf`{e`k i‟ktyk|{ofakyuol ekj iknojoil* [jl aftyul ik <2,2 b dfjyï eufa{u ik u{eoio o eufa{u ik dkto* K` eufa yfyl` kt ikykuaojl bul~oaãyuodlakjy wku uklddoô lae joyuly i‟lubkjy o t‟feykjkj <3,?7 b ik eufa{u i‟lubkjy* \{oj ït k` wkudkjylybk ik UeEu kj `l aktd`l6 Ojio|{k{ `l uktwftyl dfuukdyl* l/ 44,<+ e/ 9>,2+ d/ 52,3+ i/ ;4,4+ k/ 24,4+

@kt uklddofjt |{k kt wufi{koskj tôj `kt tkbðkjyt= UeEu ( LbJF4 LbEu ( UeJF4 DtEu ( LbJF4 LbEu ( DtJF4 Iknojoa s 1 bulat ik UeEu ojodol`t o  1 bulat DtEu ojodol`t* Wfika w`ljykmlu k` totykal i‟k|{ldofjt tkb{kjyt= s (  1 <2,2  s 1 <2,2 ∕  ↕

↕

   s 1 <5,?2      s   <3,?7  s <3,?7    AA #UeEu /  (  AA #DtEu /  1 AA # LbEu / <>;,; ( 5<5,? 1 <32,?  1 9,24       

Wku yljy, k` wkudkjylybk ik UeEu kj `l aktd`l ït= #<5,?2&<2,2/ ² <77 1 24,4+ O `l uktwftyl dfuukdyl ït `l k* 4?* Dl`d{`k{ `l nôua{`l kawáuodl i‟{j õsoi ik nõtnfu |{k dfjyï k` ;>,4+ i‟fsobkj*

WsF ;>,4 4,;< Ò5 F= 1 4,;< ↕ 1 5,;  ↕  ↕; <> <,9< 94,2 <,9< Ò5 1 <,9< ↕ 1 <  ↕  ↕5 W = 47,? <,9< W5F; wkjylõsoi ik ionftnfu 97* [j õsoi ik nkuuf yï {j >?,?9+ kj alttl ik nkuuf* Dl`d{`k{ `l nôua{`l kawáuodl ik `‟õsoi*

NksF 47,7> <,33 Ò5 1 <,33 ↕ 1 <,;  ↕  ↕4 F= <> <,5; >?,?9 <,5; Ò5 Nk = 1 <,5; ↕ 1 <  ↕  ↕5 ;;,3 <,5; Nk5F4 õsoi ik nkuuf#OOO/ 9<* [jl aftyul ik 5,777 b i‟{j dfawfty fubçjod yï <,;93 b ik dluefjo, 7,<;7 b i‟coiufbkj o 7,47 D = <5 7,75<; 7,<;7 7,<;7 1 7,<;7 ↕ 12 C = < 7,75<; 7,47< 7,75<; J = 1 7,75<; ↕ 1< <9 7,75<; D>C2 J ljoòjl 95* Kj ljlòy}lu {jl aftyul ik jodfyojl, t‟fetku~l |{k dfjyï 29,7+ kj alttl ik dluefjo, 3,>;+

i‟coiufbkj o <2,4+ ik joyufbkj* Dl`d{`k{ `l nôua{`l kawáuodl ik` dfawfty*



DsC J} 29 >,<2 D = 1 >,<2 ↕ 1; <5 <,54> 3,>; 3,>; C = 1 3,>; ↕ 12 < <,54> <2,4 <,54> 1 <,54> ↕ 1< J = <9 <,54> D;C2 J nôua{`l kawáuodl ik `l jodfyojl 94* K` akiodlakjy ljfakjly @!ifwlaojl t‟{yoòy}l wku l` yuldylakjy ik `l al`l`yol ik Wluhojtfj*

[jl aftyul i‟{j bula i‟l|{kty akiodlakjy dfjyï 7,;935 b ik dluefjo, 7,7;>5 b i‟coiufbkj, 7,72<7 b ik joyufbkj, o `l uktyl i‟fsobkj* Ikykuaojk{ `l nôua{`l kawáuodl ik `l @!ifwlaojl*

DsC J}Fr 7,;935 7,79;2 1 7,79;2 ↕ 1? <5 ;,72<⋋ <7 ∕ 4 7,7;>5 7,7;>5 1 7,7;>5 ↕ 1 << C = < ;,72< ⋋ <7 ∕ 4 7,72<7 ;,72< ⋋ <7 ∕ 4 ∕4 1 ;,72< ⋋ <7 ↕ 1< J = <9 ;,72< ⋋ <7 ∕ 4 7,459> 7,7574 F= 1 7,7574 ↕ 19 <> ;,72< ⋋ <7 ∕ 4 D?C<< JF9 nôua{`l kawáuodl ik `l @!ifwlaojl

D =

99* [j d`fu{u ik akud{uo tõòi dfjyï {j 39,?2+ ik akud{uo* Kj ktyly ik ~lwfu, 7,959 <;,74 7,959 1 7,959 ↕ 1< D` = 4;,9; 7,959 Wku yljy, `l nôua{`l kawáuodl ik` dfawfty ït CbDO* Dl`d{`ka `l alttl af`kd{`lu ik` dfawfty l wluyou ik `‟k|{ldoô i‟ktyly ik`t bltft oikl`t w^1jUY * #<7;&<7<477/ lya ² 7,73<; @ 1 #<&AA / ² 7,735 lya ² @&#H²af`/ ² 9;7 H AA 1 9>< b&af` 54>,79 ² j 1 9>< j 1 <,?;4 z 5 Wku yljy, `l nôua{`l af`kd{`lu ït= Cb5D`5* 9;* Kt dukal {jl aftyul ik 7,5<7 b i‟{j coiufdlue{u bltôt o t‟feykjkj 7,>>7 b ik DF5* Dl`d{`k{!

jk `l nôua{`l kawáuodl o `l nôua{`l af`kd{`lu, to kj dfjiodofjt jfual`t yï {jl ikjtoyly ik !4 <,32 ia *

DsC ( F5 DF5 ( C5F Yfy k` D ojodol` kt yufel l DF 5 o yfy `‟C kj `‟C5F* Wku yljy= 7,>>7 b DF5 ² #<5 b D&99 b DF 5/ 1 7,<3 b D 7,5<7 b yfyl` — 7,<3 b D 1 7,74 b C 7,<3 7,7<; 1 7,7<; ↕ 1< D = <5 7,7<; 7,74 7,74 C = 1 7,74 ↕ 15 < 7,7<; Wku yljy, `l nôua{`l kawáuodl ït DC5* Kj dl`d{`ka lul `l alttl af`kd{`lu= #<,32 b&< @/ ² #55,9 @&< af`/ 1 95 b&af` <9 ² j 1 95 ↕



j14

Wku yljy, `l nôua{`l af`kd{`lu ït D4C>* 9>* [j wktyodoil d`fuly dfjyï dluefjo, coiufbkj o d`fu* [jl aftyul ik 7,;?4 b i‟l|{kty dfawfty kt

dukal kj {j ksdït i‟fsobkj o t‟feykjkj <,7>4 b ik DF5#b/ o 7,<9; b ik C5F* !4 L 5;7 ½D o 2;; aa ik Cb {jl aftyul ~lwfuoy}lil ik` wktyodoil yï {jl ikjtoyly ik 4,97; b ia * \{ojl ït `l nôua{`l af`kd{`lu ik` wktyodoil6 Ojio|{k{ `l uktwftyl dfuukdyl* l/ D4C9D`4 e/ D9C5D`4 d/ D4C5D` i/ D;C<>D`5 k/ D>C9D`5

DsCD`} ( F5 DF5 ( C5F Yfy k` D ojodol` kt yufel l DF 5 o yfy `‟C kj `‟C5F* Wku yljy= <,7>4 b DF5 ² #<5 b D&99 b DF 5/ 1 7,5? b D 7,<9; b C5F ² #5 b C&<3 b C 5F/ 1 7,7<> b C 7,;?4 b yfyl` — 7,5? b D — 7,7<> b C1 7,532 b D` ↕

7,5? 7,754 1 7,754 ↕ 14 <5 3,73 ⋋ <7 ∕ 4 7,7<> 7,7<> 1 7,7<> ↕ 15 C = < 3,73 ⋋ <7 ∕ 4 7,532 3,73 ⋋ <7 ∕ 4 ∕4 1 3,73 ⋋ <7 ↕ 1< D` = <9 3,73 ⋋ <7 ∕ 4 Wku yljy, `l nôua{`l kawáuodl ït D4C5D`* Dl`d{`ka `l alttl af`kd{`lu ik` dfawfty l wluyou ik `‟k|{ldoô i‟ktyly ik`t bltft oikl`t w^1jUY * #2;;&2>7/ lya 1 #4,97;&AA / ² 7,735 lya ² @&#H²af`/ ² ;54 H AA 1 <92 b&af` 24,; ² j 1 <92 j15 Wku yljy, `l nôua{`l af`kd{`lu ït= D>C9D`5 o `l uktwftyl dfuukdyl ït `l k* D =

92* @‟çdoi ekj}fod o `kt tk~kt tl`t t‟kawukj dfa l liioyo{t lòakjyluot dfjtku~lifut kj ekb{ikt

uknuktdljyt, dlulak`t, sod`kyt, kyd* @l dfae{tyoô ik 4,>> ab i‟çdoi ekj}fod wufi{kos ?,59 ab !< ik ioõsoi ik dluefjo o <,>5 ab i‟lob{l* @l alttl af`lu ït <55 b af` * Dl`d{`k{!jk `l nôua{`l af`kd{`lu*

D s C F} ( F5 DF5 ( C5F Yfy k` D ojodol` kt yufel l DF 5 o yfy `‟C kj `‟C5F* Wku yljy= ?,59 ² <7!4 b DF5 ² #<5 b D&99 b DF 5/ 1 5,;5 ² <7 !4 b D <,>5 ² <7!4 b C5F ² #5 b C&<3 b C 5F/ 1 7,<3 ² <7 !4 b C 4,>> ab yfyl` — 5,;5 ab D — 7,<3 ab C1 7,?> ab D` 1 ?,> ² <7 !9 b D` 5,;5²<7 ∕4 5,<⋋ <7 ∕9 s 5 D = 1 5,<⋋ <7 ∕ 9 ↕ 1 4,;  ↕  ↕2 ∕; <5 > ⋋ <7 7,<3 ⋋ <7 ∕ 4 <,3 ⋋ <7 ∕ 9 s 5 C = 1 <,3 ⋋ <7 ∕ 9 ↕ 1 4  ↕  ↕> < > ⋋ <7 ∕ ; 7,?> ⋋ <7 ∕ 4 > ⋋ <7 ∕ ; ∕; s 5 1 > ⋋ <7 ↕ 1 <  ↕  ↕5 F= ∕; <> > ⋋ <7 Wku yljy, `l nôua{`l kawáuodl ït D2C>F5* <55 ² j 1 <55 j1< Wku yljy, `l nôua{`l af`kd{`lu ït= D2C>F5* ↕

93* [j dfawfty fubçjod dfjyï dluefjo, coiufbkj o d`fu* Lae `l dfae{tyoô i‟<,; b ik` dfawfty 4

t‟feykjkj <,79< ia ik ioõsoi ik dluefjo kj dfjiodofjt jfual`t o <,792 b i‟lob{l* Kj ktyly 4 bltôt, <,5? b ik` dfawfty, fd{wkj {j ~f`{a ik ;77 da l 9< ½D o <,74 lya* Dl`d{`k{ `l nôua{`l af`kd{`lu ik` dfawfty ljlòy}ly*

DsCD`} ( F5 DF5 ( C5F Yfy k` D ojodol` kt yufel l DF 5 o yfy `‟C kj `‟C5F* Wku yljy= <,79< @ ² #< af`&55,9 @/ ² #99 b DF 5&< af` DF5/ 1 5,79 b DF 5 5,79 b DF5 ² #<5 b D&99 b DF 5/ 1 7,;;22 b D <,792 b C5F ² #5 b C&<3 b C 5F/ 1 7,<<> b C ↕



<,; b yfyl` — 7,;;22 b D — 7,<<> b C1 7,35> b D` 7,;;22 7,79> 1 7,79> ↕ 15 D = <5 7,754 7,<<> 7,<<> C = 1 7,<<> ↕ 1; < 7,754 7,35> 7,754 1 7,754 ↕ 1< D` = 4;,9; 7,754 Wku yljy, `l nôua{`l kawáuodl ït D5C;D`* Dl`d{`ka `l alttl af`kd{`lu ik` dfawfty l wluyou ik `‟k|{ldoô i‟ktyly ik`t bltft oikl`t w^1jUY * <,74 lya ² 7,; @1 #<,5?& AA / ² 7,735 lya ² @&#H²af`/ ² 4<9 H AA 1 >9,; b&af` >9,; ² j 1 >9,; j1< Wku yljy, `l nôua{`l af`kd{`lu ït= D5C;D` o {j wfttoe`k dfawfty ït k` d`fu{u i‟kyo` DC 4 — DC5D`* 9?* @‟ckafdoljojl ït {j wobakjy uktwoulyfuo lae |{lyuk çyfat ik df{uk |{k ldy{l dfa l

yuljtwfuylifu i‟fsobkj kj k`t luyuõwfikt o af`²`{tdft* To `‟ljçòto ik` wobakjy jly{ul` ojnfual |{k dfjyï {j 7,5+ ik df{uk, |{ojl ït `l alttl af`kd{`lu lwufsoalil ik `‟ckafdoljojl6 Ojio|{k{ `l uktwftyl dfuukdyl* l/ <53 777 i/ ; 777 e/ 5;> 777 k/ 45 777 d/ >9 777

To ykjoa kj dfawyk |{k `l alttl lyõaodl ik` D{ ït >4,;; { o |{k co cl {j 7,5+ ik D{ kj `‟ckafdoljojl feykjoa |{k `l alttl af`kd{`lu ït ik <52<77 b&af`, wku yljy `l uktwftyl dfuukdyl ït, to lwufsoaka, `l l*

Solucions Mcgrawhill Quimica 1r Batxillerat

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