Sleep Deprivation Thesis Proposal

LYCEUM OF THE PHILIPPINES UNIVERSITY CAVITE

Lyceum of the Philippines University – University – International International School

I mpact mpact of Slee S leep p De Depri pri vati vation on on on Acad A cade emic mic Pe P er f orma ormance nce amo among ng Selected lected L yceum yceum of of the P hili hi lip ppi nes nes Unive Uni verr sity si ty – Cavite Cavite Students Schoo School Y ear 201 2017 7 - 2018 2018

A Research Paper Submitted to Mr. Kier Martin P. Evangelista In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements in PRAS02 – PRAS02 – Practical Practical Research 2

Costa, Olsen M. Cubcubin, Kate Zinnia P. Dimailig, Krizia Camil R. Edjan, Danielle May A. Erni, Aeron Ace Joshua F. Garcia, Maria Isidra Cassandra M. Kim, Yeil Lu, Shelley O. Mojica, Anne Jelene R. Pucate, Lizbeth Angelika N. Renzales, James Jardi A. Reyes, Kimberly P.

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INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL, SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL PROGRAM


CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Sleep is a state on which the body and mind of an individual is relatively inactive and its muscles are relaxed. In human body, sleep aids with all the cognitive function such as: memory, learning, decision making, and critical thinking. Sleep is also said to be a physiological adaptation to conserve energy. With enough sleep, an individual can function better and the condition of which an individual suffers from lack of sleep is called sleep deprivation. Sleep deprivation can result to weight gain, dysfunction in cognitive ability, and even life-threatening health risks. Sleep is vital and plays pla ys an important role in human system. According to the National Sleep Foundation (2015) an individual needs at least 7 to 10 hours of sleep to store energy and be able to function properly. It helps people work at an ideal level and is used for critical processing of the brain. This makes sleep necessary nec essary on academic performance. Being able to understand the impact of sleep deprivation on academic performance will aid in comprehending the importance of sleep especially for students to maintain a quality academic performance. However, not everyone is getting sufficient sleep to function duly, especially students. Many studies in the past have shown that sleep deprivation does correlate with poor academic performance because of lower abilities in cognition as a result of poor sleep quality. In the study done by Gilbert and Weaver (2010), the two researchers found that sleep loss interferes 2



with a student’s academic, extr acurricular acurricular and vocational choices. Being unable to have adequate amount of sleep results to negative outcome while hav ing enough sleep will not only result to an individual who’s more functional but also healthy. In maintaining a good academic performance, an individual should also recognize factors that can either help or hinder his goal. And as said beforehand, sleep plays a vital role when it comes to academic performance, a sleep deprived individual is/can be dysfunctional during day time, therefore, there are chances of having low academic scores and because of experiencing sleep deprivation, and one could experience flunking. According to Leonidas (2014), a medical news report from America stated that school stress keeps 68 percent of students awake after their head hits the pillow. Only 30 percent of students sleep eight hours a night, the average recommended amount of sleep for young adults. Twenty percent of students pull an all-nighter at least once a month. The purpose of adequate sleep is to maintain better memory and boost learning. Sleep loss means mind loss. lo ss. It restricts critical thinking, messes up memory and mood, delays reasoning, and shutters quantitative skills. In the Philippines, Arceo-Dumlao (2014) have said that based on the research done by Sun Life Financial Asia, almost almost half of the the Filipinos sleep less less than six hours a day. Poor quality sleep has significant impacts on daytime behavior and academic performance, as well as concentration, attention, and mood. In today's fast-paced society, five or six hours of sleep may sound pretty good but in reality, it is not, it could lead to chronic sleep deprivation and can cause greater dysfunction. Yet, no matter how important sleep is, not everyone is able to have an adequate amount of sleep and students are some of the individuals who are in great need of adequate amount of 3



sleep however, not being able to get. Most of these teens just are not sleeping enough. In this study, the researchers’ objective is to find out the impacts of sleep deprivation on the academic performance of the students and if such impacts are significant. One must also be able to identify their level of sleep deprivation and what causes them to reach its level.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM General Problem

This research attempts to identify the impact of sleep deprivation and how it affects the academic performance of the selected students of Lyceum of the Philippines University – Cavite. Specific Problems

1. How may the demographic profile of the students be described in terms of: 1.1 Age 1.2 Gender

2. What is the level of impact of sleep deprivation to selected students of Lyceum of the Philippines University – Cavite in terms of: 2.1 Cognitive Skills 2.2 Mood 2.3 Motor Skills

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3. What is the level of the academic performance of the selected students of Lyceum of the Philippines University – Cavite who are sleep deprived in terms of:

3.1 Performance Task 3.2 Written Works 3.3 Exam

4. Does sleep deprivation has a significant impact on the academic performance of the selected students of Lyceum of the Philippines University – Cavite?

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

This study was theoretically rooted to Brain Plasticity Theory elaborated by Dr. Robert Stickgold (2007). Sleep researchers study the role of sleep in learning and memory formation in two ways. The first approach looks at the different stages of sleep (and changes in their duration) in response to learning a variety of new tasks. The second approach ex amines how sleep deprivation affects learning. Low-quality sleep and sleep deprivation also negatively impact mood, which has consequences for learning. Alterations in mood affect our ability to acquire new information and subsequently to remember that information.

The researchers have constructed the figure below to show the process among the variables used in the study:

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SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

In 2016 Healthy Living Index survey, Philippines scored low due to the level of sleep deprivation in the country. Estimated at around 22 percent of Filipino students are sleep deprived with this result, the research entitled “Impact of Sleep Deprivation on Academic Performance among Selected Lyceum of the Philippines University – Cavite Students”, is timely and relevant since the percentage of Filipinos who are sleep deprived is increasing and academic performance is one of the major aspect that could be affected. As the study deals with the Impact of Sleep Deprivation on Academic Performance among Selected Lyceum of the Philippines University – Cavite Students, the result would be beneficial to the following: 6



Students. In this study, students become knowledgeable about how they are affected

by sleep deprivation in terms of academic performance. This helps them to prevent sleep deprivation so they could study well. Parents. This study will give information to the parents on how their child’s academic

performance is being affected by sleep deprivation since as said be forehand sleep deprivation can cause huge consequences. In that way, they can offer help or they can guide their child regarding his/her academic works done at home. By doing so, it might help their child to have enough sleep. Teachers. This study explains to the teachers how sleep deprivation affects the

performance of the students at school. Hence, they can give extra activities at school rather than giving them activities at home. Future Researchers . This study benefits the future researchers in a way that this

becomes their guide or reference in conducting a new study related with this.

SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

This study is limited to the selected students enrolled in Lyceum of the Philippines University – Cavite with ages range from 16-18 years old and is only for the academic year 2017-2018. The scope of the research study is the impact of sleep deprivation on the academic performanc e. It also aims to know if sleep deprivation has a significant impact on the performance of a student in terms of academic. 7



The study does not include any other matter regarding sleeping deprivation that is not related to the academic performance of the students. This study is only for the students in Lyceum of the Philippines University – Cavite for the result may vary depending in the university. DEFINITION OF TERMS •

Academic Performance – Represents performance outcomes that indicate the extent

to which a person has accomplished specific goals that were the focus of activities in instructional environments, specifically in school, college, and university. (Oxford Bibliographies. Modified July 30, 2014)

•

Brain Plasticity – The brain's ability to reorganize itself by forming new neural

connections throughout life. (MedicineNet. Retrieved 2017)

•

Cognitive Skills – Are the core skills your brain uses to think, read, learn, remember,

reason, and pay attention. Working together, they take incoming information and move it into the bank of knowledge you use every day at school, at work, and in life.

•

Sleep Deprivation – Defined as not obtaining adequate total sleep. (American Sleep

Association. Retrieved 2017)

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CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW

This chapter presents a review of relevant literature, studies and concepts essential to the development of the conceptual framework and the direction of the study.

RELATED LITERATURE Foreign Literature

Sleep Deprivation

According to the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Sleep is an important part of your daily routine — you spend about one-third of your time doing it. Quality sleep – and getting enough of it at the right times -- is as essential to survival as food and water. Without sleep you can’t form or maintain the pathways in your brain that let you learn and create new memories, and it’s harder to concentrate and respond quickly. Sleep deprivation is a term meaning loss of sleep. Drummond and McKenna (2009) stated that “sleep deprivation in humans can be broadly classified into three categories: total sleep deprivation, partial sleep deprivation, and sleep fragmentation.” In addition, being sleep-deprived affects both the brain and cognitive fun ction. Besides the many physical consequences of insufficient sleep, perhaps the most important consequences of sleep deprivation are deficits in working memory and attention. It appears

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that carrying out tasks that require attention is in direct correlation to the number of hours the person sleeps each night; with these functions declining with the number hours of sleep deprivation. The quality of sleep that one receives depends on two factors, basal sleep and sleep debt. Basal sleep is the amount of sleep a body needs on a regular basis for optimum. Sleep debt is the accumulated sleep that is lost to poor sleep behav iors, illness, environmental factors, or other causes. Sleep debt results in lowered sleep quality sleep (National Sleep Foundation, 2014). It should be mentioned that sleep quality is just as important as sleep quantity, but the two work concurrently. Although some people may feel rested with a few hours of sleep per night, studies show that reduced hours of sleep is associated with low performance on complex mental tasks. For college students performance on complex tasks is important due to the critical thinking atmosphere encouraged by the academic environment. Sleep deprived adults are not only affecting their capacity for critical thinking, those who do not meet sleep requirements also have a higher risk of mortality (Morgenthaler, 2014). The optimal amount of sleep for a teenager is approximately nine hours (Noland 225; Epstein; School of Public Health 18). If a teenager sleeps less than nine hours then they may experience sleep deprivation (Bergin 45; School of Public Health 18). Therefore, a student’s academic ability, behavior, or physical potential can be affected by sleep deprivation (Bergin 45; Black 34; Gibson, Powles, and Thabane 116; School of Public Health 19). Hence, a student’s grades will drop if they continually miss sleep (Black 35; Epstein; Noland 22 4). Sleep deprivation could also cause health problems by increasing stress and obesity (Black 35; Epstein; Noland 224). 10



Insufficient sleep time is particularly common in undergraduate students. Pace-Schott et al. (2009) found that the average sleep duration among university students has drastically decreased over the last 30 years. Countless studies have been performed that indicate bodily organs and systems are greatly affected by such sleep loss. Sleep deprivation is a common problem in society and can have serious consequences on both physical and mental health. According to, Jane F. Gaultney PhD (2010), sleep patterns or disorders among students may vary depending on one’s age and gender. It was reported that sleep disorders in adults tend to increase with age, but they may also occur among students. In terms of gender, she stated that females were at greater risk for RLS/PLMD, insomnia, affective disorder, nightmares, and more likely to be at risk for at least one sleep disorder than males.

Sleep Deprivation and Academic Performance

All students are required to maintain a satisfactory academic record and meet the obligations. Many studies in the past have shown that sleep deprivation does correlate with poor academic performance because of lower abilities in cognition as a result of poor sleep quality. In the study done by Gilbert and Weaver (2010), the two researchers found that sleep loss interferes with a student’s academic, extracurricular and vocational choices. The y also found that the amount of hours students sleep in a 24-hour period has greatly decreased over the years while sleep dissatisfaction has increased. On the contrary, Shot and Banks (2014) stated that an experiment failed to show that sleep deprivation has a high impact on academic performance. Moreover, the sleep deprived 11



participants in the experiment did not possess cognitive skill deficits or poor sustained attention. Hence, an individual’s subjective feelings of sleepiness and alertness is not a reliable source in assessing one’s cognitive or behavioral impairments.

Local Literature

In a Philippine newspaper – The Philippine Daily Inquirer stated that Filipinos are the most sleep-deprived people in Asia. According to their research sleep-deprivation in the Philippines affects half of the population or close to 50 million Filipinos, who sleep less than six hours a day. Every students should have about eight to ten hours of sleep before taking and examination to have a better performance and adding a nap in the afternoon will also help improve your memory. The more we study the effects of sleep loss, the more we could find the importance of a good sleep resulting to achieve better memory and improved learning. Sleep loss means mind loss. It binds learning in many ways. It reduces critical thinking, messes up memory and mood, retards reasoning, and shutters quantitative skills. (Leodinas, 2012) Academic performance refers to how students deal with their studies and how they accomplish different tasks given to them by their teachers (Banquil et al , 2009). It also refers on how students deal with their studies and how they cope with different factors affecting their performance. Academic performance can also refer to “how well a student meets standards set out by local government and the institution itself” The quality of our sleep directly affects the quality of our waking life, including our productivity, emotional balance, creativity, physical vitality and even our weight. Therefore, 12



sleep is an essential human need and not a luxury, because it is in the state of rest that our brain oversees the great work of biological maintenance to keep our bodies in good condition. Mild sleep deprivation does not cause serious impairment but chronic sleep deprivation does.

RELATED STUDIES

Foreign Studies

According to School of Public Health studies, 70% to 83% of students do not obtain the optimal level of sleep. Due in caffeinated beverages and leisure time activities it lead to students staying up to late part of students staying up late doing homework and studying.

The Brain

Sleep deprivation adversely affects the brain and cognitive function. A study completed by the Veterans Affairs Healthcare System in San Diego and the UCSD School of Medicine monitored activity in the brains of sleep-deprived people whilst they performed basic verbal learning tasks by using functional magnetic resonance imaging (FMRI). The results of the study showed that, in sleepier subjects, more activity was found in certain areas of the prefrontal cortex of the brain: The prefrontal cortex is an area of the brain that supports such mental faculties as logical and practical (‘means-ends’) reasoning and working memory. These results were interpreted by the researchers as indicating that, in order to complete a specific task, the average non-sleep-deprived subject’s brain needed to exert a lot more effort than the brain of an average non-sleep deprived person. They were able to infer from these results that 13



the brains of sleep-deprived people were trying to compensate for the adverse effects created by sleep deprivation.

Memory and Cognitive Impairment

Similar studies have been done to assess stress as a consequence of sleep deprivation. A study conducted at James Madison University worked with 124 college students, and results from the research revealed that over 50 percent of the students reported high levels of stress that was related to academic workload and time management, which was linked to unhealthy behaviors such as decreased quantity of sleep (Britz & Pappas, 2014).

Sleep Deprivation on the Academic Performance

A study implemented with college students showed that 33% of sleep deprived students took longer than 30 minutes to fall asleep, and 43% of the students studied also reported prematurely waking up more than once on a nightly basis (Forquer et al, 2008). Some people may have the belief that college students have different sleep hygiene depending on their class standing and majors. Although it may be true that some majors have different amount of work load, Forquer et al. (2008) found that there is no differences between freshman, sophomores, juniors, seniors, and graduate students for the time to fall asleep, number of premature waking per night, and total hours of sleep per night. Sleep loss results in the loss of concentration, and increased sleepiness during the day. College students who are struggling with excessive sleep loss are increasing those symptoms and affecting their ability to perform well in school. 14



Synthesis

In the study done by Gilbert and Weaver (2010), the two researchers found that sleep loss interferes with student’s academic performance. The past study is particularly related to the present study since they identified the effect of sleep deprivation on the academic performance. Their study which is distinctly relative to the present study, cited that sleep deprived individuals also have difficulty in retrieving words and delivering them which affects their communication, these effects due to a lack of sleep are all vital skills needed not only for survival but also for learning process; in order to ob tain the most out of education, it is imperative to have proper functioning of cognitive skills, memory, attention, concentration, and alertness. However, all of these skills are affected b y lack of sleep. Moreover, Soliven (2016) stated that the quality of sleep directly affects the quality of productivity, emotional balance, creativity, and physical vitality, as same to what the present study also aims to point out. Likewise, the findings discoursed b y the researches have aided the present researchers define their goal in co nducting the study. On the other side, Shot and Banks (2014) stated that an experiment failed to show that sleep deprivation has a high impact on academic performance. The experiment showed that the sleep deprived participants in the experiment did not possess cognitive skill deficits or poor sustained attention. Hence, an individual’s subjective feelings of sleepiness and alertness is not a reliable source in assessing one’s cognitive or b ehavioral impairments.

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CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY

Sleep deprivation is a persistent problem occurring among students especiall y regarding their academic performance. Specifically, this research was designed to answer how sleep deprivation impacts on the academic performance of the students chosen as the respondents. This chapter is divided into several parts addressing the research design, locale, and data collection procedures.

Research Design

This study utilized the descriptive and correlational type of research. It addresses the "how" question. The method used in the study is the survey method. With the survey method, the participants answered questions administered through survey-questionnaires. After the participants answered the questions, researchers described the responses given. But, in order for the survey to be both reliable and valid, the questions were constructed properly. Thus, if properly designed, results gained could be seen as real and unbiased. The study is quantitative in nature, therefore, the research questions will be answered by numerical data. Correlational design was used in establishing this study since it is a quantitative method of research in which the researchers have 2 or more variables and are trying to determine if there is a relationship between the present variables (Waters, 2017).

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Locale

The study was conducted at the Lyceum of the Philippines University - Cavite Campus as the preferred respondents are students of the un iversity.

Sources of Data

The group gathered primary data by conducting a survey among Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) students in the Lyceum of the Philippines University – Cavite. Questionnaire concerning the impact of sleep deprivation towards the academic performance was distributed. On the other hand, secondary data used in the study are gathered from internet sources and books.

Research Instrument

Researchers used the survey questionnaire in gathering data. In choosing this, the group created a 13 – item survey-questionnaire answerable by Strongly Agree (5), Slightly Agree (4), Neither Agree nor Disagree (3), Slightly Disagree (2), and Strongly Disagree (1). The survey-questionnaire was answered by STEM students of Lyceum of the Philippines University Cavite, and aimed to determine the impact of sleep deprivation in their academic performance.

Data Analysis

The data were gathered in response to the problems stated in the Chapter 1. The goal 17



of this research study is to find out whether there is a significant relationship between sleep deprivation and academic performance. The study employed quantitative data analysis procedure where descriptive statistic frequency was used. Thirty surveys in form of questionnaire were given to STEM students both from morning and afternoon classes of the Lyceum of the Philippines University- Cavite. Gathered information were analyzed through tables and figures to summarize data which is an organized tabulation of the number of individuals and scores located under each categories of frequency distribution. From the table, results are reported from the surveyed students being sleep deprived and the impacts encountered with the said situation. A 13 – item questionnaire was given to the selected STEM senior high school students of Lyceum of the Philippines University – Cavite. Each of the answers from the different questions will correspond to a certain interpretation.

The following tables were used as a basis on to interpret and analyze the data gathered:

Table 1. Scale of Sleep Deprivation Experiences

Rating Scale

Adjectival Scale

Main Interval Scale

Verbal Interpretation

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1

Strongly Disagree

1.0 – 1.75

Never experienced

2

Disagree

1.76 – 2.50

Rarely experienced

3

Neither agree or

2.51 – 3.25

Slightly experienced

3.26 – 4.00

Moderately

disagree 4

Agree

experienced 5

Strongly Agree

4.01 – 5.00

Always experienced

Based from the Mean Interval Scale, data results can be interpreted as:

Never experienced. The participant has not encountered having negative effects on

his/her cognitive skills, mood and/or motor due to being sleep deprived, therefore, the participant has not experienced any of them at all. Rarely experienced. The participant has infrequently encountered having negative

effects on his/her cognitive skills, mood and/or motor due to being sleep deprived, in other words, the participant seldom experiences it. Slightly experienced. The participant has sometimes but not often encountered having

negative effects on his/her cognitive skills, mood and/or motor due to being sleep deprived, 19



hence, the participant experiences it once in a while. Moderately experienced. The participant has frequently encountered having negative

effects on his/her cognitive skills, mood and/or motor due to being sleep deprived, in other words, the participant repeatedly experiences it in numerous occasions. Always experienced. The participant has constantly encountered having negative

effects on his/her cognitive skills, mood and/or motor due to being sleep deprived. Table 2. Scale of respondents’ GWA

Rating Scale

Adjectival Scale

Main Interval Scale

Verbal Interpretation

90-99

High

2.0 – 1.75

Rarely affected

80-89

Average

1.76 – 2.50

Normally affected

70-79

Low Average

2.51 – 3.25

Moderately affected

60-69

Low

3.26 – 4.00

Strongly affected

Based from the Mean Interval Scale, data results can be interpreted as: Rarely affected . The participant experiences sleep deprivation but still has a high 20



GWA, therefore, his/her GWA is seldom affected of sleep deprivation. Normally affected. The participant experiences sleep deprivation but still has an

average GWA, therefore, his/her GWA is averagely affected of sleep d eprivation. Moderately affected . The participant experiences sleep deprivation but still has a low

average GWA, therefore, his/her GWA is frequently affected of sleep deprivation. Strongly affected. The participant experiences sleep deprivation but still has a low

GWA, therefore, his/her GWA is affected of sleep deprivation.

Data Gathering Procedure

First, the researchers consulted their professor in the subject Practical Research II to validate the instruments they constructed and a faculty of CITHM to validate the survey questionnaire and checklist.. After the instruments have been validated, the researchers conducted a small-scale trial to check if the problems of the study can be answered by the instruments. Then, the researchers formally asked a permission from the headmaster in Lyceum of the Philippines University-Cavite International School to conduct the study. The researchers selected the respondents who are Senior High School students of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) strand. Then the researchers arranged a schedule to conduct the study that will be convenient to the respondents. For this study, there were two sources of information: primary data source using the survey questionnaire distributed to the respondents and the secondary data source from books, journals, related research, and internet sources. 21



The secondary data were gathered and can be shown through the review of related literature and studies which were obtained through books, journals, and internet source. The data for this research were collected using a survey questionnaire. The survey was created using questions modified from related research and questions formed by the researchers. The questionnaires comprised of 13 questions. The questionnaires were then distributed to 30 students of the Lyceum of the Philippines University Cavite. The researchers started the program by instructing the students on how to fill up the survey questionnaires and assured them the confidentiality of their responses. They asked the students to fill out the form regarding their demographic profile (age and gender). Subsequently, the 13 – item questionnaire was answered by checking the boxes that best correspond to the answers and to the level of agreement of the respondents on the given statements which was estimated to take up less than 10 minutes of the respondent’s time. After having the tests done, the researchers personally collected the outputs of the respondents. The researchers used Microsoft Excel to compute the gathered data. The data gathered from the students’ answers were analyzed to determine the impact of sleep deprivation on academic performance of Lyceum of the Philippines University-Cavite.

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REFERENCES

1.

Alsir, K.K. (2004). Evaluating the quality of teaching skills of university teachers' at

Al-Aqsa University in Gaza. Al-Aqsa, university Journal, Gaza, Humanity Sciences Series, 8(2), 274-515. 2.

Associations of Schools of Public Health. Schools of public health survey 2005. [cited

2007 Mar 26]. Available from: URL: http://www.asph.org/document.cfm?page=978. 3.

Banquil K, Chuna NA, Leano GA, Rivero MA, Burce CA, Dianalan SN, Matienzo

AR, and Timog NU. (2009) social networking sites affect one’s academic performance adversely. Available at: http://www.ust.edu.ph. (Accessed 12 August 2011).

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4.

Britz, J., & Pappas, E. (2014). Sources and Outlets of Stress among University Students:

Correlations between Stress and Unhealthy Habits. James Madison UniversityUndergraduate Research Community. Vol. 9. Retrieved from http://www.kon.org/urc/v9/britz.html.

5.

Chiang, Yu-Chih, "The effects of sleep on performance of undergraduate students

working in the hospitality industry as compared to those who are not working in the industry" (2013). Graduate Theses and Dissertations. 13060. 6.

Edward F. Pace-Schott, Patrick Verga, Tobias Bennet, Rebecca M.C. Spencer. J

Psychiatr Res. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2013 Aug 1. Published in final edited form as: J Psychiatr Res. 2012 Aug; 46(8): 103 6 – 1044. Published online 2012 May 10. 7. Ellenbogen JM, Payne JD, Stickgold R. (2007) The role of sleep in declarative memory consolidation: passive, permissive, active or none? Curr Opin Neurobiol. 8. “Filipinos Score Low on the 2016 Healthy Living Index due to Unhealthy Habits”. Philam

Life

AIA

Group

Limited

and

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subsidiaries.

(2016)

from

http://www.philamlife.com/en/about-philamlife/media-centre/press-releases/2016/filipinosscore-low-on-2016-healthy-living-index.html. 9. Forquer, L. M., Camden, A. E., Gabriau, K. M., & Johnson, C. (2008). Sleep Patterns of College Students at a Public University. Journal Of American College Health, 56(5), 563565. Vail-Smith, K., Felts, W., & Becker, C. (2009). Relationship between sleep quality and health risk behaviors in undergraduate college students. College Student Journal, 43(3), 924930.

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10. Hirshkowitz, M., Whiton, K., Albert, S.M. et al, National Sleep Foundation’s sleep time duration recommendations: methodology and results summary. Sleep Health. 2015;1:40 – 43. 11. J. F. Gaultney PhD (2010) The Prevalence of Sleep Disorders in College Students: Impact on Academic Performance, Journal of American College Health, 59:2, 91-97. 12. L. Leonidas (2014), “Students need more sleep”. Philippine Daily Inquirer from http://opinion.inquirer.net/69035/students-need-more-sleep. 13. M. A. Short, Ph.D., S. Banks, Ph.D. (2014) Centre for Sleep Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia. 14. Morgenthaler, T. (2014). How many hours of sleep are enough for good health? Mayo Foundation

for

Medical

Education

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Research.

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from

http://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-living/adult-health/expert-answers/how-manyhours-ofsleep-are-enough/faq-20057898. 15. Office of Communications and Public Liaison, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892. 16. P. Gilbert, Steven & Weaver, Cameron. (2010). Sleep Quality and Academic Performance in University Students: A Wake-Up Call for College Psychologists. Journal of College Student Psychotherapy. 24. 295-306. 10.1080/87568225.2010.509245. 17. P.

S.

Soliven

(2016),

“Sleepless

sleep”.

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18. T. Arceo-Dumlao (2014), “Filipinos have worst health habits in Asia, says study”. Philippine Daily Inquirer from http://lifestyle.inquirer.net/175286/filipinos-have-worst-healthhabits-in-asia-says-study/.

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APPENDICES

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APPENDIX I Research Instrument

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General Instruction: Please fill in all the details needed on the blanks provided and check the box that corresponds to your answer.

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Name(optional):__________________________________________________ Section:_________________________________________________________ Gender: Age:

Female 16

17

Male 18

Direction: Check the box that best corresponds to your level of agreement

towards the statements given below.

5 – Strongly agree 4 – Agree 3 – Neither agree nor disagree 2 – Disagree 1 – Strongly disagree

STATEMENT

5

4

3

2

1

I. Cognitive Skills

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1. Due to insufficient sleep, I feel that my academic performance is hindered. 2. Due to lack of sleep, I am unable to focus during exams. 3. On the day where I did not get sufficient sleep the night before, I find it hard to stay awake/focused during my classes. 4. I often find myself cramming for most of my exams. II. Mood

5. On average, I fall asleep at night easily. 6. I feel that I am irritable when I have less sleep. 7. I feel that I have less motivation throughout the day when I have less sleep. 8. School workload does not impact my ability to feel well rested. III. Motor

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9. After a night of very little sleep, I experience clumsiness or awkward movements. 10. I feel that I have less energy after a night of very little sleep.

What is your current G.W.A?

60-69

70-79

80-89

90-99

1. Written Works 2. Performance Task 3. Exams

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35



APPENDIX II Letter of Approval

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LYCEUM OF THE PHILIPPINES UNIVERSITY – CAVITE

International High School General Trias, Cavite

October 26, 2017 37



Mhar Angelo Bayot Head Master Lyceum of the Philippines University – Cavite, IS Dear Sir: Pleasant Greetings!

We are currently taking up the subject Practical Research II and in partial fulfillment for this subject, we are presently doing our research and wou ld like to ask permission from your office to conduct a survey for our research entitled, “Impact of Sleep Deprivation on the Academic Performance of the Selected Students of Lyceum of the Philippines University – Cavite”.

Your approval to conduct this study will be deeply appreciated.

Thank you in advance for your interest and assistance with this research.

Sincerely, Olsen M. Costa Kate Zinnia P. Cubcubin Krizia Camil R. Dimailig Danielle May Edjan Aaron Ace Joshua F. Erni Maria Isidra Cassandra M. Garcia 38



Ye Il Kim Shelley O. Lu Anne Jelene R. Mojica Lizbeth Angelika N. Pucate James Jardi A. Renzales Kimberly P. Reyes

Researchers

Noted by:

Approved by:

Mr. Kier Martin Evangelista

Mr. Mhar Angelo A.

Bayot

Professor, Practical Research

Headmaster, International

School

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APPENDIX III Research Instrument Validation

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LYCEUM OF THE PHILIPPINES UNIVERSITY

International School General Trias, Cavite

October 27, 2017

Ms. Sharmaine S. Herrera Faculty of CITHM

Dear Ma’am:

Good day!

We, the grade 12 students of Lyceum of the Philippines University Cavite from section 43



STEM 2112 are in the process of writing a research study entitled “I mpact of Sleep

Depri vation on A cademic Performance among Selected Lyceum of the Philippines University – Cavite Students,” as one of the requirements for our subject Practical Research 2.

Objectives of the study:

The main inquiry of this study is to determine the impact of sleep deprivation on the selected STEM students from the Senior High School department of Lyceu m of the Philippines University – Cavite.

Specifically, it aims to answer the following questions:

1. How may the demographic profile of the students be described in terms of: 1.1 Age 1.2 Gender

2. What is the level of impact of sleep deprivation to selected students of Lyceum of the selected students of the Lyceum of the Philippines University – Cavite in terms of: 2.1 Cognitive Skills 2.2 Mood 2.3 Motor Skills

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3. What is the level of the academic performance of the selected students of Lyceum of the Philippines University – Cavite who are sleep deprived in terms of: 3.1 Performance Task 3.2 Written Works 3.3 Exam

Methodology:

The researchers will be utilizing a descriptive and correlational research method in the form of survey questionnaire as a primary instrument in gathering data with regards to the demographic profile of the respondents and frequency level of students encountering sleep deprivation. With your expertise, we are humbly asking for your permission to validate the attached survey questionnaire and checklist using the attached validation sheet.

We are looking forward that our request would merit your positive response. Thank you for your time and God bless!

Respectfully,

Costal, Olsen M.

Erni, Aeron Ace Joshua F.

Mojica, Anne Jelene R.

Cubcubin, Kate Zinnia P.

Garcia, Cassandra M.

Pucate, Lizbeth N. 45



Dimailig, Krizia Camil R.

Kim, Yeil

Renzales, James A.

Edjan, Danielle May A.

Lu, Shelley O.

Reyes, Kimberly P.

Researchers

Noted by:

Mr. Kier Martin Evangelista Research Adviser

Ms. Michelle Chung Wu – Crucido Mr. Mhar Angelo Bayot IS Coordinator

Headmaster

Approved by:

_______________________ Signature over printed name

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APPENDIX IV 1



R esearcher’s Profile

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Full Name: Olsen M. Costa Address: Buna Lejos II, Indang, Cavite Cellphone No: 09205869286 Email Address: [email protected]

Birthplace: Dasmariñas City, Cavite Birthday: October 4, 1999 Gender: Male Civil status: Single Age: 18 years old Religion: Catholic Secondary Senior High School: Lyceum of the Philippines Cavite Junior High School : Royal Palm Academy of Cavite Inc. Elementary: Royal Palm Academy of Cavite Inc., Kindergarten: Royal Palm Academy of Cavite Skills, Hobbies, & Interest: Dancing, playing basketball and tennis, Motto: If you believe, you can achieve

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Full Name: Kate Zinnia P. Cubcubin Address: 137 Buenavista 1 General Trias City, Cavite Cellphone no: 09491970929 Email Address: [email protected]

Birthplace: Cavite City, Cavite Birthday: September 14, 1999 Gender: Female Civil Status: Single Age: 18 years old Religion: Roman Catholic Secondary Senior High School: Lyceum of the Philippines University – Cavite Junior High School: Governor Ferrer Memorial National High School Elementary: Our Lady of Remedios Montessori School Kindergarten: Our Lady of Remedios Montessori School Skills, Hobbies, & Interest: Reading, Watching TV series, Drawing. Motto: Feel the fear and do it anyway 4



Full Name: Krizia Camil R. Dimailig Address: Pasong Kawayan 1 General Trias Cavite Cellphone no: 09179133037 Email Address: [email protected]

Birthplace: Batangas Birthday: November 26, 1999 Gender: Female Civil Status: Single Age: 17 years old Religion: Roman Catholic Secondary

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Senior High School: Lyceum of the Philippines University – Cavite Junior High School: Governor Ferrer Memorial National High School Elementary: Pasong Kawayan 1 Elementary School Kindergarten: Pasong Kawayan 1 Elementary School Skills, Hobbies, & Interest: Listening to music, watching vlogs, and reading blogs Motto: Nothing worth having comes easy

Full Name: Danielle May A. Edjan Address: Brgy. Hugo Perez Trece Martires City Cellphone no: 09278125003 Email Address: [email protected]

Birthplace: General Trias City, Cavite Birthday: May 01,1999 Gender: Female Civil Status: Single

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Age: 18 years old Religion: Roman Catholic Secondary Senior High School: Lyceum of the Philippines University – Cavite Junior High School: Gazellian College Foundation Inc. Elementary: Gazellian College Foundation Inc. Kindergarten: Gazellian College Foundation Inc. Skills, Hobbies, & Interest: Playing badminton, Dancing, and Taking care of pets Motto: Always do what you are afraid to do

Full Name: Aeron Ace Joshua F. Erni Address: Blk. 241 Lt. 37 Metrogate Subd.,

Trece Martirez City, Cavite Cellphone no: 09177608114 Email Address: [email protected]

Birthplace: Tanza Cavite Birthday: November 25, 1999 Gender: Male Civil Status: Single 7



Age: 17 years old Religion: Roman Catholic Secondary Senior High School: Lyceum of the Philippines University – Cavite Junior High School: Elim Christian Academy Elementary: Notre Dame Academy, New Generation International School, & Dei Gracia

Academy Kindergarten: Golden Heart Preschool Skills, Hobbies, & Interest: Playing basketball, parkour, videogames, writing, reading,

Art, and Photography Motto: Fight it, Take the pain, Ignite it.

Full Name: Maria Isidra Cassandra M.Garcia Address: Blk 9 Lot 7 Jordan Subd., Noveleta City,

Cavite Cellphone no: 09976019366 Email Address: [email protected]

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Birthplace: Rosario, Cavite Birthday: June 22, 2000 Gender: Female Civil Status: Single Age: 17 years old Religion: Roman Catholic Secondary Senior High School: Lyceum of the Philippines University – Cavite Junior High School: Patnubay Academy Elementary: Patnubay Academy Kindergarten: Patnubay Academy Skills, Hobbies, & Interest: Singing and Dancing Motto: Find a way or make one

Full Name: Ye Il Kim Address: La Mediterranea, Sampaloc IV,

Dasmariñas City, Cavite Cellphone No: 09959643745 Email Address: [email protected]

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Birthplace: Incheon, South Korea Birthday: Oct 15, 1999 Gender: Male Civil Status: Single Age: 18 years old Religion: Christian Secondary Senior High School: Lyceum of the Philippines University – Cavite Junior High School: Lyceum of the Philippines University – Cavite Elementary: Incheon Ma-jang Elementary Kindergarten: World of Kindergarten, Incheon Skills, Hobbies, & Interest: Watching movie and interested in mathematics Motto: If you do not walk, you will run tomorrow.

Full Name: Shelley O. Lu Address: Blk 7 Lot 7 Beverly Homes Brgy.

Hugo Perez Trece Martires City Cavite Cellphone no: 09054124124 Email Address: [email protected]

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Birthplace: Bacoor, Cavite Birthday: April 20, 1999 Gender: Female Civil Status: Single Age: 18 years old Religion: Roman Catholic Secondary Senior High School: Lyceum of the Philippines University – Cavite Junior High School: Saint Jude Parish School Elementary: Academia de Alexandria Kindergarten: University of Perpetual Help System DALTA Skills, Hobbies, & Interest: Photography and Digital Art Motto: See the good in everything.

Full Name: Anne Jelene R. Mojica Address: 0461, Brgy. San Agustin,

Trece Martires City Cellphone no: 09481774933 Email Address: [email protected]

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Birthplace: Brgy. De Ocampo, Trece Martires City, Cavite Birthday: November 17,1999 Gender: Female Civil Status: Single Age: 17 years old Religion: Roman Catholic Secondary Senior High School: Trece Martires National High School and Lyceum of the Philippines

University – Cavite Junior High School: Trece Martires National High School Elementary: Krislizz International Academy Kindergarten: Krislizz International Academy Skills, Hobbies, & Interest: Photography, cooking and playing badminton Motto: If you get tired, learn to rest, not to quit.

Full Name: Lizbeth Angelika N. Pucate Address: Mary Cris Complex, General Trias, Cavite Cellphone no: 09757147092 12



Email Address: [email protected]

Birthplace: Quezon City Birthday: June 15,1999 Gender: Female Civil Status: Single Age: 18 years old Religion: Roman Catholic Secondary Senior High School: Lyceum of the Philippines University – Cavite Junior High School: Family Life Integrated Montessori School Elementary: Family Life Integrated Montessori School Kindergarten: Family Life Integrated Montessori School Skills, Hobbies, & Interest: Writing calligraphy and drinking coffee Motto: Don't be afraid, just have faith.

Full Name: James Jardi Alba Renzales Address: Blk 2 Lot 12, Lapaz Homes II, Brgy. Cabezas,

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Trece Martirez City, Cavite Cellphone No: 09956370016 Email Address: [email protected]

Birthplace: Dasmariñas City, Cavite Birthday: June 03, 2000 Gender: Male Civil Status: Single Age: 17 years old Religion: Christian Secondary Senior High School: Lyceum of the Philippines University – Cavite Junior High School: Saint Francis Academy-La Salle Greenhills Supervised Elementary: Dasmariñas Elementary School Kindergarten: Jesus Son of Mary Academy Skills, Hobbies, & Interest: Playing Basketball and reading some devotional books Motto: Nothing is impossible with God

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Sleep Deprivation Thesis Proposal

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