[litkqrimem E{r}qe` mk Bci`k Deb{`}em mk Biklbier Kbglòhiber y Emhilir}qe}iter Krb{k`e mk Emhilir}qebiòl mk Khpqkrer mk ]{qirhg
QKR]E[QEL]K TKNK]EQIELG
_qgdkrgqe
Qgbèg Recq
Erinle}{qe Gqnelizebiòl y Gpkqebiòl mk E`ihkl}gr y Akaimer #I][Q 125) E`{hlgr
Be}e`ile Eqjgle _ea`g Qkag``kmg Bgqe`kr B`e{mig R{ezg _`erklbie Heqbk`e Teqner
Te`mitie, J{`ig mk 1?55
ÈLMIBK MK BGL]KLIMGR _åniler Il}qgm{bbiòl․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․
=
Gajk}itgr Nklkqe`kr․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․
;
Gajk}itgr Krpkbèdibgr․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․
;
Hk}gmg`gnèe․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․
4
5 Cir}gqie mk `e Qkr}e{qebiòl Tknk}eqiele․․․․․․․․․․․
>
1 B`eridibebiòl mk` Kr}ea`kbihikl}g․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․
>
15 Krpkbie`izebiòl․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․
>
11 Rkqtibig․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․
3
12 Be}kngqizebiòl․․․․․․․․․․․․ Be}kngqizebiòl․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․ ․․․․․․․․․․
3
2, Iltkr}inebiòl y Mkreqqg``g․․․․․․․․․․ Mkreqqg``g․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․,,, ․․․․․․․,,,
9
25 Hkqbemg․․․․․․․․․․․․ Hkqbemg․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․ ․․․․․․․․․․․․ ․
9
21 Mkhelme Qke`․․․․․․․․․․․ Qke`․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․ ․․․․․․․․․․․
5?
22 @gbe`izebiòl․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․
5?
=, Qkb{qrgr mk m k `e Khpqkre․․․․․․․․․․ Khpqkre․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․ ․․․․․․․․․
51
=5 Qkb{qrgr C{helgr․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․
51
=1 Qkb{qrgr ]éblibgr․․․․․․․․․․․․․․ ]éblibgr․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․ ․․․․․․․
51
=2 Qkb{qrgr He}kqie`kr․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․
52
== Qkb{qrgr Kbglòhibgr․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․
5=
;, Hklú․․․․․․․․․․ Hklú․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․ ․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․,,, ․․․․,,,
53
;5 ]ipgr mk hklúr․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․ hklúr․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․
53
4, Gqnelizebiòl mk` rkqtibig kl k` kr}ea`kbihikl}g․․․․․․․․․,
59
45 Hibk kl _`ebk․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․ _`ebk․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․
1?
41 _qgbkrg mk Tkl}e․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․
15
42 Ebciu{k․․․․․․․․․․․․ Ebciu{k․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․ ․․․․․․․․․․․․․ ․․․
15 1
Qkr}e{qel}k․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․ ․․․․․․․․․․․ ․ > @eyg{} mk` Qkr}e{qel}k․․․․․․․․
11
>5 Åqke mk bgbile․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․
11
>1 Rkb{klbie mk bgbile․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․
12
>2 Hgmk`g mk mir}qia{biòl kl ‐@‘ kl `e bgbile․․․․․․․․․․․
1;
bghkmgq․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․ ․․․․․․․․․ >= Åqke mk bghkmgq․․․․․․․․․․․․․
14
>; Hgl}ejk mk `er hkrer․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․
1>
Bglb`{riòl․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․,
19
Qkd`ksiòl Dile`․․․․․․․․ Dile`․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․ ․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․,, ․․․․․,,
2?
Qkdkqklbier․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․,
25
Elksgr․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․
21
ÈLMIBK MK ]EA@ER _åniler
]ea`e Lg 5 Qkr}e{qel}kr mk ]qkr Kr}qk``er․․․․․․․․․
3
]ea`e Lg 1 Hgai`ieqig mk` Qkr}e{qel}k․․․․․․․․․․
5;
ilhgai`ieqigr․․․․․․․․․․․․․ ․․․․․ ]ea`e Lg 2 Ner}gr ilhgai`ieqigr․․․․․․․․
5>
]ea`e Lg = Ner}gr pgq bglbkp}g mk }qåhi}kr `kne`kr․․․․․․
53
2
IL]QGM[BBIÒL
Kl k` h{lmg u{k lgr klbgl}qehgr cgy, ksir}kl {le nqel teqikmem mk aiklkr y rkqtibigr u{k pkqhi}kl re}irdebkq l{kr}qer ill{hkqea`kr lkbkrimemkr Kr pgq kr}e qezòl u{k kl `e eb}{e`imem cey kl k` h{lmg {le nqel bel}imem mk eb}itimemkr pqgm{b}iter `er u{k nklkqel khpqkrer mk mitkqrer le}{qe`kzer Eb}{e`hkl}k, k` bglr{hg mk aiklkr y rkqtibigr mkrmk {le pkqrpkb}ite kbglòhibe rk klb{kl}qe kl agne y kr krg `g u{k nklkqe `er hú`}ip`kr gpgq}{limemkr mk lkngbigr peqe `gr khpqkreqigr y khpqklmkmgqkr Kr pgq kr}e qezòl, u{k `e qkr}e{qebiòl bghg {limem mk lkngbig kl ri aqilme nqelmkr gpgq}{limemkr peqe r{qniq kl `gr hkqbemgr `gbe`kr, lebigle`kr y kl e`n{ler gberiglkr cer}e kl k` p`elg il}kqlebigle` bghg kr k` berg mk `er nqelmkr bemkler mk Der} Dggm pgq lghaqeq e`n{ler Mk eb{kqmg e` bgl}ks}g n`gae`izemg y mk bikq}g hgmg ebk`kqemg mk l{kr}qg n`gag, kr u{k `e rgbikmem mk` hghkl}g a{rbe kr}ea`kbihikl}gr mk bghime e` hghkl}g mk re}irdebkq r{ lkbkrimem aåribe mk e`ihkl}ebiòl, kl h{bcer ri}{ebiglkr kr}g rk mkak e` `ihi}emg }ikhpg u{k }iklkl `er pkqrgler g rihp`khkl}k pgq {l ckbcg mk bghgmimem Emkhår, kr ihpgq}el}k hklbigleq u{k kl k` h{lmg rk kr}e melmg beme tkz hår d{kq}k `e }klmklbie mk r{r}kl}eai`imem kl `er bghpeõèer, kr}g rk tilb{`e miqkb}ehkl}k e `er khpqkrer qk`ebiglemer bgl rkqtibigr mglmk r{ ihenkl bgqpgqe}ite dqkl}k e `e mkhelme mkak rkq earg`{}ehkl}k il}ebcea`k Kl k` rkl}img mk `gr påqqedgr el}kqigqkr, a{rbehgr dgqheq {le khpqkre u{k rk ej{r}k e `gr }kher ye hklbiglemgr, kr}g u{ikqk mkbiq mkmibeqlgr e {l qkr}e{qel}k qkrpglrea`k bgl k` hkmig ehaikl}k y u{k re}irdene `er lkbkrimemkr mk bghklre`kr kl r{ mieqig titiq
=
Gajk}itgr Nklkqe`kr
Dgqheq {le khpqkre ner}qglòhibe u{k rke r{r}kl}ea`k y rgr}klia`k kl k` hkqbemg `gbe`
_gribigleq {le {limem mk lkngbig pgbg khpqklmime kl `e bi{mem mk Te`mitie
Gajk}itgr Krpkbèdibgr
B`eridibeq k` kr}ea`kbihikl}g mk bghime rknúl lgqher il}kqlebigle`kr
Mk}kqhileq {l rknhkl}g mk hkqbemg peqe `e {limem mk lkngbig
Kr}ea`kbkq `gr qkb{qrgr c{helgr, }éblibgr, he}kqie`kr y kbglòhibgr mk` kr}ea`kbihikl}g
Bqkeq {le beq}e ksb`{rite mk hklúr
Dijeq `gr pqgbkrgr pqgm{b}itgr
Kr}ip{`eq `gr }ipgr mk pqgm{b}gr, akaimer y rkqtibig u{k pqkr}eqå kl k` kr}ea`kbihikl}g
Kr}ea`kbkq k` @eyg{} mk` kr}ea`kbihikl}g
;
HK]GMG@GNÈE
K` pqkrkl}k ildgqhk ce rimg qke`izemg hkmiel}k k` elå`irir mk ildgqhebiòl qk`ebigleme e }gmgr `gr }kher qk`ktel}kr peqe kr}e iltkr}inebiòl, `gr u{k cel rimg qkbgpi`emgr e }qetér mk midkqkl}kr hkmigr Kr}gr cel rimg, qkdkqklbier aia`ignqådiber, qktir}er krpkbie`izemer kl ner}qglghèe, y pqilbipe`hkl}k påniler ~ka, ckqqehikl}e u{k lgr pqgpgqbigle {l eaelibg mk ildgqhebiòl qkrpkb}g e` }khe mk kr}{mig Bgl qkrpkb}g e `e dgqhe mk pqgbkmkq kl k` ildgqhk, rk qke`izò {le mitiriòl ku{i}e}ite mk `er }eqker kl}qk `gr il}knqel}kr mk` ku{ipg mk }qeaejg, klde}izelmg `er dgq}e`kzer mk beme {lg peqe `er mir}il}er eb}itimemkr e qke`izeq Emkhår, {le ckqqehikl}e u{k qkr{`}ò rkq d{lmehkl}e` kl k` pqgbkrg mk k`eagqebiòl mk kr}k ildgqhk, d{kqgl mir}il}er klb{kr}er qke`izemer e `e pga`ebiòl mk `e bi{mem mk Te`mitie, kr}g rk qke`izò bgl k` dil mk mk}kqhileq {le mkhelme pg}klbie` kl l{kr}qg d{}{qg qkr}e{qel}k mk krpkbie`imem tknk}eqiele, erè }ehaiél, d{k d{lmehkl}e` peqe cebkq pqgykbbiglkr mk` kr}ea`kbihikl}g
4
5( CIR]GQIE MK @E QKR]E[QEBIÒL TKNK]EQIELE E` cea`eq mk bghime tknk}eqiele bghg {le }klmklbie, kr pgria`k imkl}idibeq {l bkl}kleq mk bikl}èdibgr, krbqi}gqkr, dèribgr y nqelmkr qkdkqkl}kr cir}òqibgr u{k rk cel mkjemg klbel}eq pgq `e bghime u{k kqqemibe }g}e`hkl}k `er beqlkr mk r{r pqgbkrgr pqgm{b}itgr, e`n{lgr mk `gr tilb{`emgr hår lg}gqigr e kr}e }khå}ibe rgl: _i}ångqer, _`e}òl, @kgleqmg me Tilbi, Bkqtel}kr, Lk~}gl, Tg`}eiqk, Nelmci, kl}qk g}qgr [lg mk `gr epgq}kr hår rinlidibe}itgr mk _i}ångqer kl k` rkl}img mk `e mik}e tknk}eqiele, kr `e rin{ikl}k qkd`ksiòl u{k pqgl{lbie kl `e kqe pereme: !¥Gc hgq}e`kr% Lg rinåir kltklklelmg t{kr}qg b{kqpg bgl {l e`ihkl}g }el qkp{`ritg bghg `e beqlk Rò`g e `gr elihe`kr `kr kr pqgpig e`ihkl}eqrk mk beqlk y e{l lg }gmgr `e {rel K` beae``g, k` a{ky, k` beqlkqg pebkl `er cikqaer mk `gr pqemgr6 úlibehkl}k `gr mk èlmg`k dikqe y ri`tkr}qk6 `gr }inqkr, `gr dikqgr `kglkr, `gr `gagr y `gr grgr n{r}el mk relnqikl}gr heljeqkr ¥Gc migrkr% ·_{kmk meqrk heygq mk`i}g u{é il}qgm{biq kl}qeõer kl `er pqgpier kl}qeõer, e`ihkl}eq bgl etimkz k` b{kqpg bgl g}qgr b{kqpgr y bglrkqteq `e time melmg h{kq}k e {l rkq u{k, bghg lgrg}qgr, titk76 ·_gq u{é ce mk rkq `e he}elze k` úlibg hkmig mk re}irdebkq t{kr}qe ilrebiea`k n{`e7! #;31 e ;?> eb) Mk eb{kqmg e` rin{ikl}k kl{lbiemg kr pgria`k tkq u{k {le
mik}e mk kr}k }ipg kr aer}el}k ihpgq}el}k peqe h{bcer pkqrgler Bere Ci`}` mk Zúqibc kl R{ize, kr {lg mk `gr qkr}e{qel}kr hår el}in{gr mk` h{lmg y mkmibemgr e `e bgbile tknk}eqiele, kl mitkqrgr qelfilnr e litk` k{qgpkg kr mkrbqi}g bghg {lg mk `gr hkjgqkr qkr}e{qel}kr tknk}eqielgr mk `e qkniòl Kr}k kr}ea`kbihikl}g e}iklmk mieqiehkl}k e {lgr 5;?? bghklre`kr #r~irrildg, 1??9)
1( B@ERIDIBEBIÒL MK@ KR]EA@KBIHIKL]G 15 Krpkbie`izebiòl Mk eb{kqmg e l{kr}qe krpkbie`izebiòl bghg qkr}e{qel}k kr}eqkhgr kldgbemgr e {le beq}e }g}e`hkl}k tknk}eqiele, peqe `g u{k lgr }klmqkhgr u{k krpkbie`izeq kl kr}e }khå}ibe, krg rè, {le il}knqel}k mk` nq{pg khpqkreqie` kr tknk}eqiele pgq kre qezòl lebiò `e imke mk >
khpqklmkq kl kr}k lkngbig, pgq `g u{k rkqå hår dåbi` kl}klmkq k` h{lmg mk kr}k }ipg mk qkr}e{qel}kr
11 Rkqtibig Kl b{el}g e l{kr}qg rkqtibig rk }qeaejeqå bgl {l rkqtibig }qemibigle`, kr}g u{ikqk mkbiq, u{k lkbkri}eqkhgr bgbilkqgr u{k qkrpglmel e `e mkhelme qke`, emkhår rkqå lkbkreqig bgl}eq bgl eldi}qiglkr u{k rk mkmiu{kl e bghkqbie`izeq l{kr}qe gdkq}e ner}qglòhibe y erihirhg u{k e}iklmel `gr qku{kqihikl}gr mk l{kr}qgr d{}{qgr bghklre`kr
12 Be}kngqizebiòl Emkhår, {l k`khkl}g krklbie` kr k` åhai}g mk `e be}kngqizebiòl mk l{kr}qg qkr}e{qel}k, kr pgq kr}e qezòl u{k ckhgr mkbimg kldgbeqlgr kl `e lgqhe il}kqlebigle` mk `gr kr}ea`kbihikl}gr mk }qkr kr}qk``er, kr}g u{ikqk mkbiq u{k mkakqkhgr b{hp`iq bgl `er rin{ikl}kr qkn`er:
]ea`e Lg 5 Qkr}e{qel}kr mk ]qkr Kr}qk``er L¿
Mkpklmklbier k Ilr}e`ebiglkr mk [rg Nklkqe`
5
[l ilnqkrg pqilbipe` y g}qg mk rkqtibig
1
Rkqtibigr ciniélibgr nklkqe`kr ilmkpklmikl}kr peqe meher y beae``kqgr
2
Qkbkpbiòl, mglmk emkhår rk {aibeqå k` rkqtibig }k`kdòlibg y `gr rkqtibigr ciniélibgr
=
Kr}eq mk krpkqe y aeq bgl åqke hèlihg ku{ite`kl}k e` 5;+ mk` åqke mk` bghkmgq, ilmkpklmikl}k mk `gr ehaikl}kr mk bghkmgq
;
Bghkmgq
4
Mk}kb}gq, e`eqhe y ks}il}gq mk ilbklmigr
>
Tkl}i`ebiòl kl }gmer `er ilr}e`ebiglkr
3
3
Bgbile bgl åqke ku{ite`kl}k e` 1?+ mk` bghkmgq
9
Rir}kher mk bglrkqtebiòl mk e`ihkl}gr bgl en{e dqèe y be`ikl}k
5?
Behpele ks}qeb}gqer y qkdqinkqemgqkr
55
Rkqtibigr ciniélibgr peqe pkqrgle` mk rkqtibig
51
R{pkqtirgq mk bgbile
52
R{pkqtirgq mk bghkmgq
5=
Eldi}qiglkr
D{kl}k: _qgykb}g mk ]{qirhg _kqú 1??>
2( ILTKR]INEBIÒL Y MKREQQG@@G 25 Hkqbemg Mk eb{kqmg e` hkqbemg kr}qe}énibg u{k lgrg}qgr bghg nq{pg khpqkreqie` a{rbehgr bgl `e dgqhebiòl mk l{kr}qe {limem mk lkngbig, kr mkbiq, k` qkr}e{qel}k tknk}eqielg, kr pgria`k ildkqiq `e rin{ikl}k ildgqhebiòl: Kl `e bgh{le mk Te`mitie cey {le pga`ebiòl }g}e` mk 5=?;;9 ceai}el}kr, mk `gr u{k {l 91; + mk ér}gr bgqqkrpglmkl e `e zgle {qaele, krg u{ikqk mkbiq {l }g}e` mk 52??5> pkqrgler, `gr mkhår, {l >; + bgqqkrpglmkl e `e zgle q{qe`, {ler 5?;=5 pkqrgler ]gmg kr}g bgqqkrpglmk e` BKLRG qke`izemg kl kl k` eõg 1??1 Kl `e eb}{e`imem `er bidqer cel hgr}qemg teqiebiòl bgl qkrpkb}g e` ú`}ihg BKLRG ep`ibemg kl k` Bci`k Kl k` eõg 1??3 k` Ilr}i}{}g Lebigle` mk Kr}emèr}iber #ILK), kr}ihò `e pga`ebiòl mk `e bgh{le mk Te`mitie kl 5;;1;= ceai}el}kr, hel}kliklmg mk {le dgqhe beri rihi`eq `er qkpeq}ibiglkr kl}qk `er zgler {qaeler y q{qe`kr, kr}g ilmibe u{k `e pga`ebiòl bqkbiò
9
Kl qk`ebiòl e kr}k elå`irir kr pgria`k rknhkl}eq y b{el}idibeq {le mkhelme pg}klbie` kl k` d{}{qg kr}ea`kbihikl}g, kl pqihkq `{neq k` rknhkl}g u{k ep{l}ehgr kl bglj{l}g kl}qk `gr rgbigr kr {le mkhelme mk b`erk hkmie Mk eb{kqmg e @eqqeõene, bi}emg pgq Aeqgzk} ksp`ibe u{k ‐ @e r{pkqebiòl mk `er mkrin{e`memkr rgbigkbglòhiber ce rimg gajk}g mk nqelmkr mkae}kr kl Bci`k, Ehéqibe @e}ile y kl g}qer qkniglkr‘
#1??3), kl kr}k bgl}ks}g klbgl}qehgr u{k `e il}knqebiòl mk
nkl}k bgl ilnqkrgr qk`e}itehkl}k hkmigr rgl {le mkhelme pg}klbie`hkl}k rkn{qe, y kr}g rk qe}idibe eúl hår bgl `e illgtebiòl mk {l kr}ea`kbihikl}g bgl {le beq}e tknk}eqiele kl `e bi{mem mk Te`mitie Kl b{el}g e `e b{el}idibebiòl mk `e mkhelme kl l{kr}qg kr}ea`kbihikl}g, e`n{lgr rglmkgr y etkqin{ebiglkr qke`izemgr peqe epqgsiheq `e mkhelme pg}klbie`, cea`el mk bidqer mk `e bghpk}klbie u{k mieqiehkl}k rk e}klmkqèel kl pqghkmig e 11; pkqrgler kl kr}ea`kbihikl}gr tknk}eqielgr, }kliklmg b`eqg u{k kl Te`mitie ksir}k rg`ehkl}k {l qkr}e{qel}k mk ér}k }ipg Mkaimg e kr}g, rk p{kmkl cebkq bå`b{`gr mk {le mkhelme qke`
21 Mkhelme Qke` ]kliklmg b`eqg k` pelgqehe kl b{el}g e `e mkhelme mk qkr}e{qel}kr tknk}eqielgr kl `e bi{mem mk Te`mitie, kr pgria`k qk`ebigleq kre mkhelme e {le qke` peqe l{kr}qg kr}ea`kbihikl}g, kr}k erpkb}g kr aer}el}k ihpgq}el}k pgqu{k lgr riqtk peqe epqgsiheqlgr e d{}{qg y tkq qke`hkl}k ri `e khpqkre kr tiea`k kl k` }ikhpg, bghg }ehaiél ri kr {l a{kl lkngbig @e mkhelme qke` u{k lgrg}qgr eaeqbeqkhgr kl l{kr}qe {limem mk lkngbig, kr `e bel}imem mk 1?? pkqrgler kl pqghkmig _eqe `gnqeq kr}e bidqe kr lkbkreqig qke`izeq {l a{kl p`el mk heqfk}iln u{k lgr pkqhi}e e`belzeq kre bidqe
5?
22 @gbe`izebiòl Mkaimg e u{k `e `gbe`izebiòl mk` qkr}e{qel}k kr {le mk `er }khå}iber hår ihpgq}el}kr e` hghkl}g mk bqkeq {le {limem mk lkngbig, kr ihpgq}el}k kr}{mieq h{y aikl `e {aibebiòl u{k kr}k }klmqå mkaimg e u{k k` krpebig dèribg kr `g hår bgr}grg kl {l khpqklmihikl}g mk kr}e le}{qe`kze Kl b{el}g e `g kspqkremg el}kqigqhkl}k y kl `e `èlke mk l{kr}qe khpqkre, `e {aibebiòl kr}qe}énibe u{k ckhgr ebgqmemg bgl k` nq{pg khpqkreqie` rgl `er mkpklmklbier mk` ks qkr}e{qel}k Agbe}}g, k` b{e` u{kaqò kl k` hkr mk heqzg mk` eõg kl b{qrg, rknúl `e dehi`ie Rbchi}z #ks m{kõe mk` kr}ea`kbihikl}g) kr}g rk mkaiò e pqga`kher emhilir}qe}itgr y midkqklbier kl}qk `gr rgbigr #Mieqig E{r}qe`, 1?55) @e {aibebiòl u{k pgmqèehgr ga}klkq kl kr}k `gbe` kr kr}qe}énibe pgq teqigr hg}itgr, pqihkqg pgqu{k lgr pgribiglehgr kl {l p{l}g bél}qibg mk `e bi{mem mk Te`mitie, y kl rkn{lmg `{neq, lgr {aibeqèehgr dqkl}k e {l kr}ea`kbihikl}g mk bghime qåpime, e`ng u{k klbgl}qehgr tkl}ejgrg y bghg {le gpgq}{limem mkaimg e u{k `gnqeqèehgr bqkeq bglbiklbie e`ihkl}ibie kl krk `{neq Tiklmg kr}g mkrmk {le òp}ibe mk hkqbemg, {l a{kl pgqbkl}ejk mk `e mkhelme mk `gr `gbe`kr mk bghime qåpime kr nkl}k mk b`erk hkmie, j{r}ehkl}k k` rknhkl}g mk hkqbemg u{k a{rbehgr e`belzeq, mk kr}e helkqe kl}qehgr e bghpk}iq d{kq}khkl}k bgl kr}k `gbe`
_`elg mk `e `gbe`izebiòl mk` kr}ea`kbihikl}g
55
= QKB[QRGR MK @E KH_QKRE =5 Qkb{qrgr C{helgr Kl pqihkq `{neq rk lkbkri}e bgl}eq bgl {l jkdk mk `gbe` u{k rk klbeqn{k mk tini`eq y qkpqkrkl}eq il ri}{ k` kr}ea`kbihikl}g, kl}qk r{r mkakqkr kr}eqå k` ckbcg mk rkq `e beqe tiria`k mk` `gbe` ri c{aikrkl bgl}qe}ikhpgr, emkhår, rk mkak klbeqneq mk r{pkqtireq e `gr khp`kemgr mk `e khpqkre, }ehaiél, kr `e pkqrgle klbeqneme mk helkjeq k` d`{jg hglk}eqig pgq bglbkp}g mk tkl}er mk` qkr}e{qel}k, kr}g u{ikqk mkbiq u{k mkak meq b{el}e mk b{el}g kr k` ilnqkrg mieqiehkl}k, dile`hkl}k rk mkak klbeqneq mk `er bghpqer y hel}klkq {le beq}kqe mk pqgtkkmgqkr u{k eaer}kzbel k` qkr}e{qel}k Kl rkn{lmg `{neq, rk mkak qkb`{}eq e {l bgl}emgq ks}kqlg u{k rk mkak pqkgb{peq mk }gmgr `gr erpkb}gr dilelbikqgr mk `e bghpeõèe, kr}g rgl: ga`inebiglkr }qia{}eqier, bgldkbbiòl mk kr}emgr dilelbikqgr, bgl}qg` mk bgr}gr y belbk`ebiòl mk r{k`mgr @{kng, lgr mkakhgr klbeqneq mk qkb`{}eq e `gr hekr}qgr mk bgbile u{k rk mkmiu{kl e `e pqkpeqebiòl mk p`e}gr, mk kr}e helkqe k``gr rk klbeqneqel mk bgldkbbigleq pqgm{b}gr dqkrbgr e` hghkl}g mk qkbiaiq `er bghelmer mk bglr{hg _gr}kqigqhkl}k, kr d{lmehkl}e` qkb`{}eq e `gr neqzglkr g bghg rk `kr ``ehe kl `e eb}{e`imem ‐eldi}qiglkr‘, `gr u{k rk klbeqneqål mk bghkqbie`izeq `gr e`ihkl}gr y akaimer, u{k kl k` dglmg kr `e qezòl mk rkq mk l{kr}qe khpqkre _eqe kr}e rk`kbbiòl rk mkak rkq aer}el}k be{}k`grg pgqu{k `er pkqrgler k`knimer mkakl }klkq `e bepebimem mk tklmkq `e heygq bel}imem pgria`k, mk kr}e helkqe l{kr}qe khpqkre rk }qelrdgqheqå kl {le bghpeõèe tiea`k y kdibikl}k kbglòhibehkl}k ]ehaiél, kr}er pkqrgler rk klbeqneqål mk qke`izeq erkg e` il}kqigq mk` `gbe`
=1 Qkb{qrgr ]éblibgr Hgai`ieqig y {}klri`igr ri``er, hkrer, beje qknir}qemgqe, aeqqe, mkbgqebiòl mk h{qgr y `{bkr #pil}{qer, dg}gnqedèer y din{qer), hel}k`kr, rkqti``k}er mk nélkqg, teji``er, b{aikq}gr, bqir}e`kqèe, ehaikl}ebiòl, qkdqinkqemgqkr ilm{r}qie`kr g båheqe dqingqèdibe, bgbile ilm{r}qie`,
51
cgqlg hibqgglmer, cgqlg mk bgltkbbiòl, cgqlg mk tepgq, dqkimgqe, `eteteji``er, `etemgq mk ae}kqèer y {}klri`igr, 2 hkrer mk }qeaejgr, ae}imgqe hkzb`emgqe, bgq}emgqe mk `kn{haqkr,
Ilhgai`ieqig Mkaimg e u{k k` kr}ea`kbihikl}g d{k {}i`izemg el}kqigqhkl}k pgq g}qe khpqkre ner}qglòhibe, `gr erpkb}gr ilhgai`ieqigr }e`kr bghg: petihkl}gr, peqkmkr, }kbcgr, tkl}i`ebiòl y ks}qebbiòl, i`{hilebiòl, en{e, mkrenðkr, ner, k`kb}qibimem, ebúr}ibe k ilrglgqizebiòl, rgl erpkb}gr u{k lg qkpqkrkl}el {l ner}g mk bglr}q{bbiòl, }el rò`g kr lkbkreqig rg`ibi}eq `e qkpgribiòl mk `gr rkqtibigr
=2 Qkb{qrgr He}kqie`kr @gr qkb{qrgr he}kqie`kr kl k` berg mk {l kr}ea`kbihikl}g mk bghime rgl eu{k``gr ilr{hgr k ilnqkmikl}kr u{k pkqhi}kl pqkpeqeq `gr p`e}gr y mir}il}er krpkbie`imemkr, kl k` berg mk l{kr}qg qkr}e{qel}k tknk}eqielg tehgr e lkbkri}eq `gr rin{ikl}kr qkb{qrgr
Tkqm{qer Eqtkjer, E`bebcgder, E`aecebe, Ebk`ne, Epig, Akqqgr, Bcehpiõglkr, Bkag``er, Bcgb`g, Bg`, Krpilebe, Krpåqqengr, @kbc{ne, _ihkl}òl, _e`}e, _eper, _kpilgr, _e`hi}gr, _{kqqgr, Qkhg`ebce, Qkpg``g qgjg, Q{b{`e, ]ghe}k, Zelecgqie, Zepe``g, Zepe``g i}e`ielg, Ebki}{ler
Dq{}er M{qezlgr, Dqeha{krer, Dqkrer, @ihòl, Helzele, Hk`òl, Helng, Hgqer, Hgru{k}e, _`å}elg
Krpkbier Ejg, E`aecebe, Elèr, Biag{`k}}k, Bi`el}qg, Klk`mg, Jklniaqk, Helzeli``e, He}k, Hkl}e, Hkqu{kl, _kqkji`, _g`kg, Qkne`iz, ]é, ]é tkqmk, ]é qgjg, Ykqae a{kle
52
_kqkbia`kr: @å b} kg r ,
@kbck, @kbck ktepgqeme, Ygn{q}, Hel}ku{i``e, Heqneqile, Heljeq, Bqkhe mk `kbck, C{ktgr, Ck`emgr, U{krg bckmmeq, U{krg bqkhe, U{krg ne{me, U{krg mk beaqe
Em kq kz g r ,
Fé}bc{p, Hgr}eze, Re`re rgje, Re`re mk ejg, Re`re }åq}eqe, Ks}qeb}g mk teili``e, Re`re mk riqgpk Tilenqkr y ebki}kr,
Ebki}k mk niqerg`, Ebki}k mk g`ite, Ebki}k ae`råhibg, Tilenqk, Tilenqk mk tilg
Lg pkqkbia`kr Ceqile, Ezúbeq, Ezúbeq d`gq, Re`, Neqaelzgr, @kl}kjer, Beqlk mk rgye, Eqqgz , U{èlge, ]e``eqilkr, L{kbkr, E`hklmqer, Bgbg qe``emg, Heibkle, Bedé, Bebeg,Ne``k}e mk bcehpeõe, Beak``gr mk ålnk`
== Qkb{qrgr Kbglòhibgr Kl pqihkq `{neq `e iltkqriòl hår ihpgq}el}k u{k qke`izeqkhgr rkqå `e mk emu{iqiq k` `{neq dèribg mglmk lgr ilr}e`eqkhgr bgl l{kr}qg qkr}e{qel}k, kl k` berg mk `e ks pizzkqèe Agbe}}g k` bgr}g mk` `{neq kr mk 5;?? [D, `g u{k }qerperemg e milkqg rgl epqgsihemehkl}k
-22??????, peqe emu{iqiq kr}k `{neq mitimiqkhgr kre bel}imem kl b{e}qg peq}kr in{e`kr pgqu{k krk kr k` lúhkqg mk rgbigr, `g u{k me {le bel}imem mk -31;???? beme {lg @{kng, lgr mkakhgr pqkgb{peq mk` hgai`ieqig k` b{e` rk mkrenqkne kl `e rin{ikl}k }ea`e
5=
]ea`e Lg 1
Hgai`ieqig mk` Qkr}e{qel}k
Bel}imem
Mk}e``k
_qkbig [li}eqig #-)
_qkbig ]g}e` #-)
4?
Ri``er
5>;??
5?;????
2?
Hkrer
=52??
5129???
5
Beje
heqbe 54?2??
54?2??
qknir}qemgqe
G`yhpie 2?
Hel}k`kr
5;=??
=41???
51?
Rkqti``k}er mk nélkqg
52;?
541???
1?
J{kngr
13=9?
;493??
=999?
>=93;?
mk
teji``er
heqbe
E}}ihg *Beme beje ilb`{yk 2? pikzer, kr mkbiq, 4 }ezer, 4 p`e}gr bcibgr, 4 p`e}gr aejgr, 4 p`e}gr hkmielgr y 4 p`e}gr nqelmkr 5;
J{kngr mk b{bci``kqèe heqbe E}}ihg *Beme beje ilb`{yk >= pikzer, kr mkbiq, 3 b{bceqer bghime, 3 }klkmgqkr Bghime, 3 b{bci``gr, 3 b{bceqer pgr}qk, 3 }klkmgqkr pgr}qk, 3 b{bci``gr pgr}qk , 3 b{bceqer }é, 3 b{bceqer bedé, 3 }klkmgqkr mk }gq}e , 5 b{bceqe rkqtiq, 5 ]klkmgq mk Rkqtiq
5;
5;
Rk} mk 53 Bgper Qigje
5129?
53;3;?
2??
15???
==99?
==99?
*Beme beje ilb`{yk 4 bgper mk tilg, 4 bgper mk bcehpenlk, 4 bgper mk en{e >?
Tergr e`}gr
5
Ku{ipg mk húribe heqbe @N SE54
5
Qkdqinkqemgq ilm{r}qie`
>;999?
>;999?
2
Bgbiler ilm{r}qie`kr
;;????
54;????
1
Cgqlgr hibqgglmer
2999?
>993?
1
Cgqlgr mk bgltkbbiòl
21????
4=????
5
Cgqlg mk tepgq
529???
529???
1
Dqkimgqer
11???
==???
5
@eteteji``er
5499??
5499??
5
@etemgq mk ae}kqèer y {}klri`igr
539???
539???
1
J{kng mk ae}kqèer mk bgbile
2499?
>293?
>????
15????
*Beme j{kng ilb`{yk, 5 G``e bgl }epe 1= bh, 5 G``e bgl }epe 1? bh, 5 G``e bgl }epe 53 bh, 5 Bezg #g``e bgl helng) bgl }epe 54 bh , 5 Req}él bgl }epe 1= bh 2
Hkrer mk }qeaejg peqe bgbileq
54
5
Ae}imgqe hkzb`emgqe
5>99?
5>99?
5
Bgq}emgqe mk `kn{haqkr
;1;??
;1;??
]G]E@
34>552?
D{kl}k: K`eagqebiòl pqgpie
_gr}kqigqhkl}k, mkakhgr bgl}khp`eq }gmgr `gr ner}gr u{k rk mklghilel ilhgai`ieqigr, pkqg kl kr}k berg bghg kr {l `gbe` u{k ye ce rimg {}i`izemg bghg qkr}e{qel}k mkakhgr emep}eq k` krpebig e l{kr}qe }khå}ibe Kl kr}k berg mkakhgr ilb{qqiq kl ner}g ner}g mk:
]ea`e Lg 2
Ner}gr ilhgai`ieqigr Mk}e``kr
_qkbig #-)
_il}{qe
=;????
Hekr}qgr mk pil}{qe
1;????
Mkbgqebiòl
2?????
Qkpgribiòl mk rkqtibigr aåribgr
51>3=>
]g}e`
551>3=>
D{kl}k: K`eagqebiòl pqgpie
Dile`hkl}k, cey u{k tkq }gmgr `gr ner}gr `kne`kr peqe `e epkq}{qe mk` qkr}e{qel}k Kr}gr ner}gr rgl `gr rin{ikl}kr 5>
]ea`e Lg =
Ner}gr pgq bglbkp}g mk }qåhi}kr `kne`kr Mk}e``kr
_qkbig #-)
Krbqi}{qe púa`ibe mk `e rgbikmem
1????
Bgl}qg` mk p`ener
51????
]g}e`
5=????
D{kl}k: K`eagqebiòl pqgpie
Kl bglb`{riòl, l{kr}qgr qkb{qrgr kbglòhibgr y `e bel}imem mk milkqg bgl `e u{k mkakhgr bgl}eq kr: (
@gbe` bghkqbie`: -22??????
(
Ner}gr kl hgai`ieqig: -34>552?
(
Ner}gr kl k` åhai}g ilhgai`ieqig: -551>3=>
(
Ner}gr `kne`kr: -5=????
(
]g}e`: -=19239>>
; HKLÚ ;5 ]ipgr mk hklúr
Hklú mik} : K` b{e` rkqå mkr}ilemg peqe bglr{himgqkr u{k u{ikqkl hel}klkq {le mik}e rele y aeje kl be`gqèer, #kr}k hklú rkqå n{iemg bgl {l krpkbie`ir}e k` b{e` `k qkbghklmeqe u{k bghimer rgl `er hår emkb{emer peqe beme }ipg mk b`ikl}kr)
53
Hklú ildel}i` tknk}eqielg: Kr}e mkr}ilemg pqilbipe`hkl}k e b`ikl}kr hår jòtklkr g e b`ikl}kr u{k lg kr}él dehi`ieqizemgr bgl `e bghime tknk}eqiele y lg u{ikqel re`iqrk mk {l hklú d{kqe mk `g bghúl
Hklú krpkbie` tknk}eqielg: kr}k hklú kr ehp`ig y bglr}e mk nqel teqikmem mk gdkq}er y mk p`e}gr krpkbie`kr `gr b{e`kr qku{ikqkl mk heygq pqkpeqebiòl, bgl kr}k hklú rk p{kmkl pqgaeq p`e}gr mk `e e`}e bgbile tknk}eqiele
]gmgr `gr p`e}gr pgmqål rkq ebghpeõemgr bgl en{e hilkqe`, teqikmem ks}klre mk j{ngr le}{qe`kr, rgye, teqikmem ehp`ie mk }é y en{e mk cikqaer
4 GQNELIZEBIÒL MK@ RKQTIBIG KL K@ KR]EA@KBIHIKL]G [le peq}k ihpgq}el}k mk` kr}ea`kbihikl}g kr `e gqnelizebiòl il}kqle mk kr}k, `e b{e` mkpklmkqå mk mitkqrgr deb}gqkr, bghg `e bel}imem mk mkhelme krpkqeme g k` }eheõg mk` `gbe`, mkaimg e u{k l{kr}qg kr}ea`kbihikl}g gdqkbkqå {l rkqtibig }qemibigle` bgl bgbilkqgr y neqzglkr, r{ gqnelizebiòl lg rkqå h{y bghp`kje, kl `e `e peq}k mk` ‐dqgl} gddibk‘ rk bgl}eqå bgl `gr neqzglkr y kl k` ‐aebf gddibk‘ `gr bgbilkqgr j{l}g e` åqke emhilir}qe}ite
e) Kl k` berg mk `gr neqzglkr rk bgl}eqå bgl }qkr litk`kr mk gqnelizebiòl Jkdk mk _`eze Neqzòl Ey{mel}k a) Kl b{el}g e` åqke mk bgbile, rk pgmqå epqkbieq e {l bckd bgl jkdkr mk rkbbiòl #hekr}qgr), `etemgqkr y ey{mel}kr Bckd Jkdkr mk rkbbiòl #hekr}qgr) @etemgqkr y ey{mel}kr
59
]gmgr kr}gr }qeaejemgqkr rk gqnelizeqål peqe pgmkq cebkq d{lbigleq bgl d`{imkz `e e}klbiòl e b`ikl}kr, y `e pqkpeqebiòl mk }gmgr `gr pergr u{k rk qke`izel bgl el}kqigqimem e u{k kr}gr ``kn{kl, }gmg kr}g bgl k` pqgpòri}g mk kti}eq ihpqgtirebiglkr m{qel}k k` pqgbkrg mk tkl}e
45 Hirk kl _`ebk Ksir}kl mitkqrgr pqgbkmihikl}gr mk ‐hirk kl p`ebk‘ kl l{kr}qg kr}ea`kbihikl}g,
Kl pqihkq `{neq lgr pqkgb{peqkhgr mk {}i`izeq mk a{kle dgqhe l{kr}qgr b{aikq}gr, teji``e y bqir}e`kqèe`gr b{e`kr rkqål rghk}imgr e `etemg y qkperg mkrp{ér mk beme {rg
El}kr mk eaqiq k` `gbe` `gbe` e púa`ibg rk gqmkleqå y mir}qia{iqå k` hgai`ieqig bgl r{ qkrpkb}ite tkl}i`ebiòl
@{kng, tklmqå k` qkperg mk `gze el}kr hklbiglemg
_gr}kqigqhkl}k rk gqmkleqål `er hkrer bgl r{ qkrpkb}itg pqgbkrg mk `ihpikze
E bgl}il{ebiòl rk qke`izeqå {l a{kl hgl}ejk mk `er hkrer, bgl hel}k`kr, {}klri`igr mk hkrer, k`khkl}gr emkb{emgr kl `er hkrer hkrer mk mkrbelrg Kr}e `eagq `e qke`izel `gr neqzglkr y ey{mel}kr
]kqhilemg k` pqgbkrg mk gqmkl mk` kr}ea`kbihikl}g y }ehaiél mk `ihpikze, rk pqgbkmkqå e cebkq {le qk{liòl mk beqåb}kq ildgqhe}ite, u{k kl `e ilm{r}qie mk `e qkr}e{qebiòl kr ``eheme ‐@ilk [p‘, peqe pglkq e` }el}g e `gr neqzglkr rgaqk `e gdkq}e ner}qglòhibe bgl `e b{e` rk b{kl}e kl k` mèe, bgl l{kr}qgr qkrpkb}itgr ‐34‘ y ‐5?5‘ qkrpkb}itehkl}k peqe u{k `gr
eldi}qiglkr bglbkl}qkl r{r pqgbkrg mk tkl}er kl krgr r}gbf, emkhår rk mir}qia{iqål `er beq}er, hklú y a`gbfr mk bghelmer, y dile`hkl}k, rk ceqå {le qktiriòl mk `gr qelngr u{k cel rimg erinlemgr kl k` kr}ea`kbihikl}g
1?
41 _qgbkrg mk Tkl}e _eqe meq {l rkqtibig mk be`imem rk {reqå {le beq}e, `e b{e` rkqå qke`izeme mk eb{kqmg e l{kr}qe }khå}ibe tknk}eqiele K` pqgbkrg mk tkl}e rk mitimiqå mk `e rin{ikl}k helkqe:
K` neqzòl e}klmkqå e `gr bghklre`kr mk `e dgqhe }qemibigle`, melmg {le pku{kõe aikltklime,
@{kng }gheqå `er gqmklkr, kl kr}k hghkl}g k` eldi}qiòl }klmqå `e hiriòl mk il}kqeb}{eq bgl `gr b`ikl}kr, gdqkbiklmg `e krpkbie`imem mkpklmiklmg mk` mèe,
]ehaiél, k` eldi}qiòl mkakqå {}i`izeq mitkqrer }åb}iber mk tkl}er Rk mkak mkhgr}qeq {le earg`{}e eb}i}{m mk rkqtibig In{e`hkl}k, k` neqzòl }klmqå u{k }klkq krpkbie` b{imemg kl k` berg mk u{k k` qkr}e{qel}k }klne pqgm{b}gr bgl {le l{hkqebiòl mk 34, pimiklmg `er mirb{`per mk` berg y gdqkbiklmg pqgm{b}gr rihi`eqkr { g}qgr
Dile`hkl}k, k` perg hår ihpgq}el}k rkqå kr}eq rikhpqk e}kl}g pgq ri e`n{ikl mk `e e`n{le p`eze mkrke e`ng
42 Ebciu{k Dile`hkl}k rk ceqå k` ebciu{k mk `er hkrer, u{k kr `g ú`}ihg mk` pqgbkrg mk tkl}e Kl kr}k hghkl}g rk mkak kdkb}{eq `er rin{ikl}kr }eqker
Qk}iqeq `e teji``e {}i`izeme
Qk}iqeq `e bqir}e`kqèe {}i`izeme
Qk}iqeq `gr b{aikq}gr {}i`izemgr
@ihpieq `er hkrer
_qkpeqeq peqe `e hkre peqe qkbiaiq hår bghklre`kr
15
> @EYG[] MK@ QKR]E[QEL]K [l perg ilmirpklrea`k e kte`{eq e `e cgqe mk dgqheq {l qkr}e{qel}k kr k` ‐ @eyg{} ‘ , k` b{e` pkqhi}k {le bgqqkb}e {}i`izebiòl y mir}qia{biòl mk `gr krpebigr y u{k }ghe kl b{kl}e {le
rkqik mk deb}gqkr u{k bgl}qia{iqål e` mirkõg mk {l krpebig dèribg, mk kr}e helkqe rk ey{me e gp}ihizeq k` {rg mk `e r{pkqdibik y rk a{rbe {le kqnglghèe earg`{}e mk `e zgle mk }qeaejg
>5 Åqke mk bgbile K` krpebig kl u{k rk mir}qia{iqå `e bgbile te e mk}kqhileq `er beqeb}kqèr}iber mk` `gbe`, kr}g rk ksp`ibe pgqu{k ` e bgbile qkd`kje `e qke`imem mk` qkr}e{qel}k, ye u{k r{ mirkõg rkqå kl aerk e `e bepebimem u{k }klmqå k` qkbil}g, k` }ipg mk hklú u{k rk pqk}klme gdqkbkq, k` púa`ibg e` b{e` te miqinimg, kl}qk g}qgr deb}gqkr, bghg pgq kjkhp`g, `e bel}imem mk pkqrgle` u{k }qeaejeqå kl kr}k krpebig Emkhår, rk mkak }gheq kl b{kl}e k` ku{ipehikl}g y hgai`ieqig u{k rk qku{kqiqål peqe `e pqkpeqebiòl mk `gr p`e}gr bghg cgqlgr, dqingqèdibgr, k}b6 e`hebklehikl}g mk qkrim{gr y pqgtiriòl mk {}klri`igr y `gze @e mitiriòl y qkbglgbihikl}g mk `er åqker mk {le bgbile kr d{lmehkl}e` peqe `e mir}qia{biòl mk` krpebig Bghg nq{pg cibihgr {l p`elg bgl `er midkqkl}kr åqker mk `e bgbile mk` qkr}e{qel} mglmk rk ilb`{ykl `gr rin{ikl}kr erpkb}gr :
qkbkpbiòl mk he}kqier pqiher
e`hebél dqèg y be`ikl}k
pqkpeqebiòl mk e`ihkl}gr
`ihpikze mk hklejk
]ehaiél mir}qia{ihgr `gr ku{ipgr lkbkreqigr u{k rkqål {}i`izemgr kl `e bgbile mk` qkr}e{qel}k y pgq k` pkqrgle`, }e`kr bghg rgl `gr cgqlgr, `eteteji``er, behpeler mk ks}qebbiòl,
kr}el}kqèe, kl}qk g}qgr @e d{lbigle`imem mk` hgai`ieqig ksink mk bikq}g krpebig u{k mkak pqktkqrk E`n{lgr h{ka`kr y ku{ipgr b{kl}el bgl p{kq}er y bejglkr u{k cey u{k eaqiq 11
G}qg erpkb}g kr k` lúhkqg mk pkqrgle` u{k kr}eqå pqkrkl}k kl `e bgbile y `gr p{kr}gr mk
}qeaejg u{k gb{peqål Emkhår, kr}{miehgr `er bglmibiglkr mk rkn{qimem mk `e bgbile, ksehilehgr `gr pgria`kr ebbimkl}kr u{k rk pgmqèel gberigleq e be{re mk {le he`e mir}qia{biòl mk `gr k`khkl}gr mkl}qg mk` åqke @g ihpgq}el}k kr `e rkn{qimem mk l{kr}qg pkqrgle` y u{k rk rikl}el bòhgmgr, rkn{qgr bgl r{ }qeaejg peqe u{k qilmel e r{ bepebimem håsihe @e biqb{`ebiòl mkl}qg mk `e bg bile kr ihpgq}el}k peqe cebkq hår kspkmi}g k` }qålri}g kl}qk k` pkqrgle`, E` qke`izeq `gr p`elgr bglrimkqehgr u{k `gr peri``gr mkakl rkq mk 4? bhr, y lgr
erkn{qehgr u{k r{ bepebimem mk elbcg rke mk 1 pkqrgler }qelri}elmg ril pqga`kher _eqe `er }eqker mk hel}klihikl}g y `ihpikze }ehaiél rk pqkbire mk {l krpebig pqgpig, kr}k mkak rkq {l }el}g hår e`kjemg mk` qkr}g mk `er åqker, mk kr}e dgqhe kr pgria`k kti}eq bgl}ehilebiòl y }qelrhiriòl }qelrhiriòl mk hibqggqnelirhgr hibqggqnelirhgr kl `gr e`ihkl}gr El}kr mk dile`izeq qke`izehgr {l agru{kjg mk `e mir}qia{biòl mk` kr}ea`kbihikl}g, }ehaiél
cibihgr {l elå`irir mk ér}k peqe imkl}idibeq `gr pgria`kr kqqgqkr y bghp`ibebiglkr u{k p{mikqel pqkrkl}eq e` il}kqigq mk` kr}ea`kbihikl}g [le tkz bglb`{img k` perg el}kqigq
pqgbkmihgr e `e k`eagqebiòl mk {l mienqehe mk d`{jgr klde}izelmg `er mir}il}er åqker e` il}kqigq mk` `gbe`, u{k bglrir}k kl {l p`elg e krbe`e ckbcg bgl `er ilmibebiglkr mk` agru{kjg
>1 Rkb{klbie mk bgbile
_eqe k` a{kl d{lbiglehikl}g mk `e bgbile rk mkakl mir}qia{iq bgqqkb}ehkl}k `er zgler mk }qeaejg, }ghelmg kl b{kl}e `g rin{ikl}k: 5 Qkbkpbiòl 1 Agmkner #b{eq}gr dqègr y agmkner mk rkbgr) 2 _gri``kqè e = Bgbile be`ikl}k ; Bgbile dqèe 4 Re`òl 12
> Kr}ebiglkr mk rkqtibig 3 Zgler mk aer{qe y aer{qkqgr
Emibigle`hkl}k }ghehgr kl b{kl}e deb}gqkr bghg k` krpebig kl pqgpgqbiòl peqe k` a{kl mkreqqg``g mk` }qeaejg mkl}qg mk `e bgbile
` 1=
>2 Hgmk`g mk mir}qia{biòl kl ‐@‘ kl `e bgbile
Lgr aerehgr a erehgr kl k` hgmk`g mk mir}qia{biòl m ir}qia{biòl mk m k bgbile kl ‐@‘ kr hår bòhgme y gqmkleme e`
hghkl}g mk }qeaejeq, kr {l hgmk`g bgl}khpgqålkg R{r rkb{klbier rgl: 5 Kl `e zgle 5, rk bg`gbeqål `gr e`ihkl}gr qkbiél emu{iqimgr mk` r{pkqhkqbemg, e`hebél, g pqgtklikl}kr mk pqgtkkmgqkr u{k teyel e pqkpeqeqrk mk dgqhe ilhkmie}e K` hgai`ieqig
bglr}eqå mk {l qkpgr}kqg aejg y e`}g g {le hkre nqelmk mk }qeaejg 1 Kl `e zgle 1, rk `ihpieqål y pqkpeqeqål `gr e`ihkl}gr K` hgai`ieqig kr}eqå il}knqemg pgq {l `etemkqg mk mgr pgzer bgl {lg g mgr krb{qqimkqgr, emkhår mk {le hkre mk }qeaejg 2 Kl `e zgle 2, rk bgbileqål `gr e`ihkl}gr K` hgai`ieqig u{k rk {}i`izeqå rkqå {le bgbile mk = e 4 cgqli``er y {le hkre peqe ri}{eq bglmihkl}gr y `gr b{bceqglkr mk bgbile = Kl `e zgle =, rk {aibeqål `gr p`e}gr rkqtimgr peqe ``kteq e `er hkrer, e mkhår, }klmqå {le ir`e g hkre mk }qeaejg e{si`ieq mglmk rk pgmqå nqe}ileq y mkbgqeq `gr p`e}gr, peqe `{kng rkqtiq`gr
_`elg mk `e bgbile
1;
>= Åqke mk bghkmgq
K` hgl}ejk mk hkrer peqe k` hklú bglbkq}emg midikqk lg}ea`khkl}k mk` u{k rk qke`ize peqe beq}e g hklú, ye u{k, e` bglgbkq `gr heljeqkr y akaimer u{k rk rkqtiqål, r{k`kl bg`gbeqrk kl k` hgl}ejk `e b{akq}kqèe y `e bqir}e`kqèe u{k ce mk rkq lkbkreqie m{qel}k k` rkqtibig Kl l{kr}qg qkr}e{qel} ep`ibeqkhgr mk hkrer mk {l ‐kr}i`g
ehkqibelg‘
u{k qkúlk `er rin{ikl}kr
tkl}ejer:
Rgl mk dåbi` }qelrpgq}k y hgtihikl}g hgtihikl}g
Rk mkrhgl}el dåbi`hkl}k
Gb{pel pgbg krpebig e` rkq mkrhgl}emgr
_{kmkl gb{peqrk kl b{e`u{ikq `{neq
K` re`òl himk 5; hk}qgr mk elbcg pgq 1; hk} qgr mk `eqng y 2 hk}qgr mk e`}g, pgq kr}e qezòl kr ihpgq}el}k hklbigleq `gr rin{ikl}kr erpkb}gr:
K` kr}ea`kbihikl}g }iklk {le bepebimem mk 51? pkqrgler
]iklk 1; hkrer qkmglmer, beme {le bgl = ri``er
@e elbc{qe hår bgqqikl}k mk kr}k }ea`kqg hkre kr mk ?3? hk}qgr
Elbcg mk ri``er ;? bhr
Mir}elbie mk ri``er mk {le hkre bgl ri``e mk g}qe hkre kr 9? bhr @eyg{} mk hkrer qkmglmer kl k` qkr}e{qel}k
14
Hkròl, beje qknir}qemgqe y tkl}er mk akaimer, 2 hk}qgr mk `eqng pgq 3? bh elbcg y {l hk}qg 5? bh mk e`}g
1 hkrer peqe pglkq {}klri`igr mk qkp{kr}gr, {}i`izeme pgq k` pkqrgle`, {l hk}qg pgq 3? bh mk elbcg y {l hk}qg mk e`}g
Kl beme kru{ile jeqqglkr mkbgqe}itgr
>; Hgl}ejk mk `er hkrer Mkaimg e `gr mir}il}gr rkqtibigr u{k rk pqkr}eqel kl k` qkr}e{qel}k k` qkr}e{qel}k }klmqå }qkr }ipg mk hgl}ejkr, kr}gr rgl: e) Mkrey{lg
B{akq}kqèe: ]klkmgq mk hkre, b{bci``g mk hkre, b{bceqi``e Teji``e: Mgr p`e}gr peqe pel y hel}ku{i``e, }eze bgl p`e}g Bqir}e`kqèe: Bgpe peqe en{e, terg peqe j{ng Hel}k` b{emqi``k qgjg bgl a`elbg, rkqti``k}er a`elber
1>
a) E`h{kqzg
B{akq}kqèe: ]klkmgq peqe klre`eme, }klkmgq mk hkre, b{bci``g mk hkre g peqe pgr}qk, b{bceqi``e
Teji``e: _`e}g peqe pel y hel}ku{i``e, p`e}g peqe e`h{kqzg Bqir}e`kqèe: Bgpe peqe en{e, bgpe peqe tilg Hel}k` Ez{`, rkqti``k}er a`elber
b) Bkle
B{akq}kqèe: ]klkmgq peqe klre`eme, }klkmgq mk hkre, b{bci``g mk hkre, b{bceqi``e, b{bci``g peqe hel}ku{i``e Teji``e: _`e}g peqe pel y hel}ku{i``e, p`e}g peqe klre`eme, p`e}g ks}klmimg Bqir}e`kqèe: bgpe peqe en{e, bgpe peqe tilg Hel}k` A`elbg, rkqti``k}er qgjer 13
BGLB@[RIÒL
E `g `eqng mk kr}k ildgqhk, mihgr e bglgbkq `er mir}il}er }eqker, d{lbiglkr y pqkgb{pebiglkr u{k rk mkakl er{hiq e` hghkl}g mk khpqklmkq bgl {le {limem mk lkngbig u{k kl kr}k berg kqe `e epkq}{qe mk {l kr}ea`kbihikl}g ner}qglòhibg Mkaimg e `e }khå}ibe tknk}eqiele mk l{kr}qg kr}ea`kbihikl}g d{ihgr bepebkr mk ``kneq e `er qeèbkr mk kr}e }klmklbie h{lmie`, ele`izelmg y tiklmg u{k h{bcgr pkqrglejkr cir}òqibgr u{k kl `e eb}{e`imem rgl {l qkdkqkl}k peqe h{bcer pkqrgler d{kqgl piglkqgr kl `e mik}e tknele E r{ tkz, peqe k` }khe mk `e b`eridibebiòl u{k kr {l åhai}g pqihgqmie` kl lkngbigr mk kr}k }ipg, lgr mkaihgr bkõiq e bikq}gr pe}qglkr il}kqlebigle`kr peqe mk}kqhileq l{kr}qe krpkbie`izebiòl, l{kr}qgr }ipgr mk rkqtibigr y erihirhg l{kr}qe be}kngqizebiòl kldgbålmglgr kl {l qkr}e{qel}k mk }qkr kr}qk``er Emkhår, {l erpkb}g d{lmehkl}e` kl `e bqkebiòl mk {l kr}ea`kbihikl}g ner}qglòhibg kr k` u{k mibk qk`ebiòl bgl l{kr}qg rknhkl}g mk hkqbemg, k` b{e` mkak rkq kr}qe}énibg pgqu{k kr k` u{k lgr pqgpgqbigleqå `er tkl}ejer bghpk}i}iter y }ehaiél lgr mk}kqhileqå {l d{}{qg e bgq}g, hkmielg y `g hår ihpgq}el}k e `eqng p`ezg G}qg erpkb}g bglrimkqemg bghg ihpgq}el}k y u{k d{k tir}g kl kr}k ildgqhk, kr k` u{k qkrpkb}e e l{kr}qgr mir}il}gr qkb{qrgr, u{k rgl `e aerk peqe d{lbigleq bghg qkr}e{qel}k Mk eb{kqmg l{kr}qe beq}e mk hklúr, kr kl `g u{k lgrg}qgr lgr kldgbehgr bgl heygq d{kqze, mkaimg e u{k kr}g j{l}g e` }ipg mk rkqtibig lgr pkqhi}k cebkq `e midkqklbie kl}qk `e bghpk}klbie, pgq kre qezòl kr krklbie` rkq h{y j{ibigrgr y bqke}itgr kl kr}k }khe Dile`hkl}k, rk p{kmk hklbigleq u{k `e Ilm{r}qie Ner}qglòhibe kr mkheriemg ihpgq}el}k kl k` h{lmg, mkaimg e u{k bghg kr {le eb}itimem pqgm{b}ite nklkqe ihpgq}el}kr ilnqkrgr e `gr `gr peèrkr, kr pgq kr}g u{k lgrg}qgr klbgl}qehgr u{k epqklmkq e cebkq {le khpqkre mk kr}k }ipg d{k {le kspkqiklbie h{y pgri}ite 19
QKD@KSIÒL DILE@
Bghg nq{pg pgmkhgr hklbigleq u{k ceakq rimg peq}k mk `e bqkebiòl mk {le khpqkre dib}ibie, kr {le kspkqiklbie u{k lgrg}qgr bghg d{}{qgr emhilir}qemgqkr mk khpqkrer mk }{qirhg mkakqèehgr titiq }gmgr `gr eõgr mk l{kr}qe pqkpeqebiòl ebeméhibe, kr}g pqilbipe`hkl}k, pgqu{k bghg mibk kl }gmer r{r bceq`er {l edehemg kbglghir}e y ebeméhibg bci`klg ‐cgy kl mèe rk kr}ål dgqhelmg e `gr d{}{qgr khpqkreqigr mk` heõele‘, #El}glilg _eqiri ), rgaqk kr}e hklbiòl, lgrg}qgr cebkhgr pqkrkl}k l{kr}qe re}irdebbiòl mk ceakq }qeaejemg kl {l ildgqhk mk kr}e le}{qe`kze ]ehaiél pgmkhgr kspqkreq, u{k bglgbkq }gmer kr}er he}kqier rgl mk aer}el}k {}i`imem peqe l{kr}qe dgqhebiòl pqgdkrigle` u{k e mieqig tehgr emu{iqiklmg kl `e klrkõelze r{pkqigq, kl kr}k rkl}img pgmkhgr dgqh{`eq u{k h{bcer tkbkr kr}gr }ipgr mk }qeaejgr lg rgl }ghemgr kl b{kl}e pgq `gr kr}{miel}kr, y `ehkl}ea`khkl}k lg rk mel b{kl}e mk `gr klgqhkr aklkdibigr u{k kl}qknel eb}itimemkr bghg kr}er Mkaimg e u{k lgrg}qgr bghg kr}{miel}kr mk `e beqqkqe pqgdkrigle` mk emhilir}qebiòl mk khpqkrer mk }{qirhg }klkhgr teqiemer erinle}{qer qk`ebiglemer e `e bqkebiòl mk khpqkre, pklrehgr u{k kr}k pqgykb}g p{kmk rkq pkqdkbbiglemg hår emk`el}k, y u{iél reak ri hår emk`el}k l{kr}qg nq{pg mk b{e}qg kr}{miel}kr rk bgltikq}kl kl {l nq{pg khpqkreqie` _eqe bglb`{iq, kr pgria`k ildkqiq u{k `e ilm{r}qie ner}qglòhibe kr {le eb}itimem u{k b{elmg kr aikl p`elidibeme, gqnelizeme, miqkbbigleme y bgl}qg`eme, pqgpgqbigle lg}ea`kr {}i`imemkr kbglòhiber e `gr khpqkreqigr y e `er kbglghèer lebigle`kr, pgq kr}k hg}itg kr u{k khpqklmkq kl khpqkrer mk kr}k }ipg rgl lkngbigr bgl ksbk`kl}kr èlmibkr mk pgribiglehikl}g y hkjgqehikl}gr pkqrgle`kr
2?
QKDKQKLBIER _i}ångqer #;31 e ;?> eb) Bi}emg pgq Il}kqle}igle` Tknk}eqiel [ligl Cir}gqie mk` Le}{qirhg Tknk}eqielg' Tknelg @glmgl, [li}km Filnmgh
#4 mk j{`ig mk 1??9) Bgbile bgl cir}gqie R~irrildg #Akqle, R{ize) Tiri}eme: 5> mk j{lig mk 1?55,
e
`er
111=
Mkrmk
c}}p:''~~~r~irrildgbc'rpe'krpkbie`kr'r{izeW}ikqqeWmkWqkbgqmr'qkbgqmrWk{qgpkgr'Bg bileWtknk}eqieleWbglWcir}gqiec}h`7bim8>29123? #> mk heqzg mk 1?55) K` j{ktkr rkqå qkhe}eme pizzkqèe Agbe}}g Te`mitie K` Mieqig E{r}qe` #Te`mitie, Qkniòl mk `gr Qègr) Tiri}eme: ?9 j{lig mk 1?55, e `er ?1:?? cqr Mkrmk c}}p:''~~~e{r}qe`mk`grqigrb`'pqgl}{r=Wlg}r'ri}k'eq}ib'1?55?2?>'penr'1?55?2?>541; ;4c}h` @eqqeõene #1??5) Bi}emg pgq Aeqgzk}, K #1??3) ·Mk u{é cea`ehgr b{elmg cea`ehgr mk kr}qe}idibebiòl rgbie` kl Bci`k7 [l kr}emg mk` eq}k
Rel}ieng, [litkqrimem mk Bci`k
c}}p:''~~~hilbk}{qngapk'}{qirhg'pqgykb}gr'qkuW{lgW}qkrW}klkmgqkrc}h Tiri}eme: ?2 mk j{`ig mk 1?55, e `er 53:?1 cqr c}}p:''~~~ri``erhkrerbgh' Tiri}eme: ?2 mk j{`ig mk 1?55, e `er 59:2? cqr c}}p:''~~~rg`gr}gbfrbgh'tkl}e(pqgm{b}gr'hel}k`kr(peqe(qkr}e{qel}krWa Tiri}eme k` ?2 mk j{`ig mk 1?55, e `er 59:2= cqr c}}p:'~~~}~klnekr'miq(Ildgqhe}ibe,]kqhile`kr(krpkbie`izemgr,Beje(qknir}qemgqe Tiri}eme: k` ?2 mk j{`ig mk 1?55, e `er 59:;? cqr
25
ELKSGR 5 HKLÚ E) MKREY[LG e) Mkrey{lg Klkqné}ibg (Ygn{q} berkqg (Z{hg mk helzele, zelecgqie y qkhg`ebce (Aqgbck}e mk dq{}er le}{qe`kr e` beqehk`g (Qgmeje mk pel bgl u{krg bqkhe g hkqhk`eme
Ilnqkmikl}kr peqe 4 pgqbiglkr: 5 `i}qg mk `kbck 2 helzeler 1 qkhg`ebcer ]qgzgr mk dq{}er, 5 b{bceqemi}e u{krg bqkhe g hkqhk`eme 5 qgmeje mk pel 5ygn{q} le}{qe`
a) Behpkr}qk `inc} (2 Qgmejer mk pel bgl ebki}k mk g`ite tiqnkl, rkqtimg bgl kh{`riòl mk }ghe}k gqinile`
Ilnqkmikl}kr 4 pgqbiglkr: 53 qgmejer mk pel 53 b{bceqemi}er mk ebki}k mk g`ite tiqnkl 53 b{bceqemi}er mk kh{`riòl mk }ghe}k 21
b) E`knqk (^edd`kr berkqgr bgl hkqhk`eme berkqe #e k`kbbiòl), heljeq re`re mk riqgpk g hel}ku{i``e, ebghpeõemgr mk dq{}er mk `e kr}ebiòl
Ilnqkmikl}kr peqe 4 pkqrgler: ;?? n mk ceqile, 2? n mk ezúbeq, 4 c{ktgr, 5 `i}qg mk `kbck, ;?? n mk hel}ku{i``e mkqqk}ime 5 }eze mk: heljeq, hkqhk`eme g re`re riqgpk 1 fi`gr mk dq{}er
m) Ng`grg (]gq}e g f{bckl mk` mèe
k) B`åribg (2 qgmejer mk pel bgl hkqhk`eme, hel}ku{i``e, g heljeq
Ilnqkmikl}kr peqe 4 pkqrgler: 53 qgmejer mk pel I }eze mk hkqhk`eme, hel}ku{i``e, g heljeq #@gr mkrey{lgr g hkqiklmer, rk p{kmkl rkqtiq bgl }é, bedé en{e, bkqtkze, en{e mk cikqaer, j{ngr le}{qe`kr, g ild{riòl mk` mèe) 22
A) KL]QEMER G E_KQI]ITGR
e) _ihkl}glkr bq{jikl}kr qéyklgr mk u{krg bckmmeq rgaqk cgjer mk qkpg``g qgjg, ebghpeõemgr mk {le dile re`re mk hgr}eze y klk`mg _eqe 4 pkqrgler 2 pihkl}glkr nqelmkr: 5 }eze mk u{krg bckmmeq 1 qkpg``gr qgjgr ¸ }eze mk hgr}eze 5 pgqbiòl mk klk`mg E`iõgr
a) Qg``i}gr pqihetkqe tknk}eqielgr y ag`i}er mk eqqgz il}knqe` ebghpeõemgr mk re`re enqim{`bk y re`re mk rgye
_eqe 4 pkqrgler 54? n mk bg` bcile ;? n mk bcehpiõglkr 5 mikl}k mk ejg 1 bkag``k}er 5 zelecgqie qe``eme 5'= mk pihikl}g qgjg 1 b'mi}er mk re`re mk rgje aeje kl re` 5 b`eqe mk c{ktg Ebki}k mk g`ite 51; h` mk z{hg mk piõe 2=
1 b'mer mk tilenqk mk tilg 5 b'me mk re`re mk }ghe}k 1 b'mi}er mk ezúbeq hgqklg 5 b' mk heibkle mi`{ime 5?? nq mk ceqile, 5 terg mk en{e, 1 b{bceqemer mk ebki}k mk g`ite 5 }eze re`re mk rgje E`iõgr
b) U{kremi``e mk }gq}i``e mk }qing bgl u{krg d{lmimg rkqtimg bgl dilgr tknk}e`kr y c{ebehg`k Ilnqkmikl}kr 4 pkqrgler 1;? nq mk ceqile mk }qing 5'1 `i}qg mk en{e }iaie 5 b{bceqe mk hel}kbe mk bkqmg d{lmime ; pe`}er 1 }ghe}kr 5'= mk u{krg 5 bkag``e 5 }eze mk bcehpiõglkr 1 pihikl}gr nqelmkr E`iõgr
m) ]ghe}k qk``klg e `e bci`kle, bgl bcgb`g eqtkjer pihikl}gr y beqlk mk rgye Ilnqkmikl}kr 4 pkqrgler: 2;
4 }ghe}kr = }ezer mk bcgb`g = }ezer e eqtkjer 1 pihikl}gr 5 }eze mk beqlk mk rgye E`iõgr
k) Bkag``e bgldi}eme e `e leqelje, kl }gr}eme bgl u{krg mk beaqe nqe}ilemg Ilnqkmikl}kr peqe 4 pkqrgler: = bkag``er ; leqeljer 5 }eze mk ebki}k mk g`ite 4 qgmejer mk pel 2 }ezer mk u{krg mk beaqe E`iõgr
d) E`aòlminer mk eqqgz bgl re`rer mk tkqm{qer Ilnqkmikl}kr peqe 4 pkqrgler: 5 }eze mk eqqgz 5 }eze mk tkqm{qer r{q}imer ¸ }eze mk bqkhe ¸ }eze mk en{e E`iõgr
B) KLRE@EMER
24
e) Klre`eme nqikne: `kbc{ne, }ghe}k, mikl}kr mk ejg, pkpilg, hgqqòl tkqmk, ebki}{ler, u{krg mk beaqe, e`iõemgr bgl diler cikqaer y ebki}k mk g`ite Ilnqkmikl}kr peqe 4 pkqrgler: 5 `kbc{ne ; }ghe}kr 2 mikl}kr mk ejg 2 pkpilgr 2hgqqglkr 5 }eze mk ebki}{ler pibemer 1 }ezer u{krg mk beaqe 5 }eze mk ebki}k mk g`ite E`iõgr
a) Klre`eme e `e q{re bgl beqlk mk rgye y re`re mk heyglkre, peper, zelecgqier, eqtkjer, c{ktgr, krpileber Ilnqkmikl}kr peqe 4 pkqrgler: ¸ }eze mk beqlk mk rgye = }ezer mk ebki}k ; peper ; zelecgqier nqelmkr 2 }ezer mk eqtkjer 4 c{ktgr E`iõgr
b) Klre`eme mk neqaelzgr bgl zelecgqie }ghe}k pkqkji` y ebki}k mk g`ite Ilnqkmikl}kr peqe 4 pkqrgler: 2>
5 }eze mk neqaelzgr ; zelecgqier = }ghe}kr _kqkji` 2 }ezer ebki}k mk g`ite E`iõgr
m) Klre`eme mk krpåqqengr y e`bebcgde bgl }ghe}k `kbc{ne y heyglkre berkqe Ilnqkmikl}kr peqe 4 pkqrgler: 5 Fn mk krpåqqengr ; e`bebcgder ; }ghe}kr Heyg: 2 }ezer mk ebki}k 1 c{ktgr E`iõgr
k) Kl re`eme mk pkpilgr bgl ygn{q} e`iõemg bgl mikl}kr mk ejg tilenqk y ebki}k mk g`ite Ilnqkmikl}kr 4 pkqrgler: ; pkpilgr 5 `i}qg mk `kbck 5 ygn{q} le}{qe` ¸ }ebi}e mk ezúbeq 1 mikl}kr mk ejg 23
¸ }eze mk tilenqk 5 }eze mk ebki}k mk g`ite E`iõgr
d) Klre`eme tkqmk `kbc{ne krbeqg`e, q{b{`e, akqqgr, krpileber, krpåqqengr, epig, zelecgqie, pe`hi}gr y bkag``e, ebghpeõemer mk }qgbi}gr mk pel dqi}g Ilnqkmikl}kr 4 pkqrgler: 5? }ezer mk `kbc{ne pibeme ; }ezer mk akqqgr 2 }ezer mk q{b{`e ¸ Fn mk krpåqqengr 2 }ezer mk epig = }ezer mk pe`hi}gr 1 bkag``er 2 qgmejer mk pel E`iõgr
M) RG_ER Y BQKHER e) Rgpe mk }ghe}k Ilnqkmikl}kr 4 pkqrgler: 5 aeqqe mk pel mk 5'=, mk` mèe el}kqigq 5'1 terg mk ebki}k mk g`ite 1 pihikl}gr tkqmkr 5 bkag``e 5 fi`g mk }ghe}k le}{qe` }qi}{qemg 29
5 helgji}g mk cikqaea{kle E`iõgr
a) Rgpe mk `e ea{k`e: peper beak``gr mk ålnk`, zelecgqie, eqtkjer, bcgb`g Ilnqkmikl}kr 4 pkqrgler: = `i}qgr mk en{e ; peper pku{kõer 5 }eze mk beak``gr mk ålnk` = zelecgqier 5 }eze mk eqtkjer 5 }eze mk bcgb`g Ebki}k mk g`ite E`iõgr
b) Rgpe mk qkhg`ebce: bgl zelecgqie, }ghe}k, bkag``e y z{hg mk `ihòl Ilnqkmikl}kr 4 pkqrgler: 2 `i}qgr mk en{e 5 b{bceqeme mk }ghe}k bglbkl}qemg ;??n mk qkhg`ebce bq{me bgq}eme kl j{`iele 5 zelecgqie bgq}eme kl j{`iele 51;n mk bciqitèer bgq}emer kl j{`iele = }e``gr mk epig bgq}emgr kl j{`iele 5 bkag``e pibeme dile 1 mikl}kr mk ejg 2;?n mk bg` mkrhkl{zeme 4 }ghe}kr hem{qgr 2?n mk pkqkji` dqkrbg pibemg dilg =?
4?n mk ceqile bghúl 51;h` mk le}e enqie
m)
Bqkhe kr krpåqqengr
_eqe 4 pkqrgler: 1(2 helgjgr mk krpåqqengr tkqmkr 5 bkag``k}e = b{bceqemer mk eqqgz 2(= mikl}kr mk ejg En{e Ebki}k mk g`ite Re`
k) Bqkhe mk bcehpiõglkr bgl bcgb`g _eqe 4 pkqrgler: 1 bkag``er 5'1 fn mk bcehpiõglkr 2 b{bceqemer mk ceqile mk }qing 5'= ` mk `kbck 5'1 `ihòl 3? nq mk hel}ku{i``e 5 m` mk le}e =5
1 ykher mk c{ktg Re` y pihikl}e
d) Bqkhe mk `kl}kjer _eqe 4 pkqrgler: 5 ¸ }eze mk `kl}kjer 1 p{kqqgr 1 zelecgqier 2 c{ktgr = m` mk `kbck ;? nq mk hel}ku{i``e Ebki}k re`
n) Bqkhe mk krpileber _eqe 4 pkqrgler: 1 `i}qgr mk en{e bgl re` ¸ fn mk krpileber 1; nq mk hel}ku{i``e 1 b{bceqemer rgpkqer mk ebki}k 5?? nq mk ceqile #= b{bceqemer rgpkqer) ° `i}qg mk `kbck dqèe =1
5 ykhe mk c{ktg Re` B{emqemi}gr mk pel dqi}g
K) _@E]GR MK DGLMGR
e) Eqqgz bgl u{èlge bgl }gq}i``e mk tkqm{qer #`e }gq}i``e p{kmk rkq mk tkqm{qer e k`kbbiòl) Ilnqkmikl}kr peqe 4 pkqrgler: 5 }eze mk eqqgz 5 }eze mk u{èlge 1 Fn mk tkqm{qer 5? c{ktgr E`iõgr
a) Zepe``g i}e`ielg qk``klg bgl diler tkqm{qer y beqlk mk rgye bgl re`re mk hgr}eze Ilnqkmikl}kr 4 pkqrgler: 4 zepe``gr i}e`ielgr 5 }eze mk beqlk mk rgye = }ezer mk tkqm{qer r{q}imer 5 `i}qg mk `kbck 5 }eze mk hgr}eze =2
E`iõg
b) ]e``eqilkr e` per}g bgl ebki}k mk g`ite Ilnqkmikl}kr peqe 4 pkqrgler: 5 ¸ peu{k}kr mk }e``eqilkr ¸ fn mk e`aecebe ¸ }eze mk pkqkji` ¸ }eze mk biag{`k}}k 1 }ezer mk bcehpiõglkr = }ezer rk ebki}k mk g`ite E`iõgr
m) @erenle tknk}eqiele bgl tkqm{qer y beqlk mk rgye, `gr hår dilgr u{krgr y re`re mk krpileber Ilnqkmikl}kr 4 pkqrgler: ¸ fn mk ceqile ¸ }eze mk ebki}k ¸ }eze mk hel}ku{i``e = }ezer mk bcehpiõglkr 5 zepe``g i}e`ielg ; zelecgqier 1 }ezer mk bcgb`g 2 }ezer mk krpeqqeng pibemg 5 fn mk u{krg 5 `i}qg mk bqkhe mk `kbck ¸ fn mk krpileber ==
E`iõgr
k)
Dk}{bbili bgl re`re mk bcehpiõglkr y diler ykqaer
Ilnqkmikl}kr peqe 4 pkqrgler: 5 ¸ peu{k}kr mk dk}{bbili ¸ fn mk bcehpiõglkr 5 }eze mk ykqaer teqkemer 5`i}qg mk bqkhe E`iõgr
d) _er}k` mk bcgb`g tknk}eqielg Ilnqkmikl}kr peqe 4 pkqrgler _eqe `e bqkhe mk klbihe: 4 bcgb`gr peremgr pgq k` qe``emgq 1 b{bceqemi}er mk hel}ku{i``e 5'1 }eze mk ezúbeq q{aie 5 }ezer mk `kbck dqèe _eqe k` pilg u{k te e` dglmg: 5 bkag``e pibeme kl b{emqgr E`aecebe pibeme 1 zepe``gr i}e`ielgr pibemgr kl }qgzgr hkmielgr 1 aelmkjer mk bcehpiõglkr dqkrbgr 1 b{bceqemi}er ebki}k g`ite 5 pizbe mk bghilg hg`img Re` 3 ebki}{ler lknqer =;
_erer 1 c{ktgr m{qgr 5 }eze mk beqlk mk rgje qkhgjeme y kr}q{jeme
n) E`aòlminer mk ebk`ne y e`aecebe bgl p{qé mk peper e` hkqu{kl Ilnqkmikl}kr peqe 4 pkqrgler: ¸ fn mk ebk`ne ¸ fn mk e`aecebe 4 c{ktgr ¸ }eze mk eqqgz 5 fn mk peper 5 }eze mk `kbck ¸ }eze mk en{e 5 }eze mk ebki}k mk g`ite Hkqu{kl E`iõgr
D) HKLÚ ILDEL]I@ TKNK]EQIELG
e) Ceha{qn{kre mk rgye bgl peper dqi}er Ilnqkmikl}kr peqe 4 pkqrgler 5 Fn mk peper 5 }eze mk beqlk mk rgye 1 }ezer mk tkqm{qer r{q}imer = c{ktgr =4
5 }eze mk ebki}k g`ite E`iõgr 5 `i}qg mk ebki}k
a) Khpelemi}er mk u{krg bgl bcehpiõglkr y tkqm{qer Ilnqkmikl}kr peqe 4 pkqrgler: ¸ Fn mk ceqile 1 }ezer mk bcehpiõglkr ¸ }eze mk tkqm{qer r{q}imer ° mk u{krg 5?? nq mk hel}ku{i``e Re` 5 `i}qg mk ebki}k
b) Bqgu{k}er mk beqlk mk rgye bgl tkqm{qer y p{qé Ilnqkmikl}kr peqe 4 pkqrgler: 5 }eze mk beqlk mk rgye 5 fn mk peper 5 }eze mk `kbck ¸ }eze mk en{e 2 }ezer mk pgqg}gr tkqmkr 1 bkag``er ; zelecgqier ¸ fn mk ebk`ne Ebki}k E`iõgr =>
m) _izze tknk}eqiele Ilnqkmikl}kr peqe 4 pkqrgler: ° fi`g mk ceqile d{kq}k ° fi`g mk ceqile d`gje 1; nq mk `ktem{qe mk pelemkqèe ilr}el}ålke ° `i}qg mk `kbck ¸ m` Mk ebki}k mk g`ite ; nq mk re` 5? nq mk ezúbeq 2 m` Mk }ghe}k }qi}{qemg 5;? nq mk u{krg hgzzeqk``e 5 be`eaebèl nqelmk 5;? nq mk bcehpiõglkr 5 bkag``e nqelmk dqi}e 5 pihikl}g qgjg 1 pihikl}gr tkqmkr [le pizbe mk ezúbeq Gqénelg pibemg, re`
N) M[@BKR Y _GR]QKR
e) Aqg~lik mk bcgbg`e}k bgl l{kbkr y ck`emg bgl re`re mk bcgbg`e}k d{lmimg Ilnqkmikl}kr peqe 4 pgqbiglkr: 51?n mk bcgbg`e}k =3
12?n mk hel}ku{i``e =3? n mk ezúbeq = c{ktgr 5=? n mk ceqile 5 bb mk re` 5'1 bb mk `ktem{qe ¸ }eze mk l{kbkr 5 `i}qg mk ck`emg
a) Hg{rrk mk bcgbg`e}k Ilnqkmikl}kr peqe 4 pgqbiglkr: 51; nqehgr mk Bcgbg`e}k 2 b{bceqemer mk `kbck 2 ykher mk c{ktg = b`eqer mk c{ktg 2 b{bceqemer mk ezúbeq >; nqehgr mk hel}ku{i``e Re`
b) Ygn{q} le}{qe` bgl dq{}er Ilnqkmikl}kr peqe 4 pkqrgler: 5 `i}qg mk `kbck 1 ygn{q} le}{qe` 4 }ezer mk r{q}img mk dq{}er 5b{bceqeme mk ezúbeq
m) Bckkrkbefk bgl dqkrer =9
Ilnqkmikl}kr peqe 4 pgqbiglkr: Bgq}kze: 11; n #3 gz) mk ne``k}e teili``e g m{`bk, }qi}{qeme ¸ }eze & 5 b{bceqeme mk hel}ku{i``e dqèe, ril re`, bgq}eme kl }qgzgr pku{kõgr 5'2 mk}eze mk ezúbeq q{aie Qk``klg: 4>; n #2 peu{k}kr mk 3 gz) mk u{krg bqkhe, e }khpkqe}{qe mk ehaikl}k 5 ° mk }eze mk ezúbeq 5 b{bceqeme mk j{ng mk `ihòl 1 b{bceqemi}er mk ks}qeb}g mk teili``e [le pizbe mk re` 1 ° b{bceqemer mk ceqile = c{ktgr nqelmkr B{aikq}e: 5 f #1 `a = gz) mk dqkrer kl}kqer, `ihpier y `etemer ¼ mk }eze mk hkqhk`eme mk dqkrer
k) _elu{ku{kr qk``klgr bgl ck`emg, dq{}er y hkqhk`eme Ilnqkmikl}kr peqe 4 pkqrgler 1 c{ktgr 5 }eze mk ceqile 1 }ezer mk `kbck 5 `i}qg mk ck`emg 5 }eze mk hkqhk`eme 2 }ezer mk dq{}er ;?
d) Aelele Rp`i} Ilnqkmikl}kr peqe 4 pgqbiglkr: 4 p`å}elgr 5 `i}qg mk ck`emg = }ezer mk bqkhe mk `kbck 1 }ezer mk re`re mk bcgbg`e}k ¸ }eze mk l{kbkr
n) ]gq}e mk hi` cgjer Ilnqkmikl}kr peqe 4 pgqbiglkr: 1 peu{k}kr mk here peqe perb{e`iler 5 b{bceqemi}e mk j{ng mk `ihòl 5 `i}qg mk heljeq ;? nq mk bgbg qe``emg ¸ }eze mk ezúbeq d`gq 5 b`eqe mk c{ktg
c) _imk mk` mèe Ilnqkmikl}kr 4 pgqbiglkr: 1 }ezer mk ceqile bkqlime 5?? nqr mk heqneqile 5 c{ktg ¸ }eze mk ezúbeq ° }eze mk `kbck [le pizbe mk re` ;5
1 }ezer mk dq{}e 5 }eze mk ez{beq
i) ]gq}e mk` mèe Ilnqkmikl}kr 4 pgqbiglkr: 1?? nqehgr mk hel}kbe 1?? nqehgr mk ezúbeq = c{ktgr 1?? nqehgr mk ceqile 5;? nqehgr mk heibkle Hkmie b{bceqemi}e mk pg`tg peqe cgqlkeq 1 }ezer mk dq{}e 1 }ezer mk hkqhk`emer 2 }ezer mk heljeq
C) Z[HGR Y J[NGR LE][QE@KR
e) Leqelje a) Helzele b) Hk`òl m) Helng k) ]ghe}k d) Zelecgqie, `ihòl epig ;1
n) Helzele, zelecgqie y qkhg`ebce c) Mk }khpgqeme I) ILD[RIGLKR Y ]É e) Ild{riòl minkr}ite elèr qkne`iz ykqae a{kle a) Ild{riòl ykqaer qk`es `ihòl, hkl}e te`kqiele y }ghi``g b) Helzeli``e peqe minkr}iòl y mg`gqkr kr}ghebe`kr m) _g`kg hkl}e peqe `e minkr}iòl y kr {l a{kl qk`ejel}k k) He}k eqnkl}ilg d) ]k tkqmk n) ]k qgjg c) ]k Bki`ål J) BEDÉR e) Bedé lgqhe` a) Bedé bgq}emg b) Bedé bgl `kbck k) Bep{bcilg d) Bedé hgfe F) AKAIMER NERKGRER e)Ai`z y pep a) _kpri ;2
b) Fkh m) Rktkl [p k)Bq{rc d) Beleme mqy `ihòl rgme n) Belme mqy nilnkq e`k @) BKQTKZER e) Bqir}e` a) Krb{mg b) Ckilkfkl m) Qgye` k) A{m~kirkq d) E{r}qe` n) F{lr}hell
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