GLOBALIZACION, ROL DEL ESTADO Y RELACIONES... - Raúl Allard / 1
GLOBALIZACION, ROL DEL ESTADO Y RELACIONES INTERNACIONALES EN EL REALISMO DE ROBERT GILPIN R AÚL AÚL ALLARD NEUMANN
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2 / ORO DE ALTOS ESTUDIOS SOCIALES !ALPARA"SO
2 / ORO DE ALTOS ESTUDIOS SOCIALES !ALPARA"SO
# / ORO DE ALTOS ESTUDIOS SOCIALES
GLOBALIZACION, ROL DEL ESTADO Y RELACIONES... - Raúl Allard / $
PRESENTACI%N Raúl Allard d&'()*+ + +'*+ C)ad+r la &'&/ d+ R0+r* G&l& a(+r(a d+ r+la(&+' +' &*+ra(&al+ &*+ra(&al+'. '. E'*+ a)*r +' ) d+ l' 3' la +l)(&/ d+ la' r+la(& r+(- (&d' +'+(&al&'*a' r*+a+r&(a' + +'*+ (a 4 ')' *ra0a5' '+ r+*a a E'+(&al al 9:a' 9:a'&'&' +' )+ Política ca Global )+'* '* + +l ( (*+& *+&d d d+ Economía Políti 1678. E'+(& ;2<<1=, )a d+ ')' 0ra' 3' (+*ada'. E'*+ a)*r +' &d+*&:&(ad ( ) r+r+'+r+r+' +- *a*+ ('&() d+ la d+&ada (rr&+*+ r+al&'*a E'*ad(9*r&(a. La ú&(a ú&(a al*+ra*&a ara +&*ar la aar>)?a &*+ra(&al 4 (*rlar l' (:l&(*' &*+r+'*a*al+' +' ')0rd&ar l' &*+r+'+' d+ d+r 4 '+@)r&dad a 05+*&' 3' (l+5' ( +l d+'arrll 4 +l 0&++'*ar. E'* d+ada la (rd&a(&/ +*r+ l' E'*ad'-a(&al+' +d&a*+ la ad(&/ d+ l?*&( l? *&(a' a' a( a(&a &al+' l+' +'+ +'+(?: (?:&(a &(a+*+ +*+ d&r&@&da' a ('+')ar +l rd+ l?*&( &*+ra(&al &*+ra (&al 4 +l d+'arr d+'arrll ll d+ &'*&*)(&- +' &*+r@)0+ra+*al+'. D+ +'*a a+ra, la l?*&(a &*+ra(&al '+r?a l+- a+*+ a)*a d+ la a((&/ d+ l' E'*ad'-a(&al+', ( '*)lar l' r+al&'*a' d+ la '*-@)+rra. O*r' a(*r+' r+l+a*+' d+ la l?*&(a &*+ra(&al ' (&+r*a+*+ la' r@a&a(&+' &*+ra(&al+' @)0+ra+*al+' 4 la' (rra- (&+' )l*&a(&al+'. La @l0al&a(&/ 4 l' :a(*r+' l?*&(' 4 *+(l/@&(' >)+ la a &)l'ad +l *9r& d+ la @)+rra :r?a, la r+l)(& &:r3*&(a, 4 la (+ra(&/ +*r+ E'*ad' 4 r+@&+', a *ra?d ('&@ )a 9rd&da d+ d+r r+la*& &*+rd++d+(&a d+(&a (+r( (+r(&al &al 4 +*ar&a, +*r+ d+ l l'' E'*ad'. La a4r &*+rd++ *ra' 0'+r- a0l+ + la +(?a &*+ra(&al, a &)l'ad la :ra(&/ d+ (rra(&+' &+' )l*& )l*&a(&al+' a(&al+' a ) 'l +r(a- d @l0al + +l >)+ la' (rra( d+'++ad ) a+l '&@)lar.
S& +0ar@, l' E'*ad' (*&úa '&+d a(*r+' r&(&al+' d+ la l?*&(a &*+ra(&al. &*+ra(& al.
# / ORO DE ALTOS ESTUDIOS SOCIALES
El 9&* d+ la' )l*&a(& rd+a&+* &+* l?*&( 4 )l*&a(&al+' al+' d++d+ d+ ) rd+a 5)r?d&- ( :ara0l+ d+r+(' d+ r&+dad 4 '+@)r&dad 4 +'*+ (l&a '/l dr?a @ara- *&ar'+ +d&a*+ +d&a*+ la &*+r+(&/ d+ l' E'*ad'. E'* ()+'*&a la &d+a d+ Ra4d !+r+ '0r+ )a F'0+ra?a + 5a>)+, a)>)+ +' '&0l+ d+'((+r >)+ la l/@&(a d+l +r(ad r+'&a r la r&a(?a d+l '&'*+a d+ r+(&'' 4 +'*+ a ') + '+ +ar(a + )a d&+'&/ 3' @l0al >)+ +(+d+ +l r+(& 30&* d+ la @+@ra:?a d+l E'*ad-a(&al.
La (+ra(&/ 0&la*+ral 4 )l*&la*+ral a &+l r+@&al +' *ra r+al&dad >)+ d+'*rar?a la 9rd&da r+la*&a d+ la F'0+ra?a +'*a*al, +r +'* *a0&9 +' +l r+')l*ad d+ d+(&'&+' (+*rada' + l' E'*ad'. S&+d ar*&dar& d+ )a +(- ?a @l0al a0&+r*a 4 )l*&la*+ral, G&l& (ar*+ +l )* d+ &'*a d+ l' +(&'*a' +(l3'&('. El rl d+l +r(ad d+0+r?a '+r 05+* d&'( '()' )'&/ &/, , a'? ( *a( +l d+l E'*ad 4 d+ la ()&dad d+ d& r&&l+@&a @&a la a&&a(&/ d+ la &*+ra(&al. &*+ra( &al. D+'(ar*a D+'(ar*a +l (a&*al&' >)+ r&&l+ r&>)+a d&'*r&0)&da d+ a+ra a'&9*r&(a r+l+@ad l' r0l+a' r+la*&' a la d+'&@)aldad a ) la (l+- *a+*+ ')0al*+r. La +(?a d+0+r?a '+r ')0rd&ada a l' 05+*&' l?*&- (' 4 '(&al+' d+ la '(&+dad. Al@)' a?'+' ( Ha 4 Al+a&a dr?a '+r +r+'&+' d+ +'*+ *&. La '&(&/ E'*ad-(9*r&(a d+:+d&da r G&l& d+0+r?a (:)d&r'+ ( )a )+a :ra d+ +r(a*&l&' r*+(*r, d+ a(&al&'. El 9:a'&' r&- (&al, 0a'ad + +l +a+ r+al&'*a d+ la &'*r&a, +' la r+&&d&(a(&/ d+l a+l d+l E'*ad. E*r+ la' )+a' *ar+a' d+l E'*ad a0r?a >)+ '+alar +l a4 - ll d+ l?*&(a' d+ al*a *+(l@?a + +l la d9'*&(. '*a', a ') al d+'arr +, &l&(a +d&da' r&r&*ar&a' d+ &+r'&/ + &+'*&@a(&/ 4 :ra(&/ d+ r+()r' r+( )r'' ' )a- '. S&@)&+d a G&l&, Allard ar@)+*a >)+ la' l?*&(a' a(&al+' a d+- '*rad ') +*rard&ar&a &r*a(&a + +l d+'arrll +>)+', ', ( l d+ )+' r (+'' *+ *+( (l l/@ /@&( &(' ',, aú + a?'+' +>)+ d+'*rar?a &lad&a + Irlada. La (r+a(&/ d+ ) )+ rd+ &*+ra(&al + (+r(& 4 :&aa' +' *r d+ l' )+' d+'a:?' >)+ d+0+r?a '+r a*+d&d r l' E'*ad'.
)l*&d&'(&l&ar&a &ar&a d+ El r+al&' d+ G&l& r+*a ') r&@+ a )a &'&/ )l*&d&'(&l l' :+/+' +(/&('. '*a *ra'(&+d+ +l a3l&'&' +(9*r&(. C (r?*&(a' d+ G&l& a la :al*a :al*a d+ a '+- alad al@)' d+ ')' (+*ar&'*a', la' (r?*&(a' al&(a0& al& (a0&l&da l&dadd d+ al@)' d+l' a*+3*&(' 4 la &@ra(&a d+ :a(*r+'
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# / ORO DE ALTOS ESTUDIOS SOCIALES
l?*&(', '(&al+' 4 ()l*)ral+' ()a*&:&(a0l+', ' )4 d)ra' 4 'ar(3'*&(a'. l?*&(', E'*a d+'(:&aa d+ l'
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GLOBALIZACION, ROL DEL ESTADO Y RELACIONES... - Raúl Allard / 8
d+l' )4 +'*&l&ad' r&++ + d+:&&*&a d+ ') &'&/ d+ la +(?a ( ) r(+' d+ &*+ra((&/ +*r+ )a )l*&*)d d+ a(*r+' (l+(*&' >)+ (&*+ r +l d+r + ')' r&(&al+' a&:+'*a(&+' *+(l/@&(a', +(/&(a', &l&*a- r+' 4 l?*&(a'. E (a' (a'&+' d&(a (+*+(&a, >)+ )+d+ ll+@ar &(l)- ' a al(aar d&+'&+' 0+l&@+ra*+', r+')l*a + la r:)d&a(&/ ')r@&&+- * d+ *a0l+' d+'&@)aldad+'.
El a3l&'&' d+ G&l&, +' ((rda*+ ( la' r)+'*a' ad+la*ada' r J+ld + +l Cuaderno 1 '0r+ +l a+l >)+ l' E'*ad'-a(&al+' )+d+ 5)@ar + la :ra(&/ d+ )a Fd+(ra(&a '(&al @l0al 4 ( +l a3l&'&' d+ Ca'*+ll' (*+&- d + +l Cuaderno 3 '0r+ la ('*r)((&/ d+ l' FE'*ad' R+d. Cr&'/'* P&arr D&r+(*r E 5+()*& r d+ Al*' E'*)d&' S(&al+' !alara?'.
K / ORO DE ALTOS ESTUDIOS SOCIALES !ALPARA"SO
/ ORO DE ALTOS ESTUDIOS SOCIALES !ALPARA"SO
GLOBALIZACION, ROL DEL ESTADO Y RELACIONES... - Raúl Allard / 7
GLOBALIZACION, ROL DEL ESTADO Y RELACIONES INTERNACIONALES EN EL REALISMO DE ROBERT GILPIN R AÚL ALLARD NEUMANN
I. POL"TICA Y ECONOM"A EN EL PENSAMIENTO DE GILPIN 1. Pr+'+*a(& El *+a d+ la &()la(&/ +*r+ l?*&(a 4 +(?a +' (r)(&al + l' +'*)d&' d+ Pl?*&(a I*+ra(&al + +l &&(& d+l '&@l I 4, +'+(?:&(a+*+, l' +:+(*' d+l :++ d+ la @l0al&a(&/ + +l '&'*+a &*+ra(&al 4 + +l (r*a- &+* d+ l' d&:+r+*+' a(*r+', + ar*&()lar +l E'*ad-Na(&. La @l0al&a(&/ +' ) :+/+ )+ >)+ a4a ')r@&d d+ 'ú0&*. La' *+d+(&a' a(&a la al&a(& d+ l' +r(ad' +?a r+'+*3d'+ d+'d+ la '* S+@)da G)+rra M)d&al 4, +'+(&al+*+, d+'d+ l' a' '+*+*a. Ta0&9 )0 ) lar@ +r?d ( +l '&@ d+l l&0r+ (+r(& 4 la l&0+r *ad d+ a+@a- (&, + la Pax Británica d+l '&@l I, 0a5 +l &:l)5 &@l9', 4 a'*a 161#.
S& +0ar@, la @l0al&a(&/ ad>)&+r + (ara(*+r?'*&(a' r&a' + +l (*+* +(/&( d+l '&'*+a &*+ra(&al a(*)al, + a'+(*' *al+' ( l' (a0&' + +l r(+' 4 la r+@)la(&/ d+l (+r(& &*+ra(&al, +l '&'*+a :&a(&+r &*+ra(&al, la a((&/ d+ la' +r+'a' )l*&a(&al+', l' +'>)+a' d+ &*+@ra- (& +(/&(a r+@&al 4 *r', a'? ( l' >)+ d&(+ r+la(&/ ( l' (a0&' + la' *+(l@?a' d+ la &:ra(&/ 4 la' ()&(a(&+'. E'*' :a(*r+' &:l)4+ + la' l?*&(a' +(/&(a' 4 +l rl 4 la a((&/ d+ l' E'*ad'.
6 / ORO DE ALTOS ESTUDIOS SOCIALES !ALPARA"SO
7
E'*a' r+al&dad+' '&@&:&(a *a0&9 d+'a:?' ara la d&'(&l&a d+ la Pl?*&(a I*+ra(&al 4 ')' +r'+(*&a' d+ a3l&'&' 4, r +d+, ara l' +:>)+' *+r&(' F*+r?a' + +'*a 3r+a.
1< / ORO DE ALTOS ESTUDIOS SOCIALES
2. P'&(& d+ )+'*r a)*r R0+r* G&l&, r+((&d (&+*&'*a l?*&( r*+a+r&(a ()4a (arr+ra a(a- d9&(a '+ a d+'arrllad r&(&al+*+ + la U&+r'&dad d+ Pr&(+* dd+ +' a(*)al+*+ r:+'r +9r&*1 , '+ a d+'*a(ad + l' úl*&' $8 a' + +l +'*)d& d+ la E(?a Pl?*&(a I*+ra(&al ;EPI=. Ja '&d (al&:&(ad + +l )d a(ad9&( r*+a+r&(a ( Fd+(a d+ l' +'*)d&'' d+ +'*a +'+- (&al&dad. T)+ la (a'& d+ '+r al) ')4 d+ '@rad + la a'&@a*)ra d+ FE(?a Pl?*&(a, T+(l@?a 4 R+la(&+' I*+ra(&al+' + la dr &l' S(l d+ A')*' Pú0l&(' + I*+ra(&al+' d+ la U&+r'&dad d+ Pr&(+*, + +l A A(ad9&( 167#1678 4 + r()rad '+@)&r la +l)(& d+ ') +'a&+*.
E ') úl*&a 0ra a4r, Global Polítical Economy Understanding the International Economic Order 2 , )0l&(ada + +l a 2<<1, G&l& r+*a la *+3- *&(a d+ ') l&0r d+ 167 '0r+ a Economía Política de las !elaciones $ I nter n aciona" les , al&(a +l a(+r d+ ((+*' >)+ a &d a()ad r d9(ada' a la r+al&dad a(*)al 4 r+'+*a l' )+' :+/+' 4 d+'arrll' +(/&(', *+(l/@&(' 4 l?*&('. S& +0ar@, 4 r+((&+d + *da ') r:)d&dad l' (a0&' >)+ la @l0al&a(&/ &l&(a + +l '&'*+a &*+ra(&al, G&l& '&@)+ ('&d+rad >)+ +l '&'*+a a (a0&ad + ') (ar3(*+r +'+(&al, ( +l E'*ad Na(& ( )&dad 03'&(a r&(&al. L' E'*ad', r +d& d+ ')' l?*&(a', d+'arrlla +l ar( + >)+ '+ )++ la' :)+ra' +(/&(a' 4 la' (rr&+*+' d+l (+r(&. Ad+3', +l &' G&l& '+ '&@)+ ad'(r&0&+d a la (rr&+*+ *+/r&(a d+l r+al&'. E'* úl*& r+'d+ a la ar&+dad d+ +r'+(*&a' >)+ +)+l+ la *rad&(& r+al&'*a, r ()a* ') 0a*+r?a d+ a3l&'&' d&:&+r+ + d&+r'' )*', r +5+l, d+l r+al&' r&@&al d+ Ja' Mr@+*a) d+ 16#. L' r+al&'*a' d+ la '* S+- @)da G)+rra M)d&al ')0ra4a0a la d&'*&(&/ +*r+ l?*&(a a(&al 4 l?*&(a &*+ra(&al a'&@ad a 9'*a ) 30&* d+ a)*?a, + *a* R0+r* G&l&, ar*&()lar+*+ + ') úl*&a 0ra, d+d&(a ) (a?*)l a la &r*a(&a >)+ *&++ la +(?a &*+ra a(&al + la :ra ( :)(&a la +(?a )d&al, (al&:&(3dla' d+ F'&'*+a' a(&al+' d+ l?*&(a +(/&(a# . E'* ' *ra'lada a )a 0r++ r+:l+&/ '0r+ la a*)ral+a d+ la' *+r?a' + Pl?*&(a I*+ra(&al 4 al +( d+ >)+ ' +(+'ar&a+*+ +(l)4+*+' +- *r+ '?, a'? ( '0r+ +l '+*&d d+ la &@+(&a a(*)al d+l r+al&'.
7
11 / ORO DE ALTOS ESTUDIOS SOCIALES
7
167. E +'al, La E conomía Política
G&l& +' a(*)al+*+, FE&'++r Pr:+'r E+r&*)' : P)0l&( ad I*+ra*&al A::a&r' d+ la U&+r'&dad d+ Pr&(+*. 2 R0+r* G&l&, Global P olitical Ec on om y Unde rs ta nd in g #he Inter nati onal Econo mic Order , ;E(?a Pl?*&(a Gl0al (- r+d&+d +l rd+ +(&( &*+ra(&al=, Pr&(+*, Pr&(+- *, U&+r'&*4 Pr+'', 2<<1. $ G&l&, R0+r*, #he P olitical Economy o$ International !ela" tions, Pr&(+*, U&+r'&*4 Pr+'', 1
de las cionales,
!elaciones
Interna" Gr) a+r&(a, Ed&*r La*&B)+' A&r+', 166<. La' r+:+r+(&a' 0&0l&@r3:&(a' a la' )0l&(a(&+' d+ G&l& +'*3 +r'&+' +(a' a la' r&@&al+' + &@l9' 4 la' *rad)((&+' ' d+l a)*r d+ +'*+ ar*?()l 'al + (a' d+ la Economía P olítica de las !elaciones Internacionales + ()4 (a' la' *a' (rr+'d+ + la +r'&/ +'al a +' >)+ +r+'a+*+ '+ d&@a *ra ('a. # G&l&, 2<<1, . 1#.
6 / ORO DE ALTOS ESTUDIOS SOCIALES !ALPARA"SO
GLOBALIZACION, ROL DEL ESTADO Y RELACIONES... - Raúl Allard / 6
$. P+r'+(*&a d+ a3l&'&'
G&l&, R0+r*, FTr++ Md+l' : *+ )*)r+, + l)+ %orld Politics and International E c ono" mics , r+d B+r@'*+ 4 Lar +(+ Qra)'+, +d'., a'&@* D.C., 1678. K G&l&, R0+r*, %ar and Change in %orld Politics, C a0 r& d@ + U&+r'&*4 Pr+'', 161. 7 G&l&, R0+r*, #he Challenge o$ Global Ca&italism' #he % or l d Eco nomy In #he (1 st Centur y, Pr&(+*, Pr&(+* Pr+'', U&+r'&*4 2<<<. Ad+3', 4 *a@+- (&al+*+, '+ +(&a *r' *ra0a5' d+ G&l&. 8
M3' all3 d+ ()al>)&+r 5)&(& d+ alr 4 d+l '/l&d a+5 d+l a(ad9&( d+ Pr&(+* '0r+ l' *+a' l' a3l&'&' d+ G&l& r+')l*a d+ &*+r9' '0r+ *d + ()a* + +ll' r+ú+ + &*+@ra la a((&/ d+ la' :)+ra' d+l +r(ad 4 la' *+d+- (&a' l?*&(a' 4 la' ra*&a' a(&al+' + &*+ra(&al+', '+'ad la &:l)+- (&a d+ d&'*&*' +l++*' 4 (rr&+*+' 4 (*r&0)4+d a'? a ) d+0a*+ +(+'ar& + la d&'(&l&a d+ la Pl?*&(a I*+ra(&al. S+ *ra*a d+ )a &'&/ al&a d+ la E(?a Pl?*&(a I*+ra(&al >)+ (- '&d+ra la' (l+5&dad+' d+l '&'*+a &*+ra(&al, la' d&:+r+(&a' 4 la '&*)a(& d+'+drada d+ l' a?'+' d+ +r d+'arrll. S& +0ar@, a d)darl, +' )a &'& d+'d+ +l (+*r, d+'d+ l' a?'+' &d)'*r&al&ad' 4, + ar*&()lar, d+ l' E'*ad' U&d' 4 ')' &*+r+'+'. S&+r+ '+r3 ú*&l, +'a', ((+r 4 ar+(&ar ) la*+a&+* d+ +'*+ *&, d+'d+ )+'*ra r+al&dad la*&a+r&(aa 4, + ar*&- ()lar d+ C&l+, >)+ +'*3 d+'arrllad )a l?*&(a d+ &'+r(&/ a(*&a + la +(- ?a )d&al. E' '&0l+, *a0&9, +*ra+r l?+a' >)+ r:)d&(+ +'*a' *+3*&- (a' d+'d+ )+'*ra +r'+(*&a. N +' &*+*ad 'l ) *ra0a5 d+'(r&*& &*+rr+*a*&, '& *a 0&9 (&+r*a &rada '0r+ G&l& Fd+'d+ +l S)r >)+ '+ r+:l+5a, + ar*+, + la' 0'+ra(&+' :&al+'. E*r+ la al&a rd)((&/ d+ )+'*r a)*r, ' a0(ar+' a (&( )0l&(a- (&+' d+ d&+r'a' 9(a', ( ) a(+* + la' 3' r+(&+*+' FTr+' d+l' d+l :)*)r, ar*?()l +'(r&* + 16788 . Guerra y Cambio en la Política )undial , 161K . Economía Política de las !elaciones Internacionales , 167, 4a (&*ada. El *esa$ío del Ca&italismo Global , 2<<<7 . Economía Política Global , 2<<1, 4a (&*ada. J+' ((+*rad :)+*+' 4 '+l+((&ad *+a' ara +:(ar' + al@)a' r+la(&+' >)+ r+')l*a d+ +'+(&al &*+r9' ara +l +'*)d& l?*&(, d+'d+ la +r'- +(*&a +(&ada + +'*+ 3rra:.
II. INTERDEPENDENCIA Y TENDENCIAS DE CAMBIO ;DCADA DE LOS 7< Y COMIENZOS DE LOS <= #. Pl?*&(a 4 +(?a + ) )d 0&lar E +l +r?d r+& a la (a?da d+l )r d+ B+rl? + 166, +l '&'*+a &*+ra- (&al d+ *& 0&lar r?@&d d+ l' a' 8< a0?a ++r&+*ad (a0&'. S+ &?a )a :a'+ d+ la G)+rra r?a + la >)+ '&+d )4 &r*a*+ la '+@)r&dad 4, + ar*&()lar, la d&')a'&/ +'*ra*9@&(a +*r+ la' @rad+' *+(&a' )(l+ar+', E'*a- d' U&d' 4 la U& S&9*&(a, *a0&9 ad>)&r?a r+l+a(&a la' *+d+(&a' )l*&lar+' + la +(?a, ( (+*r' d+ d+r +(/&( 4 *+(l/@&( + E)ra 4 A'&a. C +'*a +r'+(*&a, +'+(&al&'*a' + Pl?*&(a I*+ra(&al 4 +'*ra*+@a' @)0+r- a+*al+', r()ra &*+@rar + ')' a3l&'&' l' :a(*r+' l?*&(' ( l' +(- &(' 4 r+((+r )+a' r+al&dad+' &()lada' a )a a@+da al&ada d+ *+a' >)+ ')+ra0a ( al&*)d la a*&@)a ((+*ra(&/ + *+a' d+ '+@)r&dad, '- 0+ra?a + &d++d+(&a d+ l' E'*ad'. E'*' úl*&', r ') ar*+, 4a aar+- (?a ( l' ú&(' a(*r+' ( ar*&(&a(&/ r+l+a*+ + +l '&'*+a. L' aal&'*a' ad+r*?a )a d+(l&a(&/ r+la*&a + la '&(&/ d+ E'*ad' U&- d' + la +(?a )d&al 4 + ') (aa(&dad d+ d+:&&(&/ d+ l?*&(a' '& '+ la (ara0a, r +5+l, ( la d+'l+@ada + l' a()+rd' al(aad' + Br+** d', + 16##. Ja'*a A@'* d+ 1671, d&( a?' l&d+r/ la '&(&/ d+ a*+- +r +l '&'*+a d+ *&' d+ (a0& :&5' +r a5)'*a0l+' + *a*, + 167$, r- & a(*&a+*+ la ad(&/ d+ *&' d+ (a0& :l+&0l+'.
C '+ala0a + +'a 9(a *r+' a(ad9&(' d+'*a(ad' , '+ *ra*a0a d+ )a d+(l&a(&/ r+la*&a >)+ '+ r+:l+5a0a + l l?*&(, r >)+ FE'*ad' U&d' a +ra+(&d d)ra*+ +'*+ +r?d ;16##-1678= ( +l E'*ad 3' d+r' d+ la *&+rra + l &l&*ar, 4 ') l&d+ra@, + +'+ )*, ( r+'+(* a ')' '(&' +(/&(' r&(&al+', Ha 4 E)ra, '+ a a*+&d. 8. I*+rd++d+(&a, +r+'a' )l*&a(&al+' 4 '0+ra?a + 5a>)+ +l A3l&'&' d+ G&l& E +'*+ (*+*, *r' :++' 4 +l++*' ')r@&+r ( :)+ra + +l d+0a*+
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G&l&, &0&d., . 21. E ()a* al '+*&d d+l ((+* d+ I*+rd++d+(&a G&l& (&*a a R&(ard C+r ;F+l +( (- d&(& d+ d++d+r d+l *r, d+- +d+(&a )*)a= r+(&'ad >)+ ara 9l '&@&:&(a F)*)a a)- >)+ &@)al d++d+(&a. A'&- &', G&l&, '&@)&+d la *ra- d&(& d+ Ma +0+r, *&&:&(a ( +l++*' r&' d+l E'- *ad l' d+ *+rr&*r&al&dad, l+al- *ad, +(l)'&&dad 4 '+'&/ d+l l& d+l )' l+@?*& d+ la :)+ra. E *a*, +l ((+* d+ M+r(ad '+ 0a'a + la' d+ &*+@ra(&/ (&+' :)(&al, r+la(&+' (*ra(*)al+' 4 (r+(&+*+ &*+rd++d+(&a d+ (radr+' 4 +d+dr+', ( ) )&+r' ()+'* r r+(&' 4 (a*&dad+', dd+ +l a@+*+ +(&( a)* >)+ r+'d+ a la' '+al+' d+ l' r+(&' r++ la 0a'+ d+ d+(&'&/. A'?, +l &(r++*a la +r(ad rad&(a(&/ +:&(&+- *+ d+ l' r+()r'' d&'&0l+' ;G&l&, 167, . 1<, 11, 17 4 1=. $< G&l&, &0&d., . 22. $1 G&l&, &0&d., . 2K. 26
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l' E'*ad' d+r''. Pr '? 'l' l' +r(ad' 4 la' :)+ra' +(/&(a )+d+ dar ()+*a d+ la +'*r)(*)ra 4 :)(&a&+* d+ la +(?a @l- 0al#7. = Al (arar l' +'*)d&' d+ la EPI 4 la +(?a +(l3'&(a, G&l& '*)la >)+ &+*ra' +'*a úl*&a +'*3 &*+r+'ada r&(&al+*+ + la +:&(&+(&a 4 l' 0++:&(&' )*)' >)+ ')r@+ d+l &*+r(a0& +(&(, la EPI &(l)4+, ad+3', *+a' 3' al&' ( la d&'*r&0)(&/ d+ la' @aa(&a' r+&+- *+' d+ la' a(*&&dad+' d+l +r(ad. E +'*+ ar(, Fa l' +'+(&al&'*a' d+ EPI l+' &*+r+'a +l +( d+ >)+ la +(- ?a )d&al *&++ ) &a(* ('&d+ra0l+ '0r+ +l d+r, alr+' 4 a)*- ?a l?*&(a d+ la' '(&+dad+' a(&al+'. L' E'*ad' *&++ :)+r*+' &(+*&- ' ara ad*ar +d&da' >)+ 'ala@)ard+ ')' r&' alr+' + &*+r + '+', +'+(&al+*+ ') d+r 4 l&0+r*ad d+ a((&/, + &*+*a *a0&9 a&)lar la' :)+ra' d+l +r(ad ara &(r++*ar ') d+r + &:l)+(&a '0r+ +'*ad' r&a- l+' :ar+(+r E'*ad' a&@'#. &= U :++ r+()rr+*+ +' +l d+l (>)+ +*r+ )a +(?a &*+ra(&al (ada + 3' &*+rd++d&+*+ (a*+@r?a >)+ '+ r+'(a*a, 4 E'*ad' >)+ r- ()ra r+a:&rar ') a)*?a, alr+' ()l*)ral+' 4 +'*r)(*)ra '(&al 4, a la +, 0++:&(&ar'+ d+ la &+r'&/ +*+ra 4 +l l&0r+ (+r(&. FS& +0ar@ a)*a G&l&, la l/@&(a d+l '&'*+a d+ +r(ad +' la d+ +ad&r'+ @+@r3:&(a+*+ + &(rrar (ada + a' a'+(*' d+ )a '(&+dad d+*r d+l +(a&' d+ r+(&', a(&+d a'? >)+ a')*' &*+r' >)+d+ ')5+*' a :)+ra' +*+ra' a la r+'+(*&a '(&+dad#6. E'*a' *+3*&(a' :ra ar*+ d+l d+0a*+ a(*)al '0r+ la @l0al&a(&. 5=
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al, la' ++r&+(&a' r+@&al+' 4 ')0r+@&al+' d+ &*+@ra(&/ a ad>)&r&d &- r*a(&a (r+(&+*+.
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l&', +:>)+ &*+r@)0+ra+*al 4 r+al&' ;>)+ ('&d+ra >)+ F+l r +@&al&' +(/&( '+ a +'ar(&d r>)+ l' E'*ad'-a(&+' r+*+d+ l' 0++:&- (&' a0'l)*' d+ la +(?a @l0al, al *&+ >)+ 0)'(a &(r++*ar ')' r- &a' @aa(&a' r+la*&a' 4 r*+@+r'+ a '& &'' d+ a+aa' +*+ra' a ') 0&+- +'*ar +(/&( 4 '+@)r&dad87. Para G&l&, +'*' +:>)+' *&++ l&&*a(&+', +' '&0l+ )a +l&(a(&/ )&+r'al a ) :+/+ >)+ +)+l+ :a(*r+' l?*&(' + &*+r+'+' +(/&(', '& 0&+ '&+r+ a4 ) &*+r9' +(/&( r&ad 4 a(&al. P'*)la ) +:>)+ F+(l9(*&( >)+ a')+ >)+ +l r+@&al&' +' +'*&)lad ()ad a4 ) l&d+ra@ &*+ra(&al :)+r*+ l' 0l>)+' r+@&al+' )+d+ +r&*&r a :&ra' l(al+' al- (aar +(?a' d+ +'(ala + &(r++*ar ') (+*&*&&dad. E'*' r(+'' F:a- (&l&*a la a@r)a(&/ d+ r+()r'' +(/&(' 4 la :ra(&/ d+ al&aa' (rra- *&a' r+@&al+' 4 a ll+@ad a '+r F)a (ara(*+r?'*&(a +*r+ada+*+ &r- *a*+ d+ la +(?a @l0al8.
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G&l&, Global Polítical E cono" my , . (&*., . $87. 87
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A'? r +5+l, + la ++r&+- (&a (&l+a +(&ada r G&l&, + l' TLC ')'(r&*' r C&l+ ( E'*ad' U&d', la U& E)r+a 4 la R+ú0l&(a d+ Cr+a (*&++ r+:+r+(&a' a r+@)la(&+' d+ la OMC '0r+ alr ad)a+r d+ la' +r(a(?a' 4 a ra' d+ r*+((&/ d+ la r- &+dad &*+l+(*)al, la' F+d&da' d+ :r*+ra, a'? ( al S&'*+a Ar&ad d+ Ara(+l+' d+ la Or@a&a(&/ M)d&al d+ Ad)a- a' ;OMA=, l >)+ '&@&:&(a >)+ a()+rd' d+ *& r+@&al, >)+ r+>)&+r+ d+ (*&@X&dad @+@r3- :&(a, al&(a + +'' )*' r- a' )&+r'al+'. K2 G&l&, . (&*., . $#$. K$ C)l)0&', T+dr+ 4 Ha+' l:+, Intr od ucti on to Inter nati onal !elat ions , E@l+d, Cl&::', N.H., Pr+*&(+Jall, 16K. K# A*&', P+, atin -merica in #he International Political + ystem, 1677, . 1$$. K8 G&l&, .(&*., . 27, 2<<1. N)+'*r a)*r a0?a *ra*ad +l *+a d+ la' EMN 4 ') ?()l ( +l a?' '+d+ ;+ ()*r4= + R0+r* G&l&, U+ Po1er and the )ultinational Cor&or ations, N)+a Yr, Ba'&(, 167K. KK G&l&, . (&*., . 27. K1
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!II. REALISMO Y TRADICI%N REALISTA EN GILPIN ÚTIL PARA EL ANVLISIS EN LA ERA DE LA GLOBALIZACI%N[ 1. S+*&d d+ l' +:>)+' *+r&(' + Pl?*&(a I*+ra(&al M&+*ra' *r' a)*r+' +&*a +(a'&llar'+ + +'()+la' d+*+r&ada', G&l& '+ ad'(r&0+ +l?(&*a+*+ al r+al&' 4, + +l úl*& *&+ a )a d+ ')' +r*&+*+', aú ()ad r+((+ >)+ + l?*&(a Fad&+ >)&+r+ a ) r+al&'*aK. E'* ' ll+a a )a 0r++ r+:+r+(&a a l' +:>)+' *+/r&(' + l?*&(a &*+ra(&al.
La Pl?*&(a I*+ra(&al ('&d+ra' a la EPI ()l*&ada r G&l& ( )a raa d+ a>)+lla &&/ r )(' a' +:ra'(ada + @rad+' d+0a*+' ;+:- >)+' *rad&(&al+' ' d+r' &d+al&'*a' 4 r+al&'*a' r+al&'*a' 4 (&+*&:&'*a' F0+a&r&'*a', +*(.=, d+ ) d 0a'*a*+ &*l+ra*+ + +l '+*&d d+ >)+ &+@a +l ar*+ (&+*?:&( d+ l' d+3'. A:r*)ada+*+, la '&*)a(& a (a0&ad. S+ ('&d+ra >)+ la *+r?a F' +r&*+ +5rar )+'*r ((&&+* '0r+ la r+al&dad &*+ra(&al, '+a ara 'la+*+ (r+d+rla ( +l r'&* 3' a(*& d+ (a0&arla7, r ++ +*(+', ) ar( ara d+:&&r +(+'&dad+' d+ &+'*&@a(&/ 4 '+l+((&ar l' +(a&'' 3' ar&ad' ara aal&ar 4 '+l+((&ar da*' + &:ra(&/. E ) r+(&+*+ F+'*ad d+l ar*+ d+ )+'*ra d&'(&l&a '+ ((&0+ la' *+r?a' ( F+rra&+*a' >)+ )+d+ '+r )*&l&ada' '&)l*3+a+*+ 4 a'?, r +5+l, ) a(ad9&( r+al&'*a F)+d+ al&(ar *ra' *+r?a', '& +'*3 *ra0a5ad ( r0l+a' + l' >)+ la *+r?a r+al&'*a +' &(l+*a &ad+()ada. El &' a)*r, S*++ al*, a:&ra >)+ + +'*a d&'(&l&a Fla d&+r'&dad &*+l+(*)al 4 +*dl/@&(a +' )a ()al&dad d+'+a0l+, r ()a* +' ( r0a0l+ >)+ r(+'' l?*&(' 2)- d&al+' )+da '+r (a*ad' r )a 'la :ra d+ ar&a(&/ &*+l+(*)al +*dl@&(a6.
\)+da r d&l)(&dar '& )a d&'(&l&a d+ +'*+ *& )+d+ r+d+(&r r'*&- (ar, +r+d&&+* r&+'@' + )a (&+(&a '(&al +a(*a, >)+ aal&a (- r*a&+*' (a0&a*+' d+ úl*&l+' a(*r+'. R0+r* Q+a+, >)&+ r+(@&/ +l +( >)+ ad&+ r+d&5 la a)*d&'l)(& d+ la U& S&9*&(a a*+' d+ >)+ '+ rd)5+ra l' +(' r+a:&ra >)+ la Pl?- *&(a I*+ra(&al la' R+la(&+' I*+ra(&al+' '&@)+ '&+d &r*a*+', aú ()ad )+da r+d+(&r ) +( d+ +'a a@&*)d, r ()a* a4 )- (' a3l&'&' '&@&:&(a*&' >)+ '? '+ )+d+ r+al&ar.
G&l&, R0+r*, FN + l+' a l&*&(al r+al&'*, + !ealism3 !estatements and !eneal , Ldr+', B+5a& ra+l, +d. Ca''. 7 D)@+r*4, Ha+' 4 R0+r* K
P:al*@ra::, Contending #heories o$ Int er national Pol itic s , N)+ a Yr, Jar+r' ad R, 161, . #<. al*, S*++, FT+ Ed)r&@ R+l+a(+ : R+al&'* Trad&*&, + Political +cience' +tate o$ the *i sc i&li ne , Qa*+l', Ira 4 J+l+ M&l+r ;+d'.=, Nr*, . 166. S+@ú al*, ()ad ) a(a- d9&( ar+(a &d+a' d+ 3' d+ )a *rad&(&/ *+/r&(a ara +- l&(ar ) :++, r+ &@ú 5)ra+* d+ l+al*ad. 6 al*, S*++, &0&d., . 22.
A'? r +5+l, )+d+ r+al&ar d+'(r&(&+' (*+*)al&ada' '0r+ +l '&'*+- a &*+ra(&al &:+r+(&a' d+'(r&*&a' d&'+ d+ d+l' r+r +'(+a- r&' r'&(&+' (a)'al+' ( (ar3(*+r (d&(&al d+ '&0&l&dad+' +'+(&:&- (ar ú0l&(a+*+ r )+0a' 4 +&d+(&a' +a&ar la' ('+()+(&a' d+ ) :+- + 4 +l&(arl 3' all3 d+ la d+'(r&(&/ arra*&a6<. 16. T+r?a 4 *rad&(& r+al&'*a E la' )l*&a' d9(ada', +l r+al&' ( +:>)+ *+/r&( d+ Pl?*&(a I*+ra- (&al a '&d 05+* d+ +'*)d&', d+0a*+', (r?*&(a', d+:+'a' 4 a*a>)+'. M3' d+ ) a)*r, + la '* G)+rra r?a, l d+(lar/ 0'l+* +r ') r+'+(&a +rd)ra. U (r?*&( &(&'& 4 )4 0&+ d()+*ad, S*+:a G)&&, *+r&a r+((&+- d la &@+(&a d+ al@)a' &d+a' r+al&'*a', a)>)+ d+'r+d&da' d+ ') *r( (- (+*)al61.
Q+a+, R0+r*, FI*+ra*&al R+la*&', Old ad N+ + - .e 4an dboo5 o$ P o litical +cience , O:rd, O:rd U&+r'&*4 Pr+'', 166K. 6<
G)&&, S*+:a, !eal ism in In te rn at io na l !e la ti on s an d International Political E conomy0 #he continuing story o$ a death $o reto ld , Ldr+' R)*l+d@+, 166. 61
al*, S*++, . (&*., . 2<<. 62
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Mr@+*a), Ja', P olítica
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A&r+', GEL, 16. 6# al*, #heory I nter national
Politics , 1676.
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S*++ al*, + +l úl*& FE'*ad d+l ar*+ d+ la A'(&a(&/ A+r&(aa d+ C&+(&a Pl?*&(a, r+:&+r+ a0lar a )+'*r 5)&(& a(+r*ada+*+ d+ *rad&(& r+al&'*a dada la ar&+dad d+ +r+'&+' d+ +'*a *+r?a. Pr+(&'a al* >)+ la' )+ ( ()+'*&/ (+*ral Fla r0l+3*&(a r+al&'*a, +'* +', >)+ la +&'*+(&a d+ )a l)ral&dad d+ E'*ad' + '&*)a(&/ d+ aar>)?a (&+r*+ la '+@)r&dad d+ (ada ) + r0l+3*&(a 4 l' &(+*&a a (+*&r +*r+ '? r d+r 4 '+@)r&dad62. Ja' Mr@+*a), >)&+ ( +&@rad al+3 ((& la *rad&(& d+l F((&+r* +)r+, +'(r&0&/ + 16# + E'*ad' U&d' ()ad la G)+rra r?a '+ a&:+'*a0a ( r&@r, ') 4a (l3'&(a 0ra a Política entre las . aciones6$, ( la r+*+'&/ d+ :&5ar )a *+r?a +l&(a*&a 0a'ada + la r+al&dad *al ()al +'. M+d&a- *+ ')' +'(r&*' 4 l' d+ >)&++' l '&@)&+r, '+ :r/ )a d(*r&a 0a'+ ((+- *)al, '& 0&+ *d' l' a)*r+' d+'*a(a la' &'a' (ara(*+r?'*&(a' aar>)?a ')04a(+*+ (&+r* +'(+*&(&' + +l *+(&al d+ la a*)ral+a )aa d+r 4 +>)&l&0r& d+ d+r +l E'*ad-Na(&/ ( a(*r r&(&al, ra(&al 4 )&:&(ad &*+r9' a(&al ;*a* &*+r+'+' &*al+' ( *r' 3' a((&d+*al+' '+()da- r&'= al*a l?*&(a, &()lada a '+@)r&dad, '0+ra?a, d+r &l&*ar ra/ d+ E'*a- d r+''a0&l&dad +'+(&al d+ la' *+(&a a4r+' ) 30&* d+ a)*?a d+ la l?*&(a +*+r&r ( r+'+(* d+ la &*+ra, +*(. E 1676, Q++* al* 6# a0rd )a a(*)al&a(&/ d+l r+al&' +l +r r+al&', &+d ( +5+ (+*ral d+l a3l&'&' +l d+ la' (ara(*+r?'*&(a' d+l '&'*+a &*+ra(&al. Pr '+r 9'*+ a3r>)&(, la' )&dad+' >)+ l (+ '+
d+'++a d+ a()+rd ( ')' (aa(&dad+' d+r+' r+la*&', + ) +(a&'- d+ a)* a4)da. La' :)(&+' '+ d&:+r+(&a al &*+r&r d+ l' E'*ad', +r + +l '&'*+a &', dd+ la F+'*r)(*)ra +'*3 d+:&&da r la d&'*r&0)(& d+ (aa(&dad+' a *ra9' d+l '&'*+a. C *d, +l )* d+ ar*&da 4a +'*3 + la a*)ral+a )aa.
2<. El r+al&' + G&l& E la' d' úl*&a' d9(ada', +l r+al&' '+ a +r+'ad + ar&a' d&r+((&+' +':+ra', r+al&' d+:+'& ) :+'&, r+al&' +(l3'&(, +:>)+ + al&aa' 4 (al&(&+' 4 *a0&9 + ar*+' a la EPI, +*r+ +ll' Gr&+( ;( ')' +'*)d&' '0r+ @aa(&a' r+la*&a' 4 (+ra(&/= 4 +l r& G&l&. Al@)a' (la+' d+ la '&(&/ d+ G&l& ')r@+ d+ ')' úl*&' +'(r&*'
S+ &d+*&:&(a ( ) r+al&'*a FE'*ad-(9*r&( 4, + +'*+ '+*&d, '+ al+5a d+l +rr +al&' d+ al* >)+ ( &' +:a*&a >)+ la d&'*r&0)(& d+l d+r +*r+ l' E'*ad' d+*r d+l '&'*+a +' l >)+ d+*+r&a ') (d)(*a68.
C(&0+ +l r+al&' ( )a +r'+(*&a &*+l+(*)al >)+, ( *al, )+d+ '+r r0ada r+(aada.
D&'*&@)+ la '&(&/ r+al&'*a, a la >)+ '+ ad'(r&0+, d+ la d+l Fa(&al&', 4 r+&*+ra ') '&(&/ :ara0l+ al l&0r+ (+r (&, &d&(ad >)+ + ) 2)d a3r>)&( )+d+ a0+r (+ra(&/ d+ &'*&*)(&+'. FA)>)+ +l E'*ad +' +l r&+r a(*r + a')*' &*+ra(&al+', +l r+al&' d+0+ r+((+r la &r- *a(&a d+ a(*r+' +'*a*al+' ( la' EMN, la' &'*&*)(&+' &*+ra(&al+' 4 la' r@a&a(&+' @)0+ra+*al+' + la d+*+r&a(&/ d+ l' a')*' &*+ra(&al+'. E' '&0l+ aal&ar la +(?a &*+ra(&al d+'d+ )a +r'- +(*&a r+al&'*a, *++r ) (r&' ( &d+al+' 4 r+'+*ar l' &*+r+'+' d+ *r' E'*ad'6K, ar(ad )a &a(&/ + +l 30&* d+ +'*a *+r?a. La r+()a(&/ r la '+@)r&dad '&@&:&(a >)+ '+r3 &*al + l' a')*' &*+ra(&al+' +l d+r &l&*ar, +(/&( 4/ '&(l@&(67. FLa' &*+ra((&+' d+ la' a0&(&+' l?*&(a' 4 r&al&dad+' d+ l' E'*ad', &(l)4+d ')' +':)+r' d+ (+ra(&/, (r+a +l ar( d+ r+la(&+' l?*&- (a' d+*r d+l ()al +ra l' +r(ad' 4 :)+ra' +(/&(a'. L' E'*ad', + ar*&()lar l' E'*ad' @rad+', +'*a0l+(+ la' r+@la' >)+ d+0+ al&(ar +r+-
G&l&, Global Political E cono" my, .(&*., . 1 4 16. 6K G&l&, &0&d., . 1K 4 17. 67 G&l&, &0&d., . 16. 68
'ar&' &d&&d)al+' 4 :&ra' )l*&a(&al+', la' >)+ r+:l+5a @++ral+*+ l' &*+r+'+' l?*&(' 4 +(/&(' d+ l' E'*ad' d&a*+' 4 ')' (&)dada'. C *d, la' :)+ra' +(/&(a' 4 *+(l/@&(a' *a0&9 (:ra la' l?- *&(a' +*r+ E'*ad' 4 +l +r(ad +', + +rdad, )a :)+ra *+*+ + la d+*+r- &a(&/ d+ a')*' +(/&(' 4 l?*&('6.
La &5+r+(&a >)+ '+ a*r&0)4+ a la' *+(&a' a4r+' FE'*ad' @rad+', +'*a0a r+'+*+ 4a + +l r+al&' d+ l' a' (&()+*a 4 + a)*r +' ( J+r4 Q&''&@+r, >)+ r+a:&ra0a ') &r *a(&a 4 r+''a0&l&dad + +l a*+&&+* d+ ) rd+ &*+ra(&al +'*a0l+66. G&l& a(*)al&a +'a (& 4 la + + &&+* + +l '&@l I, + +d& d+l +*r+(r)a&+* 3' &*+' >)+ '+ da +*r+ l l?*&( 4 la' :)+ra' +(&(a'. Ad+3', 4 ( l +(&a S*++ al*, a(ad9&(' d+ la *rad&(&/ r+al&'- *a, +*r+ +ll' G&l&, a )+l* a la Fla ((&da ()+'*&/ d+ la &*+rd++d+- (&a +(/&(a 4 (*&úa r+(rd3d' >)+ Fla' r+la(&+' +(/&(a' &*+r- a(&al+' da :ra, +r *a0&9 ' (:rada', r la +'*r)(*)ra l?*&(a d+ la' r+la(&+' &*+ra(&al+'1<<.
G&l&, &0&d., . 2$. 66 Q&''&@+r, J +r 4, 6
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!estored' )etternich' C astlereagh and the Problems o$ Peace,
B'*, J)@* M&::&, S+*r4 Ed&- *&, 1687. 1<< al*, S*++, . (&*., . 218, 2<<2. al* (&*a ) *ra0a5 r+(&+- *+ d+ H'+ N4+ d+ r&+*a(& l&0+ral, >)&+ + l' 7< d+'arr- ll/ +l arad&@a *ra'a(&al, + >)+ a:&ra >)+ Fl?*&(a 4 +(- ?a +'*3 (+(*ad'. L' '&'- *+a' +(/&(' &*+ra(&a- l+' d+'(a'a + +l rd+ l?*&- ( &*+ra(&al ;al*, &0&d., . 218=.
G&l& 0)'(a &*+@rar +l a3l&'&' d+ la' :)+ra' +(/&(a' 4 l?*&(a' 4 r +ll +l '&'*+a &*+ra(&al aar+(+ '/l ( )a (:&@)ra(&/ d+ d+r, '& >)+ l' E'*ad' >)+ l &*+@ra d+0+ +(*rar l' +d&' ara ada*ar'+ a la' r+'&+' d+ )a +(?a d+ +r(ad )d&al. A@r+@)+' >)+ la &*+rr+la(& +*r+ la +(?a 4 la l?*&(a +(l)4+, '& >)+, + ) a0&+*+ d+ &*+r(a- 0&' @l0al+' + &*+rd++d+(&a, r+>)&+r+ d+ r+la(&+' d+ (+ra(&. El +5+r(&(& d+l d+r r ar*+ d+ la' *+(&a' a4r+' d+0+ &+d&r )a ada*a(&/ &*+l&@+*+ d+ >)&++' l '+a + ) @rad +r. Ad+3', +l +>)&- l&0r& d+ d+r r& d+ la +'()+la r+al&'*a, +' *r&0)*ar& d+ la *rad&(&/ d+ F(- (&+r* +)r+ ) d+ ()4' +5+' +ra la a*+(& d+l '&'*+a d+ E'*ad', &- (l)4+d +d&a' 4 +>)+'. 21. D&+r'a' ((+(&+' '0r+ +l ar*+ d+ la *rad&(& r+al&'*a + la r0l+- 3*&(a a(*)al L' aal&'*a', a)>)+ '+a r+al&'*a', d+0+ +'*ar a0&+r*' a *r' +:>)+'. A'?, ) )+d+ +l&(ar'+ >)+ G&l& *r@)+ r+l+a(&a, r +5+l, al +'*)d& d+ la' +(?a' a(&al+'. I@)al+*+, (a0+ +'+rar >)+ + +'*' +'*)d&' '+ +*r+-
@)+ &d+a' 4 alr+' >)+ r+r+'+*+ a ) )&+r' 3' al& d+l d+ a>)+ll' E'*ad' 4 a(*r+' >)+ '*+*a a4r d+r. Na*)ral+*+ l' E'*ad' +d&a' 4 +>)+' *a0&9 d+0+ +@(&ar, 4 +@(&a, ( *r' a(*r+' ( +r+'a' )l*&a(&al+' + &'*&*)(&+', r+- r+'+*ad ')' r&' &*+r+'+' a(&al+' 4 ( *r' E'*ad' 4 (@l+ra- d' + 0)'(a d+ l' +(+'ar&' +>)&l&0r&', ad+3' d+ ') r&a ')0'&'*+(&a. E'* +', al&9d' ara )+'*r (+*ar& d+ (a*+@r?a' r+al&'*a' +l+ada' :r+- ()+*++*+ r >)&++' d&'+a d+'arrlla l?*&(a' +*+r&r+'. Aú r+((&+d >)+ la *+r?a r+al&'*a (ar+(+ d+l (ar3(*+r +l&(a*& 4 (&+*?- :&( >)+ r+*+d&+r darl+ ')' (r+adr+' 4 >)+ ')' r&(&&' ad&*+ d&+r'' al(a(+', ar*+ d+ ') 0a*+r?a ((+*)al +'*3 +*r&ada + )+'*ra d&'(&l&a S+@ú G)&&, 0a'*ar?a ( ('&d+rar al r+al&' F( )a r3(*&(a. E'*+ a)*r, l)+@ d+ a(+r )a (r?*&(a r:)da al r+al&', +r+'a >)+ Fla' ++(*a*&- a' r+al&'*a' )+d+ ''*++r'+, r>)+ 05+*&a+*+ (rr+'da a al@ >)+ +&'*+, '& r>)+ l' a(*r+' a(+ >)+ +'a' 3&a' r&+*+ ') a((&/. El r+al&' '+r?a +*(+', 3' all3 d+ ')' ar&ad' 9r&*' 4 d+9r&*', ar*+ d+ la +r&a (l+(*&a 4 d+ la r&a a)*d+:&&(&/ d+ a(*r+' &*+ra(&al+' a(ad9- &(' 4 l?*&(', >)+ rd+a +'a&+*', ')@&+r+ aal@?a' 4 *&a a(*&*)d+' a(&a la a((&/ l?*&(a1<1.
ZS&r+ +l r+al&', +*r+ *r' +:>)+' '&0l+', ara aal&ar + ')' d&'*&*a' d&+'&+' l' d+'a:?' d+ la @l0al&a(&[ D+'d+ )a '&(&/ >)+ '&a*&a ( +l r+al&', S*++ al*, a ''*+&d r+(&+*++*+ >)+ +'*a +'()+la '+ a*&++ F*+/r&(a+*+ :9r*&l 4 >)+ F(*&)a +'ar(&+d )a l) ú*&l + )a d&+r'a @aa d+ &r*a*+' :+/+' (*+- r3+'. N +' la ú&(a a+ra ú*&l d+ +'ar a(+r(a d+ r+la(&+' d+ al&aa', (:l&(*' 9*&(', +(?a l?*&(a &*+ra(&al, (+*+(&a 4 '+@)r&dad 4 *r' *+a', +r )+'*r ((&&+* d+ +'*' ;4 *r'= :+/+' '+ +- 0r+(+r?a ; '+ d&'*r'&ar?a @ra++*+= '& la &'&/ d+ la *rad&(& r+al&'*a :)+ra +@ada1<2. El &' al*, (&*ad a d' a)*r+' r+al&'*a', C+lad 4 +l r& G&l&, a:&ra >)+ ara +l r+al&' la +rdad+ra ()+'*&/ +' '& la @l0al&a(&/ +(+ al E'*ad, >)+ )+'*ra '&@' d+ d&'l+r'+, '& 3' 0&+ ( a:+(*ar3 al - d+r r+la*& d+ l' E'*ad'. FA'? ( al@)' a?'+' '+ )'&+r a la a@)ard&a
G)&&, S*+:a, !ealism in In te rn at io na l !e la ti on s an d International Political E conomy , . (&*., . 227. E +'a l?+a, G)&& ;. 2$1= (&*a a J+dl+4 B)ll, *r r+al&'*a d+ +'a&+* r&@&al, >)&+ +'(r&0&, + 1677, >)+ Fa)>)+ '*r' 'a- 0+', r '))+'*, >)+ +&'*+ *al ('a ( ) ]0ala(+ d+ d+r^, +' ) ((+* d+l >)+ d+' r+'(&d&r. G)&- &, a@r+@a >)+ +' +' a'? r>)+ +l 0ala(+ d+ d+r +' ) ((+* >)+ Fl' d&l3*&(' )'a ara a(+r ')' +@(&a(&+'. 1<2 al*, S*++, . (&*., . 22<. 1<1
d+')9' d+ la r+l)(&/ &d)'*r&al d+l '&@l I, al@)' E'*ad' (*+r3- +' (+*&r3 3' + l' +r(ad' @l0al+' 4 +l*ar3 3' :3(&l+*+ >)+ *r' la' )+a' *+(l@?a' d+ &:ra(&/. E + d+ (r+ar ) )d 3' - @9+, la @l0al&a(&/ dr?a 3' 0&+ ar(ar la' d+'&@)aldad+' 4 al*+rar la 5+rar>)?a d+ d+r +*r+ E'*ad'1<$.
!III. S"NTESIS DESARROLLO[
INAL.
\U
LUGAR
PARA
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PA"S EN
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= R+')l*a d+l a3l&'&' )a &'& (*+r3+a >)+ alra la (r+(&+*+ )d&al&a(&/ d+ l' +r(ad' 4, a la +, d+'d+ +l r+al&' llaa la a*+- (&-, '0r+ la' d+'&@)aldad+' >)+ )+d+ a(arr+ar la @l0al&a(&/ 4 +l *+r d+ >)+ @rad+' (a0&' + *9r&' d+ d+r )+da @++rar &'+@)r&dad 4 r&+'@' d+ (:l&(*' a4r+', a'? ( '(aar la &d++d+(&a d+ '(&+da- d+' + d+'arrll1<7. &= A@r+@)+', >)+ ara a0rdar r(+'' (l+5' ( l' al)d&d' d+ la &*+ra((&/ +*r+ @l0al&a(&/ 4 +l rl d+l E'*ad, l' +:>)+' *+/r&(' )+- d+ )*&l&ar'+ ( (r&*+r& ra@3*&(, '+@ú +l *& d+ :+/+ +'+(?:&( a aal&ar 4 al&(ad d&+r'a' +rra&+*a' d+ d '&)l*3+. D+ +'*+ d, )+d+ +l+ar'+ la +r'+(*&a d+ G&l& 3' (+*rada + +l rl d+l E'*ad +, &@)al+*+, +:>)+' ( +l d+ la '(&+dad @l0al, '&'*+a*&ad r Jl'*&1< >)+ a(+*úa la r+la*&a a4r +r+a0&l&dad d+ la' :r*+ra' a(&al+', l >)+ +' *r& + l' &&+*' d+ :l)5' :&a(&+r'. 5= E ')a, '+ ('&d+ra 4 al&da d&+r'a' *+d+(&a' r&a' d+ la @l0al&a(&, +r '& >)+ al(a(+ + la a(*)al&dad a *ra':rar ()al&*a*&a+*+ ) '&'*+- a &*+ra(&al 0a'ad + E'*ad'. 28. \)9 l)@ar ara ) a?' +>)+ + d+'arrll[ G&l& :r+(+ ) +'(+ar& a la + d+'a:&a*+ + &>)&+*a*+ ara l' a?'+' +>)+' >)+ >)&+r+ ')r@&r FEl ar@)+* >)+ l' a?'+' +>)+' )+d+ (+*&r + +l )d d+ l' :)+r*+' +' ) '& '+*&d 4 l (*rad&(+ r la ++r&+(&a. La +>)+a &la- d&a '+ a '+'&ad ( l?d+r + la *+l+:?a &al30r&(a ;NOQIA= 4 *ra' &d)'*r&a' d+ al*a *+(l@?a. I'ra+l +' l?d+r )d&al + )(' d+'arrll' *+(- l/@&('. Irlada a r++r*&d ) '&@l 4 +d& d+ +'*a(a&+* +(/&( ara *ra':rar'+ + )a '+d+ a*ra(*&a ara &+r'&+' r :&ra' d+ al*a *+(l@?a. E*r+ l' a?'+' +' d+'arrllad' 4 + r(+' d+ &d)'*r&al&a(&/, la Id&a a ll+@ad a '+r ) a(*r a4r + ':*ar+. Ta&3 '++ )a &d)'*r&a :lr +(&+*+ d+ ()*adr+' 4 '+&(d)(*r+' 4 S&@a)r 4 J@ Q@ '0r+'al+ r ')' 9&*' +(/&('. S& +0ar@, '& ) a?' + d+'arrll >)&+r+ )&r'+ a +'*a l&'*a d+ a?'+' +>)+' +r )4 +&*'', d+0+ *++r ) @0&+r +'* 4 (+*+*+, &+r*&r :)+r*++*+ + +d)(a(&/ + *d' l' &+l+', r+'+*ar d+r +(' d+ r&+dad + +l la &*+ra(&al, a4ar ) r@raa a(&al d&+r'&:&(ad
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#2 / ORO DE ALTOS ESTUDIOS SOCIALES !ALPARA"SO GLOBALIZACION, ROL DEL ESTADO Y RELACIONES... - Raúl Allard / #K
GLOBALIZACION, ROL DEL ESTADO Y RELACIONES... - Raúl Allard / #7
INDICE I.
POL"TICA Y ECONOM"A EN EL PENSAMIENTO DE GILPIN
II.
INTERDEPENDENCIA Y TENDENCIAS DE CAMBIO ;DCADA DE LOS 7< Y COMIENZOS DE LOS <=
III. ESTADO Y MERCADO - ECO.O)/- PO/#IC- *E -+ !E-CIO.E+ I.#E!.-CIO.-E+ ;167= I!. EL ESTADONACI%N RENTE A LA GLOBALIZACI%N EN LOS INICIOS DEL SIGLO I. !.
ESTADO, REGIONALISMO Y EMPRESAS MUNTINACIONALES
!I. DESARROLLO, ECONOM"AS NACIONALES Y COMPETITI!IDAD. !II. REALISMO Y TRADICI%N REALISTA EN GILPIN ÚTIL PARA EL ANVLISIS EN LA ERA DE LA GLOBALIZACI%N[ !III. S"NTESIS INAL. \U LUGAR PARA UN PA"S EN DESARROLLO[
