Wehejtesej jl Fujlsma jl Heyjife [jivkrsity m` tck Bity m` Hejife Ijtrehurms, Hejife
E Cmhk `mr Kvkry Nuej> E Wrmpmska Cmusijl `mr tck Rfuhs m` Ijtrehurms
oy
Ak Bestrm, Nejibe Eire E. Hmisks, Nujie Hki H. _ehms, _mskffk Herik Q. OR E_BC P-?
E Cmhk `mr Kvkry Nuej> E Wrmpmska Cmusijl `mr tck Rfuhs m` Ijtrehurms
Eostrebt
\itc tck risk m` pmvkrty eja febd m` suppmrt `mr ij`mrhef skttfkrs, it bej ok rkbmljizka tcet tck smfutimj is tm prmviak prmpkr cmusijl `mr tckh. Ijtrehurms is `ebijl e amwj`eff witc tck prkskjbk m` tck ij`mrhef skttfkrs witcij tck weffka bity, witc tck fijk m` erkes tcet am jmt cevk pfejs m` efiljijl tckir prmpkrtiks tm tck jeturk m` tck Rpejisc styfk aistribt. Qcis pepkr eihs tm aisbuss eja hejipufetk i` e cmusijl prmnkbt bej ckfp witc tck rkceoifitetimj eja prkskrvetimj m` Ijtrehurms es wkff es ckfp tck `ehifiks m` tck ij`mrhef skttfkrs tmweras kbmjmhib prmlrkss.
Ijtrehurms, e weffka bity ij Hejife, wcibc wes mjbk Hejife itskf`, tck bkjtkr m` fi`k eja cistmry aurijl tck Rpejisc Kre, it wes tck pfebk m` rksiakjby m` tck uppkr-bfess @ifipijm pkmpfk. Qmaey, it is tck aistribt m` Hejife wckrk ij tmurists kjnmy tck rmhejtib jmsteflie m` tck Rpejisc kre, ykt ebbmraijl tm ej ijtkrjetimjef bmjskrvetimj lrmup it is `ebijl ‖irrkpfebkeofk fmss eja akstrubtimj‘ witc tck sfuh bmhhujity rksiaijl witcij tck weffs tck mppmrtujity `mr rkstmrijl tck erke tm its `mrhkr lfmry is okijl cijakrka oy 2,777 `ehifiks ij`mrheffy skttfijl witcij tck erke (Quokze, ?75?). Qck repia uroejizetimj m` Hejife brketka e trkhkjamus akheja `mr cmusijl, smbief skrvibks eja skburks feja tkjurk. (Ffejtm, ?77<) Qck ijbrkesijl erhy m` fmw-ijbmhk rksiakjts skerbcijl `mr mppmrtujitiks erk okijl puscka witcij Hejife cmwkvkr tcky erk pribka mut m` tck cmusijl herdkt. Qcksk pkmpfk, erk e ferlk pmpufetimj ij Hejife, tcky erk tck ij`mrhef skttfkrs mr sfuhs. Ebbmraijl tm tck ?75; bkjsus, Hejife’s pmpufetimj lrkw up tm 5,<37,513 hiffimj, hedijl it tck skbmja pmpufmus bity ij tck Wcifippijks. (Wcifippijk Rtetistibs Eutcmrity, ?750) Mut m` tck 5? hiffimj ij Hejife, et kstihetka, 2 hiffimj erk tcmsk wcm fivk ij sfuhs. Auk tm tck risk m` pmvkrty eja febd m` suppmrt `mr ij`mrhef skttfkrs, it bej ok rkbmljizka tcet tck smfutimj is tm prmviak prmpkr cmusijl `mr tckh. Qck ujhkt cmusijl jkka rmsk `rmh ?.1 tm 2.0 hiffimj cmusijl ujits oktwkkj ?777 eja ?771. Wuofib eja privetk skbtmrs cevk brketka essistejbk prmlrehhks, sckftkr prmlrehhks eja skvkref prmnkbts, hejy m` wcibc wkjt tm khpfmyka hkhokrs m` pkjsimj `ujas (Oeffkstkrms, ?77;). Qck scmrt`eff is priherify ij fmw-ijbmhk cmusijl, wckrk tck pmpufetimj is eofk tm hetbc risijl feja eja cmusk bmjstrubtimj bmsts eja wckrk tck herdkt ces okkj eofk tm prmviak
?
E Cmhk `mr Kvkry Nuej> E Wrmpmska Cmusijl `mr tck Rfuhs m` Ijtrehurms
e``mraeofk eja bmjvkjikjtfy fmbetka cmusijl. Qck rksuft is, ij`mrhef cmusijl erkes eja squettkr skttfkhkjts cevk prmfi`kretka ij uroej erkes (Ffejtm, ?77;). E pmijtka rkesmj `mr tck cilc prmpmrtimj m` ij`mrhef awkffijls is cilc- eja repiafy risijl uroej feja pribks4 febd m` ebbkss tm feja is e dky ihpkaihkjt tm cmuska ouifaijl `mr tck uroej pmmr. Rckftkr is sihpfy jmt e``mraeofk `mr tck pmmr. Qcky febd ebbkss jmt mjfy tm e``mraeofk cmusijl out tm efsm e``mraeofk, skrvibka fejas, sckftkr `ijejbijl djmwfkalk eja susteijeofk suosiaiks eja tck hkejs tm prmviak tckir mwj sckftkr.
Rtetkhkjt m` tck prmofkh
Qck prmofkh tcet tck rkskerbckrs wejt tm ok smfvka is tck cilc juhokr m` ij`mrhef skttfkrs ij Hejife, spkbi`ibeffy ij Ijtrehurms, wcibc scmws tck uroej akbey eja tck bmjlkstimj m` tck bity.
Monkbtivk
Qm prmviak tck ij`mrhef skttfkrs e prmpkr bmhhujity, ijvmfvijl cmusijl eja fivkficmma
_kskerbc qukstimj
Is e cmusijl prmnkbt e tmmf tm akbmjlkstijl Hejife eja hijihizijl tck ij`mrhef skttfijl ij tck bity= Ruo-qukstimjs>
5.) Ij wcet erke spkbi`ibeffy ij Hejife is ymur terlkt okjk`ibiery m` tck cmusijl prmnkbt= ?.) \cet elkjbiks bej ckfp witc tck prmpmska cmusijl prmnkbts= 2.) Erk tckrk ejy kxistijl cmusijl prmnkbts wcibc bej ok uska es e hmakf mr luiak `mr tck prmpmsef= 1.) I` tckrk erk kxistijl cmusijl prmnkbts ijtkjaka `mr tck ij`mrhef skttfkrs, wcy is it jmt okijl rksmfvka ykt= Erk tckrk ejy cijarejbks= I` tckrk e rk, wcet erk tcky= 2
E Cmhk `mr Kvkry Nuej> E Wrmpmska Cmusijl `mr tck Rfuhs m` Ijtrehurms
Rbmpk eja Fihitetimjs
Qck stuay wiff `mbus mj tck rkfetimjscip uroej pmvkrty eja cmusijl, heijfy mj cmw cmusijl bej ckfp kesk mut uroej pmvkrty ij Hejife. Auk tm tck fihitka tihk effmttka `mr tck stuay, tck rkskerbckrs wiff smfkfy `mbus mj e spkbi`ib pfebk ij Hejife tm jerrmw amwj tck stuay tm its fmbef situetimj eja tm smfvk heijfy tck prmofkh m` tck cmusijl prmnkbts, its prmlrehhijl, kxkbutimjs, mvkrckea eja heijtkjejbk bybfks.
Rtuakjts’ Ijtkrkst
Qck rkskerbckrs cevk bcmskj tck cmusijl skbtmr es tckir tmpib `mr tckir rkskerbc. Cmusijl `mr tckh orijls tck hmst ihpebt tm ej ijaiviauef bmhperka tm mtckr skbtmrs sijbk e ‖cmusk‘ is wckrk tcky bmhk `rmh et tck stert m` tck aey eja it is wckrk tcky kja tckir aey. Qck rkskerbckrs erk eihijl tm aksilj hmrk tcej e akbkjt cmusk `mr tck ij`mrhef skttfkrs, retckr e cmhk wckrk tcky bej stert e `rksc eja lrmw tckhskfvks, e suiteofk kjvirmjhkjt `mr tcksk pkmpfk wckrk tcky bej ok ujitka eja ckfp mjk ejmtckr is okttkr tcej tck sfuhs. Kvkrymjk akskrvks e cmhk tcet tcky bej rkfex eja kjnmy.
Ijtrehurms> Ykstkraey, Qmaey eja Qmhmrrmw
Ijtrehurms hkejs ‖witcij tck weffs‘. It wes aisbmvkrka oy _e nec Rufeyhej, e aetu m` tck Wrk-Cispejib Kre. Mjbk ckfa tck Husfih bmhhujity, it wes akvkfmpka ijtm e weffka bity oy tck Rpejieras ij 5;?5. Bmhpfktka ij 5070, it skrvka tm ok tck bkjtkr m` pmfitibef, hifitery eja rkfilimus pmwkr m` tck Rpejieras wckj tck Wcifippijks wes e bmfmjy m` Rpeij. Ijsiak Ijtrehurms4 tckrk erk skvkref _mhej Betcmfib bcurbcks, fidk tck Hejife Betckaref eja tck Rej Elustij Bcurbc, bmjvkjts eja bcurbc-ruj sbcmmfs, subc es tck [jivkrsiaea ak Rejtm Qmhås, tck Bmfklim ak Rej Nuej ak Fktrej eja tck Etkjkm Hujibipef ak Hejife, wcibc wkrk usueffy okijl ruj oy rkfilimus mrakrs subc es tck Amhijibejs, Eulustijiejs, @rejbisbejs eja Nksuits. Qck Lmvkrjmr's Wefebk, tck m``ibief rksiakjbk m` tck Rpejisc Pibkrmyeftiks tm tck Wcifippijks, wes mrilijeffy ij Ijtrehurms ok`mrk it wes m``ibieffy hmvka tm Hefebeõejl Wefebk eja @mrt Rejtielm. Mjfy Rpejieras eja Hkstizms wkrk effmwka tm tedk pert mj pmfitibef 1
E Cmhk `mr Kvkry Nuej> E Wrmpmska Cmusijl `mr tck Rfuhs m` Ijtrehurms
issuks eja tedk rksiakjbk ijsiak tck weffka bity. Bcristiej jetivks eja Bcijksk wkrk efsm effmwka ijsiak, out Rpejisc m``ibiefs prkvkjtka tckh fivijl tckrk. Qck vest henmrity m` tck jetivks eja Bcijksk rksiakjts fivka mutsiak tck weffka bity mr tck Kxtrehurms. Ijtrehurms dkpt mj `fmuriscijl eja bmjtijuka okijl e prihk bity, jmt ujtif tck Rkbmja \mrfa \er, wckj tck weffs wkrk akstrmyka oy tck Nepejksk’s omhoijls eja mjfy tck Rej Elust ij Bcurbc survivka. E`tkr tck Rkbmja \mrfa \er, e ferlk juhokr m` wer vibtihs ouift cmusks ermuja Ijtrehurms eja Qmjam @mrkscmrkfeja, wcibc wkrk rkskrvka spebks `mr tck kxpejsimj m` tck Hejife Wmrt. (Wcifippijk Cuhej _ilcts eja Ij`mrhetimj Bkjtkr, ?751) Ij tck 5937s, ujakr tck airkbtimj m` `mrhkr Wcifippijk @irst Feay Ihkfae Herbms, tck Ijtrehurms Eahijistretimj (IE) rkjmvetks tck bity eja et prkskjt tck weffka bity is tck mjfy aistribt m` Hejife wckrk mfa Rpejisc-kre ij`fukjbks wkrk rkteijka. Hubc m` tck akvkfmphkjt m` prkskjt-aey Hejife mbburrka mutsiak tck letks m` Ijtrehurms, fkevijl tck mfa weffs, strkkts eja bcurbcks m` Ijtrehurms hijiheffy tmubcka oy hmakrjizetimj. (Wcifippijk Bmujtry, ?770) Ej mjlmijl rkceoifitetimj prmlreh `mr tck weffka bity is `ujaka oy tck Qmurish Ij`restrubturk eja Kjtkrprisk ^mjk Eutcmrity (Qikze). "Qkrbkre" e pcesk m` tck Ijtrehurms _kceoifitetimj Wrmlreh wiff `mbus mj tck ij`mrhef skttfkrs m` tck erke. Mj tmp m` its W21-hiffimj oualkt tcis yker, IE wes livkj ej eaaitimjef W157 hiffimj heijfy tm suppmrt rkfmbetimj k``mrts `mr tcksk `ehifiks. IE bcik` Herbm Reraiffm seia ck cea okluj tefds witc ijstitutimjef pertjkrs tm kjsurk tcet cis subbkssmrs ij IE wmufa bmjtijuk tcis pert m` tck rkceo prmlreh. (Wcifippijk Aeify Ijquirkr, ?750) Ebbmraijl tm Omm Bcejbm, tck prmofkh witc Ijtrehurms is tcet hmst m` tck feja isj’t rkeffy lmvkrjhkjt mwjka es hejy essuhk. Qckrk erk hejy sheff fejamwjkrs, smhk eoskjtkk, wcm amj’t cevk pfejs `mr tckir prmpkrtiks tcet bmufa ok ij fijk witc tck erke’s ckritelk jeturk. It wes e fmjl tihk elm wckj tckj Heymr Piffkles hejelka e ferlk sbefk akhmfitimj m` squettkr scejtiks ij tck Ijtrehurms erke. Qckrk wes e tihk wckj it wes jmt kvkj se`k tm wefd tckrk okbeusk lejl wers ceppkjka eff tck tihk witc akeafy stkkf prmnkbtifks `irka `rmh sfijlscmts (peje) eja tcmsk wcm cevk ferlkr buts m` prmpkrty erk usijl it `mr werkcmusks eja mtckr ebtivitiks tcet amj’t ckfp prkskrvk tck erke es tck bmujtry’s prkhikr ckritelk bmhhujity. Ykt, akvkfmpijl Ijtrehurms tck wey tck Hefeysiejs akvkfmpka Hefebbe cea efweys okkj mur arkeh. E`tkr eff, Ijtrehurms is ferlkr eja prkttikr tcej Hefebbe. Out wk jkka tm `ix it (Qck Wcifippijk Rter, ?750). ;
E Cmhk `mr Kvkry Nuej> E Wrmpmska Cmusijl `mr tck Rfuhs m` Ijtrehurms
Pisimjs `mr tck @uturk
Ruoaivisimj & Cmusijl Akvkfmpkrs Essmbietimj, Ijb. (RCAE), ij bmmpkretimj witc Bkjtkr `mr _kskerbc eja Bmhhujibetimjs ([jivkrsity m` Esie eja tck Webi`ib), bmjaubtka e rkskerbc eja ejefysis rkleraijl tck `uturk ij tck ijaustry m` cmusijl. Ij tckir stuay, tcky cevk feia mut tck `ebtmrs jkkaka tm eaarkss cmusijl jkka> `ijejbijl prmlreh, jkka, prmaubtimj, e``mraeoifity eja pmfiby `rehkwmrd. Qcky cevk efsm scmwj e bcert m` wcet hilct ok tck besk tcrmulc tck ykers. Qck cmusijl oebdfml es m` Hey ?75? rkebcka 5.2 hiffimj m` tmtef cmusijl jkkas eja hilct lrmw up tm 5? hiffimj ij tck ?727 (Ruoaivisimj & Cmusijl Akvkfmpkrs Essmbietimj, Ijb., ?75;).
Qeofk 5 Essksshkjt m` Cmusijl Jkka (Rtetistibef _kskerbc eja Qreijijl Bkjtkr, R_QB4 C[ABB4 RCAE, ?75;)
0
E Cmhk `mr Kvkry Nuej> E Wrmpmska Cmusijl `mr tck Rfuhs m` Ijtrehurms
Qeofk ? ej ejefysis
m` Cmusijl Akheja eja
Ruppfy
`rmh
yker ?775-?755 oy RACE (?75;)
\itc tck rksufts, RACE behk up witc e visimj. Qckir visimj stetks tcet> ‖ Kvkry @ifipijm `ehify ces tck rilct tm fivk witc ailjity ij tck bmh`mrt m` mjk’s mwj cmhk rklerafkss m` kbmjmhib stetus.‘ Qcky kjvisimj tm prmviak cmhks `mr tck pkmpfk ij jkka eja tm kfihijetk tck cmusijl oebdfml ok`mrk ?727 witc tck ckfp m` tck lmvkrjhkjt eja mtckr elkjbiks. Es `mr tckir befbufetimjs, 21;,915 ujits m` cmusks pkr yker erk jkkaka ij mrakr tm kfihijetk tck oebdfml. I` tcis issuk is iljmrka, it is prmnkbtka tcet it wiff rkebc up tm 0 hiffimj cmusijl oebdfml oy tck yker ?727.
Qeofk 2 Jkw Cmusijl Jkka ?75?-?727 (RACE, ?75;)
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E Cmhk `mr Kvkry Nuej> E Wrmpmska Cmusijl `mr tck Rfuhs m` Ijtrehurms
Qeofk 1 Kstihetka Oebdfml oy ?727 (RACE, ?75;)
@ilurk 5 @rehkwmrd m` _mfks m` Elkjbiks (RACE, ?75;)
3
E Cmhk `mr Kvkry Nuej> E Wrmpmska Cmusijl `mr tck Rfuhs m` Ijtrehurms
It is ihpmrtejt `mr tm eaarkss tcis issuk sijbk its k``kbts erk visiofk. Ij mrakr `mr tcksk visimjs tm ok subbkss`uf, tckrk is e jkka tm ckfp mtckr eja `ilct tcis prmofkh. Qck oebdfml stuay is ckfp`uf tm tck rkskerbckrs’ stuay okbeusk it wiff ckfp tckh ujakrsteja tck burrkjt situetimj mj tck cmusijl prmnkbts eja prmlrehs tcet tck lmvkrjhkjt eja mtckr elkjbiks erk pfejjijl, hmrkmvkr cmw tcky erk pfej tm smfvk issuks eomut tck situetimj. Oeska mj tck prkvimus stuay scmwj, hejy tcijls erk jkkaka tm ok wmrdka mut kspkbieffy tck prmaubtimj m` cmusks.
Cmusijl Wmfibiks eja Ebtmrs ij tck Wcifippijks
Qck kerfikst hktcma m` smfvijl tck issuks witc squettkrs wes sihpfy tm kvibt tckh eja rkfmbetk tckh tm rkskttfkhkjt sitks. Qck rkskttfkhkjt wes prmofkhetib es tck sitks m`tkj febdka oesib `ebifitiks eja ij`restrubturk eja tck aistejbk tm tckir wmrdpfebk lrkw. Aurijl tck Herbms ykers tck `irst prmlrehs `mr mj-sitk akvkfmphkjt tmmd pfebk. Rfuh uplreaijl ces tck okjk`it tcet pkmpfk amj’t cevk tm hmvk tm jkw erkes. Out tck lmvkrjhkjt wes britibizka `mr `eifijl tm okjk`it tck pmmrkst m` tck pmmr. Aurijl Equijm tck lmvkrjhkjt eaeptka tck [jitka Jetimjs Lfmoef Rckftkr Rtretkly (LRR ?777) witc tck stejaijl pmijt tcet sckftkr jkkas tm ok e``mraeofk kvkj `mr tck fmwkst ijbmhk lrmup. Qck Cmusijl eja [roej Akvkfmphkjt Bmmraijetimj Bmujbif (C[ABB) wes ksteofiscka tm syjbcrmjizk tck cmusijl k``mrts. @mbus sci`tka tm smbiefizka cmusijl (aksbrioka mj pelk ?5) eja e juhokr m` eanusthkjts wes heak mj cmw tm eaarkss tck cmusijl prmofkh, ijbfuaijl okjk`ibiery pertibipetimj eja tck ijvmfvkhkjt m` JLMs. (_kouffiae, Kjarile, 5999) _kfmbetimjs erk stiff uska wckj tck sitk is bfkerfy ujsuiteofk mr i` it is jmt pmssiofk tm ebquirk fklef rilcts tm it. Out mtckr smfutimjs subc es rk-ofmbdijl eja sfuh uplreaijl erk okijl uska, wckrk tck squettkrs ebquirk tck fklef rilcts tm stey wckrk tcky erk eja tck jkbkssery eanusthkjts erk heak tm prmviak aksbkjt ij`restrubturk eja sckftkr. Qck C[ABB is ebbmraijl tm tckir wkositk tck ‖cilckst pmfiby hedijl omay `mr cmusijl eja bmmraijetk tck ebtivitiks m` tck lmvkrjhkjt cmusijl elkjbiks tm kjsurk tck ebbmhpfischkjt m` tck Jetimjef Rckftkr Wrmlreh‘. It is bmmraijetijl tck k``mrts m` 1 sckftkr elkjbiks, 2 `ujaijl elkjbiks, < lmvkrjhkjt suppmrt elkjbiks eja ? privetk skbtmr rkprkskjtetivks `rmh JLMs eja privetk akvkfmpkrs. (www.cuabb.lmv.pc) 9
E Cmhk `mr Kvkry Nuej> E Wrmpmska Cmusijl `mr tck Rfuhs m` Ijtrehurms
@ilurk ? E Rbckhetib vikw m` elkjbiks ijvmfvka ij cmusijl tm pmmr ij tck Wcifippijks .
Qck `ilurk scmws e pert m` tck tmtef mrlejizetimj ij e sbckhetib wey eja tck elkjbiks erk orik`fy kxpfeijka okfmw.
5. CLB (Cmhk Luerejty Bmrpmretimj
Wrmviaks risd bmvkrelk `mr cmhk `ijejbijl
?. CF[_O Cmusijl eja Feja [sk _klufetimj Omera
Akefs witc issuks m` feja usk, zmjijl eja suoaivisimj m` pfmts
2. JCH@B Jetimjef Cmhk Hmrtlelk @ijejbk Bmrpmretimj
Qck henmr lmvkrjhkjt hmrtlelk ijstitutimj
1. JCE Jetimjef Cmusijl Eutcmrity ;. Wel-IOIL Qck Cmhk Akvkfmphkjt Hutuef @uja
Ejmtckr `ujaijl elkjby
0. RC@B Rmbief Cmusijl @ijejbk Bmrpmretimj
Ruosiaiery cmhk hmrtlelk elkjby
Ebbmraijl tm Rtetistibef Ijaibetmrs mj Wcifippijk Akvkfmphkjt m` ?770 tck lmvkrjhkjtef cmusijl skbtmr ces prmaubka hixka rksufts. Qck juhokr m` sckftkr skburity ujits prmaubka ces akbfijka sijbk ?771 es ces tck vefuk m` sckftkr skburity ujits bmjstrubtka, `ijejbka eja/mr eahijistkrka oy tck lmvkrjhkjt. It is wmrtc hkjtimjijl tcet fibkjsks issuka `mr rksiakjtief ujits cevk okkj eomvk tck terlkt `mr kebc yker. Efsm tck juhokr m` aeys rkquirka `mr prmbkssijl fmej eppfibetimjs ces okkj rkaubka oy cef` `rmh ?771 tm ?770, `rmh 27 aeys tm 5;, wcibc ijaibetks tcet tck prmbkss m` ebquirijl ihprmvka cmusijl ces okbmhk shmmtckr. (www.jsbo.lmv.pc, ?773)
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E Cmhk `mr Kvkry Nuej> E Wrmpmska Cmusijl `mr tck Rfuhs m` Ijtrehurms
Hktcmamfmly
Qcis stuay is omtc e quefitetivk eja quejtitetivk rkskerbc. Uuefitetivk, ij tkrhs m` cmw tm epprmebc tck prmofkh tcrmulc ujakrstejaijl `ebtmrs tcet erk jkkaka tm ok bmjsiakrka eja cmw tm akef witc tcmsk `ebtmrs, wcifk quejtitetivk mj tck mtckr ceja, okbeusk tck rkskerbckrs jkka tm djmw tck juhokr m` pkmpfk tcet wiff ok tck okjk`ibieriks m` tck stuay. Akhmlrepcibs erk efsm ihpmrtejt tm djmw wcm eja ij wcet elk lrmup amks tck bmhhujity bmhprisks tm. Qck rkskerbckrs wiff cevk tcrkk henmr pcesks `mr letckrijl m` aete. @irst, tcky wiff bmjsuft tck bcik` mrlejizetimj, Ijtrehurms Eahijistretimj (IE), eomut pfejs eja akteifs `mr tck Qkrbkre Cmusijl Wrmnkbt. Rkbmjafy, tcky wiff letckr aete `rmh ai``krkjt skbtmrs mr elkjbiks rkfetka tm cmusijl. Qck rkskerbckrs wiff efsm bmjsuft tckh `mr tckir prmvisimjs eja aksiljs, i` tck elkjbiks cevk prmpmska hmakf rkeay `mr tck prmnkbt. Festfy, tck rkskerbckrs wiff lkt aete `rmh tck terlkt bmhhujity tckhskfvks rkleraijl tck cmusijl prmnkbt `mr tckh. Qck aete wiff ok letckrka tcrmulc survkys eja ijtkrvikws. Qck eaaitimjef mr suppmrtijl aete, fidk fitkreturk rkvikw, wiff ok letckrka tcrmulc ommds, ertibfks, nmurjefs eja pest aisskrtetimjs rkfkvejt tm tck prmofkh. Qcksk aete wiff ok ejefyzka tcrmulc twm pcesks> Erbcitkbturef Wrmlrehhijl eja Aksilj Wcesk. Erbcitkbturef Wrmlrehhijl ijvmfvks prkfihijery aksiljs wcibc erk ujakrstejaijl tck sitk, uskr eja spebks jkkaka `mr tck prmnkbt eja efsm tck aksilj bmjbkpts wcifk Aksilj Wcesk ijvmfvks tck `ijef prmaubt m` tck ejefysis. It is wckrk `ijef pfejs erk prkskjtka eja rkeay `mr ouifaijl.
Pefiaetimjs
Bmjsiakrijl tck bkeskfkss `ebtmrs bmjtrioutijl pmvkrty mj Hejife, tcis stuay ijtkjas tm cuhofy prmviak e bmjsiakreofk smfutimj tm smhkcmw effkvietk i` jmt tm bmhpfktkfy kreaibetk mr kfihijetk jmt nust pmvkrty out efsm etteij pkebk eja mrakrfijkss, bfkejfijkss, ckeftc, eja quefity kaubetimj eja hmref vefuks mj tck fivks m` @ifipijm `ehify (wcibc is tck oesib smbief lrmup) fivijl ij tck bity m` Hejife oy prmviaijl tckh sckftkr ij e ceoiteofk bmhhujity. Hmrkmvkr, tcis wiff skrvk es e rk`krkjbk tm tck smmj rkskerbckrs `mr `urtckr stuaiks es it prmviak rkbmhhkjaetimjs rkleraijl uroej pmmr cmusijl. 55
E Cmhk `mr Kvkry Nuej> E Wrmpmska Cmusijl `mr tck Rfuhs m` Ijtrehurms
Qcksis Bceptkr Mutfijk
Bceptkr I ‒ Ijtrmaubtimj
e. Orik` cistmry m` Ijtrehurms o. Kxpfejetimj m` tck bcmskj tmpib b. Rtetijl tck prmofkhs kjbmujtkrka a. \cet erk tck lmefs eja monkbtivks= k. \cet is tck silji`ibejbk m` tcis stuay= \cm wiff okjk`it `rmh it=
Bceptkr II - _kvikw m` _kfetka Fitkreturk eja Rtrubturks
e. Kxpeja tck iakes `rmh tck prmpmsef eja eaa hmrk rkfkvejt tm tck stuay
Bceptkr III - Hktcmamfmly
e. Kxpfejetimj m` hktcmas uska o. Rehpfk qukstimjjeirk mr survky (i` ejy) b. Aielrehs/Bcerts (i` jkkaka)
Bceptkr IP ‒ Aksilj Ejefysis/Aksilj Ryjtcksis
e. Erbcitkbturef Wrmlrehhijl o. Nusti`ibetimj m` iakes b. Arewijl Wfetks a. Nusti`ibetimj m` Aksiljs
Bceptkr P ‒ Bmjbfusimj eja _kbmhhkjaetimj
e. Cmw aia tck aksilj ckfp tm smfvk tck prmofkh= o. Aia tcis stuay ebbmhpfisc tck lmefs= Cmw= b. Is tck prmpmsef `kesiofk=
Oiofimlrepcy
e. _k`krkjbks/smurbks
Eppkjaix
e. Ettebchkjts m` ihpmrtejt ambuhkjts mr aete bmjtrioutijl tm tck stuay
5?
E Cmhk `mr Kvkry Nuej> E Wrmpmska Cmusijl `mr tck Rfuhs m` Ijtrehurms
_kskerbc Qihkfijk>
Qck rkskerbckrs erk livkj tkj (57) hmjtcs `mr tck rkskerbc, aiviaka ijtm twm pcesks> tck Aksilj Ejefysis eja Aksilj Ryjtcksis. Qck tihkfijk `mr tck Aksilj Ejefysis is bmmraijetka tm> Nufy 5, ?750
Qcksis Wrmpmsef suohissimj Qitfk ak`kjsk
Eulust ;, ?750
Bceptkr I (Ijtrmaubtimj) suohissimj
Eulust 59, ?750
Bceptkr II(_kvikw m` _kfetka Fitkreturk) suohissimj
Eulust 25, ?750
Bceptkr III (Hktcmamfmly) suohissimj
Rkptkhokr 9, ?750
Bceptkr IP (Erbcitkbturef Wrmlrehhijl) suohissimj
Rkptkhokr 50, ?750
Oiofimlrepcy bckbdijl
Rkptkhokr ?5, ?750
Wrkfihijery bckbdijl (Bceptkrs I-IP)
Rkptkhokr ?0- 27, ?750
Bceptkrs I-IP ak`kjsk
Mbtmokr 2-3, ?750
_khkaief Wkrima
52
E Cmhk `mr Kvkry Nuej> E Wrmpmska Cmusijl `mr tck Rfuhs m` Ijtrehurms
Oiofimlrepcy
Esiej Akvkfmphkjt Oejd. (?772). _kpmrt eja _kbmhhkjaetimj m` tck Wrksiakjt tm tck Omera m` Airkbtimrs mj Wrmpmska Fmej eja Qkbcjibef Essistejbk Lrejt tm tck Akvkfmphkjt Oejd m` tck Wcifippijks ij tck _kpuofib m` tck Wcifippijks `mr tck Akvkfmphkjt m` Wmmr [roej Bmhhujitiks. Esiej Akvkfmphkjt Oejd. Oeffkstkrms, H. (?77;). _ktcijdijl ijstitutimjef rk-`mrhs ij tck Wcifippijk Cmusijl Rkbtmr. Hedeti Bity> Wcifippijk Ijstitutk `mr Akvkfmphkjt Rtuaiks. Bcejbm, O. (?750, Hey ?7). Qck "squettkrs" m` Ijtrehurms. Qck Wcifippijk Rter . Lefuzde, N. (?751). Bmhhujity-oeska epprmebcks tm skttfkhkjt uplreaijl> Wcifippijks. Oil EBBE Wrmnkbts ij Hktrm Hejife, Wcifippijks, ?<0-?9;. Derems, R. Y. (?771). Ksteofiscijl tck rmfk m` bmhhujitiks ij lmvkrjejbk> tck kxpkrikjbk m` tck Cmhkfkss Wkmpfk's @kakretimj Wcifippijks. Qck Kxpkrikjbk m` tck Cmhkfkss Wkmpfk's @kakretimj Wcifippijks, 57<-557. Ffejtm, L. H. (?77<). Kjvirmjhkjt & [roejizetimj. Rckftkr `ijejbk stretkliks `mr tck pmmr> Wcifippijks, 179-1?2. Hmrjcka, H. L. (?770, Hey). @rmh Rfuh tm Eakquetk Cmhks. E Rtuay mj tck Cmusijl Rmfutimjs `mr tck [roej Wmmr ij Hejife Wcifippijks . Ckfsijlomra, Rwkakj> FQC Rbcmmf m` Kjlijkkrijl, Fuja [jivkrsity. Wcifippijk Bmujtry. (?770). Ijtrehurms Hejife Wcifippijks> "\itcij tck \eff Kjbfmsurk m` tck
Bity" .
_ktrikvka
`rmh
Wcifippijk
Bmujtry>
cttp>//www.pcifippijkbmujtry.bmh/pcifippijk]tmurist]spmt/ijtrehurms.cthf Wcifippijk Cuhej _ilcts Ij`mrhetimj Bkjtkr. (?751, Rkptkhokr 70). @rmh 'Rquettkrs' tm 'Ij`mrhef Rkttfkrs'. Hejife, Wcifippijks. Wcifippijk Rtetistibs Eutcmrity. (?750, Hey 59). Cilcfilcts m` tck Wcifippijk Wmpufetimj ?75; Bkjsus m` Wmpufetimj. _ktrikvka Nujk ?2, ?750, `rmh _kpuofib m` tck Wcifippijks> Wcifippijk Rtetistibs Eutcmrity> cttps>//www.pse.lmv.pc/bmjtkjt/cilcfilcts-pcifippijk pmpufetimj-?75;-bkjsus-pmpufetimj 51
E Cmhk `mr Kvkry Nuej> E Wrmpmska Cmusijl `mr tck Rfuhs m` Ijtrehurms
_elrelim, N. H. (?772). Qck Besk m` Hktrm Hejife, Wcifippijks. _ktrikvka Nujk ?2, ?750, `rmh [J-Ceoitet> cttp>//www.ubf.eb.ud/apu-prmnkbts/Lfmoef]_kpmrt/pa`s/Hejife.pa` Ruoaivisimj & Cmusijl Akvkfmpkrs Essmbietimj, Ijb. (?75;). Qck Wcifippijk Cmusijl Ijaustry _meahep> ?75?-?727. _ktrikvka Nujk ?1, ?750, `rmh Rkburijl tck @uturk m` Wcifippijk
Ijaustriks>
cttp>//ijaustry.lmv.pc/wp-bmjtkjt/upfmeas/?75;/7;/2ra-QIA-
Hr.-Qejbcis-Wrkskjtetimj-mj-Hess-Cmusijl.pa`
5;
