System Development Methods
System Development Methods (CT046-3-2) Malaysian Telecom (Kennan Inventory System) Group Assignment
Lecturer: Sivananthan A/L Chelliah Submitted by: - Mohammad Uzair
(TP021755)
-Sathya A/L Mariappan
(TP023574)
-Vikknenthan A/L Sivalinggam
(TP020730)
Intake: UC2F1007ITNC
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System Development Methods
Table of Contents
Table of Contents Introduction .................................................................................................................................................. 3 Pert Chart ...................................................................................................................................................... 4 Gantt Chart ................................................................................................................................................... 5 WorkLoad Matrix .......................................................................................................................................... 6 SELECTION OF METHODOLODIES ................................................................................................................. 8 SDLC (SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT LIFE CYCLE) ....................................................................................... 9 RAD (Rapid Applications Development) ................................................................................................. 11 Structured Systems Analysis and Design Method (SSADM) ................................................................. 13 Justification of the Chosen Methodology ................................................................................................... 15 Problem Analysis ......................................................................................................................................... 16 Overview of the proposed system .............................................................................................................. 17 Process Model for Proposed System .......................................................................................................... 18 Level 0 ..................................................................................................................................................... 19 Level 1 ..................................................................................................................................................... 20 DFD Level 1.................................................................................................................................................. 21 Data Models- Proposed System .................................................................................................................. 22 Data Dictionary for Proposed System ......................................................................................................... 23 Data flows ............................................................................................................................................... 24 Data stores .............................................................................................................................................. 24 Processes................................................................................................................................................. 25 Source and Sink ....................................................................................................................................... 26 Event Model ................................................................................................................................................ 27 Physical Design:........................................................................................................................................... 29
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System Development Methods
Introduction
Many companies and organizations have realized significant growth over the past decade but they are finding it difficult to continue to drive maximum output from traditional ways of office work.Malaysian Telecommunication Services Bhd is an example.Malaysian Telecommunication Services Bhd. is required an inventory system to manage in house inventory needs. The main purpose behind implementing or creating a new system for the inventory is that it will reduce the workload of the workers. The objective of the proposed system is to reduce labor and paper costs and to make the employees concentrate on their job more. Besides that, it allows the company to keep track of its stock level.
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System Development Methods
Pert Chart
Understanding the case study 15/9/2010
18/9/2010
17/9/2010
18/9/2010
Distributing group work 19/9/2010
19/9/2010
19/9/2010
19/9/2010
Introducing to the project 20/9/2010
22/9/2010
21/9/2010
22/9/2010
Schedule planning 22/9/2010
22/9/2010
27/9/2010
27/9/2010
Choosing methodology and justifying 28/9/2010
5/10/2010
28/9/2010
5/10/2010
System analysis & new system introduction 6/10/2010
10/10/2010
6/10/2010
11/10/2010
Designing Process Model 12/10/2010
15/10/2010
12/10/2010
15/10/2010
Designing Data Model 15/10/2010
19/10/2010
Data dictionary
15/10/2010
19/10/2010
20/10/2010
20/10/2010
20/10/2010
20/10/2010
Designing Database
Designing website interface 15/10/2010
30/10/2010
15/10/2010
30/10/2010
15/10/2010
30/10/2010
15/10/2010
30/10/2010
4
ELH
Linking database to interface 30/10/2010
6/11/2010
30/10/2010
6/11/2010
Reviewing and compiling 7/11/2010
8/11/2010
7/11/2010
8/11/2010
20/10/2010
21/10/2010
20/10/2010
21/10/2010
System Development Methods
GanttChart
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System Development Methods
WorkLoad Matrix Mohammad
Sathya
Uzair
Mariappan
a/l Vickey
Comprehending the case study Introduction
and
analyzing
the
33.3%
33.3%
33.3%
5%
90%
5%
5%
5%
90%
5%
90%
5%
90%
5%
current system identifying current system
and
its
resources (problems
&
solutions ) Identifying processes
in
building
the
system Preparing schedule report and team distribution work Comparison
of √
methodologies Choosing suitable methodology the
for
√
proposed
system Justifying
of
choosing
the
methodology Identifying
6
the
√
System Development Methods
breakdowns
of √
working with the
√
methodology chosen Interpreting
and
preparing for the
√
prototype of the system Understanding the requirement of the users in order to build
√
interactive
interface Designing logical √
design Designing physical √
design Reviewing
the √
project Compiling documenting
7
and √
√
√
System Development Methods
SELECTION OF METHODOLODIES
Nowadays, organizations use a standard set of steps called system development methodology in order to conduct all the procedures necessary to analyze, test, implement, record, and maintain information systems. There are several methodologies that can be used in planning a system. These methodologies are meant to be used to develop an information system therefore; the system can work well and effectively according to its purposes. It is an essential to choose the appropriate methodology in developing an information system because different systems have different characteristics. There are many methodologies available, but for this assignment our team will discuss the most three suitable methodologies and from these three methodologies the team will choose the best method and apply in the system. The following are the methodologies that will be discussed. 1- System Development Life Cycle (SDLC). 2- Rapid Application Development (RAD). 3- Structured System Analysis and Design Methodology (SSADM).
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System Development Methods
SDLC (SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT LIFE CYCLE)
The Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC) is a conceptual model used in project management that describes the stages involved in an information system development project, from an initial feasibility study through maintenance of the completed application. The SDLC provides a structured and standardized process for all phases of any system development effort. This methodology is usually used in developing a large project, so it needs extensive amount of time (usually more than 1 year) in order to complete the system. This methodology needs large fund and more efforts in completing a system. SDLC consists of six stages as it shown below:1- Planning 2- Systems analysis 3- Systems design 4- Testing 5- Implementing 6- Maintenance
1- Planning This stage is determining what the goal is and what the best way that used to reach to the goal. In this planning stage, it is very important to give consideration in some important factors such as equipment types, costs, employee willingness to learn, and employee knowledge. 2- Systems Analysis This stage includes a detailed study of the business needs of the organization and determines where the problem is. Options for changing the business process may be considered under this stage.
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System Development Methods
3- Systems Design Once the problems have been identified it would be appropriate time to start to design the system to solve the problems that have been identified. Design focuses on high level design like, what programs are needed and how are they going to interact, low-level design (how the individual programs are going to work), interface design (what are the interfaces going to look like) and data design (what data will be required). 4- Implementing
In this phase the designs are translated into code. That means the actual codes will be accomplished during this stage. Different high level programming languages like C, C++, and Java are used for coding. With respect to the type of application, the right programming language is chosen.
5- Testing Once the system is built, the functionality of the individual subsystems is tested to ensure proper operation; this process is called stub testing. After the successful of testing of each subsystem, the entire system is tested to ensure all subsystems work together properly and to ensure that interfaces between modules work and this is called (integration testing) 6- Maintenance
Upon successful completion of Testing the project can move on to Implementation. Maintenance stage is the most important step of all because the company or the organization is using the system immediately stops using the old system in favor of the new one. Maintenance is responsible to keep track in what happening during the rest of the system's life such as changes, correction, additions, and debugs the errors
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System Development Methods
RAD (Rapid Applications Development) According to James Martin, "Rapid Application Development (RAD) is a development lifecycle designed to give much faster development and higher-quality results than those achieved with the traditional lifecycle. It is designed to take the maximum advantage of powerful development software that has evolved recently” According to Professor Clifford Kettemborough of Whitehead College, University of Redlands, defines Rapid Application Development as “an approach to building computer systems which combines Computer-Assisted Software Engineering (CASE) tools and techniques, user-driven prototyping, and stringent project delivery time limits into a potent, tested, reliable formula for top-notch quality and productivity. RAD drastically raises the quality of finished systems while reducing the time it takes to build them.”
RAD is a way of developing software that uses modern, powerful, developing environments to make the process of software development “better” and faster. The idea behind RAD Methodology is to accelerate the requirements analysis and design phases and to reduce the amount of time until the users begin to see a working system. It involves the system users in the analysis, design, and construction activities. It makes users know how the system runs so the users can give suggestion or what they want in the system.
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System Development Methods
Components of RAD •
User involvement is key to success
•
Prototyping is conducted in sessions similar to Joint Application Design (JAD)
•
Prototyping screens become screens within the production system
•
CASE tools are used to design the prototypes
Rapid Application Development systems commonly have these advantages and disadvantages as it shown in the following table.
Advantages - Dramatic time savings on the systems
Disadvantages - This method may not be useful for
development effort and it can save money large, unique or highly complex projects. and human effort. -Ability to rapidly change systems design
- Neither testing nor implementing stages
as demanded by users.
are covered.
- System optimized for users involved in
- Difficulty with module reuse for future
RAD process.
systems.
- The result will likely satisfy the users.
- High cost of commitment on the part of key user personnel.
- Concentrates on essential system
- Lack of scalability designed into system
elements from user viewpoint.
and lack of attention to later systems administration built into system.
- Increased speed of development. That is
- Documentation is not important in
mean the speed increases can be achieved RAD. Once the system has been using a variety of methods including,
completed, if there is any mistake or
rapid prototyping, virtualization of
error in it, it is hard to detect because
system related routines, the use of CASE
there is no proper documentation.
tools and other techniques.
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System Development Methods
Structured Systems Analysis and Design Method (SSADM)
SSADM is basically a systems approach to the analysis and design of information systems. SSADM is a waterfall method in which an information system design can be done. SSADM was developed in the UK by CCT (Central Computer and Telecommunications Agency) in the early 1980's. (edrawsoft.com, unknown year) This methodology is commonly used in UK. SSADM methodology adopts the SDLC phases. The steps in SSADM are similar with SDLC, but it does not cover strategic information technology plan (SITP) issues or the construction, testing and implementation of the eventual system (software). (waqarhussain.net, unknown year) SSADM has three different components. Structures are the first component that defines the frameworks of activities, steps and stages, and their inputs and outputs. Second component is called technique, which define how the activities are performed. Lastly, documentation is a component to define how the products of the activities, steps, and stages are presented. SSADM consists of 5 main modules as it shown below: Feasibility study Requirement analysis Requirement specification Logical system specification Physical design 1- Feasibility study – it defines the problem and it involves documenting each of the potential solutions to a particular business problem. Feasibility study consists of a single stage (Stage 0 Feasibility), which involves conducting a high level analysis of a business area to determine whether a system can cost effectively support the business requirements.
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2- Requirements analysis. It is identifying of the requirements and needs of the system and modeling these needs in terms of the processes carried out. Requirements analysis consists of 2 stages. Stage 1 investigation of current environment and Stage 2 business system options. During stage 1 the systems requirements are identified and the current business environment is modeled in terms of the processes carried out and the data structures involved. During stage 1 data flow diagrams (DFDs) and logical data structure (LDS) are used to produce detailed logical models of the current system. Establish analysis framework. PIECES framework (Performance, Information, Economy, Control, Efficiency, Services) during stage 2 DFDs and LDS are produced to support and define each business system option and the final chosen option. 3- Requirements Specification consists of a single stage (Stage 3 Definition of Requirements) which involves further developing the work carried out in requirements analysis, detailed functional and non-functional requirements are identified in detail and new techniques are introduced to define the required processing and data structures. In stage 3 (definition of requirements) the DFDs and LDS are refined and cross validated in the light of the chosen business system option. The LDS is enhanced using relational data analysis (normalization).
4- Logical System Specification; consists of 2 stages, Stage 4 Technical System Options and Stage 5 Logical Design, and this module. This includes the design of update and enquiry processing. In stage 4 technical system options specifying the development and implementation environments are produced, one being selected. In stage 5 the logical design of update and enquiry processing and system dialogues is carried out
5- Physical Design – it is the last module in SSADM. Physical Design; Module 5 Physical Design consists of a single stage (Stage 6 Physical Design) in which the logical system specification and technical system specification are used to create a physical database design and a set of program specifications.
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System Development Methods
Justification of the Chosen Methodology
For this assignment, our team has chosen structured system analysis and design methodology (SSADM) as the best method comparing to the other two methodologies SDLC and RAD for several reasons. The following paragraphs are showing why our team has chosen SSADM instead of one of the other methodologies that have mentioned above. Timelines, theoretically, SSADM allows one to plan, manage and control a project well. Therefore, these points are essential because its deliver the product on time. (grin.com, unknown year) Besides that, it effective use of skills, that is mean SSADM does not require very special skills and can it easily teach to the staff. Moreover, one of the primary reasons for the selection SSADM is better quality, which means, SSADM reduces the error rate of the system by defining a certain quality level in the beginning and constantly checking the system. Furthermore, one benefit of using the SSADM is that it uses three different techniques (data flow modeling, logical data modeling, entity event modeling) to analyze how viable a new information system will be. For example, data flow modeling examines the ways data flows through the system, the areas where the data is held and how the data changes between forms. Logical data modeling shows the interconnectedness of the data and how these parts relate to one another. Entity event modeling shows the context of the data how it relates to events that occur in the business. As a result of that, by using these three different methods, a company can create a model that is more exact and comprehensive.
Comparing to RAD and SDLC, SSADM is more efficient than RAD, because in RAD code is not hand crafted. Besides that, in RAD successful efforts difficult to repeat (no two projects evolve the same way) (cs.bgsu.edu, unknown year) On the other hand, lack of proper documentation is one of the reasons why a program with no SDLC model is undesirable.
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System Development Methods
Problem Analysis Telecom used to work things out manually. This included searching for records of customers, taking reports on paper and so on. So, the whole system was previously very slow. To ensure a better and more efficient process, this new inventory system called the “Kennan” is created. “Kennan” is the latest system that will be used by the company’s cashier, management staff, data entry clerk, inventory personnel and sales person. This new system provides a better place to work for the current employees. “Kennan” is created to make the life of the Telecom employees easier and also to make sure that a corporate company like Telecom keeps up with the pace of the world.
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System Development Methods
Overview of the proposed system The management of Telecom has decided to implement a new system called the “KENNAN”. This system helps the organization a lot of ways.
The system enables the company to reduce labor and paper costs since many ofthe daily functions will then be automated. It allows employees to concentrate on their jobs rather than spending time on searching records. Human errors can be reduced e.g. calculation error might lead to wrong billing to the customers. It allows the company to keep track of its stock levels as late replenishment of inventory can result in insufficient stocks to meet customer demands. The time it takes to process sales to customers can be made faster. Faster response time means that sale of items can be quickly closed. It presents a good image to the company’s clients leading to more confidence in the company. This allows it to gain a competitive advantage over its competitor.Inventory levels can be closely and easily watched with the new system as the management has better control over inventory levels. This is because inventory levels are updated every time a sale to customer is made and whenever new stocks arrive.
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System Development Methods
Process Model for Proposed System -
Context diagram
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System Development Methods
Level 0
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System Development Methods
Level 1
DFD level 1 Process 1 1.1 ___________
Phone number
Register via telephone
1.1.1 ___________ identifying customer through phone number
D | Customer Unidentified phone no.
Register Customer information
Register
1.2.1 ___________
1.2 ___________ Register via coming to headquarters
Customer's appointment
identifying customer through making an appointment
1.4 ___________ Unknown customer
gathering new customer information
Register
Unregistered customer
1.3 ___________ Register via website
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1.3.1 ___________ Customer login
identifying customer through customer's login
Existing customer's info
System Development Methods
DFD Level 1 DFD level 1 Process 2
2.1 ________ Customer register via face to face
2.1.1 ___________ Appointment
identifying customer through making an appointment
Collecting info
Customer register
Customer register
2.2 ___________ Customer register via phone
2.2.1 ___________ Phone num
Collecting info
identifying customer through phone number
2.4 ___________ Obtaining apparel details
Order details
Customer register
Collecting info
2.3.1 ___________
2.3 ___________ Customer register via sending email
identifying customer through customer's email name
login
DFD level 1 Process 9
9.1 ___________ Cash payment
Pay
9.1.1 ___________ Identifying supplier through invoice or contract Payment details
Payment
Payment
9.2 ___________ Online payment
Pay
9.2.1 ___________ Identifying supplier via accounting num
Payment details
Payment
Compete pay Payment details
9.3 ___________ Pay via credit card
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9.4 ___________ Completing procedures
Pay
9.3.1 ___________ Identifying supplier via accounting num
System Development Methods
Data Models- Proposed System Manager
Switch
PK ManagerID
PK
MFName MLName Phone_num
SName Series Day_configure FK1 RouterID
Router Customer PK
PK
CustomerID
C_Account PK
AcountNum
A_day A_time Branch FK1 CustomerID
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RouterID
R_name Series time FK1 ManagerID
C_FName C_LName Phone_num Address Gender Email FK1 ManagerID
SwitchID
Phone_Model PK
PhoneID
P_model Series P_line Time Day FK1 CustomerID
System Development Methods
Data Dictionary for Proposed System Data Dictionary is a special kind of dictionary used as reference book, that contains the details of the data items and data structure of DFD. In DFD our team gave the names to source and sink, data flows, processes and data stores. These names are the descriptive ofthe data. They do not give details so data dictionary is formed to keep the detail of the source and sink data flows, processes and data store. -
Data flows are the pipelines to carry data connect the processes, external entities and data stores on a DFD. The composition of data is known and defined in a data dictionary.
-
Data stores that contain data are called data stores. Data stores represents holding areas for collection of data. Data stores are used when different processes need to share information but are active at different times and only processes are connected to data stores.
-
Processes transform incoming data flows into outgoing data flows in a defined manner. A process is a distinct activity (or set of activities) described by its inputs and outputs, and describes a unique behavior that has a beginning and an end, and it is performed repeatedly.
-
Sources and sinks are also known as external entities. External entities define the sources and destinations of information entering and leaving the system. An external entity can be any class of people, an organization, or another system that has predefined behavior.
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System Development Methods
Data flows Name: Description: Input Data Flows: Output Data Flows:
Register Obtaining customer's information. Customer Customer data store.
Name: Description: Input Data Flows: Output Data Flows:
Request order Customer request apparels. Customer. Cashier.
Name: Description: Input Data Flows: Output Data Flows:
Payment Cashier pays apparels’ invoice to the supplier. Cashier Supplier.
Name: Description: Input Data Flows: Output Data Flows:
Maintenance Management staff writes report about status. Management staff. Report data store.
Data stores Name: Description: Input Data Flows: Output Data Flows: Record:
Customer data stores Stores customer’s information and provided report. Customer’s Information. Customer’s report. Customer’s details (name, gender, address, phone).
Name: Description: Input Data Flows: Output Data Flows: Record:
Maintenance data stores Providing reports about status. Maintenance report. Maintenance status. Customer status.
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System Development Methods
Processes Name: Description: Input Data Flows: Output Data Flows: Process num:
Register Stores customer’s information. New customer. Customer data store. 1.0
Name: Description: Input Data Flows: Output Data Flows: Process num:
Order apparels Customer requests apparels from cashier. New customer. Cashier. 2.0
Name: Description: Input Data Flows: Output Data Flows: Process num:
Receive order Cashier order apparels from warehouse. Cashier. Warehouse. 3.0
Name: Description: Input Data Flows: Output Data Flows: Process num:
Purchase Warehouse purchase apparels from supplier. Warehouse purchase order. Supplier receives order and sends apparels and invoice. 4.0
Description: Input Data Flows: Output Data Flows: Process num:
Customer payscashier. Customer Cashier 10.0
Name: Description:
Generate invoice Warehouse provides invoice and give it to management staff to pays supplier. Warehouse. Management staff 6.0
Input Data Flows: Output Data Flows: Process num:
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System Development Methods
Source and Sink Name: Description: Input Data Flows: Output Data Flows:
New customer Person who registers with Telecom Customer’s details. Receipt of membership.
Name: Description: Input Data Flows: Output Data Flows:
Warehouse Warehouse for apparels, place where all apparels stored. Receive apparels from supplier. Gives apparels to customers.
Name: Description: Input Data Flows: Output Data Flows:
Cashier A person who is responsible of money. Invoices, reports. Full payment.
Name: Description: Input Data Flows: Output Data Flows:
Supplier Organization which supply apparels. Money from Telecom. apparels.
Name: Description: Input Data Flows: Output Data Flows:
Management staff A person who works in Telecom. Information Create report
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System Development Methods
Event Model -
Entity Life History Customer
Update
Register
Face to face
Phone
Customer info *
Website
End
*
End of contract
Transfer
Manager
Life
Hired
Apply
Interview
Repairing Report *
End
Create report
Resign
Expelled
Retired
*
Router
Security
Configuration
Protocol
Network
End
Expelled
Firewall *
-
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Damaged
Contract ended
System Development Methods
Sales person
Sales person life
Hired
Apply
Register customer
Interview *
-
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End
Resign *
Retired
Contract ended
System Development Methods
Physical Design: The physical design and prototype for the project has been developer using Visual Basic 6.0 and Access database, the database and VB6.0 application have been linked together to keep records of all processes performed by the system. The following figures of the prototype demonstrate how the system is going to perform.
Welcome Screen Once you run the program you will see this screen before the login screen,
Login Screen After the Welcome screen you will be prompt to write the username and password Username:sdm
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System Development Methods
Password:sdm
Main Screen After the login you will see the main screen which consists of different functions. On this menu we can record, view, update, delete, and print the data and invoice.
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System Development Methods
Item Entry On this page you can insert the new data of the product or the services.
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Bill Entry In this form you can save the bill.
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Daily Expense Form This form helps you record the daily expense.
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Purchase Form This form helps you record the data about the purchases which you made.
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System Development Methods
Sale Master Form This form helps you records the data of the clients to whom the goods are sold.
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System Development Methods
View Form This form let you view all the data stored inside the system regarding inventories.
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