AE@SMTED DC TS_JPKI Z AJLELXEP G_EDI CL TS_JPKI
_cspilseojmjded Pi`jem @irpiretjve cl cm Pc`tir Bitcmcri8 cm `esi dc me `edcle Bjmtil Wirmdwjdc
Treoehi Ajl dc Gredi prcscltedi pir Cve Imjve Oeroe, sjcldi cm tutir dcm kjski cm priacsir Eltilji _uëz Hjkêlcz.
Q¸. O¸. dcm Tutir/e/cs/es8
Emukli/e8
D. Eltilji _uëz Hjkêlcz
D. Cve Imjve Oeroe
Pcvjmme. Keyi dc ?654
G_EDI CL TS_JPKI AE@SMTED AE@SMTED DC TS_JPKI Z AJLELXEP T_EOEHI AJL DC G_EDI @S_PI E@EDÊKJ@I ^?650-?654[
TËTSMI8
_CPVILPEOJMJDED PI@JEM @I_VI_ETJQE CL CM PC@TI_ BITCMC_I8 CM @EPI DC ME @EDCLE BJMTIL WI_MDWJDC ESTI_8 CQE IMJQE OE_OE TSTI_8 D_. D. ELTILJI _SËX HJKÊLCX DCVE_TEKCLTI8
C@ILIKËE AJLEL@JC_E Z DJ_C@@JÐL DC IVC_E@JILCP Å_CE DC @ILI@JKJCLTI8 @ILI@JKJCLTI8
I_GELJXE@JÐL DC CKV_CPEP _CPSKCL8 Cl cm prcscltc treoehi sc elemjze me jkpmelte`jðl dc e`tue`jilcs dc _cspilseojmjded Pi`jem @irpiretjve cl cm sc`tir bitcmcri, `il`rctekcltc sc be`c ul cstudji dctemmedi dc mes prå`tj`es rcemjzedes pir ule dc mes `edcles bitcmcres jltcrle`jilemcs `il kås prcscl`je cl tidi cm kuldi8 Bjmtil Wirmdwjdc. Vir itre pertc, sc be`c ul rc`irrjdi pir me cvimu`jðl bjstðrj`e dc me _cspilseojmjded Pi`jem @irpiretjve, edckås dc dcmjkjter mes djkclsjilcs y prjl`jpjis quc me `ikpilcl, dcste`eldi e su vcz, me jkpirtel`je quc êste piscc em tretersc dc ul `ikpilcltc cstretêgj`i pere mes ckprcses e`tuemkcltc. VEMEO_EP @MEQC8 _cspilseojmjded Pi`jem @irpiretjve> Bjmtil Wirmdwjdc> Djkclsjðl si`jem> Djkclsjðl kcdjiekojcltem> kcdjiekojcltem> Djkclsjðl c`ilðkj`e.
TAG-TS_. _cspilseojmjded Pi`jem @irpiretjve cl cm Pc`tir Bitcmcri8 cm `esi dc me `edcle Bjmtil Wirmdwjdc
ËLDJ@C
5. @EVËTSMI 5.JLT_IDS@@JÐL ................................................................................ 5 5.5. HSPTJAJ@E@JÐL DCM TCKE CMCGJDI CMCGJDI .................. ......... ................... .................. .................. ............... ..... 5 5.5.5. Cm turjski cl Cspeõe ................................................................... 5 5.5.?. Me jkpirtel`je dc me _cspilseojmjded Pi`jem @irpiretjve cl cm sjgmi RRJ..................................... ..................................................... .................................. ................................... .......................... ......... ? 5.?. IOHCTJQIP ............................................................................................. 0 5.0. KCTIDIMIGJE ....................................................................................... 0 5.4. CPT_S@TS_E ......................................................................................... 4 ?. @EVËTSMI ?. ME _CPVILPEOJMJDED PI@JEM @I_VI_ETJQE CL CM PC@TI_ BITCMC_I BITCMC_I .................................. .................................................. .................................. ................................... .................................. ............................. ............ 3 ?.5. DCMJKJTE@JÐL DCMJKJTE@JÐL TC_KJLIMÐGJ@E. T C_KJLIMÐGJ@E. CQIMS@JÐL DCM @IL@CVTI...... 3 ?.5.5. Cvimu`jðl bjstðrj`e dcm `il`cpti .................................................. 3 ?.5.?. Dcmjkjte`jðl tcrkjlimðgj`e tcrkjlimðgj`e dc me _P@.................. ......... .................. .................. ................ ....... 1 ?.?. V_JL@JVJIP OÅPJ@IP Z DJKCLPJILCP DC ME _CPVILPEOJMJDED PI@JEM @I_VI_ETJQE ....................................................................... 7 ?.?.5. Vrjl`jpjis oåsj`is dc me _cspilseojmjded _cspilseojmjded Pi`jem @irpiretjve @irpiretjve ....... 7 ?.?.?. Djkclsjilcs dc me _cspilseojmjded _cspilseojmjded Pi`jem @irpiretjve ............... 2 ?.0. OSCLEP V_Å@TJ@EP CL CM PC@TI_ BITCMC_I ................... ......... ................... ........... .. : ?.4. KCKI_JEP DC PIPTCLJOJMJDED G_J. JLJ@JETJQEP JLPTJTS@JILEMCP DC V_IKI@JÐL V_IKI@JÐL DC ME _P@....................... _P@.............. .............. ..... .54 ?.4.5. Kckirjes dc sistcljojmjded sistcljojmjded G_J. ................... .......... .................. .................. .................. ........... .. 54 ?.4.?. Jlj`jetjves jlstjtu`jilemcs pere me priki`jðl dc me _P@. ............. 53 0. @EVËTSMI 0. ME _CPVILPEOJMJDED PI@JEM @I_VI_ETJQE CL BJMTIL WI_MWJDC..... WI_MWJDC...................... .................................. .................................. .................................. .................................. ................................... ...................... .... 57 0.5 E@C_@E DC BJMTIL WI_MDWJDC ...................................................... 57 0.? E@C_@E DC T_EQCM WJTB VS_VIPC ................................................ 52 0.?.5. Djkclsjðl kcdjiekojcltem ........................................................ 5: 0.?.?. Djkclsjðl si`jem ........................................................................ ?0 0.?.0. Djkclsjðl c`ilðkj`e ................................................................ ?1 4. @EVËTSMI 4. @IL@MSPJILCP, MJKJTE@JILCP Z ASTS_EP MËLCEP DC JLQCPTJGE@ JLQCPTJGE@JÐL JÐL.................................. ................................................... .................................. .................................. ................................... .................... ?: 4.5. @IL@MSPJILCP ................................................................................... ?: 4.5.5. Cstudji tcðrj`i dc me _cspilseojmjded _cspilseojmjded Pi`jem @irpiretjve .......... ........ .. ?: 4.5.?. Epmj`e`jðl cac`tjve dc mis prjl`jpjis y djkclsjilcs dc me _P@ pir pertc dc Bjmtil Wirmdwjdc .................................................................... ?: 4.?. MJKJTE@JILCP ...................................................................................... 06 4.0. ASTS_EP MËLCEP DC JLQCPTJGE@JÐL .............................................. 06 OJOMJIG_EAË OJOMJIG_EAËE E ................................... ................................................... ................................. .................................. ................................... ...................... .... 05
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TAG-TS_. _cspilseojmjded Pi`jem @irpiretjve cl cm Pc`tir Bitcmcri8 cm `esi dc me `edcle Bjmtil Wirmdwjdc
@EVËTSMI 5 JLT_IDS@@JÐL 5.5. HSPTJAJ@E@JÐL HSPTJAJ@ E@JÐL DCM TCKE CMCGJDI Vere hustjaj`er cm tcke cs`igjdi vekis e rcsemter pir ul medi, me jkpirtel`je quc tjclc cm turjski cl lucstri peës y, pir itri, me jkpirtel`je quc cstå edqujrjcldi e`tuemkcltc me _cspilseojmjded Pi`jem @irpiretjve em scr `ede vcz keyir cm løkcri dc ckprcses quc me epmj`el `iki pertc dc su cstretcgje dc lcgi`ji. Kås edcmeltc, cl cm `epëtumi dis sc ve e priauldjzer kås cl me _cspilseojmjded Pi`jem @irpiretjve epmj`ede em sc`tir bitcmcri, peseldi eltcs pir me cvimu`jðl bjstðrj`e dcm `il`cpti y su dcmjkjte`jðl tcrkjlimðgj`e.
5.5.5. Cm turjski cl Cspeõe. Em scr cm turjski ul pjmer auldekcltem telti pere me c`ilikëe `iki pere me si`jcded dc lucstri peës, bckis `rcëdi `ilvcljcltc `ikclzer cstc treoehi rcsemteldi me jkpirtel`je quc cstc sc`tir tjclc cl Cspeõe, pere mi `uem, bckis rc`ipjmedi emgulis detis dc jltcrês quc kistrerckis kistrerckis e `iltjlue`jðl. Pcgøl mis detis pripir`jiledis pir cm Jlstjtuti dc Cstudjis Turëstj`is (?650), cm turjski cs ul sc`tir quc tjclc oesteltc pcsi cl cm `ilhulti dc me c`ilikëe cl Cspeõe, ye quc rcprcsclte emrcdcdir dc ul 56% dcm VJO. Cl `uelti em løkcri dc turjstes rc`jojdis, cl ?650 Cspeõe sc pisj`jilð cl tcr`cr muger, dctrås dc Arel`je y CC.SS, supcreldi e @bjle `il rcspc`ti em eõi eltcrjir. Cl cm kjski eõi mmcgeril e Cspeõe 16,7 kjmmilcs dc turjstes jltcrle`jilemcs, cxpcrjkclteldi ul `rc`jkjclti jltcreluem dcm 3,1%, mi quc supilc 0,? kjmmilcs dc turjstes kås quc cl cm eõi eltcrjir. Cstes `jares cmcvel cm gesti turëstj`i e 3:,5 kjmcs dc kjmmilcs dc curis, kistreldi ul `rc`jkjclti dcm :,1% (Jlstjtuti dc Cstudjis Turëstj`is, ?654), sjcldi pisjtjvi cm semdi dc me oemelze dc pegis cl turjski, `il`rctekcltc dc 00.?31 kjmmilcs dc curis. Vir itre pertc, cm turjski em scr ule e`tjvjded pcrtclc`jcltc em sc`tir scrvj`jis, cs ule e`tjvjded kuy jltclsjve cl keli dc iore, pir mi quc cstekis eltc ul sc`tir `il ul grel pitcl`jem pere me gclcre`jðl dc ckpmci. Cs pir cmmi quc cl cm eõi ?65?, cm 55,2% dc mis i`upedis cl me c`ilikëe cspeõime, mi csteoel cl emgule e`tjvjded turëstj`e scgøl me Cl`ucste dc Viome`jðl E`tjve. @cltråldilis cl lucstri `ekpi dc elåmjsjs, quc cs cm sc`tir bitcmcri cspeõim, cm Jlstjtuti dc Cstudjis Turëstj`is lis pripir`jile mis sjgujcltcs detis iotcljdis e su vcz, dc me cl`ucste dc i`upe`jðl bitcmcre pripir`jilede pir cm Jlstjtuti Le`jilem dc Cstedëstj`e. Me pmelte bitcmcre cspeõime cl cm eõi ?650 cre dc 54.721 csteomc`jkjcltis. Cl cm kjski eõi, me `jare dc vjehcris emihedis cl csteomc`jkjcltis bitcmcris auc dc 20,2 kjmmilcs, dcs`cldjcldi dcs`cldjcldi cl tese jltcreluem ul -5,4%, y rcemjzeril ul titem dc ?23,: kjmmilcs dc pcrli`te`jilcs. Cl `uelti em løkcri dc pcrsilem i`upedi cl cstc sc`tir cl ?650 auc dc 52?.307. Vir tidi cmmi, cm sc`tir dc me bitcmcrëe `iltrjouyc dc airke sjgljaj`etjve e me c`ilikëe mi`em y le`jilem e trevês dc me gclcre`jðl dc oclcaj`jis telti djrc`tis `iki jldjrc`tis, esë `iki e me `rce`jðl dc ckpmci.
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Imjve Oeroe, Cve
5.5.?. Me jkpirtel`je jkpirtel`je dc me _cspilseojmjded _cspilseojmjded Pi`jem @irpiretjve @irpiretjve cl cm sjgmi sjgmi RRJ. Vere me cmc``jðl dcm tcke cs`igjdi, lis bckis oesedi cl me jkpirtel`je quc _cspilseojmjded Pi`jem @irpiretjve, cl edcmeltc _P@, tjclc e`tuemkcltc cl si`jcded. Vere cxpmj`er mis kitjvis quc `ilmmcvel e quc cstc espc`ti edqujcre rcmcvel`je quc me `ere`tcrjze, lis bckis oesedi cl me puomj`e`jðl quc rcemjze Ioscrvetirji dc _cspilseojmjded _cspilseojmjded @irpiretjve siorc me jkpirtel`je jkpirtel`je dc me _P@.
me me me cm
Mis espc`tis cl mis quc priauldjze cm Ioscrvetirji sil8 me gmioemjze`jðl, cm eukclti dcm pidcr dc me ckprcse cl dctrjkclti dc mis Cstedis, me jlvcrsjðl djrc`te cxtcrjir, me dcsmi`emjze`jðl dcsmi`emjze`jðl y me prjvetjze`jðl dc mis scrvj`jis oåsj`is.
Me gmioemjze`jðl. E pcser dc quc me gmioemjze`jðl trec `ilsjgi greldcs oclcaj`jis, cstå i`esjileldi `ede vcz kås dcscqujmjorjis. Kjcltres mis peëscs jldustrjemjzedis sc cstål clrjquc`jcldi, mis kås dcsaevirc`jdis cstål ckpcireldi sus `ildj`jilcs dc vjde, suosjstjcldi prc`erjekcltc em kergcl dc me c`ilikëe gmioem y `il pi`es pisjojmjdedcs dc simvclter cste sjtue`jðl. Vir itre pertc, gre`jes e mes lucves tc`limigëes dc me jlairke`jðl, sc cstå tikeldi `ede vcz kås `il`jcl`je dc cstis dcscqujmjorjis. dcscqujmjorjis. • Eukclti dcm pidcr dc me ckprcse cl dctrjkclti dc mis Cstedis. Cm pidcr c`ilðkj`i y pimëtj`i dc ku`bes ckprcses kumtjle`jilemcs cs supcrjir em dc mis cstedis dildc dcserrimmel sus e`tjvjdedcs, ye quc pucdcl prikivcr cm dcserrimmi dc pimëtj`es pøomj`es i lirketjves e aevir dc ul dcserrimmi sistcljomc, me crredj`e`jðl dc me piorcze y cm dcrc`bi e ule vjde djgle, i, pir cm `iltrerji, jkpcdjr i pcrhudj`er cm dcserrimmi dc mes kjskes `il cm ajl dc aevirc`cr sus pripjis jltcrcscs, `rceldi ve`ëis mcgemcs e mis quc mis cstedis li pucdcl be`cr arcltc. • Jlvcrsjðl djrc`te cxtcrjir. Cm sc`tir prjvedi edqujcrc `ede vcz keyir pritegiljski cl me `ildu``jðl dcm dcserrimmi c`ilðkj`i. Cm sc`tir ckprcserjem e`tøe cl lukcrises i`esjilcs cl cstedis quc sc `ere`tcrjzel pir me dcojmjded i mexjtud dc sus mcgjsme`jilcs le`jilemcs le`jilemcs (cl cm åkojti meoirem, ajs`em ct`.), ous`eldi `il cmmi etrecr me jlvcrsjðl djrc`te cxtrelhcre, eul `ueldi csti deõc cm pripji dcserrimmi sistcljomc dcm peës. • Dcsmi`emjze`jðl. @ede vcz sil kås mes ckprcses quc cstål dcspmezeldi sus pri`csis pridu`tjvis e peëscs dildc sc cxjgcl kclircs gereltëes meoiremcs i kcdjiekojcltemcs `il cm ajl dc rcdu`jr sus `istcs. Cm djstel`jekjclti cltrc cm muger dildc me ckprcse tike sus dc`jsjilcs y mis mugercs dildc cstes rcpcr`utcl, quc e su vcz, trec `ilsjgi me primjacre`jðl dc jltcrkcdjerjis y privccdircs, cstå `ilmmcveldi ule cvesjðl dc mes rcspilseojmjdedcs pir cm jkpe`ti quc gclcre me e`tjvjded dc me ckprcse. • Vrjvetjze`jðl dc scrvj`jis oåsj`is. Cm sc`tir prjvedi `ede vcz sc cstå jlvimu`reldi kås cl me prcste`jðl dc scrvj`jis quc tredj`jilemkcltc bel sjdi prcstedis pir cm sc`tir pøomj`i `iki cm egue, me clcrgëe, me semud i me cdu`e`jðl, dcojdi em pidcr quc mes ckprcses prjvedes cstål edqujrjcldi cl dctrjkclti dc mis cstedis, pudjcldi jlamujr cl cm ker`i mcgjsmetjvi le`jilem quc mcs cs dc epmj`e`jðl. •
Pil tidis cstis `ekojis mis quc cstål tcljcldi ule prigrcsjve jlamucl`je cl me cxtclsjðl dc me jdce dc me _cspilseojmjded Pi`jem @irpiretjve, tem y `iki eajrke cm Ioscrvetirji8 ”`iki bcrrekjclte quc sjrve pere ekjlirer cm jkpe`ti lcgetjvi dc mes ckprcses cl gclcrem y dc mes kumtjle`jilemcs cl pertj`umer, siorc mis dcrc`bis si`jemcs, meoiremcs, cm kcdjiekojcltc y cl dcajljtjve, siorc mis Dcrc`bis Bukelis.‛
Vir itre pertc, bey quc dcste`er quc cm eugc quc cstå tcljcldi me _P@ e`tuemkcltc sc dcoc cl grel kcdjde, e quc pir prjkcre vcz cl me bjstirje dcm kcr`edi, me sistcljojmjded cs `ikpctjtjve. Mes ckprcses bel `ikprcldjdi quc sus cstretcgjes dc `ikpctjtjvjded li pucdcl oesersc cl me dcvemue`jðl dcm kcdji ekojcltc, lj cl cm kemtreti meoirem, lj cl cm jl`ukpmjkjclti dc lirketjves jltcrle`jilemcs cl ketcrje sjldj`em i dc dcrc`bis bukelis (Heurcguj, _. ?65?).
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TAG-TS_. _cspilseojmjded Pi`jem @irpiretjve cl cm Pc`tir Bitcmcri8 cm `esi dc me `edcle Bjmtil Wirmdwjdc
5.?.
IOHCTJQIP
@il cstc treoehi t reoehi sc prctcldc dckistrer me epmj`e`jðl cac`tjve dc mis prjl`jpjis oåsj`is dc me _P@, esë `iki `ili`cr cm `ilhulti dc oucles prå`tj`es cl ketcrje dc rcspilseojmjded rcspilseojmjded si`jem quc sc rcemjzel cl Bjmtil Wirmdwjdc.
5.0. KCTIDIMIGJE Vere me rcemjze`jðl dcm prcscltc treoehi, me kctidimigëe quc sc be mmcvedi e `eoi be sjdi ule eprixjke`jðl em kêtidi dcm `esi, cm `uem sc trete dc ul kêtidi dc jlvcstjge`jðl ckpërj`e, quc sc sucmc utjmjzer pere priauldjzer y iotclcr ul `ili`jkjclti kås ekpmji siorc ul dctcrkjledi aclðkcli. Vere cmmi, sc rc`imc`tel detis dureltc ul pcrjidi dc tjckpi, cl ule i verjes irgeljze`jilcs, prctcldjcldi rc`igcr me jlairke`jðl lc`cserje pere elemjzer cm iohcti dc me jlvc stjge`jðl. stjge`jðl. Vere `ilscgujr mis iohctjvis quc lis bckis pmeltcedi `il me rcemjze`jðl dc cstc treoehi, sc be rcemjzedi ul cstudji cl priauldjded dc me _cspilseojmjded Pi`jem @irpiretjve quc mmcve e `eoi ule dc mes `edcles bitcmcres `il kås pcsi e ljvcm kuldjem8 Bjmtil Wirmdwjdc, `edcle quc e`tuemkcltc cstå prcscltc cl kås dc :6 peëscs y quc `uclte `il kås dc 4666 bitcmcs rcpertjdis pir tidi cm kuldi, tcljcldi ule `ertcre e`tuemkcltc dc djcz ker`es dcltri dc me `edcle. Vere cmmi, sc be elemjzedi cm jlairkc dc rcspilseojmjded `irpiretjve ?65?-?650 ”Trevcm wjtb Vurpisc‛ , quc be`c pøomj`i me `edcle cl scptjckorc dc ?650 pir su prcsjdcltc y djrc`tir @brjstipbcr H. Lessctte. E `iltjlue`jðl, `iltjlue`jðl, sc ve e kistrer me sc`ucl`je sc`ucl`je dc pesis quc sc be scgujdi pere me cmeoire`jðl dcm prcscltc treoehi. Cl prjkcr muger, sc bel dctcrkjledi `uåmcs vel e scr mis iohctjvis quc vel e gujer me rcemjze`jðl dcm treoehi, quc `iki ye bckis kcl`jiledi cl cm epertedi eltcrjir, cm pripðsjti quc sc pcrsjguc `il me rcemjze`jðl dc cstc treoehi cs me dckistre`jðl cac`tjve dc mis prjl`jpjis y djkclsjilcs dc _cspilseojmjded Pi`jem @irpiretjve pir pertc dc me `edcle Bjmtil Wirmwjdc. Wirmwjdc. Sle vcz quc sc bel dctcrkjledi mis iohctjvis, cm sjgujcltc pesi cs rc`eoer jlairke`jðl e`cr`e dc lucstri aclðkcli iohcti dc cstudji8 me _cspilseojmjded Pi`jem @irpiretjve. Vere cmmi, lis bckis oesedi cl djstjltes rcacrcl`jes ojomjigråaj`es pere `ili`cr cl quê `ilsjstc cstc aclðkcli, `ðki be sjdi su cvimu`jðl cl cm tjckpi, dc quê prjl`jpjis y djkclsjilcs sc `ikpilc, `uåmcs sil mes jlstjtu`jilcs quc me prikucvcl, ct`. E `iltjlue`jðl, `iltjlue`jðl, ule vcz rcemjzedi rcemjzedi cm cstudji tcðrj`i, be`ckis ul cstudji cl priauldjded dc me _cspilseojmjded _cspilseojmjded Pi`jem @irpiretjve quc dcserrimme me `edcle Bjmtil. Vere cmmi, prjkcrekcltc bckis rc`ipjmedi detis sjgljaj`etjvis dc me pripje `edcle bitcmcre pere be`crlis ule jdce dc me rcmcvel`je quc êste tjclc e ljvcm kuldjem. Pcgujdekcltc, lis bckis `cltredi cl me rcspilseojmjded si`jem quc mmcve e `eoi. Cl cstc scltjdi, sc bel cxtreëdi mis detis lc`cserjis pere lucstri treoehi dcm jlairkc dc rcspilseojmjded `irpiretjve quc tjclc puomj`edi me `edcle dc mis eõis ?65?-?6508 ”Trevcm wjtb Vurpisc‛.
Elemjzedis cl priauldjded priauldjded mis detis pripir`jiledis pripir`jiledis pir Bjmtil Wirmdwjdc, W irmdwjdc, bckis pri`cdjdi e rcde`ter lucstri pripji jlairkc dc me `edcle, dcste`eldi mes kchircs prå`tj`es quc sc bel mmcvedi e `eoi cl ketcrje dc _cspilseojmjded Pi`jem @irpiretjve @irpiretjve dureltc mis dis eõis cl `ucstjðl djvjdjdes cl trcs djkclsjilcs (kcdjiekojcltem, si`jem y c`ilðkj`e), esë `iki pir `ekpi dc epmj`e`jðl, pere esë tclcr ule vjsjðl kås `mere dc me e`tue`jðl mmcvede e `eoi pir me `edcle bitcmcre jltcrle`jilem cl ketcrje kcdjiekojcltem, kcdjiekojcltem, si`jem y c`ilðkj`e.
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Imjve Oeroe, Cve
Sle vcz rcemjzedi cm cstudji dcm `esi, sc be mmcgedi e dctcrkjler ule scrjc dc `il`musjilcs, mes `uemcs sc cxpildrål cl cm `epëtumi 4 dcm prcscltc treoehi.
5.4.
CPT_S@TS_E
Cm prcscltc treoehi `ikjclze `il ule orcvc hustjaj`e`jðl dcm tcke cs`igjdi, cl me quc lis oesekis cl me jkpirtel`je dcm turjski cl Cspeõe y me rcmcvel`je quc cstå edqujrjcldi e`tuemkcltc me _cspilseojmjded Pi`jem @irpiretjve. Pcgujdekcltc Pcgujdekcltc sc csteomc`cl mis iohctjvis quc vel e gujer me rcemjze`jðl dcm kjski, esë `iki me kctidimigëe quc sc be ckpmcedi. Cm `epjtumi ? sc `cltre kås cl me _cspilseojmjded Pi`jem @irpiretjve cl cm sc`tir bitcmcri, pere cmmi, eltcs sc be`c ul orcvc rc`irrjdi pir me cvimu`jðl bjstðrj`e quc be scgujdi cm `il`cpti dc _P@ y, e `iltjlue`jðl, sc cxpilcl djstjltes dcajlj`jilcs quc privjclcl dc djvcrsis eutircs y dc jlstjtu`jilcs telti, e ljvcm le`jilem `iki jltcrle`jilem, pere kås terdc dcajljr mes djacrcltcs djkclsjilcs djkclsjilcs y prjl`jpjis dc mis quc sc `ikpilc me _P@. Pjgujcldi cl cm `epjtumi ?, sc vel e dcmjkjter ul `ilhulti dc oucles prå`tj`es dc _P@ djrjgjdes e ckprcses bitcmcres egrupedes cl trcs djkclsjilcs (si`jem, kcdjiekojcltem y c`ilðkj`e). E `iltjlue`jðl sc ve e cxpmj`er cl quê `ilsjstcl mes kckirjes dc sistcljojmjded dcltri dcm ker`i G_J y sc vel e kcl`jiler djstjltes jlstjtu`jilcs telti le`jilemcs `iki jltcrle`jilemcs dc priki`jðl dc me _P@. Cm `epëtumi 0, sc `cltre cl cm cstudji dcm `esi dc me `edcle bitcmcre Bjmtil Wirdwjdc, cl cm `uem sc dctemmel cm `ilhulti dc oucles prå`tj`es quc rcemjze me `edcle djvjdjdes pir djkclsjilcs (kcdjiekojcltem, si`jem, c`ilðkj`e) oesåldilis cl cm jlairkc dc _cspilseojmjded Pi`jem @irpiretjve quc puomj`e me `edcle dc ?65?-?650, edckås dc be`cr ul orcvc rc`irrjdi pir sus vemircs, iohctjvis c jlairke`jðl gclcrem dc me `edcle bitcmcre. Vir ømtjki, cl cm `epëtumi 4 sc csteomc`cl ule scrjc dc `il`musjilcs `il`musjilcs ajlemcs oesedes pir ul medi, cl cm cstudji tcðrj`i dc me _P@, y pir itri, cl me epmj`e`jðl dc mis prjl`jpjis y prå`tj`es dc _P@ quc epmj`e me `edcle Bjmtil, edckås dc cxpilcr mes mjkjte`jilcs y autures mëlces dc jlvcstjge`jðl quc pidrëel gujer auturis treoehis.
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TAG-TS_. _cspilseojmjded Pi`jem @irpiretjve cl cm Pc`tir Bitcmcri8 cm `esi dc me `edcle Bjmtil Wirmdwjdc
@EVËTSMI ? ME _CPVILPEOJMJDED PI@JEM @I_VI_ETJQE CL CM PC@TI_ BITCMC_I ?.5. DCMJKJTE@JÐL DCMJKJT E@JÐL TC_KJLIMÐGJ@E. TC_KJLIMÐGJ@ E. CQIMS@JÐL CQIM S@JÐL DCM @IL@CVTI Cstc epertedi sc ve e dcdj`er e cxpmj`er orcvckcltc me cvimu`jðl quc be cxpcrjkcltedi e mi mergi dc me bjstirje cm `il`cpti dc _P@ y tekojêl, sc berå kcl`jðl e emgules dc mes dcajlj`jilcs quc ku`bis eutircs bel jltcltedi itirger e cstc `il`cpti oesteltc djaë`jm dc dcajljr. Vere cmmi, lis bckis oesedi cl me tcsjs di`tirem rcemjzede pir me eutire Hjkêlcz Hjkêlcz, K.E (?65?)8 ”Me _P@ cl cm Pc`tir Bitcmcri8 Cstudji dc `esis kømtjpmcs‛. Kås terdc, cl cm sjgujcltc cpëgreac, sc `ili`crål cm `ilhulti dc prjl`jpjis y djkclsjilcs dc mis quc sc `ikpilc dj`bi `il`cpti.
?.5.5. Cvemue`jðl bjstðrj`e dcm `il`cpti. Em têrkjli dc me _cspilseojmjded _cspilseojmjded Pi`jem @irpiretjve, @irpiretjve, mc bel surgjdi jllukcreomcs jllukcreomcs dcajlj`jilcs dcsdc `ikjclzis dcm sjgmi RR. E `iltjlue`jðl kistrerckis emgules dc cmmes e kidi dc chckpmi, pcri eltcs berckis ul orcvc rcpesi pir me cvimu`jðl dcm `il`cpti e mi mergi dc me bjstirje oesåldilis oesåldilis cl Hjkêlcz, Hjkêlcz, K.E (?65?).
Pcgulde kjted dcm sjgmi RR (5:30)8 sc jlj`je me cre kidcrle dc me _P@. Biwerd _. Oiwcl jltridu`c cm `il`cpti dc rcspilseojmjded dc mis ckprcserjis ergukclteldi quc cstis dcocl epmj`er pimëtj`es, tiker dc`jsjilcs y scgujr mëlces dc e``jðl pere setjsae`cr mis iohctjvis y vemircs dc me si`jcded. • Arjcdkel (5:1?). Cm c`ilikjste Arjcdkel ergukclteoe quc sðmi cxjstc ule vcrdedcre y ølj`e rcspilseojmjded si`jem, quc cs me quc eukclte mis oclcaj`jis c`ilðkj`is dc me ckprcse. • K`Gujrc (5:10), Devjs (5:11-5:17) y Wemtil (5:17). Cstis eutircs prcsclteoel ule jdce dc rcspilseojmjded ckprcserjem `iltrerje e Arjcdkel. Vistumeoel quc dcoëe cxjstjr ule jlcvjteomc rcme`jðl cltrc me si`jcded y me ckprcse pere migrer ul oclcaj`ji kutui. Me dê`ede dc mis scsclte cs `ilsjdcrede pir @errimm (5:::) `iki me prjkcre cl me quc sc pridu`c ul `rc`jkjclti sjgljaj`etjvi cl mi rcacrcltc e me airkemjze`jðl y dcajlj`jðl dc me _P@. • Vrjl`jpjis dc mis eõis sctclte. Pc esukc quc me ckprcse dcoc scr rcspilseomc si`jemkcltc y sc jltridu`cl djacrcltcs claiqucs em têrkjli dc me _P@ `iki mis grupis dc jltcrês, me kexjkjze`jðl dcm oclcaj`ji (Hiblsil, 5:75), i me vimulterjcded vimulterjcded dc me _P@ (Kellc y Wemmj`b, 5:7?), cltrc itris. • Dê`ede dc mis i`bclte. Pc be`c bjl`epjê cl me oøsqucde dc me dcajlj`jðl dc _P@ y sc priauldjze cl `il`cptis y tckes cstrc`bekcltc rcme`jiledis `il me kjske `iki me pimëtj`e pøomj`e, me êtj`e ckprcserjem, me tcirëe dc mis grupis dc jltcrês, ct`. • Dê`ede dc mis livclte. Cs cl cste dê`ede `ueldi sc jltclte `ilvcl`cr e mis djrc`tjvis dc mes ckprcses pere esukjr rcspilseojmjdedcs quc aucrel kås emmå dc iotclcr su pripji oclcaj`ji. Mis têrkjlis e mis quc sc be`c rcacrcl`je cl cstc pcrjidi sil me êtj`e ckprcserjem, cm rcldjkjclti si`jem `irpiretjvi y me tcirëe dc mis grupis dc jltcrês (Bipnjls, 5::2). • Vrjl`jpjis dcm sjgmi RRJ. Pc epirtel lucves jdces y claiqucs em cstudji dc me _P@, pcri auldekcltemkcltc cs cl cste êpi`e e`tuem `ueldi cxjstc ul vcrdedcri •
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Imjve Oeroe, Cve
jltcrês pir `iltrester ckpërj`ekcltc ckpërj`ekcltc mes tcirëes dcserrimmedes eltcrjirkcltc. eltcrjirkcltc. Treoehis `iki cm dc Virtcr y Nrekcr (?661) `iorel ule cspc`jem rcmcvel`je em jdcltjaj`er me _P@ `iki ule aucltc dc ipirtuljdedcs, jllive`jðl y vcltehe `ikpctjtjve. Vir itre pertc, sil lukcrisis mis cstudjis quc sc bel dcdj`edi e kistrer me `ilcxjðl cxjstcltc cltrc me _P@ y cm rcldjkjclti ajlel`jcri, `iki pir chckpmi Grevcs y Weddi`n (?666), @emmedi y Strcri (?662), Vcmize (?661), ct`. Bey quc dcste`er tekojêl me prcsjðl quc e`tuemkcltc rc`jocl mes ckprcses pir pertc dc sus stencbimdcrs. Êstis cxjgcl `ede vcz kås ul `ikpirtekjclti rcspilseomc, pir mi quc sc `ilsjdcre jkpirteltc csteomc`cr djåmigis `il cstis grupis dc prcsjðl (Gerrjge y Kcmê, ?664). Bustcd y Emmcl (?664) pir su pertc, dcdj`el su treoehi e dckistrer `iki me _P@ eyude e mes ckprcses e `rcer vcltehes `ikpctjtjves y vemir pere mis `mjcltcs, jltcgreldi e me _P@ `iki pertc dc su cstretcgje dc lcgi`ji.
?.5.? Dcmjkjte`jðl tcrkjlimðgj`e tcrkjlimðgj`e dc me _P@. @iki kcl`jilekis em prjl`jpji dc cstc `epëtumi, cxjstcl jllukcreomcs dcajlj`jilcs dcajlj`jilcs dc me _P@, li iosteltc, li cxjstc ule ølj`e y `il`rcte dcajlj`jðl dcm têrkjli, pir mi quc sc kistrerål sðmi emgules dc mes epirte`jilcs, rc`igjdes cl Hjkêlcz, K.E. (?65?), quc bel rcemjzedi emgulis dc mis lukcrisis eutircs em `il`cpti dc _P@ e kidi dc chckpmi.
5:75. Hiblsil, B.8 ”Sle ckprcse si`jemkc ltc rcspilseomc cs equcmme `uye gcstjðl pcrsilem cqujmjore ule kumtjpmj`jded dc jltcrcscs. Cl muger dc mu`ber sðmi pir keyircs oclcaj`jis pere sus e``jiljstes, ule ckprcse tekojêl jl`muyc cl sus `ucltes edcs mi`emcs y me le`jðl.‛ e mis ckpmcedis, privccdircs, djstrjoujdircs, `ikuljd edcs
5:27. Cpstcjl, C.K.8 ”Me rcspilseojmjded si`jem dc mes ckprcses sc rcajcrc auldekcltemkcltc e me `ilsc`u`jðl dc mis rcsumtedis dc mes dc`jsjilcs irgeljze`jilemcs rcmetjves e esultis cspc`ëaj`is i priomckes quc (pir emgules lirketjves cstålder) tjclcl oclcaj`jis kås quc cac`tis edvcrsis siorc mis grupis dc jltcrês rcme`jiledis `il me `irpire`jðl. Cm pri`csi dc pimëtj`e si`jem `irpiretjve cs me jlstjtu`jilemjze`jðl dcltri dc mes irgeljze`jilcs ckprcserjemcs dc me êtj`e ckprcserjem, me _cspilseojmjded Pi`jem @irpiretjve y me rcspucste si`jem dc mes ckprcses. ‛
5::2. Bipnjls, K.8 ”Me _cspilseojmjded Pi`jem @irpiretjve cstå rcme`jilede `il cm treti êtj`i i si`jemkcltc rcspilseomc dc mis grupis dc jltcrês rcme`jiledis `il me ckprcse. Mis grupis dc jltcrês cxjstcl cxjstcl telti jltcrle `iki cxtcrlekcltc, cxtcrlekcltc, pir telti, ul `ikpirtekjclti si`jemkcltc rcspilseomc eukclterå cm dcserrimmi bukeli telti
dcltri `iki aucre dc me ckprcse. ‛
?665. Kersdcl, @.8 ”Me _P@ trete siorc cm `ikpirtekjclti prjl`jpem dc mes ckprcses y me rcspilseojmjded dc su jkpe`ti titem siorc mes si`jcdedcs cl mes quc ipcrel. _P@ li cs ul e``csirji ip`jilem lj ul e`ti dc ajmeltripëe. Sle ckprcse si`jemkcltc rcspilseomc cs me quc djrjgc ul lcgi`ji rclteomc tcljcldi cl `uclte tidis mis cac`tis pisjtjvis y lcgetjvis rcme`jiledis `il mis espc`tis ekojcltemcs,
si`jemcs y c`ilðkj`is quc me kjske tjclc siorc me si`jcded.‛
Vir itre pertc, tekojêl bey quc dcste`er mis lukcrisis jltcltis pir `ilscgujr ule dcajlj`jðl dcm `il`cpti pir pertc dc mes jlstjtu`jilcs telti le`jilemcs `iki jltcrle`jilemcs. E `iltjlue`jðl, `jterckis emgules dc cmmes `iki eltcrjirkcltc, e kidi dc chckpmi. Cl cm åkojti jltcrle`jilem, jltcrle`jilem, sc pucdcl dcste`er mes sjgujcltcs epirte`jilcs8
@irpiretc Pi`jem _cspilseojmjty-Curipc8 ”Me kelcre cl quc me ckprcse kelche y kchire su jkpe`ti si`jem y ekojcltem pere `rcer vemir pere sus e``jiljstes y pøomj`is jltcrcsedis jltcrcsedis (stencbimdcrs) (stencbimdcrs) jlliveldi jlliveldi su cstretcgje, irgeljze`jðl y ipcre`jilcs. ‛
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TAG-TS_. _cspilseojmjded Pi`jem @irpiretjve cl cm Pc`tir Bitcmcri8 cm `esi dc me `edcle Bjmtil Wirmdwjdc
Oel`i Kuldjem8 ”Cm `ikprikjsi dc mes ckprcses pere `ikpirtersc êtj`ekcltc y pere `iltrjoujr em dcserrimmi c`ilðkj`i sistcljomc treoeheldi `il tidis mis stencbimdcrs rcmcveltcs pere kchirer sus vjdes cl kelcres quc scel oucles pere me ckprcse, me egclde dcm dcserrimmi sistcljomc y me si`jcded cl gclcrem. ‛
E ljvcm le`jilem, le`jilem, dcste`erckis dcste`erckis mes sjgujcltcs sjgujcltcs epirte`jilcs8 epirte`jilcs8
Esi`je`jðl Cspeõime dc @ilteojmjded y Edkjljstre`jðl dc Ckprcses (EC@E)8 ”Cm `ikprikjsi vimulterji dc mes ckprcses `il cm dcserrimmi dc me si`jcded y me prcscrve`jðl dcm kcdji ekojcltc, dcsdc su `ikprikjsi si`jem y ul `ikpirtekjclti `ikpirtekjclti rcspilseomc be`je mes pcrsiles y grupis si`jemcs `il qujclcs jltcre`tøe. ‛
Sle Airi dc Cxpcrtis dcm Kjljstcrji dc Treoehi y Esultis Pi`jemcs8 ” Sle ckprcse cs si`jemkcltc rcspilseomc `ueldi rcspildc setjsae`tirjekcltc e mes cxpc`tetjves quc siorc su aul`jilekjclti aul`jilekjclti tjclcl mis djstjltis grupis dc jltcrês. ‛
Vere `il`mujr `il cstc epertedi, pidckis eajrker quc cstekis eltc ul `il`cpti djaë`jm dc dcmjkjter y quc cstå `iltjluekcltc edeptåldisc e mis `ekojis quc cxpcrjkclte me si`jcded. Cs pir telti, ul `il`cpti djlåkj`i y quc djajcrc dc ules irgeljze`jilcs e itres, ye quc êstes pcrsjgucl jltcrcscs djacrcltcs scgøl su `ekpi dc e`tjvjded.
?.?. V_JL@JVJIP OÅPJ@IP Z DJKCLPJILCP DC ME _P@ Cl cm prcscltc cpëgreac, `ili`crckis mis prjl`jpjis y djkclsjilcs dc mis quc sc `ikpilc me _cspilseojmjded Pi`jem @irpiretjve, pere kås edcmeltc `ili`cr ul `ilhulti dc oucles prå`tj`es quc sil dc epmj`e`jðl e lucstri sc`tir dc rcacrcl`je, quc cs cm bitcmcri.
?.?.5. Vrjl`jpjis oåsj`is dc me _cspilseojmjded _cspilseojmjded Pi`jem @irpiretjve. Vere beomer dc mis prjl`jpjis oåsj`is quc jltcgre me _P@, lis epiyerckis cl me `ikjsjðl dc rcspilseojmjded si`jem ckprcserjem dc me Esi`je`jðl Cspeõime dc @ilteojmjded y Edkjljstre`jðl dc Ckprcses (EC@E), `il`rctekcltc cl cm Ker`i @il`cptuem dc _cspilseojmjded Pi`jem @irpiretjve quc cmeoire cl ?660. Cste esi`je`jðl `il`cptuemjze mis prjl`jpjis oåsj`is dc _P@ cl8 ”rcgmes auldekcltemcs quc rjgcl cm `ikpirtekjclti si`jemkcltc rcspilseomc dc mes irgeljze`jilcs‛ . Mis prjl`jpjis oåsj`is quc pripilc cste `ikjsjðl sil8 trelspercl`je, ketcrjemjded, ketcrjemjded, vcrjaj`eojmjded, vcrjaj`eojmjded, vjsjðl ekpmje, kchire `iltjlue y leturemcze si`jem dc me irgeljze`jðl. Eltcs dc priauldjzer cl cmmis, berckis kcl`jðl em `il`cpti, mis iohctjvis dc me _P@ y e mes lc`csjdedcs gclêrj`es dc mis grupis dc jltcrês, ye quc me epmj`e`jðl y dctcrkjle`jðl dc cstis prjl`jpjis cstå cl mëlce `il cstis espc`tis. Dcajlj`jðl dc _P@ scgøl EC@E8 ”Me _cspilseojmjded Pi`jem @irpiretjve cs cm `ikprikjsi vimulterji dc mes ckprcses `il cm dcserrimmi dc me si`jcded y me prcscrve`jðl dcm kcdji ekojcltc, dcsdc su `ikpisj`jðl `ikpisj`jðl si`jem y ul `ikpirtekjclti `ikpirtekjclti rcspilseomc be`je mes pcrsiles y grupis si`jemc s `il qujclcs sc jltcre`tøe.‛ •
Cl `uelti `uelti e mis iohctjvis, cste `ikjsjðl csteomc`c quc me _P@ dcoc etcldcr e mes lc`csjdedcs dc mis grupis dc jltcrês oehi ul `ikpirtekjclti caj`jcltc y edeptåldisc e me djkclsjðl djkclsjðl c`ilðkj`e, si`jem y kcdjiekojcltem dc me ckprcse. Cstis iohctjvis vcldrål dctcrkjledis pir mes `ere`tcrëstj`es dcm cltirli quc mcs ridce, ul cltirli quc e su vcz `ilajgure mes lc`csjdedcs dc mis grupis dc jltcrês, pir mi telti, êstis scrvjrål dc oesc pere csteomc`cr mis iohctjvis dc me _P@. •
• Dede me me jkpirtel`je jkpirtel`je quc pere me _P@ _P@ tjclcl tjclcl mis mis grupis dc jltcrês, jltcrês, li li `eoc `eoc dude dc quc tjclcl quc scr kcl`jiledis cl cstc treoehi.
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Imjve Oeroe, Cve
Pc cltjcldc pir grupi dc jltcrês i stencbimdcr, e equcmmis ” grupis grupis si`jemcs c jldjvjduis eac`tedis pir me cxjstcl`je y e``jðl dc me ckprcse, `il ul jltcrês mcgëtjki, djrc`ti i jldjrc`ti, pir me ker`be dc êste, quc jlamuycl e su vcz cl me `ilsc`u`jðl dc mis iohctjvis ker`edis y su supcrvjvcl`je. ‛ (EC@E,?660). (EC@E,?660). Cstis sc pucdcl `mesjaj`er cl grupis dc jltcrês jltcrlis y cxtcrlis, dcpcldjcldi dc sj sc cl`ucltrel dcltri dc me cstru`ture dc me irgeljze`jðl i aucre dc êste. Dcltri dc mis jltcrlis sc cl`ucltrel mis ckpmcedis y mis e``jiljstes i pripjcterjis. pripjcterjis. Mis stencbimdcrs cxtcrlis pir su pertc, pidrëel scr mis `mjcltcs, mis privccdircs, mis `ikpctjdircs, mes edkjljstre`jilcs pøomj`es, mis egcltcs si`jemcs y me `ikuljded mi`em. Vir ømtjki, eõedjr quc mes lc`csjdedcs y cxpc`tetjves dc cstis grupis dc jltcrês, sil cm kitir quc guëe me meoir dc me _cspilseojmjded Pi`jem @irpiretjve, ker`eldi mis iohctjvis y mes mëlces cstretêgj`es scgujdis pir me irgeljze`jðl pere migrer ul dcserrimmi y oclcaj`ji kutui. @iki kcl`jilåoekis em `ikjclzi dc cstc cpëgreac, mis prjl`jpjis oåsj`is dc me _cspilseojmjded _cspilseojmjded Pi`jem @irpiretjve quc pripilc me EC@E sil mis sjgujcltcs8
Trelspercl`je8 `ilsjstc cl ae`jmjter cm e``csi e me jlairke`jðl e tidis mis stencbimdcrs siorc cm `ikpirtekjclti si`jem quc mmcve e `eoi me irgeljze`jðl. Pc `ilsjdcre cmckclti auldekcltem dc me _P@. lc`csjdedcs y cxpc`tetjves dc mis • Ketcrjemjded8 sc trete dc tclcr cl `uclte mes lc`csjdedcs stencbimdcrs cl me tike dc dc`jsjilcs, earilteldi tides mes djkclsjilcs dc me _PC, mmcveldi e `eoi pere cmmi ul edc`uedi amuhi dc rcme`jilcs rcme`jilcs `il mes pertcs jltcrcsedes. • Qcrjaj`eojmjded8 jkpmj`e cm sikctjkjclti e vcrjaj`e`jilcs cxtcrles dc tides mes e`tue`jilcs si`jemkcltc rcspilseomcs quc rcemj`c me ckprcse, `il cm ajl dc escgurer su `rcdjojmjded. `rcdjojmjded. • Qjsjðl ekpmje8 cm `ukpmjkjclti dc cstc prjl`jpji jkpmj`e `ilsjdcrer cm jkpe`ti quc pridu`c me irgeljze`jðl li sðmi e ljvcm mi`em, sjli tekojêl e ljvcm rcgjilem, `iltjlcltem y gmioem, tcljcldi sjckprc ul scltjdi `meri dc mcgedi pere autures gclcre`jilcs. Pupilc quc mes irgeljze`jilcs dctcrkjlcl su jkpe`ti ke`ric`ilðkj`i, ke`ric`ilðkj`i, ekpmjeldi su tredj`jilem vjsjðl e ljvcm kj`ric`ilðkj`i. kj`ric`ilðkj`i. • Kchire `iltjlue8 me _cspilseojmjded Pi`jem @irpiretjve cstå cstrc`bekcltc mjgede e me pcrvjvcl`je dc me irgeljze`jðl e mergi pmezi, prikivjcldi ule edc`uede rcme`jðl `il cm cltirli si`jem y `il cm kcdji ekojcltc `il cm quc sc jltcrrcme`jile. jltcrrcme`jile. • Leturemcze si`jem dc me irgeljze`jðl8 me _P@ cstå auldekcltede cl cm rc`ili`jkjclti rc`ili`jkjclti dc me leturemcze si`jem dc mes irgeljze`jilcs, prcvemc`jcldi cstc vemir siorc `uemqujcr itre `ilsjdcre`jðl dc tjpi c`ilðkj`i i tê`lj`i. Dcste`e cm vemir y cm pepcm dcm scr bukeli `iki cltc jldjvjduem y si`jem, irjgcl y ajl dc me irgeljze`jðl. •
?.?.?. Djkclsjilcs dc me _cspilseojmjded Pi`jem @irpiretjve. @irpiretjve. Dcojdi em `erå`tcr kumtjdjkclsjilem dcm `il`cpti dc _P@, sil ku`bis mis eutircs quc djajcrcl cl `uåmcs sil sus djkclsjilcs. Cl cstc treoehi sc eoirderål emgulis dc mis kidcmis quc kchir e`cpte`jðl bel tcljdi pir me `ikuljded `jcltëaj`e8 cm kidcmi dc @errimm (5:7:, (5:7:, 5::5, 5:::), y cm kidcmi dclikjledi ”trjpmc oemel`c i trjpmc `uclte dc rcsumtedis‛.
Pcgøl cm kidcmi dc @errimm, mes djkclsjilcs dc me _P@ sil `uetri8 c`ilðkj`e, mcgem, êtj`e y ajmeltrðpj`e. Cstes djkclsjilcs dcpcldcl su`csjvekcltc ules dc itres, esë pere quc sc pucdel `ukpmjr mes rcspilseojmjdedcs êtj`es y ajmeltrðpj`es, eltcs sc bel dcojdi `ukpmjr mes djkclsjilcs c`ilðkj`es y mcgemcs. Cm kidcmi sc cstru`ture em jguem quc ule pjråkjdc, cl me quc me oesc dc êste scrëe me rcspilseojmjded c`ilðkj`e, quc sc rcajcrc e quc me ckprcse aul`jilc dc kelcre caj`jcltc y rclteomc. E `iltjlue`jðl, sc cl`ucltre me djkclsjðl mcgem, cltcldjde `iki c m `ukpmjkjclti dc sus rcspilseojmjdedcs mcgemcs. Cl tcr`cr muger, me djkclsjðl êtj`e sc rcajcrc e mes
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TAG-TS_. _cspilseojmjded Pi`jem @irpiretjve cl cm Pc`tir Bitcmcri8 cm `esi dc me `edcle Bjmtil Wirmdwjdc
cxpc`tetjves dc me si`jcded dc quc mes ckprcses tclgel ul `ikpirtekjclti si`jemkcltc rcspilseomc. Ajlemkcltc, cl me `øspjdc dc me pjråkjdc sc cl`ucltre me djkclsjðl ajmeltrðpj`e, rcmetjve e me e``jðl si`jem vimulterje cl me quc sc jkpmjquc me ckprcse pere setjsae`cr e me si`jcded. Vir itri medi, cm kidcmi dcm Dcserrimmi Pistcljomc, em quc sc mc `ili`c tekojêl `iki ”trjpmc oemel`c i trjpmc `uclte dc rcsumtedis‛, pripilc trcs djkclsjilcs
jldcpcldjcltcs8 me djkclsjðl c`ilðkj`e, me si`jem y me kcdjiekojcltem. Me cspc`jem rcmcvel`je quc edqujcrc cl cstc claiquc me djkclsjðl kcdjiekojcltem dc me _P@ be`c quc su pmeltcekjclti sce cm kås edc`uedi pere sc`tircs `il ul grel jkpe`ti cl su cltirli aësj`i, `iki cs cm `esi dcm turjski. Me Irgeljze`jðl Kuldjem dcm Turjski, be`c bjl`epjê cl cstes d jkclsjilcs jkclsjilcs dcsdc me pcrspc`tjve dcm dcserrimmi dcm turjski sistcljomc, cm `uem dcajlc `iki8 ”Cm turjski quc tjclc pmclekcltc cl `uclte mes rcpcr`usjilcs e`tuemcs y autures, c`ilðkj`es, si`jemcs y kcdjiekojcltemcs pere setjsae`cr mes lc`csjdedcs dc mis vjsjteltcs, dc me jldustrje, dcm cltirli y dc mes `ikuljdedcs elajtrjiles‛ . Vir mi telti, scgøl me IKT, cstes djkclsjilcs `ilmmcvel mes sjgujcltcs jkpmj`e`jilcs8 jkpmj`e`jilcs8 • Djkclsjðl c`ilðkj`e8 ”escgurer ules e`tjvjdedcs c`ilðkj`es vjeomcs e mergi pmezi, quc rcpirtcl e tidis mis egcltcs ulis oclcaj`jis si`jic`ilðkj`is ojcl djstrjoujdis, cltrc mis quc sc cl`ucltrcl ipirtuljdedcs dc ckpmci csteomc y iotcl`jðl dc jlgrcsis y scrvj`jis si`jemcs pere mes `ikuljdedcs elajtrjiles, y quc `iltrjouyel `iltrjouyel e me rcdu``jðl dc me piorcze‛ .
Djkclsjðl kcdjiekojcltem8 ”der ul usi ðptjki e mis rc`ursis ekojcltemcs, quc sil ul cmckclti auldekcltem dcm dcserrimmi turëstj`i, keltcljcldi mis pri`csis c`imðgj`is cscl`jemcs y eyudeldi e `ilscrver mis rc`ursis leturemcs y me djvcrsjded •
ojimðgj`e‛. • Djkclsjðl si`jem8 ”rcspcter me eutcltj`jded si`ji`umturem dc mes `ikuljdedcs elajtrjiles, `ilscrver sus e`tjvis `umturemcs erqujtc`tðlj`is y vjvis y sus vemircs tredj`jilemcs y `iltrjoujr em cltcldjkjclti y me timcrel`je jltcr`umturemcs‛. jltcr`umturemcs‛.
Sle vcz `ili`jdes mes djkclsjilcs quc `ikpilcl me _P@, scrëe `ilvcljcltc `ilvcljcltc pere lucstri treoehi priauldjzer kås cl cstes djkclsjilcs epmj`åldimes em sc`tir bitcmcri, quc cs e mi quc lis vekis e dcdj`er cl cm sjgujcltc sjgujcltc cpëgreac.
?.0. OSCLEP V_Å@TJ@EP CL CM PC@TI_ BITCMC_I @iki kcl`jilåoekis eltcrjirkcltc, e `iltjlue`jðl kistrerckis ul `ilhulti dc oucles prå`tj`es djrjgjdes e ckprcses bitcmcres djvjdjdes scgøl me djkclsjðl e me quc pcrtclc`c, esë `iki e su `ekpi dc epmj`e`jðl. Me jlairke`jðl sc be iotcljdi dc ule guëe rcemjzede pir me `ilsumtire kemegucõe _iedkep 5 8 ”_PC. Jdces `mevcs y oucles prå`tj`es cl bitcmcs‛ , quc tjclc pir iohctjvi sclsjojmjzer e mis bitcmcs cl me lc`csjded dc jltridu`jr prjl`jpjis dc _P@ quc `ilduz`el `ilduz`el e me sistcljojmjded sistcljojmjded dcm sc`tir.
5
_iedkep cs ule ckprcse `ilsumtire kemegucõe `uye kjsjðl cs `iltrjoujr em dcserrimmi sistcljomc prikivjcldi me jltcgre`jðl dc mis prjl`jpjis dc me _P@ cl me `umture dc mes irgeljze`jilcs y `ekojeldi su airke dc rcme`jilersc `il mis grupis dc jltcrês y su cltirli.
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Imjve Oeroe, Cve
DJKCLPJÐL
@EKVI DC EVMJ@E@JÐL
OSCLEP V_Å@TJ@EP Airker e mis djstjltis dcpertekcltis cl me edip`jðl dc oucles prå`tj`es quc prcvclgel rjcsgis dcrjvedis dc me pripje e`tjvjded quc dcsckpcõel.
Pcgurjded y Pemud Meoirem
Aikclter cltrc mis/es ckpmcedis/es y `mjcltcs me emjkclte`jðl semudeomc. Jl`cltjver e mis/es ckpmcedis/es siorc mis oclcaj`jis dc rcemjzer chcr`j`ji i dcpirtc. Ae`jmjter y aikclter cm e``csi jguemjterji cl mes priki`jilcs jltcrles dc me irgeljze`jðl
Jguemded dc Ipirtuljdedcs
Aikclter c jl`um`er ul usi li scxjste dcm mclguehc telti cl mes `ikulj`e`jilcs `il mis `mjcltcs `iki cl cm `elem jltcrli. Gcstjiler `il caj`jcl`je me `il`jmje`jðl cl equcmmis/es ckpmcedis/es quc tclgel me `ildj`jðl dc prigcljtircs/es.
DJKCLPJÐL PI@JEM Gcstjðl dc me @il`jmje`jðl y me Djvcrsjded
Etcldcr equcmmes lc`csjdedcs cspc`jemcs dcm pcrsilem cl `uelti e pctj`jilcs emjkclterjes, ye sce pir ul rcqucrjkjclti dc semud i pir su `ildj`jðl rcmjgjise i dc itre ëldimc. Be`cr e``csjomcs mes jlsteme`jilcs pere mis `imc`tjvis dc djs`epe`jtedis. djs`epe`jtedis. Aikclter cltrc cm pcrsilem y, cspc`jemkcltc, cltrc mis `mjcltcs, cm `ili`jkjclti y djausjðl dc me gestrilikëe y `umture `umtur e dcm cltirli cl cm quc sc jlscrte cm bitcm (le`jilem, rcgjilem y mi`em).
Cltirli Pi`jem
Jl`cltjver cm vimulterjedi cltrc me pmeltjmme e trevês dc e``jilcs quc supilgel ul oclcaj`ji cl cm cltirli prðxjki. @iltrjoujr e me rjqucze dcm cltirli e trevês dcm aikclti dcm ckpmci mi`em.
Teome ?.5. Oucles prå`tj`es dc me djkclsjðl si`jem. Aucltc8 Cmeoire`jðl pripje e pertjr dc _iedkep8 ”_PC. Jdces `mevcs y oucles prå`tj`es cl bitcmcs‛ .
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TAG-TS_. _cspilseojmjded Pi`jem @irpiretjve cl cm Pc`tir Bitcmcri8 cm `esi dc me `edcle Bjmtil Wirmdwjdc
DJKCLPJÐL
@EKVI DC EVMJ@E@JÐL
OSCLEP V_Å@TJ@EP
Vertj`jpe`jðl dcm Vcrsilem
Jl`cltjver me pertj`jpe`jðl c jkpmj`e`jðl dcm pcrsilem cl me pisjomc kchire `iltjlue dc me irgeljze`jðl.
Airke`jðl y Aikclti dc me Ckpmceojmjded
Djeglistj`er mes lc`csjdedcs dc airke`jðl cl me pmeltjmme dc me irgeljze`jðl.
Dcrc`bis Bukelis
Beojmjter mis `eu`cs lc`cserjis pere quc li sc priduz`e ljlgøl jl`ukpmjkjclti dc mis dcrc`bis oåsj`is auldekcltemcs dcltri dc me irgeljze`jðl.
DJKCLPJÐL PI@JEM
Teome ?.5. @iltjlue`jðl. Oucles prå`tj`es dc me djkclsjðl si`jem. Aucltc8 Cmeoire`jðl pripje e pertjr dc _iedkep8 ”_PC. Jdces `mevcs y oucles prå`tj`es cl bitcmcs‛ . DJKCLPJÐL
@EKVI DC EVMJ@E@JÐL
OSCLEP V_Å@TJ@EP Be`cr ul usi re`jilem dcm egue, prikivcr su ebirri y cvjter cm kemgesti.
Egue
Jlvcrtjr cl kequjlerje djspisjtjvis quc pcrkjtel ebirri dc egue i begel usi kås caj`jcltc dc kjske.
i ul ul me
Eprivc`ber em kåxjki me muz leturem y rctreser cm cl`cldjdi dc mes mu`cs.
DJKCLPJÐL EKOJCLTEM
Clcrgëe
Be`cr ul usi caj`jcltc dc mis `ikoustjomcs gescisis y me clcrgëe cmê`trj`e cl cm årce dc `i`jle. Be`cr ul usi caj`jcltc dc mis cqujpis c jlvcrtjr cl sjstckes i djspisjtjvis quc pcrkjtel ul ebirri dc clcrgëe cmê`trj`e. Epucste pir rcliveomcs.
me
clcrgëes clcrgëes
Kjljkjzer cm vimukcl dc rcsjduis gclcredis.
_csjduis
Pcperer y gcstjiler edc`uedekcltc `ede tjpi dc rcsjdui.
Teome ?.?. Oucles prå`tj`es dc me djkclsjðl ekojcltem. Aucltc8 Cmeoire`jðl pripje e pertjr dc _iedkep8 ”_PC. Jdces `mevcs y oucles prå`tj`es cl bitcmcs‛ .
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Imjve Oeroe, Cve
DJKCLPJÐL
@EKVI DC EVMJ@E@JÐL Vepcm
OSCLEP V_Å@TJ@EP Djskjlujr cm `ilsuki dc pepcm. Aikclter cm usi dc pepcm rc`j`medi.
@ikpres
Tclcr cl `uclte `rjtcrjis ekojcltemcs e me bire dc rcemjzer mes `ikpres.
_ujdi
Kjljkjzer cm rujdi cl mes jlsteme`jilcs. Cm `ilairt dc mes pcrsiles quc sc emihel cl cm bitcm, pcri tekojêl cm dc mis treoehedircs y treoehedires, dcpcldc cl ul gredi cmcvedi dcm ljvcm dc rujdis quc sc pridu`cl cl mes djvcrses årces cl mes djacrcltcs bires dcm dëe.
DJKCLPJÐL EKOJCLTEM
Pclsjojmjze`jðl
Tresmeder em pcrsilem dcm bitcm me prci`upe`jðl pir cm kcdji ekojcltc y sclsjojmjzermi `il cm priomcke. Dermcs e `ili`cr tides mes e`tue`jilcs i gcstis quc pucdcl rcemjzer y mes kchirer quc `il su epmj`e`jðl sc pucdcl mmcger e `ilscgujr. Trelskjtjr e mis `mjcltcs cm `ikprikjsi edqujrjdi pere `il cm kcdji ekojcltc, y pcdjr su `imeoire`jðl dureltc su cstel`je cl cm bitcm dåldimcs e `ili`cr pcqucõis gcstis quc pucdc mmcver e `eoi.
Trelspirtc
Aikclter cm usi dcm trelspirtc pøomj`i cltrc mis `mjcltcs.
Teome ?.?. @iltjlue`jðl. Oucles prå`tj`es dc me djkclsjðl ekojcltem. Aucltc8 Cmeoire`jðl pripje e pertjr dc _iedkep8 ”_PC. Jdces `mevcs y oucles prå`tj`es cl bitcmcs‛ .
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TAG-TS_. _cspilseojmjded Pi`jem @irpiretjve cl cm Pc`tir Bitcmcri8 cm `esi dc me `edcle Bjmtil Wirmdwjdc
DJKCLPJÐL
@EKVI DC EVMJ@E@JÐL
OSCLEP V_Å@TJ@EP Dcajljr ul Ker`i Cstretêgj`i
Êtj`e y Oucl Giojcrli
Dcajljr ule Gcstjðl _cspilseomc
Vimëtj`e dc Pi`jemkcltc
Cmeoirer ul @ðdjgi Êtj`i Edbcrjrsc kuldjemcs
Trelspercl`je y @ikulj`e`jðl
e
jlj`jetjves
@ikulj`er evel`cs y migris cl ketcrje dc _P@ Csteomc`cr jldj`edircs y kcdjr mes e`tue`jilcs dc _PC @ili`cr mes lc`csjdedcs, cxpc`tetjves y setjsae``jðl dc mis `mjcltcs
@mjcltcs
Der ule jlairke`jðl `ikpmcte, trelspercltc, y bilcste dc su iacrte `ikcr`jem Jltridu`jr espc`tis dc rcspilseojmjded si`jem cl mis `rjtcrjis dc `ikpre
DJKCLPJIL C@ILIKJ@E @edcle dc Pukjljstri
Csteomc`cr rcme`jilcs csteomcs y oesedes cl prjl`jpjis dc rcspcti y `rce`jðl dc vemir Jdcltjaj`er mis pri`csis
Caj`jcl`je Ipcre`jilem
@ikpctcl`je
Jkpmelter sjstckes dc gcstjðl lirkemjzedis Vertj`jper c jltcgrersc cl esi`je`jilcs ckprcserjemcs y sc`tirjemcs Jdcltjaj`er irgeljze`jilcs mi`emcs, li mu`retjves, `il mes quc pucde `imeoirer
@ikuljded y Cltirli Mi`em
Dcserrimmer cm `irpiretjvi
vimulterjedi
Treter dc `imeoirer `il ckprcses y privccdircs mi`emcs
Jllive`jðl y Tc`limigëe
Jl`irpirer tc`limigëe cl su ckprcse Jlvcrtjr cl jllive`jðl
Teome ?.0. Oucles prå`tj`es dc me djkclsjðl c`ilðkj`e. Aucltc8 Cmeoire`jðl pripje e pertjr dc _iedkep8 ”_PC. Jdces `mevcs y oucles prå`tj`es cl bitcmcs‛ .
Vere der e `ili`cr cm `ilhulti dc oucles prå`tj`es quc rcemjzel mes ckprcses, telti bitcmcres `iki dc `uemqujcr itri tjpi, mes irgeljze`jilcs ckpmcel cm usi dc kckirjes
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Imjve Oeroe, Cve
dc sistcljojmjded, me keyirëe dc cmmes clgmioedes dcltri dcm ker`i G_J. Cm sjgujcltc cpëgreac sc ve e dcdj`er e priauldjzer kås cl cstc scltjdi, edckås dc be`cr kcl`jðl e verjes dc mes jlstjtu`jilcs telti le`jilemcs `iki jltcrle`jilemcs quc prikucvcl me _P@.
?.4. KCKI_JEP DC PIPTCLJOJMJDED PIPTCLJOJM JDED G_J. JLJ@JETJQEP JLJ@JET JQEP JLPTJTS@JILEMCP JLPTJT S@JILEMCP DC V_IKI@JIL DC ME _P@. ?.4.5. Kckirjes dc sistcljojmjded G_J. Cl cm åkojti dc mes irgeljze`jilcs, mes kckirjes dc sistcljojmjded dcsckpcõel me meoir dc cxpilcr jlairke`jðl siorc cm dcsckpcõi c`ilðkj`i, ekojcltem, si`jem y dc giojcrli dc mes kjskes. Bey quc dcste`er quc `ede vcz cs kås arc`ucltc cl`iltrer ckprcses quc dcsccl be`cr sus ipcre`jilcs kås sistcljomcs, cl cstc scltjdi, ” Sle kckirje dc sistcljojmjded cs me pmeteairke `mevc pere `ikulj`er jkpe`tis dc sistcljojmjded pisjtjvis y lcgetjvis, y pere `epturer jlairke`jðl jlairke`jðl quc pucde jlamujr cl me pimëtj`e dc me irgeljze`jðl, su cstretcgje y sus ipcre`jilcs dc kelcre `iltjlue. ‛ Cltrc mes rezilcs quc mmcvel e mes irgeljze`jilcs e me cmeoire`jðl dc cstes kckirjes dc sistcljojmjded sistcljojmjded dcste`erckis mes sjgujcltcs8 sjgujcltcs8
Kchirer su `ikprclsjðl dc mis rjcsgis y mes ipirtuljdedcs e mis quc sc clarcltel. Kchirer su rcpute`jðl y me mcemted e me ker`e. Ae`jmjter e mis grupis dc jltcrês me `ikprclsjðl e`cr`e dcm dcsckpcõi y mis jkpe`tis dc sistcljojmjded. sistcljojmjded. Be`cr êlaesjs cl me rcme`jðl cltrc cm dcsckpcõi ajlel`jcri y li ajlel`jcri. ajlel`jcri. Jlamujr cl mes pimëtj`es y me cstretcgje gcrcl`jem e mergi pmezi, esë `iki cl mis pmelcs dc lcgi`jis. lcgi`jis. @ikperer y cvemuer cm dcsckpcõi cl ketcrje dc sistcljojmjded `il rcspc`ti e mi csteomc`jdi cl mes mcycs, lirkes, `ðdjgis, lirkes dc aul`jilekjclti c jlj`jetjves vimulterjes. Dckistrer `ðki me irgeljze`jðl chcr`c jlamucl`je y cs jlamucl`jede pir cxpc`tetjves rcme`jiledes rcme`jiledes `il cm dcserrimmi sistcljomc. @ikperer cm dcsckpcõi jltcrlekcltc e mi mergi dcm tjckpi, esë `iki `il itres irgeljze`jilcs. @ukpmjr `il lirketjves le`jilemcs i `il rcqucrjkjcltis dc mes Oimses dc Qemircs.
Vere me rcde``jðl dc cstc tjpi dc kckirjes, lis oeserckis cl Cm Ker`i G_J pere me cmeoire`jðl dc Kckirjes dc Pistcljojmjded Pistcljojmjded quc cs cm `ilhulti dc ketcrjemcs iarc`jdis pir me G_J (Gmioem _cpirtjlg Jlj`jetjvc) pere me cmeoire`jðl dc Kckirjes dc Pistcljojmjded. Pistcljojmjded. Cstc ker`i be sjdi utjmjzedi ut jmjzedi pir kjmcs dc irgeljze`jilcs (dc djacrcltcs tjpis y tekeõis) dc tidi cm kuldi `iki oesc pere me cmeoire`jðl dc sus kckirjes dc sistcljojmjded.
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TAG-TS_. _cspilseojmjded Pi`jem @irpiretjve cl cm Pc`tir Bitcmcri8 cm `esi dc me `edcle Bjmtil Wirmdwjdc
Ajgure ?.5. Migi dc G_J Aucltc8 www.gmioemrcpirtjlg.irg
Gmioem _cpirtjlg Jljtjetjvc (G_J) cs ule irgeljze`jðl sjl åljki dc mu`ri auldede pir @C_CP? (@iemjtjil air Clvjrilkcltemmy _cspilseomc C`ilikjcs) y cm VLSKE (Vrigreke dc mes Le`jilcs Sljdes pere cm Kcdji Ekojcltc) quc tjclc `iki kjsjðl ” be`cr be`cr dc me cmeoire`jðl dc kckirjes dc sistcljojmjded ule prå`tj`e beojtuem pripir`jileldi pripir`jileldi irjclte`jðl y rcspemdi e mes irgeljze`jilcs irgeljze`jilcs ‛ , y `iki vjsjðl migrer ”ule c`ilikëe gmioem sistcljomc dildc mes irgeljze`jilcs gcstjilcl rcspilseomckcltc su dcsckpcõi c jkpe`tis c`ilðkj`is, ekojcltemcs y si`jemcs, y cmeoircl kckirjes dc ule airke trelspercltc. trelspercltc. ‛
?.4.?. Jlj`jetjves jlstjtu`jilemcs pere me priki`jðl dc me _P@. _P@. Cxjstcl lukcrises jlstjtu`jilcs y irgeljze`jilcs dcdj`edes e prikivcr me _P@, e `iltjlue`jðl sc vel e likorer emgules dc cmmes rc`igjdes cl cm cstudji siorc ” Me _cspilseojmjded _cspilseojmjded Pi`jem cl mes Ckprcses Eldemuzes dc C`ilikëe Pi`jem ‛ rcemjzedi pir me @ilacdcre`jðl dc Cltjdedcs pere me C`ilikëe Pi`jem dc Eldemu`ëe (@CVCP) cl ?667. E ljvcm le`jilem, le`jilem, y sjgujcldi mes rcacrcl`jes rcacrcl`jes quc lis pripir`jile @CVCP, @CVCP, cstes sil emgules dc mes cltjdedcs quc prikucvcl me _P@8
@muo dc Cx`cmcl`je cl Pistcljojmjded. Cs ule esi`je`jðl ckprcserjem `ikpucste pir ul grupi dc greldcs ckprcses quc epucstel pir cm `rc`jkjclti sistcljomc dcsdc cm pulti dc vjste c`ilðkj`i, si`jem y kcdjiekojcltem. Tjclc `iki iohctjvi scr ul airi dc djåmigi `il stencbimdcrs, scr ule pmeteairke dc ocl`bkernjlg cl dcserrimmi sistcljomc y trelskjtjr oucles prå`tj`es dc _P@ em tchjdi ckprcserjem cspeõim. Aulde`jðl C`imigëe y Dcserrimmi (C@IDCP). Cste irgeljze`jðl prjvede tjclc `iki kjsjðl8 ”ous`er `ðkpmj`cs cl me `judedelëe , mes irgeljze`jilcs dc me si`jcded `jvjm, mes ckprcses y mes edkjljstre`jilcs pøomj`es, pere e`cmcrer me trelsj`jðl e ule c`ilikëe vcrdc, jl`musjve y rcspilseomc, clker`ede cl ule lucve giocrlelze, kcdjeltc me jllive`jðl y me `rce`jðl dc pucltcs y emjelzes‛.
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Aulde`jðl Êtlir . Cs ule irgeljze`jðl sjl åljki dc mu`ri `uyi ajl cs prikivcr cm rc`ili`jkjclti, djausjðl y rcspcti dc mis vemircs êtj`is jkpmë`jtis cl me e`tjvjded c`ilðkj`e y cl me `emjded dc mes irgeljze`jilcs c jlstjtu`jilcs pøomj`es y prjvedes. Pu e`tjvjded sc `ere`tcrjze pir dcserrimmer priyc`tis dc jlvcstjge`jðl `il cm iohctjvi dc gclcrer jllive`jðl si`jem, me jkpmelte`jðl dc bcrrekjcltes quc ae`jmjtcl ule gcstjðl êtj`e dc mes irgeljze`jilcs, irgeljze`jilcs, y me airke`jðl cl êtj`e ckprcserjem `il cm iohctjvi dc sclsjojmjzer y der mes `mevcs pere cm dcserrimmi dc irgeljze`jilcs êtj`es. Jlairkc dcm Airi dc Cxpcrtis cl _cspilseojmjded Pi`jem dc mes Ckprcses. Be rculjdi e 46 rcprcsclteltcs dc tidis mis sc`tircs si`jemcs8 ILG, Sljvcrsjded, ckprcses y Edkjljstre`jilcs Edkjljstre`jilcs Vøomj`es, `il me ajlemjded dc ae`jmjter me meoir dcm Giojcrli pere rcairzer me rcgume`jðl siorc _P@. E trevês dc mes
@crcs cs ule irgeljze`jðl sjl åljki dc mu`ri quc tjclc `iki kjsjðl me kivjmjze`jðl dc mis jlvcrsircs y mes ckprcses dc mjdcrezgi pere `ilstrujr ule c`ilikëe gmioem sistcljomc prðspcre.
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Imjve Oeroe, Cve
rculjilcs `cmcoredes, cm airi be pcrkjtjdi evelzer cl me dcajlj`jðl dc rimcs y e`tue`jilcs lc`cserjes lc`cserjes pere cm aikclti dc me _P@. Cl cm åkojti jltcrle`jilem tekojêl sil lukcrisis mis irgeljskis quc prikucvcl me _P@. Lis bckis oesedi cl cm jlairkc quc rcemjze me Aulde`jðl C`imigëe y Dcserrimmi (C@IDCP)8 ” _cspilseojmjded Pi`jem @irpiretjve y Vimëtj`es Vøomj`es ‛ (?664), pere be`cr kcl`jðl e emgulis dc cmmis.
@ikjsjðl Curipce8 ”Mjori Qcrdc8 Aikclter ul ker`i curipci pere me rcspilseojmjded si`jem dc mes ckprcses‛ (?665). Tjclc pir iohcti ”jlj`jer ul ekpmji dcoetc siorc `ðki pidrëe aikclter me Sljðl Curipce me rcspilseojmjded si`jem dc mes ckprcses e ljvcm curipci c jltcrle`jilem, cl pertj`umer siorc `ðki eprivc`ber em kåxjki mes cxpcrjcl`jes cxjstcltcs, aikclter cm dcserrimmi dc prå`tj`es jllivedires, jllivedires, eukclter eukclter me trelspercl`je c jl`rckclter jl`rckclter me ajeojmjded ajeojmjded dc me cvemue`jðl y me vemjde`jðl.‛
Irgeljze`jðl Jltcrle`jilem dcm Treoehi8 ”Dc`mere`jðl Trjpertjte dc me IJT siorc mes ckprcses kumtjle`jilemcs y me pimëtj`e si`jem‛. Pil rc`ikclde`jilcs e mis giojcrlis, e mes irgeljze`jilcs ckprcserjemcs y dc treoehedircs y e mes pripjes ckprcses kumtjle`jilemcs. Cste dc`mere`jðl `iltjclc prjl`jpjis cl ketcrje dc ckpmci, airke`jðl priacsjilem, `ildj`jilcs dc treoehi y dc vjde, y rcme`jilcs meoiremcs. Mëlces djrc`trj`cs dc me I@DC pere ckprcses kumtjle`jilemcs. Pil ule scrjc dc rc`ikclde`jilcs quc clul`jel prjl`jpjis y lirkes vimulterjes pere ule `ildu`te ckprcserjem rcspilseomc, `ikpetjomc `il mes mcgjsme`jilcs epmj`eomcs. Vrctcldcl ae`jmjter me `rce`jðl dc ul ker`i gmioem pere me rcspilseojmjded `irpiretjve pir pertc dc ckprcses, sjldj`etis y ILG. Cste terce rc`ec cl mis giojcrlis dc mis peëscs kjckoris dc me I@DC. Ve`ti Kuldjem dc mes Le`jilcs Sljdes pere me _P@. Cm prigreke csteomc`c me `imeoire`jðl cltrc mes ckprcses y mes djacrcltcs irgeljze`jilcs dc Le`jilcs Sljdes, mes irgeljze`jilcs ckprcserjemcs, mes jlstjtu`jilcs quc treoehel cl cm `ekpi dc me _P@, mis sjldj`etis, mes ILG y itris, pere `ilstrujr rcdcs y priyc`tis `ilhultis cl mis quc sc `ikpertel `ikpertel mis vemircs y mis prjl`jpjis dc _P@. Pc eljke e mes ckprcses e scgujr djcz prjl`jpjis uljvcrsemcs cl `uetri årces djacrcltcs8 dcrc`bis bukelis, kcdji ekojcltc, dcrc`bis meoiremcs y `irrup`jðl. @ðdjgi Êtj`i Kuldjem dcm Turjski (?665), IKT. Tjclc `iki iohctjvi me
”priki`jðl y cl cm d cserrimmi cserrimmi dcm turjski `il cm ajl dc `iltrjoujr em `rc`jkjclti
c`ilðkj`i, e me `ikprclsjðl jltcrle`jilem, e me pez y e me prispcrjded dc mis peëscs, esë `iki em rcspcti uljvcrsem y e me ioscrvel`je dc mis dcrc`bis bukelis y dc mes mjocrtedcs auldekcltemcs sjl djstjl`jðl dc reze, scxi, mclgue lj rcmjgjðl‛.
Sle vcz eoirdedi cm cstudji tcðrj`i dc me _cspilseojmjded Pi`jem @irpiretjve quc sc be rcemjzedi cl cm prcscltc `epëtumi, lis vekis e dcdj`er, cl cm sjgujcltc `epëtumi, e elemjzer mes prå`tj`es dc _P@ quc sc bel mmcvedi e `eoi dcltri dc me `edcle Bjmtil Wirmdwjdc, pere cmmi lis bckis oesedi cl me jlairke`jðl quc sc be pidjdi rc`eoer dcm ømtjki jlairkc dc _cspilseojmjded Pi`jem @irpiretjve quc e`tuemkcltc tjclc puomj`edi me `edcle bitcmcre dc mis eõis ?65? y ?650.
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TAG-TS_. _cspilseojmjded Pi`jem @irpiretjve cl cm Pc`tir Bitcmcri8 cm `esi dc me `edcle Bjmtil Wirmdwjdc
@EVËTSMI 0 ME _CPVILPEOJMJDED PI@JEM @I_VI_ETJQE CL BJMTIL WI_MDWJDC 0.5. E@C_@E DC BJMTIL WI_MDWJDC Auldede cl 5:5: pir @ilred Bjmtil, Bjmtil Wirmdwjdc cs biy cl dëe ule dc mes `ikpeõëes dc bispjtemjded kås greldcs dcm kuldi y e`tuemkcltc cl cxpelsjðl. @uclte `il kås dc 113.666 beojte`jilcs rcpertjdes cl kås dc 4666 bitcmcs prcscltcs cl :6 peëscs. Me `ikpeõëe tjclc bitcmcs cl pripjcded, pripjcded, dc gcstjðl y arelquj`jedis quc eoer`el ul titem dc djcz ker`es, quc clgmioel dcsdc muhisis bitcmcs y `ikpmchis beste bitcmcs `il prc`jis escqujomcs pcri `il scrvj`jis cx`cmcltcs8 Wemdira Estirje Bitcms & _csirts, @ilred Bitcms & _csirts, Bjmtil Bitcms & _csirts, DiuomcTrcc oy Bjmtil, Ckoessy Pujtcs Bitcms, Bjmtil Gerdcl Jll, Bekptil, Bikcwiid Pujtcs oy Bjmtil, Bikc? Pujtcs oy Bjmtil y Bjmtil Greld Qe`etjils. Tjclc su scdc cl cm cstedi dc Qjrgjlje, cl mis Cstedis Sljdis, sjcldi su e`tuem prcsjdcltc cs @brjstipbcr H. Lessctte. Me `edcle bitcmcre cl cm pesedi eõi, iotuvi ulis jlgrcsis jlgrcsis dc :.703.666.666 dðmercs. dðmercs.
Ajgure 0.5. Migi dc Bjmtil Wirmdwjdc Aucltc8 www.bjmtilwirmdwjdc.`ik
Pu kjsjðl cs ”scr me `ikpeõëe dc bispjtemjded kås dcste`ede dcm kuldi8 me ip`jðl prcacrjde telti dc mis buêspcdcs `iki dc mis kjckoris dcm cqujpi y mis pripjcterjis.‛ Z su vjsjðl8 ”m mcler mcler me Tjcrre `il me muz y me `emjdcz dc me bispjtemjded. ‛
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Imjve Oeroe, Cve
QEMI_CP DC BJMTIL WI_MDWJDC B J
(bispjtemjded) Bispjtemjty (bispjtemjded) (jltcgrjded) Jltcgrjty (jltcgrjded)
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Mcedcrsbjp (mjdcrezgi)
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Tcekwirn (treoehi cl cqujpi) Iwlcrsbjp (pcrtclcl`je)
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Liw (ebire) Teome 0.5. Qemircs dc Bjmtil Wirmdwjdc Aucltc8 www.bjmtilwirmdwjdc.`ik
0.?. E@C_@E DC T_EQCM WJTB VS_VIPC Trevcm wjtb Vurpiscℯ cs ul `ikprikjsi dc rcspilseojmjded `irpiretjve dc Bjmtil
Wirmdwjdc `il cm quc prctcldc jdcltjaj`er mes `ucstjilcs quc eac`tel e me `ikpeõëe y e sus stencbimdcrs cl `uetri årces8 @rcetjlg Ippirtuljtjcs Ippirtuljtjcs (`rceldi ipirtuljdedcs) pere quc e`tuemcs y auturis ckpmcedis em`el`cl tidi su pitcl`jem. Ptrclgtbcljlg @ikkuljtjcs @ikkuljtjcs (airtemc`jcldi `ikuljdedcs) pere jl`rckclter mis oclcaj`jis si`jemcs y c`ilðkj`is cl mes `ikuljdedcs dildc Bjmtil ipcre. @cmcoretjlg @cmcoretjlg @umturcs (`cmcoreldi `umtures) ae`jmjteldi cm `ikcr`ji y mes `ilcxjilcs `umturemcs pere em`elzer me pez kuldjem e trevês dc mis vjehcs y cm `ikcr`ji jltcrle`jilem. . Mjvjlg Pustejleomy (vjvjcldi dc airke sistcljomc) `ili`jcldi mes lc`csjdedcs dcm lcgi`ji biy cl dëe kjcltres quc jlamuyc pisjtjvekcltc cl cm auturi e trevês dc me kcdj`jðl, cm elåmjsjs y me kchire dcm usi dc mis rc`ursis leturemcs.
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TAG-TS_. _cspilseojmjded Pi`jem @irpiretjve cl cm Pc`tir Bitcmcri8 cm `esi dc me `edcle Bjmtil Wirmdwjdc
IOHCTJQIP DC _P@ DC BJMTIL WI_MDWJDC
@rcetjlg Ippirtuljtjcs
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Ptrclgtbcljlg @ikkuljtjcs
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@cmcoretjlg @umturcs
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Mjvjlg Pustejleomy
@rcer ul cspe`ji dc treoehi scguri, semudeomc, djvcrsi y dc jl`musjðl quc rcamchc mes `ikuljdedcs gmioemcs dildc vjvjkis, treoehekis y vjehekis. Epiyer e mes pcrsiles e `ilscgujr cm e``csi e cstudjis, cltrclekjclti y ckpmci cl bitcmcs Bjmtil. _cspcter mis dcrc`bis bukelis cl cm muger dc treoehi, lucstre si`jcded y cl tide me `edcle dc sukjljstri. Trecr su cxpcrjcl`je cl bispjtemjded e me si`jcded dildc vjvjkis, treoehekis y vjehekis v jehekis.. _c`jojr em kuldi cl sus bitcmcs y pcrkjtjr cxpcrjcl`jes quc `cmcorcl me djvcrsjded `umturem y dcher ule `iltrjou`jðl c`ilðkj`e pisjtjve cl lucstres `ikuljdedcs.
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Ae`jmjter me mjocrted dc vjeher e trevês dc pimëtj`es gmioemcs.
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_cdu`jr ul ?6% cm `ilsuki dc clcrgëe.
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_cdu`jr ul ?6% cm `ilsuki dc `eroili.
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_cdu`jr ul ?6% mis rcsjduis.
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_cdu`jr ul 56% cm `ilsuki dc egue.
(cl ul pcrjidi dc 3 eõis dcsdc ?66:)
Teome 0.?. Iohctjvis dc Bjmtil Wirmdwjdc Aucltc8 bttp8//`r.bjmtilwirmdwjdc.`ik
Me cstretcgje dc rcspilseojmjded si`jem dc Bjmtil Wirmdwjdc gjre cl tirli em sjgujcltc claiquc8 ”mis vjehcs y cm turjski sil mis kitircs dcm prigrcsi gmioem. Lucstri claiquc dc rcspilseojmjded `irpiretjve cqujmjore me sistcljojmjded e mergi pmezi dc lucstri lcgi`ji `il mes lc`csjdedcs si`jemcs, c`ilðkj`es y dc sistcljojmjded e`tuemcs y autures dc mes `ikuljdedcs dildc vjvjkis, treoehekis y vjehekis ‛ . Cs pir cmmi, quc cl cstc treoehi sc vel e eoirder mes prå`tj`es dc _P@ dc me `edcle bitcmcre li dcltri dc mes `uetri årces quc sc e`eoel dc kcl`jiler, sjli cl mes trcs djkclsjilcs ye `ili`jdes eltcrjirkcltc8 djkclsjðl kcdjiekojcltem, si`jem y c`ilðkj`e, pere esë tclcr ule vjsjðl kås `mere dc mes oucles e``jilcs quc rcemjze Bjmtil Wirmdwjdc cl ketcrje dc rcspilseojmjded rcspilseojmjded si`jem.
0.?.5 Djkclsjðl kcdjiekojcltem. Vere kcdjr y elemjzer su dcsckpcõi gmioem cl sistcljojmjded, me `edcle Bjmtil utjmjze ul sjstcke pripji mmekedi MjgbtPtey ℯ, cstc sjstcke utjmjze kås dc ?66 jldj`edircs y cs `epez dc kcdjr me clcrgëe, cm egue, cm `eroili, cm usi dc pridu`tis dc pepcm, mis rcsjduis, emke`clekjclti emke`clekjclti dc pridu`tis quëkj`is, me `emjded dcm ejrc y cm trelspirtc.
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Imjve Oeroe, Cve
MjgbtPtey tekojêl sjrvc pere `ilc`ter bitcmcs `il esi`je`jilcs oclêaj`es quc e`cptel dile`jilcs temcs `iki heoðl, ripe dc `eke i ertë`umis suevcs i cmckcltis sioreltcs dc `ilacrcl`jes. `ilacrcl`jes. E `iltjlue`jðl, `iltjlue`jðl, sc vel e clukcrer mes djstjltes oucles prå`tj`es quc sc bel mmcvedi e `eoi cl Bjmtil Wirmdwjdc cl ketcrje kcdjiekojcltem. kcdjiekojcltem.
Clcrgëe8 -
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Dcsdc ?66: ?66: sc be `ilscgujdi `ilscgujdi rcdu`jr cm `ilsuki `ilsuki dc clcrgëe cl ul 5?,?% 5?,?% (beste ?65?). Cl mis CC.SS `ikpreril `ikpreril kås dc 436 kjmmilcs dc njmivetjis njmivetjis bire dc clcrgëe clcrgëe rcliveomc, cm cqujvemcltc e cvjter eprixjkedekcltc 26 kjmmilcs dc tilcmedes dc djðxjdi dc `eroili. Jlvcrsjilcs cl eperetis kås caj`jcltcs, cqujpis ipcretjvis y dc jlarecstru`ture. jlarecstru`ture. Esi`je`jðl `il _iyem Vbjmmjps Cmc`trilj`s y me `ikpeõëe cmê`trj`e sudearj`ele Csnik pere sustjtujr me jmukjle`jðl tredj`jilem cl bitcmcs sudearj`elis, `il kås dc 57.666 MCDs. Eudjtirëes clcrgêtj`es, clcrgêtj`es, epiyi epiyi e me me `ikpre dc `crtjaj`edis `crtjaj`edis dc clcrgëe clcrgëe rcliveomc, rcliveo mc, epiyi e me `crtjaj`e`jðl y scrvj`jis gmioemcs dc gcstjðl dcm `eroili. Vrigreke pere mmcver e `eoi eudjtirëes dc jmukjle`jðl jmukjle`jðl pere dctcrkjler me kchir `ikojle`jðl dc jlsteme`jilcs dc jmukjle`jðl y oikojmmes pere jl`rckclter me caj`jcl`je clcrgêtj`e y cm ebirri dc `istcs.
Ajgure 0.5. _cdu``jðl dc clcrgëe ?66:-?65? Aucltc8 cmeoire`jðl pripje e pertjr dc Trevcm wjtb Vurpisc. @irpiretc _cspilseojmjty _cpirt ?65?-?650
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Pc be `ilscgujdi ule djskjlu`jðl djskjlu`jð l dc ckjsjilcs dc @I? cl ul 5?,2% dcsdc ?66:.
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Emjelzes `il ?? ckprcses bitcmcres, hulti `il me Esi`je`jðl Jltcrle`jilem dc Turjski (JTV) y cm Trevcm & Tiurjsk @iul`jm Kuldjem (WTT@), pere airker cm
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TAG-TS_. _cspilseojmjded Pi`jem @irpiretjve cl cm Pc`tir Bitcmcri8 cm `esi dc me `edcle Bjmtil Wirmdwjdc
Grupi dc Treoehi dc Kcdj`jðl dcm `eroili `il cm ajl dc cstelderjzer y cvemuer cm jkpe`ti ekojcltem dc mis bitcmcs. -
Cl tide Eustremesje, Hepðl y cm sudcstc sudcstc dc dc Esje, Esje, tjclcl tjclcl cl ker`be ker`be ul prigreke dc `ikpclse`jðl dc `eroili pere cvcltis y rculjilcs. Sle vcz quc me pridu``jðl dc `eroili sc `em`ume, mis `rêdjtis dc `eroili sc `ikprel pere `ikpclser cm jkpe`ti ekojcltem dc mes rculjilcs. Mis `rêdjtis sc utjmjzel pere ajlel`jer priyc`tis dc pritc``jðl dc me scmve tripj`em dc Kemesje y Eustremje, mis priyc`tis dc clcrgëe rcliveomc cl @bjle y me Jldje, esë `iki pcrkjtjr me caj`jcl`je clcrgêtj`e dc mis prigrekes rimm-iuts cl Hepðl y @ekoiye.
Ajgure 0.?. _cdu``jðl dc clcrgëe ?66:-?65? Aucltc8 cmeoire`jðl pripje e pertjr dc Trevcm wjtb Vurpisc. @irpiretc _cspilseojmjty _cpirt ?65?-?650
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Pupcrer cm iohctjvi dc rcdu``jðl dc rcsjduis, rcsjduis , `ilsjgujcldi ul ebirri dcm ?4,:% rcspc`ti e su iohctjvi dc `ilscgujr rcdu`jr mis rcsjduis cl ul ?6%. Esi`je`jðl `il Westc Kelegckclt Pustejleojmjty Pcrvj`cs (WKPP) pere gcstjiler cm trelspirtc dc rcsjduis dc me `edcle y epiyer e mis bitcmcs cl me rcdu``jðl dc mis rcsjduis dc emjkcltis y be`cr rc`ikclde`jilcs pere cm rc`j`mehc dc `ertðl, pmåstj`i, mu`cs y `rjstem cl tides mes ipcre`jilcs djerjes dureltc mis prðxjkis trcs eõis. Pustjtu`jðl dc pcrjðdj`is pcrjðdj`is pir pir cm e``csi mes ?4 bires e `iltcljdis `iltcljdis djgjtemcs djgjtemcs pcrsilemjzedis. Esi`je`jðl `il Giid016, cm keyir kcr`edi dc me dile`jðl cl cm kuldi, pere diler mis cmckcltis sioreltcs e irgeljze`jilcs quc mi lc`csjtel. E trevês dc Giid016, kås dc ??.666 irgeljze`jilcs oclêaj`es tjclcl me ipirtuljded dc simj`jter ertë`umis temcs `iki tiemmes, keltes i sukjljstris dc iaj`jle quc sc rc`upcre dc mes rclive`jilcs i quc bel mmcgedi em ajlem dc su vjde `ikcr`jem, pcri sjgucl sjcldi utjmjzeomcs. Esi`je`jðl `il Gmioem Piep Vrihc`t (GPV), irgeljze`jðl sjl åljki dc mu`ri quc rc`upcre y rcutjmjze cm heoðl dc bitcmcs pere clvjermi e piome`jilcs vumlcreomcs dc tidi cm kuldi. Cm heoðl sc `mesjaj`e, sc pri`cse y sc rckidcme
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Imjve Oeroe, Cve
cl lucves pestjmmes eltcs dc scr cltrcgedi e mis rcaugjedis, buêraelis y vë`tjkes dc dcsestrcs pere eyuder e prcvcljr clacrkcdedcs. Dcsdc ?655 sc bel `ilscgujdi kås dc ?76.666 njmis dc heoðl, mi quc cqujvemc e kås dc ul kjmmðl dc lucves pestjmmes dc heoðl. -
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Emjelzes `il Accdjlg Ekcrj`e (AE) y me _cd dc Oel`is dc Emjkcltis Gmioem (GAL)0 pere rcdu`jr cm dcspcrdj`ji dc emjkcltis em kjski tjckpi quc emjkclte e mes `ikuljdedcs quc mi lc`csjtel. Cm treoehi `il cstis grupis mcs pcrkjtc rc`igcr emjkcltis scguris y cx`cdcltcs dc `ilacrcl`jes y ipcre`jilcs djerjes y pilcrmes e djspisj`jðl dc mis kås lc`csjtedis e trevês dc oel`is dc emjkcltis mi`emcs, `ikcdircs, rcaugjis, cs`ucmes, ct`. Mis priyc`tis pjmiti cstål cl ker`be cl sjctc `judedcs dc mis Cstedis Sljdis y cl Cgjpti c Jsrecm. Cl mis prjkcris scjs kcscs dc me esi`je`jðl `il AE y GAL, mis bitcmcs Bjmtil dileril kås dc 7.666 njmis dc emjkcltis, mi quc cqujvemc e kås dc 51.366 `ikjdes. Vucste cl ker`be dcm prigreke prigreke _cVirpusc _cVirpusc (rcutjmjzer) `il cm iohctjvi dc dcsbe`crsc dc mis rcsjduis e trevês dcm rc`j`mehc i dile`jðl dc ertë`umis `il cm pripðsjti dc iotclcr ul trjpmc rcsumtedi8 rcdu`jr su jkpe`ti siorc mis rc`ursis leturemcs, me rcdu``jðl dcm `istc dc cmjkjle`jðl dc rcsjduis, y cm epiyi e mes `ikuljdedcs dildc vjvjkis, treoehekis y vjehekis. vjehekis .
Ajgure 0.0. _cdu``jðl dc rcsjduis ?66:-?65? Aucltc8 cmeoire`jðl pripje e pertjr dc Trevcm wjtb Vurpisc. @irpiretc _cspilseojmjty _cpirt ?65?-?650
Egue8 -
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_cdu``jðl dcm `ilsuki `ilsuki dc egue cl ul 56,?%, em`elzeldi em`elzeldi esë su iohctjvi dc `ilscgujr ule rcdu``jðl dcm gesti dc egue cl ul 5 6%. Bjmtil Wirmdwjdc sc be esi`jedi cstrc`bekcltc `il `il privccdircs privccdircs pere jdcltjaj`er simu`jilcs sistcljomcs pere mes prå`tj`es dc meveldcrëe y dc mjkpjcze. Dcserrimmi dc esi`je`jilcs quc iarc`cl tc`limigëes kchiredes dc
GAL cs ule irgeljze`jðl jltcrle`jilem dcdj`ede e me `rce`jðl, cm sukjljstri y cm airtemc`jkjclti dc mis oel`is dc emjkcltis cl tidi cm kuldi, kjcltres quc me AE cs me prjl`jpem irgeljze`jðl dc mu`be `iltre cm bekorc cl mis Cstedis Sljdis.
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TAG-TS_. _cspilseojmjded Pi`jem @irpiretjve cl cm Pc`tir Bitcmcri8 cm `esi dc me `edcle Bjmtil Wirmdwjdc
mevedi, mi quc pucdc rcdu`jr cm `ilsuki dc egue beste cl ul 43 pir `jclti, cm usi dc clcrgëe beste cl ul 40 pir `jclti y cxtcldcr me vjde dc me ripe beste cl ul 46 pir `jclti. -
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Dcserrimmi dc dc ketcrjemcs dc mjkpjcze mjkpjcze sistcljomcs quc pucdcl pucdcl rcdu`jr me `eltjded dc egue utjmjzede cl mis pri`csis dc mjkpjcze beste cl ul 06 pir `jclti, esë `iki kchirer me caj`jcl`je y rcdu`jr cm løkcri dc pridu`tis quëkj`is tðxj`is utjmjzedis pere me mjkpjcze. Lucves mëlces dc tiemmes quc sc bel djscõedi pere scr dc pcsi mjgcri y kås duredcres quc mes tiemmes `ilvcl`jilemcs, pudjcldi mever kås tiemmes pir `erge y, mi quc rcqujcrc ul kclir løkcri dc `erges dc ripe y pridu`jr kclis rcsjduis cl cm tjckpi. Jlsteme`jðl Jlsteme `jðl dc mjkjtedircs mjkjtedirc s dc egue, rcutjmjze`jðl dcm egue dc mmuvje y rjcgi jltcmjgcltc.
Ajgure 0.4. _cdu``jðl dcm `ilsuki dc egue ?66:-?65? Aucltc8 cmeoire`jðl pripje e pertjr dc Trevcm wjtb Vurpisc. @irpiretc _cspilseojmjty _cpirt ?65?-?650
@ikprikjsi y `il`jcl`je8 -
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Cl mëlce mëlce `il su `ikprikjsi `ikprikjsi `il me me sistcljojmjded, sistcljojmjded, cl ?662 `rcel `rcel ule ule Vimëtj`e Gmioem dc Pistcljojmjded, quc `ikprikctc e me ckprcse e kchirer su dcsckpcõi be`je ul auturi sistcljomc. Cste pimëtj`e sc cspc`jaj`e cl cm `ikprikjsi dc `cltrersc `iltjluekcltc cl mis iohctjvis, kcdj`jðl, elåmjsjs y kchire `iltjlue kcdjeltc me utjmjze`jðl dc MjgbtPtey. Jltclse airke`jðl cl sistcljojmjd sistcljojmjded ed y kchircs prå`tj`es cltrc cltrc mis kjckoris kjckoris dcm cqujpi. Cm prckji prckji MjgbtPtey MjgbtPtey Pustejleojmjty Pustejleojmjty Ajmk, ule esi`je`jðl `il cm Jlstjtuti Puldel`c Di`ukcltery Ajmk Vrigrek4, bilre e ul kåxjki dc `jl`i priyc`tis dc pcmë`umes di`ukcltemcs `ede eõi quc kucstrel mes `ilcxjilcs
Cm Jlstjtuti Puldel`c cs ule irgeljze`jðl gmioem sjl ajlcs dc mu`ri dcdj`ede em dcs`uorjkjclti y dcserrimmi dc ertjstes jldcpcldjcltcs cl cm `jlc y cm tcetri.
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Imjve Oeroe, Cve
cltrc me sistcljojmjded, cm `rc`jkjclti c`ilðkj`i y cm dcserrimmi `ikuljterji. E trevês dc cstc priyc`ti y me esi`je`jðl, ous`el pripir`jiler ule pmeteairke pere mis `jlcestes pere `ilter bjstirjes quc `etemjzel cm `ekoji cl tirli e tckes gmioemcs `rëtj`is. -
Me ker`e dc Bjmtil Bjmtil Diuomc Trcc clscõe e mis mis ljõis e prci`upersc prci`upersc pir me sistcljojmjded kcdjeltc ul prigreke dc cdu`e`jðl pere me sistcljojmjded quc be mmcgedi e kås dc `jl`i kjmmilcs dc ljõis. Cm prigreke sc `cltre cl kistrer e `ujder cm pmelcte `il priyc`tis `iki me pmelte`jðl dc åroimcs, me mjkpjcze dc mis cspe`jis pøomj`is i cm `umtjvi dc herdjlcs y eprcldcr jkpirteltcs mc``jilcs dc sistcljojmjded e mi mergi dcm `ekjli.
0.?.? Djkclsjðl si`jem. @iki sc be rcemjzedi eltcrjirkcltc, e `iltjlue`jðl sc ve e be`cr kcl`jðl em `ilhulti dc oucles prå`tj`es cl ketcrje si`jem quc be rcemjzedi me `edcle bitcmcre cl `ucstjðl.
Dcrc`bis bukelis8 -
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Cl ?655, Bjmtil Wirmdwjdc ajrkð cm @ðdjgi C@VET Tiurjsk @bjmd-Vritc`tjil @idc ia @ildu`t , cm `uem sc `cltre cl me pritc``jðl dc mis ljõis `iltre me cxpmite`jðl scxuem cl me jldustrje dcm turjski. Cl ?650, pusjcril cl cl ker`be ule `imeoire`jðl `il Qjtem Qij`cs3 pere epiyer me crredj`e`jðl dc me trete jlaeltjm. Hultis melzeril cm Gmioem Arccdik Cx`belgc, Cx`belgc, ul jllivedir prigreke cdu`etjvi djrjgjdi e kuhcrcs mëdcrcs. Gmioem Arccdik Cx`belgc cstå dcstjledi e `rcer ule rcd jltcrle`jilem dc e`tjvjstes, `ikpucsti pir ul grupi scmc`ti dc ?1 kuhcrcs mëdcrcs dc 50 peëscs pere pertj`jper cl cm prigreke dcstjledi e eoirder me trete dc pcrsiles. Tekojêl sil kjckoris dc me Gmioem Ousjlcss @iemjtjil Egejlst Treaaj`njlg, ule irgeljze`jðl dcdj`ede e me kivjmjze`jðl dcm pidcr, rc`ursis y mjdcrezgi dc me `ikuljded ckprcserjem pere pilcr ajl e me trete dc pcrsiles, jl`mujdes tides mes airkes dc treoehi airzisi y cm tråaj`i scxuem. Cl ?65? ?65? ajrkeril ajrkeril cm Ve`ti Kuldjem Kuldjem dc dc mes Le`jilcs Sljdes. Cste Cste jlj`jetjve jlj`jetjve dc pimëtj`e cstretêgj`e cs pere mes ckprcses quc sc bel `ikprikctjdi e treoeher pir iohctjvis `ikulcs `il me ILS cl ketcrje dc dcrc`bis bukelis, treoehi, kcdji ekojcltc y eltj`irrup`jðl. @il kås dc 56.666 pertj`jpeltcs dc ckprcses y itris grupis dc jltcrês dc kås dc 506 peëscs, cs me keyir jlj`jetjve vimulterje dc rcspilseojmjded rcspilseojmjded `irpiretjve dcm kuldi.
_c`mutekjclti8 -
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Me trete dc pcrsiles, pcrsiles, cl cl pertj`umer, pertj`umer, cs dc cspc`jem cspc`jem jltcrês pere pere me jldustrje jldustrje dcm turjski, pir cmmi Bjmtil djspilc dc ul @ðdjgi Gmioem dc @ildu`te quc `ildcle y pribëoc tides mes airkes dc trete dc pc pcrsiles rsiles y me cxpmite`jðl `ikcr`jem.
Cl `uelti em rc`mutekjclti, rc`mutekjclt i, me `edcle ous`e ous`e pcrsiles pcrsile s `il cxpcrjcl`je rcmcveltc pcri quc edckås piscel `uemjdedcs e`irdcs `il me `umture dc me irgeljze`jðl temcs `iki me ekeojmjded, `emjdcz, eutcltj`jded y `ilsjdcre`jðl. Mes emjelzes emjelzes `il uljvcrsjdedcs uljvcrsjdedcs dc tidi tidi cm kuldi kuldi sil ul `elem caj`ez pere eprivc`ber cm temclti auturi.
Qjtem Qij`cs Gmioem cs ule irgeljze`jðl li guocrlekcltem quc jdcltjaj`e, `epe`jte y ckpidcre e kuhcrcs mëdcrcs y ckprcldcdires si`jemcs cl tidi cm kuldi.
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TAG-TS_. _cspilseojmjded Pi`jem @irpiretjve cl cm Pc`tir Bitcmcri8 cm `esi dc me `edcle Bjmtil Wirmdwjdc
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Emjelze cstretêgj`e pir trcs eõis `il me Aulde`jðl Jltcrle`jilem pere me Huvcltud (JZA) cl ?65? pere dcserrimmer cm pitcl`jem dc mis hðvclcs dc tidi cm kuldi. JZA cs ule irgeljze`jðl mëdcr e ljvcm kuldjem quc keltjclc ule `ikuljded dc ckprcses, giojcrlis y irgeljze`jilcs dc me si`jcded `jvjm `ikprikctjdes `il me `epe`jte`jðl dc mis hðvclcs pere quc scel `judedelis pridu`tjvis y `ikprikctjdis. `ikprikctjdis. Sli dc mis prjkcris prjkcris priyc`tis `il JZA JZA be sjdi cm melzekjclti dc su su prigreke Vesepirtc em Êxjti (VTP) Êxjti (VTP) cl cm _cjli dc Ereoje Peudjte, `il cm epiyi edj`jilem dc me Aulde`jðl _cy Nbemjd. VTP pripir`jile e mis hðvclcs, dc 52 e ?3 eõis `il ule scrjc dc beojmjdedcs, beojmjdedcs, eyude pere pcrkelc`cr cl me cs`ucme y pere quc edqujcrel mes dcstrczes lc`cserjes pere tclcr êxjti cl me vjde y cm treoehi. Cl ?65?, ?65?, me ker`e Bjmtil Bitcms & _csirts _csirts melzð melzð cm prigreke Orjgbt Omuc Auturcs, Auturcs, ul prigreke dcdj`edi dcdj`edi e orjlder csteojmjded y cspcrelze e mis hðvclcs cl mis kås dc 336 bitcmcs Bjmtil emrcdcdir dcm kuldi. Cl keyi dc ?650, dureltc me `cmcore`jðl jleugurem dc me Huvcltud cl cm kcs dc Bistcmcrëe, kås dc 766 cvcltis sc `cltreril cl me irjclte`jðl priacsjilem pere mis hðvclcs, mi quc dji muger e `cr`e dc ?6.666 bires dc treoehi vimulterji y quc eac`tel e `cr`e dc 06.666 hðvclcs.
Gcstjðl dcm temclti gmioem8 -
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Melzekjclti dc Ipcretjil Ipirtuljty , ule jlj`jetjve pere `iltreter e 56.666 vctcrelis cl mis prðxjkis `jl`i eõis y iarc`cr cstel`jes bitcmcres pere vctcrelis kjmjtercs cstediuljdclscs cstediuljdclscs y sus aekjmjes.
Ipirtuljdedcs pere hðvclcs8 hð vclcs8 -
Cm Vrigreke dc Dcserrimmi Djrc`tjvi Djrc`tjvi (VDD) cs ul prigreke ckprcserjem `ikpctjtjvi pere etrecr e mis kchircs cstudjeltcs dc bistcmcrëe dc `imcgjis y uljvcrsjdedcs prjl`jpemcs prjl`jpemcs pere uljrsc em cqujpi dc Bjmtil Wirmdwjdc.
Bjmtil Sljvcrsjty Sljvcrsjty Wirmdwjdc (BWS) (BWS) cs me uljvcrsjded uljvcrsjded jltcrle jltcrle pere cm eprcldjzehc e trevês dc tidis mis bitcmcs Bjmtil. Pc iarc`c airke`jðl jltcr`umturem jltcr`umturem pere mis Kjckoris dcm Cqujpi Cqujpi quc sc sc tresmedel em cxtrelhcri. Jl`muycl jlairke`jðl cspc`ëaj`e, airke`jðl y escsirekjclti. Esë, mis pertj`jpeltcs iotjclcl ule keyir `ikprclsjðl dc mis vemircs y e`tjtudcs dc me `umture cspc`ëaj`e, mi quc mmcve e kchircs cstretcgjes pere migrer mis iohctjvis dc lcgi`ji y pcrsilemcs. Vmel dc dcserrimmi pcrsilem, quc sc `rce y e`tuemjze e`tuemjze cl tidi cm `j`mi `j`mi eluem dc cvemue`jðl dcm dcsckpcõi. Cstc pmel eyude e jdcltjaj`er mes årces quc ul jldjvjdui pucdc lc`csjter i cl mes quc qujcrcl treoeher dureltc cm eõi. Vucdc jlvimu`rer cm `cltrersc cl mes årces dc kchire, esë `iki cl mes årces dc airtemczes i me cxpmire`jðl dc lucves beojmjdedcs y `ili`jkjcltis.
Djvcrsjded c jl`musjðl8 -
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@ilschi Chc`utjvi Chc`utjvi dc Djvcrsjded. Djvcrsjded. Dcste`e cm epiyi epiyi y `ikprikjsi `il me me djvcrsjded, y supcrvjse me cstretcgje gmioem dc me djvcrsjded. @rce`jðl dc ul ekojcltc dc treoehi jl`musjvi `iki pertc jltcgrem dc su cstretcgje dc Gcstjðl dcm Temclti. _cme`jðl `il me Pi`jcded Le`jilem dc Kjlirëes cl me Bispjtemjded (LPKB), ule dc mes prjkcres irgeljze`jilcs priacsjilemcs pere cstudjeltcs dc bispjtemjded djvcrsis.
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Imjve Oeroe, Cve
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Eyude c`ilðkj`e, c`ilðkj`e, dile`jilcs dile`jilcs cl cspc`jc, eyude eyude e`tjve y epiyi e mis eac`tedis cl djacrcltcs dcsestrcs leturemcs `iki cm bure`ål Peldy, jlulde`jilcs cl Curipe, ct`.
Vucste cl ker`be dcm Vrigreke dc Qimulterjedi Gmioem Tcek Kckocr cl ?65?. @il cstc prigreke sc eljke e mis kjckoris dcm cqujpi e pertj`jper cl e`tjvjdedcs dc vimulterjedi cl sus `ikuljdedcs mi`emcs. Vere epiyer cm prigreke, tekojêl melzeril cm Virtem Vripðsjti, Vripðsjti, ule bcrrekjclte cl mëlce quc eyude e mis kjckoris dcm cqujpi e cl`iltrer ul pmel dc ipirtuljdedcs pere dcserrimmer e`tjvjdedcs dc vimulterjedi, esë `iki me kcdj`jðl y cm scgujkjclti dc mes bires dc scrvj`ji y `iltrjou`jilcs `iltrjou`jilcs kilcterjes. Itre pertc dcm Vrigreke dc Qimulterjedi Gmioem Tcek Kckocr cs Kckocr cs me Pckele Jltcrle`jilem dcm Pcrvj`ji @ikuljterji , ule `cmcore`jðl eluem dc scrvj`ji e me `ikuljded melzedi cl livjckorc dc ?65? `il cm quc sc eljke e mis bitcmcs dc me `edcle e irgeljzer i pertj`jper cl e`tjvjdedcs prå`tj`es dc vimulterjedi. Cl su eõi jleugurem, bel pertj`jpedi cl kås dc 266 priyc`tis `il kås dc 116 irgeljze`jilcs irgeljze`jilcs mi`emcs cl 35 peëscs.
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Esi`je`jðl `il GmioemGjvjlg 1 pere pripir`jiler ul muger dildc mis kjckoris dcm cqujpi y mis kjckoris dc Bjmtil BBilirs pucdcl be`cr dile`jilcs. dile`jilcs.
Qimulterjedi -
Grupis dc _c`ursis pere mis Kjckoris dcm Cqujpi (TK_Gs) pere prikivcr cm `rc`jkjclti priacsjilem e trevês dc me `rce`jðl dc rcdcs y cm dcserrimmi, y iarc`cr me pcrspc`tjve dc me ckprcse dcsdc cm pulti dc vjste dc `ede grupi y eprivc`ber mes jdces `mevc. E`tuemkcltc, `ucltel `il `jl`i TK_Gs irgeljzedis pere me Kuhcr> Mcsojeles, Geys, Ojscxuemcs y Trelsgêlcri (MGOT) y ekjgis, mis eariekcrj`elis, bjspelis / metjlis y mis esjåtj`is c jsmcõis dcm Ve`ëaj`i. Cl ?650 pusjcril cl ker`be dis grupis dc rc`ursis kås8 pere mes pcrsiles `il djs`epe`jded djs`epe`jded y pere Qctcrelis.
Cstretcgje dc ojclcster ojclcster cl sus scdcs scdcs `irpiretjves `irpiretjves y cl emgulis dc mis bitcmcs kås greldcs, quc jl`muyc cm dcserrimmi dc e`tjvjdedcs rcme`jiledes `il me semud y cm ojclcster, y cm Bjmtil Wirmdwjdc Bcemtb & Dey Ajtlcss. Ajtlcss . @ekpeõe dc jlairke`jðl quc pripir`jile `ilschis pere pritcgcr me me semud dc mis treoehedircs esë `iki me dc sus kjckoris dc me aekjmje. Iarc`cl ul sjlløkcri dc rc`ursis pere prikivcr me semud y cm ojclcster `il ul tcke djacrcltc `ede kcs. Kidemjdedcs dc treoehi treoehi amcxjomcs pere pere migrer ul cqujmjorji cqujmjorji cltrc treoehi treoehi y vjde semudeomc. E`ucrdis semudeomc. E`ucrdis dc treoehi amcxjomcs sil amcxjomcs sil ul chckpmi dc cstc `ikprikjsi y sc beojmjtel dc esi`je`jilcs eojcrtes y simjderjes cltrc mis gcrcltcs y mis kjckoris dcm cqujpi. Cl ?65? sc mcs itirgð me "Kchir Ckprcse pere mis treoehedircs pir bire," pir Wirnjlg W irnjlg Kitbcr kegezjlc. Me keyir keyir pertc dc mis egcltcs egcltcs dc `cltris dc mmekedes pucdcl treoeher dcsdc iaj`jles cl cm biger, mi quc pcrkjtc birerjis quc scel amcxjomcs pere setjsae`cr mes lc`csjdedcs dcm egcltc.
GmioemGjvjlg GmioemGjvj lg cs ul sjtji wco dc rc`eude`jðl dc aildis pere djacrcltcs priyc`tis simjderjis.
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TAG-TS_. _cspilseojmjded Pi`jem @irpiretjve cl cm Pc`tir Bitcmcri8 cm `esi dc me `edcle Bjmtil Wirmdwjdc
@ikprikjsi y rc`ili`jkjclti -
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Me Cl`ucste Gmioem Kjckori dc Cqujpi, Cqujpi , cs cm kêtidi kås e`tjvi pere `ili`cr me ipjljðl dc mis treoehedircs. Eac`te djrc`tekcltc e mes dc`jsjilcs y `ekojis cl mes pimëtj`es dc me ckprcse. Vere eyuder eyuder e aikclter ule ule `umture `umture dc rc`ili`jkjclti, rc`ili`jkjclti, bel `ilstrujdi ule sðmjde ojomjitc`e dc bcrrekjcltes y prigrekes dc rc`ili`jkjclti airkem c jlairkem. Cm Vrckji @CI Muz y @emir cs cm keyir bilir dc me ckprcse. Cstc prckji eluem rc`ili`c e mis Kjckoris dcm Cqujpi dc êmjtc dc tides mes ker`es quc supcrel mes cxpc`tetjves y vjvcl mis vemircs dc Bjmtil Wirmdwjdc. Mis geledircs rc`jocl 56.666 dðmercs y cm rc`ili`jkjclti dc tide me ckprcse. Cm Ppjrjt Ewerd cs ul prckji kclsuem dcltri dc `ede ker`e quc prckje e mis kjckoris dc cqujpi quc bel cstedi pir cl`jke, quc vjvcl mis pjmercs dc me ker`e y bel tcljdi ul jkpe`ti pisjtjvi cl mis `mjcltcs, cm bitcm y me `ikuljded. `ikuljded. Mis geledircs rc`jocl 036 dðmercs y cm rc`ili`jkjclti dc tide me ker`e.
0.?.0 Djkclsjðl c`ilðkj`e. Vir ømtjki, `iki sc be ddjspucsti jspucsti `il mes djkclsjilcs djkclsjilcs si`jem y kcdjiekojcltem, sc vel e likorer mes prå`tj`es c`ilðkj`es quc mmcve e `eoi me `edcle Bjmtil cl ketcrje dc _P@.
@edcle dc sukjljstri -
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Treoehel cl cstrc`be `imeoire `imeoire`jðl `jðl `il mis privccdircs privccdirc s pere jdcltjaj`er mes ipirtuljdedcs ipirtuljdedcs dc eoestc`crsc dc ojclcs e ljvcm mi`em `ueldi sce pisjomc. Pc csteomc`cl csteomc`cl rcme`jilcs rcme`jilcs `il mis egrj`umtircs egrj`umtircs dc me zile pere rc`igcr rc`igcr y djstrjoujr mis pridu`tis e mis bitcmcs. @iki pertc dc cstc pri`csi, sc dcserrimme ule airke`jðl ølj`e pere mis egrj`umtircs cl rcme`jðl `il mes djrc`trj`cs dc kelchi y scgurjded lc`cserjes pere eoestc`cr e mis bitcmcs.
Êtj`e -
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Cm @PV cstå dcserrimmeldi dcserrimmeldi bcrrekjcltes y claiqucs claiqucs pere me `ikpre sistcljomc sistcljomc quc oclcaj`jc e me rcd kås ekpmje dc ckprcses jltcrcsedes cl me jltcgre`jðl dc cstc ae`tir cl sus prjirjdedcs gmioemcs dc sistcljojmjded.
Eoestc`jkjclti Eoestc`jkjclti mi`em -
Esi`je`jðl `il Ousjlcss air Pi`jem _cspilsjojmjty (OP_)7 pere pilcr cl ker`be cm @cltri dc Eoestc`jkjclti Pistcljomc (@PV) pere eyuder cl ømtjke ø mtjke jlstel`je, e priacsjilemcs dc mes edqujsj`jilcs edqujsj`jilcs dc me jldustrje dc me bispjtemjded e tiker dc`jsjilcs dc `ikpre oesedes cl me kchir jlairke`jðl djspiljomc cl sistcljojmjded.
@il jltcgrjded `iki `iki uli dc mis scjs vemircs auldekcltemcs, auldekclte mcs, Bjmtil Wirmdwjdc Wirmd wjdc sc `ikprikctc e keltclcr mis kås emtis cståldercs dc `ildu`te ckprcserjem. Djspilcl dc ul @ðdjgi Gmioem dc @ildu`te, @ildu`te , quc dcajlc rcspilseojmjdedcs rcspilseojmjdedcs `il mis grupis dc jltcrês y guëe me tike dc dc`jsjilcs. Tidis mis kjckoris dcm cqujpi cl tidi cm kuldi cstål iomjgedis pir cm prcscltc @ðdjgi.
OP_ cs ule irgeljze`jðl sjl åljki dc mu`ri quc privcc scrvj`jis dc jlairke`jðl, bcrrekjcltes, airke`jðl y escsirekjclti pere quc me _P@ sce ule pertc jltcgrem dc mes ipcre`jilcs dc lcgi`ji y cstretcgjes.
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Imjve Oeroe, Cve
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Bjmtil Wirmdwjdc pripir`jile lirkes, cstru`tures dc giojcrli, `epe`jte`jðl, `epe`jte`jðl, `ikulj`e`jilcs y pri`cdjkjcltis dc jlairke`jðl y dc jlvcstjge`jðl pere prikivcr cm `ukpmjkjclti dc me mcy y cm `ikpirtekjclti êtj`i e ljvcm kuldjem.
Emjelzes cstretêgj`es -
@iki bckis pidjdi ioscrver, sil lukcrises lukcrises mes emjelzes cstretêgj`es quc be dcserrimmedi me `edcle. Cm rcsumtedi cs ule ipirtuljded dc treoeher cl ul claiquc dc esi`je`jðl pøomj`i/prjvedi pere eoirder mis priomckes dc me si`jcded. Treoehel cl cstrc`be `imeoire`jðl `il sus si`jis pere cltcldcr cm `iltcxti cl cm quc cstål treoeheldi y `ðki ul claiquc dc esi`je`jðl pucdc eyuder e scr kås jkpe`teltcs pere eoirder `ucstjilcs `iki me kchire dc mis rcsumtedis dcm scrvj`ji vimulterji, me rcutjmjze`jðl dc mis rcsjduis, me `rce`jðl dc ipirtuljdedcs pere mis hðvclcs, me prcvcl`jðl dc me trete dc ljõis y me jllive`jðl cl tirli e me `iltrete`jðl sistcljomc, cltrc itris.
@iki sc be pidjdi vcr cl cstc `epëtumi, me `edcle Bjmtil rcemjze ul løkcri `ilsjdcreomc dc e``jilcs quc rcprcscltel ul csaucrzi dc êste pir `iltrjoujr em ojclcster si`jem. Tcrkjlerckis cm prcscltc treoehi `il ul `ilhulti dc `il`musjilcs quc sc vel e cxpilcr cl cm sjgujcltc `epëtumi.
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TAG-TS_. _cspilseojmjded Pi`jem @irpiretjve cl cm Pc`tir Bitcmcri8 cm `esi dc me `edcle Bjmtil Wirmdwjdc
@EVËTSMI 4 @IL@MSPJILCP, MJKJTE@JILCP Z ASTS_EP MËLCEP DC JLQCPTJGE@JÐL 4.5. @IL@MSPJILCP. @IL@MSPJILCP. Cstc `epëtumi ajlem, sc ve e dcdj`er e csteomc`cr ule scrjc dc `il`musjilcs a jlemcs, pere cmmi, vekis e priauldjzer p riauldjzer cl dis espc`tis8 pir ul medi, lis `cltrerckis cl cm cstudji tcðrj`i quc bckis rcemjzedi dc me _P@, y pir itri, `ikclterckis cm `ikpirtekjclti dc me `edcle Bjmtil cl `uelti e mes prå`tj`es dc _P@ quc e`tuemkcltc dcserrimme, tcrkjleldi `il ule scrjc dc mjkjte`jilcs quc sc bel pidjdi ioscrver cl cm prcscltc treoehi esë `iki autures mëlces dc jlvcstjge`jðl.
4.5.5 Cstudji tcðrj`i dc me _cspilseojmjded _cspilseojmjded Pi`jem @irpiretjve. @il cm cstudji quc sc be rcemjzedi dc me _cspilseojmjded Pi`jem @irpiretjve, sc be pidjdi mmcger e `il`mujr quc cstekis eltc ul aclðkcli quc be jdi edqujrjcldi `ede vcz kås jkpirtel`je cl mes ømtjkes dê`edes cl cm kuldi ckprcserjem, em mmcger e `ikprcldcr quc li sðmi bey quc `cõjrsc cl me iotcl`jðl dc oclcaj`jis kcrekcltc c`ilðkj`is, sjli quc mes ckprcses e`tuemkcltc dcocl dc e`tuer cl `ilairkjded `il cm cltirli quc mes ridce y dcserrimmer d cserrimmer e`tue`jilcs si`jemkcltc si`jemkcltc rcspilseomcs. E trevês dcm cstudji tcðrj`i, sc be pidjdi dctcrkjler quc e pcser dc me jkpirtel`je quc tjclc, biy cl dëe li cxjstc ul `ilsclsi cl `uelti e me dcajlj`jðl dcm `il`cpti, ye quc cxjstcl jlajljtes dcajlj`jilcs dcm têrkjli pripir`jiledes pripir`jiledes pir djacrcltcs eutircs, esë `iki pir jlstjtu`jilcs jlstjtu`jilcs cl cm åkojti le`jilem c jltcrle`jilem. jltcrle`jilem. Vir itre pertc, perc`c quc së cxjstc ule keyir e`cpte`jðl cl `uelti e mes djkclsjilcs quc clgmioel em `il`cpti. Be qucdedi `ilstel`je dc quc me _P@ dcoc tclcr trcs djkclsjilcs djkclsjilcs `merekcltc djacrcl`jedes8 si`jem, kcdjiekojcltem y c`ilðkj`e. Cl cstc scltjdi, scgøl cm `ekpi dc epmj`e`jðl em quc lis bckis djrjgjdi, cm sc`tir bitcmcri, me djkclsjðl quc be dc tclcr ule keyir rcmcvel`je, rcmcvel`je, cs me kcdjiekojcltem, ye quc gclcre ul grel jkpe`ti cl cm cltirli aësj`i quc mc ridce. Vir ømtjki, eõedjr quc `ede vcz sil kås mes ckprcses quc epmj`el me _P@ `iki pertc jltcgreltc dc su cstretcgje dc lcgi`ji, pere `rcer vemir pere sus stencbimdcrs y esë gclcrer ule aucltc dc vcltehes `ikpctjtjves quc mes pcrkjte djacrcl`jersc e ules irgeljze`jilcs dc itres. Cl cstc scltjdi, `ede vcz sil kås mes irgeljze`jilcs quc be`cl pøomj`es, edckås dc e``csjomcs, sus kckirjes dc sistcljojmjded `il cm ajl dc kchirer su rcpute`jðl y mcemted be`je me ker`e.
4.?. Epmj`e`jðl cac`tjve dc mis prjl`jpjis y djkclsjilcs dc me _P@ pir pertc dc Bjmtil Wirmdwjdc. @iki sc be pidjdi vcr, me `edcle Bjmtil Wirmdwjdc, tjclc ul `meri `ikprikjsi dc rcspilseojmjded `irpiretjve, `il cm quc prctcldc `rcer vemir pere sus lcgi`jis y pere setjsae`cr e mes `ikuljdedcs dildc sc cl`ucltrel prcscltcs.
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Imjve Oeroe, Cve
@il su jlairkc dc rcspilseojmjded `irpiretjve Trevcm Wjtb Vurpisc, Vurpisc, me `edcle kucstre ule scrjc dc jlj`jetjves y esi`je`jilcs telti mi`emcs `iki gmioemcs `il mes quc prctcldc mmcver e `eoi su `ikprikjsi dc sistcljojmjded sistcljojmjded y rcspilseojmjded rcspilseojmjded si`jem. Cltrc mes e``jilcs quc be dcserrimmedi me `edcle bitcmcre, `eoc dcste`er pir chckpmi cm ebirri quc bel `ilscgujdi dcsdc ?66: dc eprixjkedekcltc eprixjkedekcltc ?30 kjmmilcs dc dðmercs e trevês dc priyc`tis dc caj`jcl`je clcrgêtj`e y quc rcduhcril cm usi dcm egue ul 56.? pir `jclti, esë `iki dc djðxjdi dc `eroili cl ul 5?.2 pir `jclti y dc rcsjduis cl ul ?4.: pir `jclti. Cl mëlce `il me sistcljojmjded, tekojêl cs dc dcste`er me `rce`jðl dc ule Vimëtj`e Gmioem dc Pistcljojmjded, `il me quc sc `ikprikctc e kchirer su dcsckpcõi be`je ul auturi sistcljomc. Vere cmmi, me `edcle `uclte `il ul sjstcke pripji dc kcdj`jðl y elåmjsjs dc su dcsckpcõi gmioem cl sistcljojmjded mmekedi MjgbtPtey. Cl ketcrje si`jem, dcste`erckis me pucste cl ker`be dc me prjkcre Pckele Jltcrle`jilem dcm Pcrvj`ji @ikuljterji quc dji muger e kås dc 566.666 bires dc treoehi vimulterji cl kås dc 266 priyc`tis dc scrvj`ji `ikuljterji cl 35 peëscs y tekojêl me rcemjze`jðl dc lukcrises e``jilcs, esë `iki esi`je`jilcs `il djstjlti grupis dc prcsjðl pere epiyer me crredj`e`jðl dc me trete dc kclircs, cltrc itres ku`bes e``jilcs `iki me esi`je`jðl pir trcs eõis `il me Jltcrletjilem Ziutb Aiuldetjil `il cm iohctjvi dc `ilc`ter me prcscl`je gmioem dc me `ikpeõëe `il mes ipirtuljdedcs ipirtuljdedcs pere mis hðvclcs dcltri dc me jldustrje bitcmcre. Vir ømtjki cl ketcrje c`ilðkj`e, eulquc `il oesteltc rcme`jðl `il me djkclsjðl kcdjiekojcltem, `eoc dcste`er cm melzekjclti dcm @cltri dc Eoestc`jkjclti Pistcljomc pere eyuder e mis gcrcltcs dc `ikpres dc lcgi`jis gmioemcs e jltcgrer me sistcljojmjded cl sus dc`jsjilcs dc `ikpre, pripir`jileldi jlairke`jðl siorc mis detis dc sistcljojmjded dc pridu`tis `ede vcz kås djspiljomcs. Cs pir tidi cmmi, pir mi quc pidckis `il`mujr quc me `edcle Bjmtil Wirmdwjdc cs si`jemkcltc rcspilseomc, em mmcver e `eoi ul løkcri oesteltc `ilsjdcreomc dc e`tue`jilcs quc gjrel cl tirli e djacrcltcs espc`tis quc eac`tel e me si`jcded cl gclcrem. Cs pir telti ule `edcle `ikprikctjde, `ikprikctjde, quc tjclc tjc lc kuy prcscltcs sus vemircs.
4.0. MJKJTE@JILCP MJKJTE@JILCP. @iki mjkjte`jilcs dcm prcscltc treoehi `eoc dcste`er quc, em tretersc dcm cstudji dc ul `esi `il`rcti, mis rcsumtedis li sil cxtrepimeomcs em `ilhulti dc mes `edcles bitcmcres jltcrle`jilemcs, jltcrle`jilemcs, y quc, pir itre pertc, pere me rcemjze`jðl rcemjze`jðl dc dj`bi cstudji sc bel utjmjzedi aucltcs di`ukcltemcs y li me rcemjze`jðl dc cltrcvjstes pcrsilemcs. Cl cstc scltjdi, sc be jltcltedi pilcrsc cl `ilte`ti `il rcspilseomcs dc me `edcle Bjmtil, li iosteltc, lis rckjtëel em jlairkc dc rcspilseojmjded `irpiretjve em quc lis bckis dcdj`edi e elemjzer cl cm prcscltc treoehi.
4.4. ASTS_EP MËLCEP DC JLQCPTJGE@JÐL. Cl `ilsc`ucl`je, y cltrc itres autures mëlces dc jlvcstjge`jðl pisjomcs, sc pripilc me rcemjze`jðl dc ul cstudji quc sc epmjquc e me titemjded dc mes `edcles bitcmcres jltcrle`jilemcs, esë `iki e mes le`jilemcs. Edckås, cl dj`bi cstudji, scrëe jltcrcseltc elemjzer me rcpcr`usjðl quc me e`tuem `rjsjs c`ilðkj`i-ajlel`jcre cstå tcljcldi cl mes pimëtj`es dc _P@ dc mes ckprcses bitcmcres cspeõimes.
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TAG-TS_. _cspilseojmjded Pi`jem @irpiretjve cl cm Pc`tir Bitcmcri8 cm `esi dc me `edcle Bjmtil Wirmdwjdc
Ojomjigreaëe Esi`je`jðl Cspeõime Cspeõime dc @ilteojmjded y Edkjljstre`jðl Edkjljstre`jðl dc Ckprcses (EC@E). (?660). (?660). Ker`i @il`cptuem dc me _cspilseojmjded Pi`jem @irpiretjve. @irpiretjve . @errimm, E.O. (5:7:). ”E tbrcc -djkclsjilem -djkclsjilem `il`cptuem kidcm k idcm ia `irpiretc pcrai pcrai rkel`c‛. (@jtedi
cl Hjkclcz, K.E. ?65?). @errimm, E.O. (5::5). ”Tbc pyrekjd ia `irpiretc si`jem rcspilsjojmjty8 Tiwerd tbc kirem kelegckclt ia irgeljzetjilem stencbimdcrs‛. (@jtedi cl Hjkclcz, K.E. ?65?). @errimm, E.O. (5:::). ”@irpiretc si`jem rcspilsjojmjty8 Cvimutjil ia e dcajljtjilem `ilstru`t‛.
(@jtedi cl Hjkclcz, K.E. ?65?). @muo dc Cx`cmcl`je cl Pistcljojmjded. ¹Uuê cs cm @muo dc Cx`cmcl`je cl Pistcljojmjded9 @ilsumtede cm 2 dc kerzi dc ?654 cl bttp8//www.`muosistcljojmjded bttp8//www.`muosistcljojmjded.irg/kejl.es .irg/kejl.esp9jdYpeg p9jdYpegjle;5 jle;5 @ilacdcre`jðl dc Cltjdedcs pere me C`ilikëe Pi`jem dc Eldemu`ëe (@CVCP). (?667). Me _cspilseojmjded Pi`jem Ckprcserjem cl mes Ckprcses Eldemuzes dc C`ilikëe Pi`jem. @ilsumtede cm 7 dc kerzi dc ?654 cl bttp8//www.`cpcseldemu`je.cs/ajmcedkjl/kcd eldemu`je.cs/ajmcedkjl/kcdje/di`s/Vriyc`tis je/di`s/Vriyc`tis/CstudjiY_ /CstudjiY_PCYyYC.P.pda PCYyYC.P.pda Aulde`jðl C`imigëe y Dcserrimmi (C@IDCP). (?663). Vimëtj`es dc Vriki`jðl dc me _P@, _cspilseojmjded Pi`jem @irpiretjve y Vimëtj`es Vøomj`es. Jlairkc ?664, ?664 , 43-72. Aulde`jðl Êtlir. @ili`c ÊTLI_. bttp8//www.ctlir.irg/`ili`c.pbp
@ilsumtede
cm
2
dc
kerzi
dc
?654
cl
Gmioem _cpirtjlg Jlj`jetjvc. J lj`jetjvc. Kckirjes dc sistcljojmjded . @ilsumtede cm 7 dc kerzi dc ?654 cl bttps8//www.gmioemrcpirtjlg.irg/melguegcs/speljsb/Vegcs/Kckirjes-dc-Pistcljojmjded.espx Bjmtil Wirmdwjdc. Trevcm wjtb Vurpisc. @irpiretc _cspilseojmjty _cpirt ?65?-?650. @ilsumtede cm 56 dc eorjm dc ?654 cl bttp8//`r.bjmtilwirmdwjdc.`i bttp8//`r.bjmtilwirmdwjdc.`ik/Ypda/BjmtilY? k/Ypda/BjmtilY?65?@__Y 65?@__YVDAYv??.6.pd VDAYv??.6.pdaa Jlstjtuti dc Cstudjis Turëstj`is (JCT). (?650). Oemel`c dcm Turjski. _csumtedis dc me e`tjvjded turëstj`e cl Cspeõe. Eorjm dc ?650. @ilsumtede cm 4 dc kerzi dc ?654 cl bttp8//www.jct.tiurspejl.cs/csCP/cstedjstj`es/elemjsjsturjstj`i/oemeltur/eluemcs/Oemel`c%?6dcm%?6turjski%?6cl%?6Csp e%@0%O5e.%?6E%@0%O5i%?6?65?.pda Jlstjtuti dc Cstudjis Turëstj`is (JCT). (?654). Aj`be dc `iyulture. @ilsumtede cm 4 dc kerzi dc ?654 cl bttp8//www.jct.tiurspejl.cs/cscs/cstedjstj`es/aj`bedc`iyul cs/cstedjstj`es/aj`bedc`iyulture/pegjle ture/pegjles/dcaeumt.esp s/dcaeumt.espxx Jlstjtuti Le`jilem dc Cstedëstj`e (JLC). (?654). Cl`ucste dc I`upe`jðl Bitcmcre. @ilsumtede cm 4 dc kerzi dc ?654 cl bttp8//www.jlc.cs/hexj/kclu.di9typ bttp8//www.jlc.cs/hexj/kclu.di9typc;p`e c;p`exjs&petb;%?At55 xjs&petb;%?At55/c51?ci /c51?cib&ajmc;jlcoe b&ajmc;jlcoesc&M;6 sc&M;6 Heurcguj, _. (?65?). ”Me _PC cl Curipe y cl Cspeõe8 me ckprcse cl cm sjgmi RRJ‛. Cl H.J Gemål
y E. Påclz dc Kjcre (Cds.). _camcxjilcs siorc me _cspilseojmjded Pi`jem @irpiretjve cl cm sjgmi RRJ (pp.5:-41). (pp.5:-41). Cspeõe8 Cdj`jilcs Sljvcrsjded dc Pemekel`e.
Hjkêlcz Hjkêlcz, K.E. (?65?). Me _PC cl cm sc`tir bitcmcri cspeõim. Cstudji dc `esis kømtjpmcs. Tcsjs di`tirem li puomj`ede djrjgjde pir Dre. Ele Gcle Vcrcre y Dr. Eltilji _ujz Hjkêlcz. Me rcspilseojmjded si`jem ckprcserjem8 cvimu`jðl, `il`cptis y claiqucs (pp. ?777). Kertëlcz Ger`ëe dc Mceljz, V> _idrëgucz dcm Oisquc, J. (?650). ”_cvjsjðl tcðrj`e dcm `il`cpti y cstretcgjes dc kcdj`jðl dc me _cspilseojmjded Pi`jem @irpiretjve‛, _cvjste Vrjske Pi`jem ,
(55), 0?5-036. Kjljstcrji dc Treoehi y Esultis Pi`jemcs. (?663). Jlairkc dcm Airi dc Cxpcrtis cl _cspilseojmjded Pi`jem dc mes Ckprcses. Ioscrvetirji dc _cspilseojmjded Pi`jem @irpiretjve. ¹Vir quê cs jkpirteltc me _P@9 @ilsumtede cm 3 dc kerzi dc ?654 cl
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Imjve Oeroe, Cve
bttp8//www.ioscrvetirjirs`.ir bttp8//www.ioscrvetirjirs`.irg/jldcx.pbp g/jldcx.pbp9iptjil;`i 9iptjil;`ikY`iltclt& kY`iltclt&vjcw;ertj`mc&jd;3 vjcw;ertj`mc&jd;32&Jtckjd; 2&Jtckjd; :1&melg;cs Irgeljze`jðl Kuldjem dcm Turjski (IKT). (?665). @ðdjgi Êtj`i Kuldjem pere cm Turjski. Irgeljze`jðl Kuldjem dcm Turjski (IKT). Pustejleomc Dcvcmipkclt ia Tiurjsk. @ilsumtede cm 1 dc kerzi dc ?654 cl bttp8//sdt.ulwti.irg/cs/`iltclt/dcajlj`jil _iedkep. _cspilseojmjded Pi`jem Ckprcserjem. Jdces `mevcs y oucles prå`tj`es cl bitcmcs. @ilsumtede cm 7 dc kerzi dc ?654 cl bttp8//riedkep.cs/wp`iltclt/upmieds/?650/60/gujeYrscYbitcmcs?.pda _idrëgucz-Eltðl,
H.K>
Emilsi-Emkcjde,
K.K>
@cmckël
Vcdri`bc,
K.P.
(?650).
”_cspilseojmjded Pi`jem @irpiretjve cl mes `edcles bitcmcres cspeõimes. Sl cstudji dc `esis‛, _cvjste dc _cspilseojmjded Pi`jem Ckprcserjem, 3, Ckprcserjem, 3, (50), 53-36.
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TAG-TS_. _cspilseojmjded Pi`jem @irpiretjve cl cm Pc`tir Bitcmcri8 cm `esi dc me `edcle Bjmtil Wirmdwjdc
Elcxis
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