report on multile level car parking system

CHAPTER1: INTRODUCTION

Automatic Multilevel Car Parking System

1

1.1

Introduction In today‟s world the vehicle parking is becoming a big problem. As population is

increasing, number of vehicles is also increasing but the area to park vehicle is not increasing. And this create big problem to vehicles like car and mini vans for parking. People end up parking cars on roads which further leads to traffic jam. Multi-storied car parking system will help in parking large number of cars in smaller parking land. Automatic Car Parking System enables the parking of vehicles, floor after floor and thus reducing the space used. Such a system is proposed and designed in this project. In places where more than 100 cars need to be parked, this system proves to be useful in reducing wastage of space. Here any number of cars can be parked according to the requirement. These makes the system modernized and thus space-saving one. This idea is developed using 8051 microcontroller. Car parking issue has some problems with how to control the number of the car inside it, how to monitor the movement in/out side of the parking lot, how to check whether there is a place inside for more cars or not and the safety to park. The aim of this project is to solve these problems by designing a system to control the parking area using a microcontroller. The microcontroller serves as a programming tool to run the whole operation, to reduce the cost in terms of requirement such as job opportunity and to increase security. Moreover, this system is faster, flexible and can meet market needs. Human errors are the major source of traffic accidents, therefore building in-car technologies for checking the parking lot, avoiding accidents and guidance to the parking facility is turning out to be an integral area for research. The objective of such technologies is the reduction of the burden on driver, improvement of the traffic capacity, and provision of reliable and secure car functions [3]. Criteria for the quality multi storey car parks are:  Safety in use  Clear visibility  Parking-space marking to enable drivers to remember the location of their vehicles  Clear views to the outside  Good natural lighting and ventilation.


2

1.2

Parking Issues in India

India has more than 40 million vehicles. But the traffic on roads and parking space has been an area of concern in majority of Indian cities. In most of the cases, 40 per cent of the road space is used for parking rather than for traffic movement on a normal working day. With affordable cars launching in the market, almost every middle-class family owns a car which adds to the vehicular population in our country. If this trend is followed, no amount of space will be enough to accommodate stationary vehicles, which will lead to narrower lanes for movement of public transport. Indian cities face a severe problem of congestion due to the runaway growth of personal vehicles. Traffic management in the many cities is marked by the introduction of a series of one-way traffic systems, which have implications on pedestrian safety and fuel consumption. One-way traffic is generally desirable only when complementary roads are available and the additional traveling distance is not more than 300 meters as per IRC. This ensures that whenever such systems are introduced, the interests of public transport modes and pedestrians are duly addressed. Demand for parking in the CBD areas of Indian cities is twice the supply. Acute shortage of parking supply is seen in commercial areas; indiscriminate parking impedes the free flow of traffic and causes accidents.

Figure 1-1: Parking problems


3

The present situation in some areas of Indian cities is such that the demand for parking is twice the supply. Shortage of parking hinders the free flow of traffic and can also lead to accidents. It also causes air pollution, traffic jam and driver frustration. Some of the reasons for parking problems are: 

Low parking prices



Weak implementation of parking regulations



Number of vehicles is rising day by day



The footpaths are not properly constructed so walking environment is not comfortable. Hence prosperous vehicle owners do not prefer parking their vehicles three or four meters away.



Vehicle owners are not willing to pay the parking amount and often end up parking on the streets so building space for parking can seem like a waste.

So to avoid all these problems, researchers recently have turned to applying technologies for efficient parking management(Joshi, Khan, & Motiwalla, 2012)

[4]

.These technologies

have helped in solving the parking problems to a great extent. Different technologies are applied at different places according to the parking environment and the type of parking requirement in that area.

Figure 1-2: Parking Issues in India

1.3

Parking Solutions Already Prevalent in India It is used for optimum utilisation of parking space by utilizing vertical space rather

than horizontal space. The growing population and the increase in vehicles have made the plots expensive and hence the conventional parking has become non-feasible. Car ramps Automatic Multilevel Car Parking System

4

also consume a lot of space therefore mechanized car parking systems prove to be feasible. Multi-level car parking system (MLCPS) has a number of advantages over the conventional parking system.

1.4

Types of other Parking Solution Currently Available

1.4.1

On street parking

On street parking means the vehicles are parked on the sides of the street itself. This will be usually controlled by government agencies itself. Common types of on-street parking are as listed below. As per IRC the standard dimensions of a car is taken as 5× 2.5 m and that for a truck is 3.75× 7.5 m.

Figure 1-3: On Street Parking 1.4.2 Off street parking Off street parking means vehicles are parked off the street itself.

Figure 1-4: Off Street Parking Automatic Multilevel Car Parking System

5

1.4.3 Parallel parking The vehicles are parked along the length of the road. Here there is no backward movement of involved while parking or un parking the vehicle. Hence, it is the most safest parking from the accident perspective. However, it consumes the maximum curb length and therefore only a minimum number of vehicles can be parked for a given kerbed length. This method of parking produces least obstruction to the on-going track on the road since least road width is used.

Figure 1-5: Parallel Parking 1.4.3.1 30o parking In thirty degree parking, the vehicles are parked at 30o with respect to the roinad alignment. In this case, more vehicles can be parked compared to parallel parking. Also there is better maneuver-ability. Delay caused to the track is also minimum in this type of parking. 1.4.3.2 45oparking As the angle of parking increases, more number of vehicles can be parked. Hence compared to parallel parking and thirty degree parking, more number of vehicles can be accommodated in this type of parking. 1.4.3.3 60oparking The vehicles are parked at 60o to the direction of road. More number of vehicles can be accommodated in this parking type.


6

1.4.3.4 Right angle parking In right angle parking or 90o parking, the vehicles are parked perpendicular to the direction of the road. Although it consumes maximum width kerbed length required is very little. In this type of parking, the vehicles need complex maneuvering and this may cause severe accidents. This arrangement causes obstruction to the road track particularly if the road width is less. However, it can accommodate maximum number of vehicles for a given kerbed length. It can be above the ground, underground or both above and underground. The above ground structures are open-deck parking structures. 1.4.4 Automated Multilevel Parking It is a building (or part there hereof) which is designed specifically to be for Automobile Parking and where there are a number of floors or levels on which parking takes place.Is essentially a Stacked Car Park “Multilevel Car Park” – Term Originated in UK, in US it is called a “Parking Structure”.

Figure 1-6: Automatic Multilevel Parking So these are the different car parking systems that are available in India. And of them the automatic multilevel car parking system is beneficial as compared to all the car parking available. Automatic Multilevel Car Parking System

7

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE SURVEY


8

2.1

Literature Survey In today‟s world the vehicle parking is becoming a big problem. As population is

increasing, number of vehicles is also increasing but the area to park vehicle is not increasing. And this create big problem to vehicles like car and mini vans for parking. People end up parking cars on roads which further leads to traffic jam. Multi-storied car parking system will help in parking large number of cars in smaller parking land. Automatic Car Parking System enables the parking of vehicles, floor after floor and thus reducing the space used. There are different types of Automatic Multilevel Car Parkings available in India. 

Independent access parking systems



Dependent access parking systems



Multi-storey car park



Fully Automated car parking



Independent access parking systems: This system allows vehicle access without a valet. The Lift-Sliding Parking System

allows drivers to retrieve their own vehicles, after which another car slides over to take its place while a mechanical car lift brings up another car[6] .

Figure 2-1: Independent access parking systems 

Dependent access parking systems: This system requires a human attendant (usually a valet). The parking system stacks

two, three, or four vehicles in an area usually occupied by a single car. A trained operator uses the Lift-Sliding Parking System to raise the vehicle on a mechanical car lift, which creates an additional space for another vehicle to be stored below. This process is repeated Automatic Multilevel Car Parking System

9

until the system reaches capacity. To retrieve a vehicle, the operator removes the vehicle below (at grade position) in order to lower the mechanical car lift and return the stacked vehicle requested. Fully-automatic system and semi-automatic comes under this category.

Figure 2-2: Dependent access parking systems 

Multi-storey car park:

A multi-storey car park , also called a parking garage, parking structure, parking ramp, or parking deck is a structure designed Specifically for automobile parking where there are a number of floors or levels on which parking takes place. It is essentially a stacked car park. The Multi-storey car parking system can either be fully automatic or semi-automatic and are suitable for installation in basement and in open spaces outside commercial building, residential building, shopping malls, restaurants and hotels etc. The unique feature of this system is that it maximizes the number of cars parked in a given floor space substantially.

Figure 2-3: Multi-storey car park Automatic Multilevel Car Parking System

10



Fully Automated car parking:

Automated Car Parking System is a fully computer controlled mechanism

[5]

which

becomes user friendly as it ensures maximum utilization of space allowing the machines to park the car in the allocated space. Fully automated parking systems use auto car lifts. They are designed for high density parking. These parking systems allow for virtually unlimited stacking capacity and provide fully integrated storage and retrieval functionality. The system allows the driver to drive up to a Park and Drive Station. After the driver exits the vehicle, a robotic shuttle transports the vehicle onto the Vehicle Transfer Center, which then transfers the car to a designated parking stall. Whether the retrieval of vehicles is faster in an automatic car park or a self park car park depends on the layout and number of exits.

Figure 2-4: Fully Automated car parking In order to accommodate the large volume of vehicles, small cities and towns must develop their infrastructure. One solution may be a multi-level car parking system to maximize car parking capacity by utilizing vertical space, rather than expand horizontally. With land in metros and „a‟ grade cities becoming scarce and dearer, and plots getting smaller, conventional parking is proving infeasible[6].

The term multi-level car park is used in the United Kingdom, Hong Kong and many Commonwealth of Nations countries. In the western United States, the term parking structure is used especially when it is necessary to distinguish such a structure from the “garage” in a house. In some places in North America, “parking garage” refers only to an indoor, often Automatic Multilevel Car Parking System

11

underground, structure – outdoor multi-level parking facilities are referred to by a number of regional terms: 

Parking garage-is used in the Western United States, Eastern Canada and by civil engineers;



Parking deck-is used in the Southeast



Parking ramp- is used in the upper Midwest, especially Minnesota and Wisconsin, and has been observed as far east as Buffalo, New York



Parked- is used in Canada and South Africa



Parking building- is used in New Zealand.

Architects and civil engineers in the USA are likely to call it a parking structure, since their work is all about structures, and that term is the vernacular in some of the western United States. When attached to a high-rise of another use, it is sometimes called a parking podium. United States building codes use the term open parking structure to refer to a structure designed for car storage (not repair) that has enough openings in the walls that it does not need mechanical ventilation or fire sprinklers, as opposed to a “parking garage” that requires mechanical ventilation or sprinklers but does not require openings in the walls. The openings provide fresh air flow to disperse either car exhaust or fumes from a fire should one break out within the structure

In today‟s time and age, vehicles are a predominant mode of

transportation. With rising number of vehicles and dwindling parking spaces, vehicles parked along the road and even on sidewalks have become fairly common phenomena. With these parked vehicles encroaching on road space and pedestrian space, traffic congestion and accidents are inevitable. A well organized parking system which makes maximum use of available space offers a solution to this situation. There are two types of parking systems: 

Traditional parking systems



Multistoried parking systems.

In Traditional parking systems, vehicles are parked in perpendicular or parallel fashion. With no safety against the theft or protection against atmospheric conditions, it is not a space efficient system either.


12

Figure 2-5: Traditional Parking System

Figure 2-6: Multistoried Parking System Multistoried parking systems are preferred since they multiply parking capacity of a given area. Various floors are present for parking the vehicles with ramps and staircases provided for moving between floors. These types of systems are expensive to build and require manpower for co-ordination. To make system automated and less expensive, stacking systems are used. In these systems, lift is available for moving the vehicle from one floor to another. As shown in fig 2-6, the system has three six floors divided into three columns with middle column kept free for maneuvering cars. The actual parking of the car is controlled manually by operator. This type of manual intervention may cause some faults.[10]


13

India being the second most populated country with a population of 1.2 billion and counting, the transportation sector is in an alarming position. Parking vehicles is becoming a nuisance each passing day forcing people to park their vehicles on roads, thus becoming the major cause of traffic jams. Automatic multi level car parking system plays a vital role in avoiding this mess and parking of more and more vehicles is made possible in an arranged manner. This project aims at construction and designing of the micro controller based multi level car parking system using IR sensors. This project consists of two IR receiver and transmitter pair that controls the automatic gates and vehicle detection as it passes through it. LCD display is used to display no of cars present and it will display message “parking full” if no space is available in parking. When a vehicle enters the parking area, the sensors are activated which open the gate automatically if the lift is free. The second sensor placed in the lift aligns the lift properly on each floor. The lift takes the vehicle to the assigned floor and the vehicle is deboarded from the lift section to the assigned parking space in the bay and the empty lift returns to the entry point for assisting other incoming vehicles. In case the lift is busy, a buzzer alarm alerts the customer wanting him to wait till the lift returns back to the ground floor. The seven segment display used gives us the number of vehicles that have entered the parking area. For car retrieving, the previously generated ID is entered by the customer that alerts the microcontroller about the vehicle location (where it was parked earlier) and automatically operates the lift to retrieve the vehicle from there and is brought to the ground floor where the customer can drive away his car.[7]

The application of RFID technology in parking lots makes parking effective, convenient and safe. The RFID system is used to park the cars automatically in the multilevel parking area. The use of RFID tags, readers and antennas makes it easier to automate the 'in and out' privileges of parking subscribers. Personnel costs will be reduced considerably using this technology. It will be possible in the future to make unmanned, secure and atomized parkinglots functioning with RFID technology. There are several techniques present for collection of data and information about any object. 

Bar code technique It is a data collection technique which contains a twelve digit manufacturing identification number. It normally uses to speed up the checkout process & keep better track of inventory. This system is useful at the departmental stores and bar codes are placed on each item present in that store by UPC. It is a low cost technique,


14

but it is slower than RFID. Compared to bar codes in RFID, LOS is not required. Bar codes are read only where as RFID is read/write. 

NFC Technique It is a subset of RFID, it works like a conventional RFID and provide more security than both RFID and Bar codes. Its data rate is from 106kbits/s to 424kbits/s. But NFC has limited range of communication to within centimeters or 2-4 inches. It is also not possible to replace the manual nature of the check out process. Staff at the checkout would still need to swipe each NFC tag just like they are doing it with Bar codes.



RFID Technique RFID is a radio frequency identification system. This is an ADC technology. RFID technology has inherited the advantages of the previous magnetic card, bar code, contactless IC card. An RFID system consists of three components: an antenna and transceiver (often combined into one reader) and a transponder (the tag). The antenna uses radio frequency waves to transmit a signal that activates the transponder. When activated, the tag transmits data back to the antenna. RFID can read the tag using RF, meaning that the RFID tag can be read from a distance, right through your clothes, wallet, backpack or purse. Besides the RFID tag consist of unique ID for each tag. RFID system draws our attention for this purpose due to several useful features of it such as non-line-of-sight operation, high speed detection, good transmission range and performance in dense sensor environment.[8]

Figure 2-7: RFID system communication diagram For the design of this system as discussed earlier an RFID tag and reader is used. According to this, RFID Tags are installed in the cars. A door mount antenna is used to track the tag. A reader is attached to this antenna, which reads the information coded in the tag. To get started with RFID-based automatic vehicle parking system, the vehicle owner has to first register the Automatic Multilevel Car Parking System

15

vehicle with the parking owner and get the RFID tag. When the car has to be parked, the RFID tag is placed near the RFID reader which is installed near the entry gate of the parking lot. As soon as the RFID tag is read by the reader, the system automatically verifies the information data then car is allowed to go inside the parking area. At the same time, the parking counter increments by one. Similarly, at the time of exit a button at the ground floor will be manually pressed and parking counter will be decremented at the LCD screen. In this project necessary precautions have been taken programmatically in case of a parking lot. If the parking space is not available than further that vehicle which is about to check-in will not be allowed to let in, thus there won‟t be any time loss to look for parking space.[9]

“Automatic Car Parking System”, we have built a system which will automatically sense the entry and exit of cars through the gate and then display the number of cars on the LCD. In this paper we have taken a model of eight number of car parking system. A microcontroller has been used to sense the movement of cars and check whether there is a capacity for cars to park

[11]

. We use two dc motors, one is for gate and other is for lifting the lifter carrying the

car. Gate is open when motor is rotated clockwise and closed when motor rotated in anticlockwise. It is also possible to open a gate when any car enters in the parking lot or close the door when a car exits from it. We use 8 Infra-red sensor, which are mounted as two on each floor. We built a project with a Parking of two floor. Simultaneously, it will display the number of cars present in the parking lot on a LCD screen and opens the gate if there is a space for the car to park. When all the spaces are occupied then LCD displayed NO vacant space and the gate is not open. The sensing of entry and exit of cars is done through infrared transmitters and receivers. The infrared transmitter is mounted on one side and the receiver is placed directly against the transmitter [12]. When a car arrives, the infrared beam is blocked by the car and the receiver is devoid of infrared. message is sent to the microcontroller according to it the car is parked. The procedure for the exit of cars is much similar to that of entry. We use RFID card[13] and RFID card reader. Whenever the car get enter in the parking area it must show the card to the card reader and detect the card. Then the gate is open car enter into the parking area ,gate is closed after some delay. Case 1: A lift mechanism is used to park the car on the first floor which is implemented using motor. Motor is rotated clockwise it stops when it reaches on the first floor. A car is parked on the first floor according to the priority basis. Automatic Multilevel Car Parking System

16

Figure 2-8: When Space Is Available On First Floor Case 2: When all the cars parked on the first floor as well as second floor i.e no space is available, then it displays no space.[14]

Figure 2-9: When No Space Is Available


17

CHAPTER 3:

RELATED THEORY ON AMCPS


18

3.1

Automatic Multilevel Car Parking System In today‟s world the vehicle parking is becoming a big problem. As population is

increasing, number of vehicles is also increasing but the area to park vehicle is not increasing. And this create big problem to vehicles like car and mini vans for parking. People end up parking cars on roads which further leads to traffic jam. Multi-storied car parking system will help in parking large number of cars in smaller parking land. Automatic Car Parking System enables the parking of vehicles, floor after floor and thus reducing the space used. Types of automatic multilevel car parking system: 3.1.1 STACKER SYSTEMS

Figure 3-1: Stacker Systems Car parking stacker is a simple method of parking two cars on a floor space for one car. This is a semi automated system where one car will be parked on a Pallet and then lifted up to park the second car. Safety of cars is ensured with the help of sensors. Features Semi automated system Advanced Safety Features Installation feasibility Easy to Operate Doubled parking space Low maintenance


19

3.1.2 ROTARY SYSTEMS

Figure 3-2: Rotary Systems Rotary car parking system works similar to a giant wheel mechanism. Floor space of 3 cars can be used for parking cars from 8 to 14. Features Fully Automated car parking system Easy in operation Human & car safety is ensured Low maintenance Floor space utilization of 3 to 5 times

3.1.3 TOWER SYSTEMS

Figure 3-3: Tower Systems Elevator (Tower) type car parking system is used where minimum space is available.Floor space of 7 mtr X 7 mtr can be used for multi level car parking and the no. of cars is depending upon the height of Tower. Max. height of 70 mtrs used where 70 cars can be parked.


20

Features Fully Automated Car Parking System Various type Accessibility can be used like smart cards, Parking tickets, PIN Code, etc. No driving through ramp for parking. Safe and easy to operate. Turn Table System (optional) available to avoid reverse driving during car drive out. 3.1.4 CART TYPE SYSTEMS

Figure 3-4: Cart Type Systems Chess Type Parking is a fully automated system. Cars parked on pallet will be moving on roller conveyors to different parking spaces. Customized Software will be developed depending on no. of levels, no. of car parking spaces and no. of elevators. Features Fully Automated Car Parking System Various type Accessibility can be used like smart cards, Parking tickets, PIN Code, etc. No driving through ramp for parking. Safe and easy to operate.


21

3.1.5 PUZZLE SYSTEMS:

Figure 3-5: Puzzle Systems The Puzzle Type Car Parking System is very useful where multiple entrances / exits are required. Floor space for surface parking can be multiplied with 2 to 5 times, depending on the height availability. This system reduces the construction cost and multiplies the no. of car parking which helps in cost reduction. For example parking space for 8 cars can be used for parking of 36 cars on a Puzzle System with height of 11 Mtrs. Widely used in basement of buildings for multi level parking. Features

Automated / Manual Control system for Operation is available. Human and car safety is ensured with sensors. Multiple Car Entrances Suitable for Underground (basement) as well as above the ground


22

3.2 CHARACTERISTICS OF AUTOMATIC CAR PARKING SYSTEM SUITABLE FOR INDIAN ENVIRONMENT

Out of all the automatic car parking systems the fully automatic car parking system is the best suited for Indian environment because of following characteristics: 1. The car parking system should be multistoried to minimize the floor space required per car. 2. A lift has to be provided to take the car to upper stories 3. Two doors have to be provided in a car lift for entry and exit of vehicle. 4. LED and LCD display screen

[6]

on each floor will be provided to display data about the available

and non-available parking slots and in which direction that particular slot is situated. 5. Parking of car has to be takes place according to the priority in sequence i.e. from bottom to top [6]. Car should Parked at ground floor if slot is available, if not, the other floors are considered by micro-controller from first to top in sequence. 6. Proximity sensors, motion sensors, load cell

[6]

etc. are used for accurate operation of parking,

retrieving, detection of empty slot etc.

3.3 Necessity of MLCPS: 

Optimal utilization of space: Mechanical car parking system is a method of parking and retrieving cars by using pallets and lifts. It thus removes the need for lengthy drive ways and ramps, accommodating maximum cars in minimum space



Can be constructed on minimum available space: MLCPS is flexible enough to solve varied parking problems. It can be sited above or below the ground or a combination of both and designed to accommodate any number of cars.



Lower construction cost: MLCPS are cost effective in terms of construction cost. MLCPS are delivered pre-fabricated which a2re assembled on site. As the system is operated automatically, added expenses of underground parking such as building structure, providing lighting and security are avoided.



Low maintenance and operational cost: Operating cost is low since mechanical car parking systems requires less energy to run. There is no


23

need for energy intensive ventilating systems as the cars are not being driven inside the parking lot. Cladding can be specially selected to match the building‟s facade. 

Safety of vehicle: MLCPS provide complete safety to a vehicle as parked cars are not accessible to anyone else. Damages or a dent to the car is avoided while parking through narrow drive ways.



Environment friendly: Environmentally, mechanized car parking has much to offer. One of the greatest benefits related to conventional underground or open space parking, is the saving of ground space. Outdoor space saved can be put to good use with gardens and landscaping or additional buildings. It also significantly reduces noise and other pollutants.



Benefit to a driver: Car driving now can become a pleasant experience. Mechanical car parking systems makes parking easier and less stressful as the driver does not have to drive through the entire parking lot looking for a place to park, nor do they have to attend the car when it is parked, thus saving a lot of time. Difficulty in parking in a tight corner is also eliminated.



Benefit to builder: By using MLCPS, floor area and the volume of the stilt/ garage can be used much more efficiently. It reduces the space needed to park the same number of cars or allow car parking where previously there would have been no room. This in turn means more financial gains by saving precious real estate space.


24

CHAPTER 4: HARDWARE DESCRIPTION


25

4.1 8051 Microcontroller: The AT89S52 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcontroller with 8K bytes of in-system programmable Flash memory. The device is manufactured using Atmel‟s high-density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the industry standard 80C51 instruction set and pinout. The on-chip Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a conventional nonvolatile memory programmer. The AT89S52 provides the following standard features: 8K bytes of Flash, 256 bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, Watchdog timer, two data pointers, three 16-bit timer/counters, a six-vector two-level interrupt architecture, a full duplex serial port, on-chip oscillator, and clock circuitry. The Idle Mode stops the CPU while allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial port, and interrupt system to continue functioning. The Power-down mode saves the RAM con-tents but freezes the oscillator, disabling all other chip functions until the next interrupt or hardware reset.[15]

Figure 4-1: Microcontroller 89S52 1. Internal ROM and RAM 2. I/O ports with programmable pins 3. Timers and counters 4. Serial data communication[16]


26

Figure 4-2: Internal structure of 89S52 microcontroller

Diagram on next page shows the pin configuration of the 89S52, where the function of each pin is written next to it, and, if it exists, the dual function is written between brackets. Note that the pins that have dual functions can still be used normally as an input/output pin. Unless the program uses their dual functions, all the 32 I/O pins of the microcontroller are configured as input/output pins.


27

Figure 4-3: Pin configuration of 89S52 microcontroller

Main sections of our project are:  RFID section  LCD Display section  Motor driver section 4.1.1

RFID SECTION:

RFID Reader Module An RFID (Radio-frequency identification and detection) reader is a device which is used to communicate with RFID tags by receiving and transmitting signals. These signals use radio waves for wireless communication. RFID tag is applied to products, individuals or animals to identify and track them. The identification is done through a unique serial number.[17] This topic covers the interfacing of a passive RFID system with AT89S52.This is a low frequency (125Khz) RFID reader with serial output with at range of 8-12cm. It is a compact units with built in antenna and can be directly connected to the PC using RS232 protocol. RFID or Radio Frequency Identification is a method in which electromagnetic Automatic Multilevel Car Parking System

28

waves are used for transmitting data for the purpose of identifying tags attached to objects. An RFID system consists of a transmitter (tag) and a reader.The tag is encrypted with a unique code and the reader scans this code for the identification purpose. The tags are generally of two types: active and passive. Active tags have a battery fitted to it and it transmits the unique code periodically or in the proximity of the reader. Passive tags are powered using the electromagnetic induction from the signal transmitted by the reader.[18] Typical applications of RFID are access control systems, ID cards, human identification, animal identification, payment systems, tagging books, replacing bar codes, tagging merchandise in stores etc . RFID tags are available in different shapes but the most common shape is in the form of a card. The RFID readers are available in the market in the form of a module with all the supporting hardware. This article is about interfacing RFID to 8051 microcontroller. The images of a typical RFID card and reader are shown below.

Figure 4-4: RFID card and reader The RFID card is available in different sizes and shapes and the most commonly used type is shown above. The image of a typical RFID reader module is also shown above. Basically it contains a semiconductor memory for storing the unique ID code, modulating circuit and a coil. The coil acts as the power source by means of electromagnetic induction while in the vicinity of the reader and it also serves as the antenna for propagating the ID code.[19] The modulating circuit modulates the unique code into the transmitted wave. The reader basically contains a coil and an electronic circuit. The coil serves as exciter for the card and also the antenna for receiving the signal propagated by the card. The electronic circuit demodulates this signal and converts it into a form suitable for the next stage (microcontroller).


29

Features  Serial and TTL output.  Along with two RFID cards.  Excellent read performance without an external circuit .  Compact size and cost-effective .[20]

Figure 4-5: EM-18 RFID module

4.1.2

LCD DISPLAY SECTION: A liquid crystal display (LCD) is a thin, flat electronic visual display that uses the light

modulating properties of liquid crystals. LCDs are more energy efficient and offer safer disposal than CRTs. Its low electrical power consumption enables it to be used in battery-powered electronic equipment. It is an electronically-modulated optical device made up of any number of pixels filled with liquid crystals and arrayed in front of a light source (backlight) or reflector to produce images in color.[21]


30

Figure 4-6: 16X2 LCD Display Pin Diagram:

Figure 4-7: LCD pin description


31

Pin Description: Pin No

Function

Name

1

Ground (0V)

Ground

2

Supply voltage; 5V (4.7V – 5.3V)

Vcc

3

Contrast adjustment; through a variable resistor

VEE

4

Selects command register when low; and data register when high

Register Select

5

Low to write to the register; High to read from the register

Read/write

6

Sends data to data pins when a high to low pulse is given

Enable

7

DB0

8

DB1

9

DB2

10

DB3 8-bit data pins

11

DB4

12s

DB5

13

DB6

14

DB7

15

Backlight VCC (5V)

Led+

16

Backlight Ground (0V)

LedTable 5-1: Pin description of LCD

4.1.3

MOTOR DRIVER SECTION: L293D is a typical Motor driver or Motor Driver IC which allows DC motor to drive on either direction. L293D is a 16-pin IC which can control a set of two DC motors simultaneously in any direction. It means that you can control two DC motor with a single L293D IC.[22]


32

Figure 4-8: motor driver L293D pin configuration It works on the concept of H-bridge. H-bridge is a circuit which allows the voltage to be flown in either direction. As you know voltage need to change its direction for being able to rotate the motor in clockwise or anticlockwise direction, Hence H-bridge IC are ideal for driving a DC motor.In a single l293d chip there two h-Bridge circuit inside the IC which can rotate two dc motor independently. Due its size it is very much used in robotic application for controlling DC motors. Given below is the pin diagram of a L293D motor controller.[23]

Figure 4-9: IC L293D


33

CHAPTER 5: SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION


34

5.1 KEIL MICROVISION SOFTWARE Keil MicroVision is a free software which solves many of the pain points for an embedded program developer. This software is an integrated development environment (IDE), which integrated a text editor to write programs, a compiler and it will convert your source code to hex files too. Usually it is called “burning software” into the controller. Before “burning a program” into a controller, we must do certain prerequisite operations with the program. This includes writing the program in assembly language or C language in a text editor like notepad, compiling the program in a compiler and finally generating the hex code from the compiled program. Earlier people used different softwares/applications for all these 3 tasks. Writing was done in a text editor like notepad/wordpad, compiling was done using a separate software (probably a dedicated compiler for a particular controller like 8051), converting the assembly code to hex code was done using another software etc. It takes lot of time and work to do all these separately, especially when the task involves lots of error debugging and reworking on the source code. Here is simple guide to start working with Keil uVision which can be used for 

Writing programs in C/C++ or Assembly language



Compiling and Assembling Programs



Debugging program



Creating Hex and Axf file



Testing your program without Available real Hardware (Simulator Mode)

This is simple guide on Keil uVision 4 though also applicable on previous versions also. These are the simple steps to get off the mark your inning! Step 1: After opening Keil uV4, Go to Project tab and Create new uVision project Now Select new folder and give name to Project.


35

Figure 5-1: Step 1 of KEIL programming Step 2: After Creating project now Select your device model.

Figure 5-2: Step 2 of KEIL programming Step 3: so now your project is created and Message window will appear to add startup file of your Device click on Yes so it will be added to your project folder

Figure 5-3: Step 3 of KEIL programming


36

Step 4: Now go to File and create new file and save it with .C extension if you will write program in C language or save with .asm for assembly language.

Figure 5-4: Step 4 of KEIL programming Step 5: Now write your program and save it again. You can try example given at end of this tutorial. Step 6: After that on left you see project window .Now come on Project window.

Figure 5-5: Step 6 of KEIL programming Right click on target and click on options for target. Here you can change your device also.


37

Figure 5-6: Step 6 of KEIL programming Click output tab here & check create Hex file if you want to generate hex file.Now click on ok so it will save changes.

Figure 5-7: Step 6 of KEIL programming Step 7: Now Expand target and you will see source group.Right click on group and click on Add files to source group


38

Figure 5-8: Step 7 of KEIL programming Now add your program file which you have written in C/assembly.You can see program file added under source group. Step 8: Now Click on Build target.You can find it under Project tab or in toolbar.It can also be done by pressing F7 key.

Figure 5-9: Step 8 of KEIL programming Step 9: you can see Status of your program in Build output window[24]

Figure 5-10: Step 1 of KEIL programming


39

CHAPTER 6: FLOWCHART


40

START

IF ID NO IS INVALID AFTER SCANNING RFID CARD

GATE WILL NOT OPEN VEHICLE WILL NOT BE ALLOWED TO ENTER INTO CAR PARKING SLOT

IF VALID ID NO GATE OPENS AND VEHICLE WILL BE ALLOWED TO ENTER INTO CAR PARKING SLOT

LCD COUNT WILL BE INCREMENTED BY 1 IF PARKING IS AVAILABLE

IF PARKING IS NOT AVAILABLE

ELEVATOR WILL PARK THE CAR IN THE EMPTY SLOT

16X2 LCD DISPLAY WILL DISPLAY A MESSAGE “PARKING FULL”

END

Figure 6-1: Flowchart for parking the vehicle


41

START

ACCORDING TO ID NO AFTER USER SCANS RFID CARD

IF NOT VALID THEN ELEVATOR WILL NOT BRING THE VEHICLE BACK FROM PARKING SLOT

IF VALID ID NO ELEVATOR WILL BRING THE VEHICLE FROM THE RESPECTIVE PARKING SLOT

LCD COUNT WILL BE DECREMENTED BY 1

ELEVATOR WILL BRING THE CAR AT THE ENTRY AND GATE WILL OPEN

END

Figure 6-2: Flowchart for retrieving the vehicle


42

6.1 Description of flowchart:

6.1.1 While parking the vehicle: As soon as the car appears near the parking gate the person inside the vehicle will have a card and he will scan the card on the RFID reader module. If the unique code is correct then only the vehicle will be allowed to enter into the parking system if not then car will not be allowed to enter. After scanning RFID card the gate will open and the vehicle will be placed on the elevator. On the LCD display count will be incremented to indicate the entry of a new vehicle. The elevator will place the vehicle wherever there is space in the parking slot. If in case the parking is full then LCD will display a message “PARKING FULL”. So the person need not wait there unnecessarily wasting time.

6.1.2. While retrieving the vehicle: For retrieving the vehicle the person who needs the vehicle will scan the RFID card and if it is valid then the elevator will bring the respective vehicle from the parking location if unique code is not correct then elevator will not bring the vehicle. Once the elevator brings the car from the location LCD count will be decremented to indicate a parking location is emptied. And the gate will open if RFID is properly scanned with proper code and person and take his/her vehicle.


43

CHAPTER 7: BLOCK DIAGRAM


44

BLOCK DIAGRAM:

POWER SUPPLY

8 0 5 1

DC MOTOR

ELEVATOR

LCD(16X2)

RFID CARD READER

RFID CARD

Figure 7-1: Block Diagram

7.1 MICROCONTROLLER 8051: The microcontroller used in the project is 8051. This part is the heart of the project. It checks for the entry and exit of car. When it detects the car from the entry gate then it checks whether there is any vacant space in the parking lot. If there is vacant space then it opens the door and increases the overall count in the parking lot by one. And if it detects the car from the exit gate then it decrement the count by one. 7.2 DC MOTOR: DC motors consist of one set of coils, called armature winding, inside another set of coils or a set of permanent magnets, called the stator. Here the DC motor is mainly used to manage the movement and the positioning of elevator.


45

7.3 RFID CARD READER: RFID is a radio frequency identification system. In our project RFID card will be scanned by the RFID reader and then only the entry will be provided in the car parking system. Vehicles with invalid tag will not be allowed to enter the car parking system so it provides more security to the system. 7.4 ELEVATOR: The elevator in our project plays a very important role because it is used to park the cars automatically. No problems like accidents would occur as the human error is not at all involved. 7.5 16X2 LCD DISPLAY: It is an intelligent LCD module, as it has inbuilt controller which convert the alphabet and digit into its ASCII code and then display, this LCD will display the total number of cars ,empty space and no vacant space. If the parking is full then it displays a message that the parking is full so that the user does not have to waste the time in finding the empty slots for parking. 7.6 POWER SUPPLY: Power supply of 5V is required for the microcontroller working and DC motor mainly requires 12V power supply respectively which can be obtained by using 7805 and 7812 respectively together in the same power supply


46

CHAPTER 8: INTERFACING WITH MICROCONTROLLER AT89S52


47

8.1 MOTOR DRIVER L293D INTERFACED WITH MICROCONTROLLER AT89S52

Figure 8-1: Motor driver interfaced with AT89S52 

FOR MOTOR 1

#include

/* special function register declarations */ /* for the intended 8051 derivative

#include

*/

/* prototype declarations for I/O functions */

//L293D Pin Defines sbit E1 = P1^4; sbit I1 = P1^3; sbit I2 = P1^2; void MSdelay(unsigned int rtime) {


48

unsigned int r,s; for(r=0;r

49

Following are the changes that are to be made for more motors used. Code will remain the same only ports will change  FOR MOTOR 2 //L293D Pin Defines sbit E1 = P1^7; sbit I1 = P1^6; sbit I2 = P1^5;  FOR MOTOR 3 //L293D Pin Defines sbit E1 = P3^7; sbit I1 = P3^6; sbit I2 = P3^5;  FOR MOTOR 4 //L293D Pin Defines sbit E1 = P3^4; sbit I1 = P3^3; sbit I2 = P3^2;  FOR MOTOR 5 //L293D Pin Defines sbit E1 = P2^7; sbit I1 = P2^6; sbit I2 = P2^5;


50

8.2 LCD AND RFID INTERFACED WITH MICROCONTROLLER AT89S52

Figure 8-2: LCD and RFID interfaced with AT89S52 #include unsigned int data_out,command=0x80,temp; sfr lcd_data_pin=0x80; //P0 port sbit rs=P2^0; //Register select sbit rw=P2^1; //Read/Write sbit en=P2^2; //Enable pin unsigned char card_id[12]; void delay(unsigned int count) //Function to provide delay { int i,j; for(i=0;i

51

void lcd_command(unsigned char comm) //Lcd command funtion { lcd_data_pin=comm; en=1; rs=0; rw=0; delay(1); en=0; } void lcd_data(unsigned char disp) //Lcd data function { lcd_data_pin=disp; en=1; rs=1; rw=0; delay(1); en=0; } lcd_string(unsigned char *disp) //Function to send string { int x; for(x=0;disp[x]!=0;x++) { Automatic Multilevel Car Parking System

52

lcd_data(disp[x]); }} void lcd_ini() //Function to initialize the LCD { lcd_command(0x38); delay(5); lcd_command(0x0F); delay(5); lcd_command(0x80); delay(5); } void recieve() //Function to recieve data serialy from RS232 { unsigned char k; for(k=0;k<12;k++) { while(RI==0); card_id[k]=SBUF; RI=0; } } void main() { Automatic Multilevel Car Parking System

53

int l; TMOD=0x20; //Enable Timer 1 TH1=0XFD; SCON=0x50; TR1=1; // Triggering Timer 1 lcd_ini(); lcd_command(0x10); lcd_string("welcum 2 parking:"); lcd_command(0xC0); //Place cursor to second position of first line lcd_string("scan your card:"); delay(200); while(1) { recieve(); lcd_command(0xC1); //Place cursor to second position of second line for(l=0;l<12;l++) { lcd_data(card_id[l]); } }}


54

8.3 POWER SUPPLY SECTION FOR MICROCONTROLLER AT89S52

Figure 8-3: Power supply section for AT89S52


55

CHAPTER 9: PCB LAYOUT OF PROJECT AMCPS


56

9.1 PCB LAYOUT OF AUTOMATIC MULTILEVEL CAR PARKING SYSTEM

Figure 9-1: PCB layout


57

CHAPTER 10: DETAILS ABOUT


58

10.1 ADVANTAGES:

 LESS REQUIREMENT OF SPACE: Since it is a multilevel parking structure it requires less space and it can accommodate more no of cars as compared to the normal car parking system.

 NO HUMAN ERROR: As this is purely a automated multilevel car parking human error is not involved so many problems like accidents can be avoided by using this car parking system.

 MORE ACCOMODATION: As it is a multilevel car parking system more no of cars can be easily accommodated in a small area.

 ENVIRONMENT FRIENDLY : It requires less space and some amount of pollution is reduced as the user need not find the parking area and park there instead it is done by elevator automatically.

10.2 DISADVANTAGES:

9

COSTLY: As it is a multilevel car parking system the cost required to construct it would be more than the normal car parking system.

 POWER SUPPLY: As to drive the entire multilevel car parking system more amount of power supply required is more and if power fails then the entire system stops working. Automatic Multilevel Car Parking System

59

 COMPLEX: It is more complex to design the infrastructure of multilevel car parking system as compared to the normal parking system  MAINTENANCE: Multilevel car parking system facilitates support for hundreds and thousands of vehicles that enter the parking slot so the structure deteriorates much faster so the maintenance required is much more in this case.

10.3 APPLICATIONS: The multilevel car parking system find many applications in:  At industrial areas  At malls  At residential area


60

CHAPTER 11: RESULTS OF AMCPS


61


62

CHAPTER 12: CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE


63

12.1 CONCLUSION:

The Proposed designed in this paper has been successfully completed and tested with integration of the features of every hardware component for its development. The main purpose of our project is to build up a automatic car parking system demo. To face the challenge of automation in practical, we need a vast knowledge. In this project, we worked with Microcontroller based control system. We also tried to differentiate among different types of automation and control systems. In here we also tried to give proper security of the vehicle. To increase the knowledge about automation, this project will obviously be very helpful. Nonetheless, this project can further be modified or developed any time to offer more flexibilities and facilities. It reduces traffic and pollution problem to great extent. We can park more cars in small space. We also reduce time and cost required for conventional parking system with high degree of security. So we conclude by saying “ DEMAND FOR ENERGY EFFICIENT, SUSTAINABLE AND GREEN SOLUTIONS”.


64

12.2 FUTURE SCOPE:

The basic idea behind a solar parking lot is simply to incorporate solar panels into a carport, which is basically an open-sided shed with a roof. Solar carports can be small enough to fit a single car at a residence, or scaled up for commercial and institutional purposes. The main benefit, of course, is to generate renewable energy that can be used to lower utility costs on site, for example at a mall or office complex. Depending on the scale, the installation could also yield excess energy in the form of electricity for sale. A solar carport can also help reduce the “heat island” effect of parking lots and contribute to a cooler community, and by providing protection from the elements it can help enhance vehicle lifespan. Solar typically meets up to 35 per cent of a space‟s total power requirements and can typically save up to 15 per cent in energy costs. These „sustainable car parks‟ also have short pay back periods (five to eight years) and offer multiple benefits by providing both shade and electricity.

Figure 12-1: Future scope of AMCPS


65

REFERENCES

1. Meenakshi Sanadhya, Fahad UL Hassan, Unaib Bhat, Yasir Koul ,“ Microcontroller Based

Multilevel

Car

Parking

System”,

Indian

Streams

Research

Journal

vol.1,Issue.X/Nov13 2. A.Albagul, K.Alsharef, M.saad, Y.Abujeeta ,“ Design

& Fabrication of Automatic

Multilevel Car Parking System”, Department of control Engineering, Baniwalid LIBYA 3. R.J. Oyentaryo, M. Pasquier, "Self-trained automated parking system", Control, Automation, Robotics andVision Conference, 8th ICARCV, pp. 1005- 1010, 6-9 Dec. 2004. 4. P. Joshi, M. R. Khan and L. Motiwalla, Global Review of Parking Management Systems and Strategies, (2012). 5. Automotion Parking system (press release) AutoMotion Introduces First Fully Automated Parking Garage in N.Y.C.Monday December 18, 2:30 pm ET. 6. Hitendra wasnik, Dr. R.D. Askhedkar, Dr.S.K.Choudhary “Design and Computer Simulation of Five Stack Semi-automatic Car Parking System, paper 1010149 has been accepted for publication in IJERIA On Sat, Sep 10, 2011 at 10:51 PM. 7. MEENAKSHI SANADHYA, FAHAD UL HASSAN, UNAIB BHAT ,YASIR KOUL“MICROCONTROLLER BASED MULTI LEVEL CAR PARKING SYSTEM” ,Indian Streams Research Journal Vol.1,Issue.X/Nov 13 8. Du Shaobo et al, “The Research and Design of Intellectual Parking System Based on RFID”, 9th International Conference on Fuzzy Systems and Knowledge Discovery, 2012, PP 2427-2430 9. Ekta Soni, Karamjeet Kaur, Anil Kumar ,“Design And Development Of RFID Based Automated Car Parking System” ,The International Journal of Mathematics, Science, Technology and Management (ISSN : 2319-8125) Vol. 2 Issue 2 Sep 2008 10. Automotion Parking system (press release) AutoMotion Introduces First Fully Automated Parking Garage in N.Y.C.Monday December 18, 2:30 pm ET. 11. R. Mithari, S.Vaze , and S. Sanamdikar, Automatic Multistoried Car Parking System, IJITAM ,Volume-1, Issue-6 , March, 2014. 12. M.A.Mazidi,Janice, Gillispie Mazidi, The 8051 Microcontroller And Embedded System. Automatic Multilevel Car Parking System

66

13. J. Lim, S.Kim, H. Oh, and D.Kim, A Designated Query Protocol for Serverless Mobile RFID Systems with Reader and Tag Privacy, TSINGHUA SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY. 14. Ankit Gupta, Ankit Jaiswar, Harsh Agarwal, Chandra Shankar, “Automatic Multilevel Car Parking”, International Journal of Electrical and Electronics Research Vol.3, Issue2, pp: (438-441), Month: April- June 2015. 15. "The 8051 Microcontroller Architecture, Programming & Applications" by Kenneth J Ayala. 16. " T h e 8 0 5 1 M i c r o c o n t r o l l e r & E m b e d d e d S ys t e m s " -- by Mohammed Ali Mazidi & Janice Gillispie Mazidi 17. Ranger, Steve. “NATO tests RFID to prevent friendly fire”.Doc [Accessed: Sept 2013]. 18. United States Department of Defense, "Suppliers‟ Passive RFID Information Guide, Version 9.0". Doc [Accessed: Sept 2013]. 19. Gilbert,Alorie."US Military invests in Active RFID".Doc, Interview with Alan Estevez. [Accessed: Sept 2013] 20. RFID Dominant Semiconductors “RFID Applications,[Online] Available at: [Accessed: Oct2013] 21. http://www.best-microcontroller-projects.com/serial-lcd.html 22. Al Williams (2002).Microcontroller projects using the Basic Stamp (2nd ed.). Focal Press. p. 344. ISBN 978-1-57820-101-3. 23. "The Half-bridge Circuit Revealed" Tom Ribarich (2012) 24. “www.MicroDigitalEd.com” ,September 2003.


67


68

report on multile level car parking system

Recommend Documents