Sociology 103 Summer 2011 Term Test 2 Choose the one alternative that best completes comp letes the statement or answers the question. Indicate your answer by blacking in the relevant box on the SCANTRON sheet. Be sure to print your name and student number clearly on the answer sheet. 1. a. b. c. d.
____________ best best describes “families” in Canada today. “ Nuclear ” “Extended” Extended” *”Highly variable” variable” (303) “Civilized” Civilized”
2. a. b. c. d.
What best explains the decrease in the size of the “family unit” over the past century: *Families, in general, no longer need children to till fields and/or earn incomes (304) People are uncertain about parenthood and therefore avoid children Large families tend to cause more conflict, so smaller families are more cohesive Children from smaller families get more attention and are therefore healthier
3. a. b. c. d.
Functionalist Linda Waite (2000) argues that cohabiting relationships are: The natural result of a market economy *Inferior to marriage (305) Just a phase in society The result of moral degradation
4. a. b. c. d.
A Symbolic Interactionist would focus on ___________ _in the study of families. How capitalism has shifted the form of families over the past century How the function of the family unit has changed over the past century The role of the father in a family *The ways members of a family interact with one another (306)
5. a. b. c. d.
What is one criticism of the “top“top-down” theory of socialization: It creates uncertainty *It may produce anger, prejudice, racism and homophobia (307) It worked well in the past, but does not today It does not produce enough conformity
6. a. b. c. d.
The looking-glass self is best described as: *One’s self -evaluation -evaluation based on how others see himh im- or herself (308) The self that one sees in the mirror An individual’s notion of the attitudes and expectations of society at large The self one develops by internalizing societal norms and values
7. According to the work of William Goode (1963), family patterns everywhere are moving towards:
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a. b. c. d.
The extended family model Increased cohesiveness *The nuclear family model (309) Decreased cohesiveness
8. a. b. c. d.
Which of the following is true of adult relationships, as described b y Goode: Marriages dissolve more frequently than do cohabiting relationships Cohabiting relationships are better-adapted than marriages to a market economy Cohabiting couples are more likely to break up than are married ones *In general, cohabiting unions last for a shorter time than do legal marriages (310)
9. a. b. c. d.
Research shows that most people still think of ________ ___ as ideal. *The nuclear family (312) The extended family The cohabiting relationship The marriage union
10. When members of an extended family do not share a household but live close by and rely heavily on one another, this is referred to as: a. An extended family b. Co-dependency c. *A modified extended family (313) d. A nuclear family 11. Which of the following would be classified as a “census famil y?” a. A single parent with a married child b. Children living with aunts, uncles or cousins, with no parents present c. *Children living with grandparents with no parents present (313-314) d. Siblings living together, with no parents present 12. Secondary socialization through schools and the mass media: a. *Perpetuates social inequality through teaching people their “plac es” in society (315) b. Creates the “looking-glass self” c. Removes social inequality through class mobility d. Replaces the values of primary socialization with those of secondary socialization 13. Social institutions that are set up to resocialize their “clients” drastically are called: a. Dominant institutions b. *Total institutions (317) c. Mass media d. Job training 14. _______________ is NOT one of the components of the “authoritarian personality”, as outlined by Theodor Adorno et al? a. Conventionalism b. Preoccupation with sexual goings-on
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c. Projectivity d. *Intraception (318) 15. Sociologist Tamotsu Shibutani criticized Adorno et al.’s study The Authoritarian Personality on the grounds that: a. it focuses more on situational variables than psychological variables b. the author exhibited bias c. *it focuses more on psychological variables than situational variables (319) d. the study’s sample size was too small 16. Sociological studies of gender socialization have found that: a. Differences between males and females are innate and unavoidable b. Differences between men and women result from d ifferences in genes c. Gender identities are present at birth, but nurtured through socialization d. *Gender identities are largely absent at birth (320) 17. Which of the following statements about gender socialization is true? a. Most gendered socialization during childhood is intentional b. *Most gender stereotypes are well-established before children start school (321) c. Most gender stereotypes are formed through “the hidde n curriculum” d. Women work in female-dominated fields due to innate preferences 18. According to the research by Hitlin, __________ attach the greatest importance to teaching their children independence and hard work. a. *Middle-class and immigrant families (322) b. Upper-class and middle-class families c. Lower-class and middle-class families d. Lower-class and upper-class families 19. Which of the following statements summarizes the work of Annette Lareau: a. Working-class American parents stress the systematic cultivation of their children, while middle-class families prefer to accomplish natural growth b. Upper-class American parents stress the systematic cultivation of their children, while working-class and poor families prefer to accomplish natural growth c. *Middle-class American parents stress the systematic cultivation of their children, while working-class and poor families prefer to accomplish natural growth (323) d. Middle-class American parents stress the systematic cultivation of their children, while upper-class families prefer to accomplish natural growth 20. Arlie Hochschild’s theory of “emotion work” investigates: a. The stresses on psychiatrists, psychologists and other mental-health professionals b. *The social “feeling rules” for what we can and should feel (324) c. People’s personal rules for their behaviours d. How individuals are taught how to conduct themselves in
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21. Examining Hochschild’s concept of the “second shift,” Sayer et al (2009) find the following about the household division of labour in the United States and Australia: a. When the mother does not work outside the home, the father has significantly fewer hours of work than the mother b. Only when the mother does not work outside the home does the father have a number of work hours equal to the mother c. *When the mother does not work outside the home, the father has significantly more hours of work than the mother (325) d. In families with pre-school-aged children, the mothers do several more hou rs of work per week than fathers do, and even more when the father works full-time 22. Postmodern studies of family are more likely (than traditional studies) to focus on the: a. problems to society inherent in splitting up the traditional family unit b. effects of divorced parents on children c. ways in which the mass media distorts traditional values d. *positive aspects of divorce (326) 23. In interviewing grandmothers in Los Angeles and Berlin about their so cialization goals, Keller and Demuth found that: a. *German participants emphasize relational closeness and healthy mental/psychological development, while American participants emphasize health, cognitive development, and soothing (327) b. American participants set out to teach independenc e while German participants set out to teach interdependence c. American participants emphasize relational closeness and healthy mental/psychological development, while German participants emphasize health, cognitive development, and soothing d. German and American caregiving practices were vastly different due to contextual factors like women’s participation in the labour force 24. A study by North-Jones found that: a. Both children and parents feel that they are unable to spend enough time with each other b. *Parents reported feeling rushed most of the time, though children felt their parents were able to spend enough time with them (328) c. Children felt that their parents were unable to spend enough time with them, while parents were less concerned about this d. Both parents and children felt that they spent en ough time as a family 25. _________________ are noted by sociologists for protecting the children of vulnerable populations (like the poor) and helping immigrants to assimilate culturally to national standards of ethical behaviour. a. Canada and Western and Northern European countries b. The United States and Eastern and Northern Europ ean countries c. North American countries d. *Western and Northern European countries more than North American countries (329)
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26. “Education” differs from “training” in that education: (p. 335-336) a. is formal, while training is informal b. takes place in universities, while training takes place in colleges and private homes c. *develops capacities for thinking, while training develops capacities for specific actions or behaviours d. typically requires the payment of high tuition fees 27. Functionalists who study schools and formal education focus on : (p. 335) a. the hidden curriculum perpetuated by capitalism b. how schools teach students to dress and behave c. *the manifest and latent functions of education d. all of the above 28. What is the hidden curriculum? (p. 336) a. the lessons parents teach children outside of school b. *the lessons schools unintentionally teach students c. the lessons the mass media teaches children d. the lessons children are taught through life experience, outside of the classroom 29. The subject of The Academic Revolution by Christopher Jencks and David Riesman is: (p. 336) a. the ‘homogenization’ of universities b. the ‘global stratification’ of universities c. the domination of Ivy League colleges d. *the rise of ‘research universities’ 30. In The Academic Revolution, the authors attribute the lack of true meritocracy in school systems to: (p. 337) a. ‘old boys clubs’ at the top of colleges and universities b. *the overall social inequality of American society c. Affirmative Action d. the better academic preparedness of recent immigrant children 31. According to Statistics Canada, roughly what percent of the Canadian population aged 25-64 has a university degree? (p. 338) a. 5 b. *20 c. 40 d. 50 32. Continuing gender differences in salary and rank, regularly reported each year, reflect: (p. 339) a. a failure of the educational system b. *the reluctance of women to enter and compete in higher-paid male venues c. the glass ceiling d. the wage gap between men and women
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33. The key factors discouraging some racial and ethnic minorities from educational and occupational advancement are: (p. 340) a. requirement of foreign working experience deemed suitable in Canada b. discrimination as part of the hidden curriculum in schools c. *language barriers and financial difficulties d. both a and b 34. One reason children from poorer socio-economic back grounds are less likely to gain a good education is that:(p. 341) a. their mothers tend to be on the ‘Mommy track’ b. children of poorer backgrounds like to work more than they like to study c. their parents do not value education and so are not willing to spend money on it d. *their schools are not as well funded as those in affluent neighborhoods 35. According to James S. Coleman, why does “the adolescent society” pose a problem for society? (p. 341) a. it encourages vanity, which is a useless human quality b. it alienates those who do not fit in, causing depression and lack of ambition c. *it undermines students’ preparation for the real world d. it is unfair, since not everyone is born good -looking or athletic 36. What social change, according to Coleman, gave rise to “the adolescent society”? (p. 342) a. urbanization b. *industrialization c. modernization d. the internet 37. Educational tracking or streaming can be best defined as: (p. 343) a. group division in which students are categorized according to their differential ability to handle new materials b. *group division in which students move as a block from one class to another, so they take all classes within a certain level c. group division in which different classes exist in each subjec t, and students are assigned to classes that cover the ground more or less rapidly, according to the level d. the same as ability grouping 38. One disadvantage of streaming is that it: (p.343) a. *reproduces social inequality b. makes it more difficult for teachers to teach c. reduces incentive to learn among brighter students d. sends the signal that schools favour brighter students 39. What was John R. Seeley’s original goal in the book Crestwood Heights? (p. 347) a. to explore the impact of schools on the mental health of children
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b. *to study the mental health of children under pressures of conformity c. to understand the role of affluent parents in the education of their children d. to find out if neighbourhood affluence leads to a feeling of community 40. According to Seeley, what was Crestwood Heights’ most significant voluntary association? (p. 348) a. the Better Business Bureau b. the Student Administrative Council c. the Teacher’s Advocate Union d. *none of the above 41. Why do students experience a troubled transition from high school to university? (p. 348) a. universities expect a higher standard of dress and man ners b. *grade inflation creates uncertainty about their abilities c. parents usually oppose their children going away for university d. professors tend to look down on first-year students 42. What is “cultural capital”? (p. 349) a. social connections through personal networks b. knowledge of cultural diversity c. *knowledge of high culture d. skills acquired through education and training at cultural institutions 43. The primary goal of a school bully is to: (p. 350) a. *humiliate another person b. obtain lunch money c. become popular d. take revenge 44. According to Erik Erikson’s ‘Human Development Stage Theory’, the conflict children face during early school age (6-12 years) is: (p. 353) a. initiative vs. guilt b. intimacy vs. isolation c. identity vs. confusion d. *industry vs. inferiority 45. A key finding in the US ‘Coleman Report’ on equality in education was that:(p. 354) a. black schools would help black children of lower socio-economic backgrounds to perform better academically b. *black children of lower socio-economic backgrounds would do better academically in racially mixed schools c. in terms of academic achievement, it does not matter whether black children of lower socio-economic backgrounds attend racially segregated or mixed schools d. children in general do better academically in segregated schools 46. The educational benefits of social capital depend on: (p. 354):
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a. b. c. d.
the institutional completeness of an ethnic group how educated an individual is the number of schools in an ethnic community *the educational investments of a particular ethnic group
47. _____________is NOT an indicator of a person’s social capital, according to Lillbacka. (p. 355) a. self-confidence b. *being well-liked or popular c. belonging to a voluntary organization d. interpersonal trust 48. According to the textbook, which of the following individuals is likely to have the highest social capital? (p. 355) a. *a Catholic who attends a Catholic school b. a first-generation immigrant who makes friends outside his ethnic group c. a Native Canadian living on a reserve d. a Protestant who makes friends with Catholics and Jews 49. What is one criticism directed to Coleman’s Adolescent Society? (p. 356) a. it put too much focus on the effect of curriculum on academic outcomes b. *it attempted to explain norms functionally, even t hough some lack a function c. it considered too many variables, instead of conc entrating on a select few d. its methodology was modeled on natural science 50. ‘Resistance education’ is a way of teaching: (p. 357) a. ethnic minorities to gain social capital b. *awareness and freedom to the working class c. children to think critically d. disadvantaged groups to teach themselves 51. The classic sociologist Emile Durkheim viewed religion as: (p. 363) a. a form of socially organized self-deception and disguised ex ploitation b. *an opportunity for group celebration and the means for social solidarity c. a set of beliefs that give life meaning and purpose d. serving little social purpose 52. According to a recent Statistics Canada survey, roughly what per cent of the Canadian population still consider themselves either moderately or highly religious? (p. 365) a. 20 b. 40 c. *60 d. 80 53. What did classic theorist Karl Marx believe about religion? (p. 36 6) a. that it was needed by the working class to soothe its many problems
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b. that is was part of the subversive ideology of society c. *that it served capitalistic interests d. all of the above 54. Why did Marx, like Durkheim, believe that religion would lose its importance in the future? (p. 366) a. He believed workers would recognize that religion was used as a means to exploit them by the bourgeois and so abandon it following the working class revolution b. *He believed workers in a communist society would mobilize around class concerns alone c. He believed the revolution would destroy churches and other places of worship, thus undermining the importance of religion d. Durkheim, like Marx, did not believe religion wou ld lose its importance in the future 55. What was Emile Durkheim’s goal in his classic work The Elementary Forms of Religious Life? (p. 367) a. to understand the phenomenon of totemism b. *to understand the universality of religion c. to contrast and compare ‘primitive’ religions and more advanced ones d. all of the above 56. For Durkheim, religion expresses: (p. 368) a. profane and sacred elements b. false consciousness c. *collective consciousness d. anomie 57. According to Durkheim, what kind of worldview would a diverse industrial society need? (p. 368) a. collective consciousness b. Roman Catholicism c. mechanical solidarity d. *humanism 58. What is a “substantive definition” of religion? (p. 369) a. *one that examines a religion’s core elements b. one that describes how religion provides a sense of connectedness among people c. one that contrasts sacred and profane elements of religion d. one that addresses religion’s ambiguous elements 59. _________ is the term for people and groups who draw on the teachings of several religions and philosophies to fulfill their needs for spirituality. (p. 370) a. Searchers b. *Seekers c. Dogmatics d. Crusaders
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60. Roughly what percent of Canadians identify themselves as belonging to a Christian denomination in national surveys? (p. 372) a. 50 b. 65 c. *80 d. 95 61. Why does Christianity remain the most common religion in Can ada? (p. 372) a. incoming immigrants tend to marry into Christian families b. *people tend to remain affiliated with the religious background of their family c. Christianity is still part of the Canadian legal system d. Canadians enjoy celebrating Christian holidays 62. According to the ‘religiosity index,’: (p. 374) a. more Canadians have a high degree of religiosity than a moderate degree b. more Canadians have a moderate degree of religiosity than a low degree c. *most Canadians have a low degree of religiosity d. both a and b 63. What does Robert K. Merton’s CUDO acronym stand for? (p. 377) a. community, university, doubt, and organization b. *communalism, universalism, disinterest, organized skepticism c. connectivity, uncertainty, direction, and original research d. none of the above 64. Thomas Kuhn’s book The Structure of Scientific Revolutions is about: (p. 378) a. processes involved when unscientific thinking becomes scientific b. *paradigm shifts in knowledge c. how scientists mobilize together against established religion d. the struggle of New Religious Movements (NRMs) 65. According to the textbook, religion and science are similar in at least this one respect? (p. 379) a. both have sacred and profane elements b. both are stable and unchanging c. *both alternate between upheaval and convention d. both are organized to achieve the same goals 66. In the classic study Civilization and its Discontents, Sigmund Freud sees religion as: (p. 379) a. a product of frustrated ambition b. *a symptom of neurosis c. an ‘opiate of the masses’ d. the underlying basis of capitalism
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67. What does the popularity of yoga in today’s society demonstrate? (p. 380) a. The secularization or religious dogma b. The public practice of religion c. People’s fixation with fitness d. *The continuing importance of spirituality 68. A “civil religion” is: (p. 382) a. a religion built on a belief in scientific advancement b. a community event created by Churches but open to anyone from the public c. a cult in a popular area of life d. *a secular practice serving similar social functions to traditional religion 69. Which of the following is NOT an example of civil religion? (p. 383) a. *the Wiccans b. nationalism c. the Super Bowl d. celebrity veneration 70. In Robert Bellah’s book Habits of the Heart , which of the three founding cultural traditions of America prevents Americans from giving proper attention to the other two? (p. 385) a. biblical religion b. *individualism c. republicanism d. nationalism 71. Bellah’s concept of civil religion was applied in research presented in the textbook to understand: (p. 386-387) a. Canadian-American relations b. the ‘War on Drugs’ c. the war in Afghanistan d. *American nationalistic songs 72. According to Copen and Silverstein (2007), what is NOT one way religious values and beliefs are communicated from parents to their children? (p. 387) a. socialization b. social training c. status inheritance d. *reproduction of social class 73. What does the notion of ‘multiple modernities’ assert? (p. 388) a. *that societies can modernize in a variety of ways b. that secularization and sacralization always occur at the same time c. that history is linear d. that religion is expressed in social, political, economic, and cultural spheres of life
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74. By definition, mass communication is: a. The transmission of a message to a single recipient from a single source b. The transmission of messages between those in power c. *The transmission of a message from a single source to multiple recipients at the same time (p.396) d. The transmission of messages between families in the community 75. Which theorists are interested in the role of the media as a mechanism for informing, socializing, and educating the public? a. *Functionalists (p.397) b. Conflict Theorists c. Critical Theorists d. Structuralists 76. Critical Theorists are interested in: a. The ways poor people in society use the media as a source of control b. *The way powerful groups in society use the m edia they own to further organizational and class interests (p.397) c. The way the entire population try to influence each other to side with certain political groups d. How the government uses the media for control over the population 77. In 1976, Gerbner and Gross put forward the cultivation theory, which asserts that: a. The mass media have become the main source of information in society b. People who watch television for four or more h ours a day are “heavy viewers” c. People are affected by the “Mean World Syndrome” d. *All of the above (p.398) 78. In “Cultivation Theory,” the “Mean World Syndrome” means: a. Seeing the world as an evil place where everyone is your enemy b. Viewing the media – especially television -- in a negative or suspicious wa y c. *A heightened state of insecurity with an exaggerated perception of risk (p.398) d. A propensity to see everyone as looking out for themselves 79. Gans claims that there is a tendency for the media to promote: a. Positive views such as grandiose charitable donations b. *Negative views such as violence, scandal and bloodshed (p.399) c. Neutral views such that everyone is portrayed in a equal light d. All views, in equal ways 80. In Canada, the privately-owned media are mainly concerned with: a. *Profit-making (p. 400) b. Influencing the masses c. Entertaining the public d. Informing the community about important issues
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81. A conglomerate refers to: a. A way of describing the media in terms of their influence on the public b. *A business structure that engages in several unrelated business endeavors (p. 400) c. A business structure that promotes certain media companies such as NBC d. A certain aspect of the media pertaining to Holl ywood 82. A business structure in which one corporation owns media businesses of different types is called: a. The mass media b. Ownership c. Government d. *Cross-ownership (p.401) 83. The preservation of Canadian culture always been a touchy issue because Canada: a. is a very ethnically diverse country b. has a majority of privately owned media corporations c. *is next door to the largest, richest and most influential media machine (p.402) d. relies heavily on mass media to appeal to the public 84. The purpose of the federal Broadcasting Act, which regulates Canada’s media, is to: a. Strengthen the media network to apply to the general public b. *Strengthen Canadian culture through controls on related economic and political institutions (p.403) c. Decrease the State’s role in media depictions of events d. Deregulate, privatize and concentrate the media 85. News stories are typically messages about: a. the private lives of the elite and society b. crime and death in certain areas of the community c. the nature and social life of the higher class d. *the nature and social life of society (p.403) 86. Gans showed that all mass media is: a. Drastically right wing b. Drastically left wing c. Radical and provocative d. *Mainstream; only slightly toward the left or right (p.403) 87. People changing their political views to side with the election winner is called: a. Swapping b. Conservatism c. Swaying the vote d. *Bandwagonism (p.484) 88. _______________ were the first to focus on the media representation of disadvantaged groups.
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a. b. c. d.
Functionalists Structuralists Patriots *Feminists (p.405)
89. The cultural studies perspective focuses on: a. Ideological aspects of the media b. Its role in supporting and manipulating power c. Conveying the dominant ideology d. *All of the above (p.406) 90. Goffman calls stigma a brand or mark that brings disgrace. What does this mark reveal? a. *A gap between who one is pretending to be and who the person actually is (p.407) b. A gap between the media and society c. A gap between the higher and lower social classes d. A gap between what actually occurs and what the media portrays 91. Media content typically represents the interests of people who: a. are misrepresented by the public b. are of lower socioeconomic status c. do not typically dominate the media d. * dominate the media (p.408) 92. What is alternative media? a. *Channels of communication used by subordinate groups to promote their own messages (p.410) b. Channels of communication used by ruling groups to control the rest of the society c. Media that emphasize women, not men, as the dominant gender d. Media that promote women as dramatically different from men in a ll aspects of life 93. The homogenization of society by the media implies that the media: a. sees everyone being equal, yet they are distinguishable from one another b. * treat the mass audience as ill-defined and indistinguishable from one another (p.411) c. separate the mass audience with regards to intellect and human characteristics d. see everyone as deserving a fair chance to be represented in the media 94. The current version of the “frustration aggression hypothesis” proposes: a. Frustration always leads to aggressive behaviour when a pe rson is unable to attain a goal b. Frustration will never lead to aggressive behaviour in an y situation c. *Frustration will lead to aggression only if the frustrated individual has been socialized to be aggressive in that situation (p.413) d. Aggressive behaviour is an inborn tendency th at is not correlated with frustration 95. Jean Baudrillard proposed the concept of: a. Reality b. Commodity fetishism
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c. Illusion d. *Hyperreality (p. 415) 96. Postmodernism is a dangerous philosophy, according to Torkian, because it: a. *Questions whether or not there can ever be objective reality (p.416) b. Makes it unclear whether things actually happen or people just perceive they do c. Doesn’t adequately explain reality at all d. Focuses more on subjective reality than anything else 97. Typical characteristics of ‘total institutions’ include: a. limiting free expression of personal style b. breaking down old identities c. constant surveillance and punishment when necessary d. All of the above* 98. Arlie Hoschild’s book, “The Second Shift”, explores: a. flight attendants’ emotional work when dealing with clients b. how men usually take on work outside the home, as well as most of domestic responsibilities within the home c. the service sector more generally as the number of service jobs increase d. the division of both the emotional and physical work in the home * 99. Registering for a program at a post-secondary institution in order to gain credentials for a future career would be an example of engaging in: a. taking the role of the other b. particularized socialization c. primary socialization d. anticipatory socialization* 100. A political economy perspective within the media focuses on which of the following: a. how private ownership affects what is communicated and how it affects the exercise of power* b. how the mainstream media’s main purpose is to resocialize individuals within society c. how political figures are elected by the population d. a coherent set of interrelated beliefs about the nature of the world
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