MULTILEVEL CAR PARKING SYSTEM WITH MULTI MODE SUPPLY USING SOLAR ENERGY A Project Report Submi ubm i tted by
AJAY KUMAR VERMA TOYESH SONDHI MANJOT SINGH RANVIR SINGH I n th e par par tial f ul fi l lm ent f or th e award award of th e degre degree e of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
Under the Guidance of
ER. ASHOK MALIK Submitted to CT INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, JALANDHAR PUNJAB TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY, JALANDHAR Dec 2014
1
MULTILEVEL CAR PARKING SYSTEM WITH MULTI MODE SUPPLY USING SOLAR ENERGY A Project Report Submi ubm i tted by
AJAY KUMAR VERMA TOYESH SONDHI MANJOT SINGH RANVIR SINGH I n the parti parti al f ul fi ll ment ment f or th e awar awar d of of th e degree degree of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
Under the Guidance of
ER. ASHOK MALIK Submitted to
CT INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, JALANDHAR PUNJAB TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY, JALANDHAR Dec 2014
2
DECLARATION We hereby declare that the project entitled “ Multi-level Multi -level Car Parking System with Multi mode Supply using Solar Energy ” submitted for the Bachelor of Technology Degree is our original original work and the project has not formed the basis for the award of any degree, fellowship or any other similar titles. This work has not been submitted by us for award of any other degree or diploma of any other University/Board Toyesh Sondhi Ajay Kumar Verma Manjot Singh Ranvir Singh Place: Jalandhar Date:
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CERTIFICATE This is to Certify that the Project work titled “ Multi -level Car Parking System with Multi Mode Supply using Solar Energy ” Carried out by the students TOYESH SONDHI (1152025), AJAY KUMAR VERMA(1282757), MANJOT SINGH(128277 S INGH(1282770), 0), RANVIR SINGH (1282778) during the academic year 2014-15 is a genuine & eligible work for the awards of credit of partial fulfillment of degree Bachelor of Technology in Mechanical Engineering of Punjab Technical University, Jalandhar. The work has not been submitted by these students for award of any other degree or diploma of any other University/Board.
Er.Nishant Bhardwaj (Project Guide)
Er. Ashok Malik (Project Co-ordinator) Co-ordina tor)
Er. Gautam Koacher Head of Department Mechanical Mechanical Engineering
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to take this opportunity to thank the CT INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY for providing me opportunity to study in the institute. We would like to thank Er.ASHOK Er.ASHOK MALIK , Dept. Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Engineering, CTIT, our project Co-ordinator for his continuous effort in helping us develop our project from the initial stages till completion. His overwhelming support and expertise has been an essential driving force for us and has an immense share in the success of our project. We would also like to thank Er.GAUTAM KOCHER, Head of Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, CTIT, for being very supportive and helpful in providing us the equipment and technical support quintessential in every division of this project. Without his support, this project would have been quite a difficult task to achieve. Lastly but not the least, we would like to thank our friend , for his undue effort and everlasting help in compiling this documentation. I would also like to extend my thanks to my loving parents for helping me, supporting me and encouraging me to perform this work.
Toyesh Sondhi Ajay Kumar Verma Manjot Singh Ranvir Singh
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ABSTRACT In this project, the basic multi-level car parking system with three floors is considered to show the use of control systems in parking systems. The control system will play a major role in organizing the entry to and exit from the parking lots. It also presents the design of multi-level parking lots which occupies less need on the ground and contains the large number of cars. In the modern world, where parking-space has become a very big problem, it has become very important to avoid the wastage of space in modern big Automatic multi -level car parking system helps to minimize the car parking area companies and apartments. As metro city is suffering from the lack of available parking spots and expensive land prices especially in vital area, we were inspired to create an multi level car parking system that cal counter such a daily basis problem to make easier. The main objective of this project is to build a prototype of multi level car parking system to park and retrieve car automatically in easy and sufficient way. The methodology that was sued to installing sola r panel in the system s ystem by using solar energy that changes solar energy into the electrical energy to stored the power in the rechargeable battery that provided that to the dc motors that are installed in the car parking system. Also in this methodology was used to achieve aim of the project was by creating a prototype that utilizes. The rack and pinion mechanism are running by using dc motors power that were a achieved are the forward or backward and a up or down movements movements to park and retrieve cars to designed spots. Moreover, we are try to make it simple way and trying to using mechanical components in this project. We are trying to prototype prototype a project to pollution free in the environment, environment, so it will utilized in the future.
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TABLE OF FIGURES Fig. no. Title
Page no.
1.Multilevel 1. Multilevel car parking system
12
1
2.Block 2. Block diagram of parking system unit
7
3.Structure 3. Structure of wooden block
8
4.Structure 4. Structure of lift
8
5.Rack 5. Rack and pinion arrangement
9
6.Structure 6. Structure of conveyor
10
7.Design 7. Design of Solar panel
10
8.Design 8. Design of solar inverter battery charger circuit
11
9.Controlling 9. Controlling switches
11
10.
solar panel
13
11.
Solar power system
15
Principle of solar power generation.
15
13.
Rack and pinion mechanism
16
14.
Principle of DC motor
18
15.
Construction of DC motor
19
16.
Working of commutator
20
17.
Solar Inverter Battery Charger Circuit
23
18.
Belt Conveyor
27
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Ch.no
Contents
Page no.
Cover page
i.
Title page
ii.
Declaration
iii.
Certificate
iv.
Acknowledgement
v.
Abstract
vi.
List of figures
vii.
Table of contents 1
Introduction
1
1.1 multi
1
1
1.3 demand
for parking infrastructure
2
1.4 purpose
of multi level car parking
2
1.6
3
4
level car parking system
1.2 Background
1.5 types
2
viii.
3
of multi-level car parking
1.5.1 conventional type
3
1.5.2 Automated type
3
Advantages and limitations of MLCP’s
4
Objective
6
2.1Objective of the project
6
Methodology
7
3.1working of project
7
3.2 line or block diagram unit
8
3.3 structure of wooden block
8
3.4 structure of lift
9
3.5 mechanism of parking lift
10
3.6 structure of flat belt conveyor
10
3.7 design of solar panel
11
3.8 design of solar inverter battery charger circuit
11
3.9 Design of control switches
12
3.10 Power supply
12
Construction
13
8
4.1 solar panel
13
4.1.1 theory and construction
13
4.1.2 solar power generation
14
4.1.3 principle of solar power generation
15
4.1.4 benefits
15
4.2 Rack and pinion mechanism
16
4.2.1 applications
16
4.3 DC motors
17
4.3.1 principle of DC motor
17
4.3.2 advantages & disadvantages
18
4.3.3 construction of dc motor
18
4.4 solar battery charger
19
4.4.1 solar battery charger specifications
20
4.4.2 12v application
20
4.4.3 minimum head voltage
20
4.4.4 maximum power dissipation
21
4.4.5 current limiting
21
4.4.6 float charge of lead-acid batteries
21
4.4.7 12v solar inverter battery charger
21
4.4.8 solar inverter battery charger circuit schematic
22
4.5 battery
22
4.5.1 working principle of battery
23
4.5.2 lead acid battery
24
4.5.3 lead acid wet cell
24
4.5.4 construction
24
4.5.5 chemical action
25
4.5.6 Caring for lead acid batteries
26
4.6 belt conveyor
5
26
4.6.1 advantages & disadvantages
27
4.6.2 applications
28
Conclusions
29
5.1 Future scope
29
References
30
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Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Multi level car parking system This project, we show the basic multilevel car parking system with three floors. Although we show the concept with three floors, it is still possible to show this concept on multiple floors. Also, in this project, we will show three floors with conveyer assembly. The conveyor carries the car to each floor. We are using here multimode supply using Solar energy that store their energy in battery and DC motors power that control conveyor according to slide switches.
Fig.1. Multilevel car parking system
1.2 Background India’s urban population is cur rently rently around 30% of its total population. In context to urban transport system, CBD’ are majorly facing the space issues in terms of open spaces, green spaces and clear headways on roads, which lead to major inconvenience as well as delays in existing systems. Population of India’s six major metropolises increased by about 1.9 times during 1981 to 2001, the number of motor vehicles went up by over 7.75 times during the same period. Parking is one of the major concerns in terms of space occupation in these places. It can be broadly classified into two categories that is on street and off street.
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1.3 Demand for parking infrastructure
i.
Presently demand for cars going up at the rate of 15% per annum. ii. Presently approximately 15 millions cars are being sold ever y year. iii.
roads more expensive than parking infrastructure. iv.
Making
Cars being parked on roads
causing traffic causes traffic congestion and pollution. v.
Besides the problem of space for cars moving on the road, greater is the problem of space foe a parked vehicle considering that private vehicles remain parked for most of their time.
vi.
State governments would be required to amend bye laws in all million plus cities so that adequate parking space is available for all residents/users of such buildings.
vii.
Land is valuable in all urban areas. Parking places occupy large portions of such land. This fact should be recognized in determining the principles for allocation of parking space.
viii.
Multi-level parking complexes should be made a mandatory requirement in city centres that have several high rise commercial complexes.
1.4 Purpose Multi level car parking Multi-Floor Parking System reduces to a minimum the amount of space required to park each vehicle and has an average retrieval time of less than two minutes. It operates with the driver parking and leaving the vehicle in the parking bay at the entrance level. Once the driver leaves the safety zone incorporated into the parking bay, the system automatically parks the vehicle in its determined parking place. The movement of the car is achieved by use of a l ift to bring the vehicle to the required floor fl oor level and thereafter by a cart to its parking Way. The quick parking and retrieval times of the system is achieved by the use of carts for horizontal movement of the vehicles at each parking level. Multi-level parking systems for sometimes have provided relief since they come with a number of advantages: i.
Optimal utilization of space.
ii.
Lower maintenance and operational cost.
iii.
Lower construction cost iv. Secure and environment-friendly nature (the underground implementation renders the outdoor space free for landscaping).
v.
Comfortable for the drivers, cost saving for builders by saving height or depth. 11
1.5 Types of multi-level car parking The equivalent car space that can be accommodated at the parking site would vary with the technology used. There are two basic technologies used for multilevel parking: i.
Conventional type Multi-level car parking system
ii.
Automated type Multi-level car parking system
1.5.1 Conventional type Multi-level car parking system Conventional multi-level car parking system can be underground, above found or both under and above ground structure, the above ground structure are usually open-deck parking, which have at least two sides that are minimum 50 % , open to the outside. The open parking structure is preferable to close parking parking structures for above ground, as it do not require mechanical ventilation and specialized fire protection system. s ystem. The design of conventional Multi-level parking includes: a) Entry and exit ramps or car lifts. b) Circulation space between the vehicles. c) Car parking area.
1.5.2 Automated type Multi-level car parking system \ Technologies used for automated parking systems are of following type : I.
Puzzle Type
This system has more than two levels of parking. Its design has a structure that enables use of all parking entrances and exits on ground level. The parking pallets pall ets move left, l eft, right, upward upwar d and downward and always has one empty slot for movement. Advantages i.
Operation is simple, no need for parking attendant.
i.
Fast retrieval time, generally generall y 2 min.
ii. Extremely safe and reliable with safety and option of automated gates. II.
Elevator or tower Type This system is particularly designed for large parking of several car spaces, such as public parking with hourly rates or private parking for large buildings. Advantages
i.
Minimal land use. An area of 25’x22’ can park up to 72 vehic les.
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ii. Low noise and vibration. iii. Entry and exit is very quick and convenient. iv.
Completely equipped with multiple sensors and triple
safety devices. v. Has the capability of holding cue memory when multiple patrons come to retrieve their vehicles during rush hours. III. Multi III. Multi Floor Type Multi-level car parking system with stacking of cars in vertical spaces shall be designed in SemiAutomatic or Automatic Mode of operation with only one palette thereby avoiding multiple palettes and thus saving the cost of parking system and overall overall weight of the system Advantages i.
Because each elevator and cart is independently on each level, entry and exit is quick. Retrieval time of a vehicle is less than two minutes.
ii.
Low noise and vibration. Entry and exit is i s very quick and convenient. We incorporate a built in turntable on each elevator.
iii.
A self-malfunction diagnostic control provides an excellent level of safet y and reliability.
iv.
Has the capability of holdings cue memory when multiple patterns come to retrieve their vehicles during rush hours. IV. hours. IV. Rotary Rotary Type
This system is like a mini merry merr y go round in which cars can be accommodated in a vertical height. Operating like a merry-go-round, an empty pallet to park a car, or a loaded pallet with a parked car, is brought down to the ground level at the touch of a button. Advantages i.
Up to 12 vehicles can be accommodated within the space normally taken up by two vehicles.
ii.
It is not applicable by the regulations of the building coverage. iii. There
is
no need for an attendant because it is a simple one touch operation. iv.
Senses where vehicle is closes and rotates by directionally for fast retrieval time.
v.
Extremely save and reliable. Impossible for vehicles to fall with endless chain and pallet drop prevention system
1.6 Advantages and limitations of multi level car parking system Advantages i.
A fast parking process in which the driver does not have to manoeuvre his car or drive backwards, guarantees highest comfort and security. 13
ii.
A single lift serves 6 to 12 parking spaces per level taking up a minute of space.
iii.
Time-saving vertical and horizontal movements take place simultaneousl y ensuring fast parking and retrieval times.
iv.
Automatic multi-story car parks provide lower building cost per parking slot, as they typically require less building volume and less ground area than a conventional facility with the same capacity.
v.
Costs are usually lower too, for example there is no need for an energy intensive ventilating system, since cars are not driven inside and human cashiers or security personal may not be needed.
Limitations i. Multi-story car park on surrounding residential blocks cause air and noise pollution caused by the motor vehicles. ii. Parking lots also tend to be subject to contamination with concentrated spots of pollutions such as motor oil. iii.
Virtually all of the train that falls becomes run off. The parking lot must be built to effectively channel and collect runoff. Traditionally, the runoff has been shunted directly into storm sewers, streams, or even sanitary sewers.
iv.
Many areas today also require minimum landscaping in parking lots. This usually principally means the planting of trees to provide provide shade, bur parking lot providers have long been antagonistic to planting trees because of the extra cost of cleaning the parking lot.
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Chapter 2 Objective 2.1 Objective of the project In this project, we show the basic multilevel car parking system with three floors. Although we show the concept with three floors, it is still possible to show this concept on multiple floors . we will learn to the automation of multi-level car parking system in the modern world. Multilevel Parking systems for sometimes have provided relief since they come with a number of advantages - optimal utilisation of space, lower maintenance and operational cost, lower construction cost, secure and environment-friendly nature (the underground implementation renders the outdoor space free for landscaping), comfortable for the drivers, cost saving for builders by saving height or depth. In this project, we using a natural source of energy or power to make a low cost multi level car parking system in the future. By using solar energy, we will trying to eliminate the problem of electricity electricit y in that project. Through this we can reduce the pollution that produces in environment during simple parking and also reduce the problems i n metro city, shopping malls , and residential apartments.
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Chapter 3 Methodology 3.1 Principle of working A solar panel is a packaged, connected assembly of photovoltaic cells. The solar panel can be used as a component of a larger photovoltaic system to generate and supply electricity in commercial and residential applications. Each panel is rated by its dc output power under standard test conditions, and typically ranges from. We are using here a solar panel, inverter battery charger circuit, ci rcuit, battery as the input supply of the lift system. We are using here dc motors. The conveyer assembly will be attached with these dc motors. When we place a car on the conveyor assembly then the pulley that are attached with conveyor moves upward or downward according to the slide switches output. Because the pulley dc motor attached with control switches. All the conveyer assembly of floors also attached with control switches. If we want to park our car at first fl oor, Then firstly we placed our conveyor near first floor. Then start forward the conveyer assembly of pulley, At that time we will also start the conveyer of the first flour fl our and car will be park automatically through conveyer assembly. All supply control will be setup by slide switches. We are using here solar panels of 10 watt 12 volt for out project supply. We are using here +12 volt 4.5amp battery with this project. we designed a solar inverter battery batter y charger circuit to charging for battery from solar ener gy into the electrical energy. We are using dc motors, which is 12 volt and 45 rpm. A suitable rack and pinion mechanism is used to provide the the liner motion to the conveyor in the horizontal direction of the parking system with the help of using dc motors. A suitable arrangement of the pulley with ropes are installed with structure of the system to move the conveyor in the vertical direction to parking the first or second floor to the car parking system. system. We designed a conveyor that are arranged with dc motors and rubber of belts with endless joint for transporting and deliver the car in available space of the car parking area. so, in this project our aim is used to using solar energy and utilized in the car parking system. Through this we can save the environment through pollution with problem of car parking system.
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3.2 Line or block diagram unit
Sun Light
Power Supply unit with Battery B attery Solar Panel Panel
MultiMulti-story Assembly
Control Unit U nit
Motor Derive Unit
DC Motors Fig.2. Block diagram of parking system unit
3.3 Structure of wooden block In this multi-level car parking system, we make a wooden block, whose length is 2 feet, breath is 2 feet and height is 3 feet. The wooden block has three multi floors. Each floor contains two partitions of car parking of available space or area, whose dimensions is length is 1 feet , height height is 1 feet and breath is 1 feet.
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Fig.3. Structure of wooden block
3.4 Structure of lift In this project, we make a frame of metal rectangular pipe made up of mild steel. The rectangular pipe breath is 2 feet and and 3 feet height long is adjusted to the the wooden block of car parking system. A flat conveyor is adjusted to that frame rack or pinion and rope arrangement to provide the vertical or horizontal motions. The frame structure are shown below.
Fig.4. Structure of lift
18
3.5 Mechanism of parking lift In this multi-level car parking system a suitable a rack and pinion or rope arrangement is implemented to provide horizontal horizontal and vertical motions. A conveyor conveyor is installed in the structure of lift to provide horizontal motion at multi -level floors to the car parking at available area or space.
Fig.5. rack and pinion arrangement
A rope is arranged with DC motors to provide provide the vertical motion of the structure of lift, in which also a conveyor is installed with structure of lift. We can move up or down at multi-level floor of the car parking area.
3.6 Structure of Flat belt conveyor the belt conveyor is an endless belt moving over two end pulleys at fixed positions and used is used to transport the car from one belt conveyor to second belt conveyor. In this fl at conveyor DC motors used as a driving member to move the driven member of the flat belt conveyor. A flat rubber material is used as a conveyor belt to providing the motion of conveyor smoothly.
Fig.6. Structure of conveyor 19
In this flat belt conveyor, a rack and pinion arrangement with DC motors to provide the to and fro motion during parking the car.
3.7 Design of solar panel In this multi-level car parking system, we using a solar panel of 10W. it emits or absorb the energy from the sun through radiation in form of heat energy, and that energy is stored in the form of electrical into the rechargeable battery. This electrical energy of the battery change into the mechanical energy to run the dc motors to run the multi -level parking system.
of solar panel Fig.7. design of solar
3.8 Design of solar inverter battery charger circuit In this multi-level car parking, we design a solar inverter battery charger circuit to st ore the energy of the sun in the form of electrical energy into the rechargeable battery.
Fig.8. design of of Solar inverter battery charger circuit
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3.9 Design of control switches In this project multi-level car parking, we make a system of switches to control or start and stop the revolutions of dc motors to run the system.
Fig.9. Controlling Switches
3.10 Power supply In this multi level car parking system, we using a rechargeable battery of 12 volt and current carrying capacity of 4.5 amp to giving the power power supply to run the dc motors motors of the car parking system.
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Chapter 4 Construction 4.1 Solar Panel A solar panel is a packaged, connected assembly of photovoltaic cells. The solar panel can be used as a component of a larger photovoltaic system to generate and supply electricity in commercial and residential applications. Each panel is rated by its DC output power under standard test conditions, and typically ranges from 100 to 320 watts. The efficiency of a panel determines the area of a panel given the same rated output - an 8% efficient 230 watt panel will have twice the area of a 16% efficient 230 watt panel. Because a single solar panel can produce only a limited amount of power, most installations contain multiple panels. A photovoltaic system typically includes an array of solar panels, panels, an inverter, and sometimes a battery and or solar tracker and interconnection wiring
Fig.10. Solar panel
4.1.1 Theory and Construction Solar panels use light energy or photons from the sun to generate electricity through the photovoltaic effect. The majority of modules modules use wafer-based crystalline silicon cells or thinfilm cells based on cadmium telluride or silicon. The structural (load carrying) member of a module can either be the top layer or the back layer. Cells must also be protected from mechanical damage and moisture. Most solar panels are rigid, ri gid, but semi-flexible ones are available, based on thin-fi lm cells. These early solar panels were first used in space in 1958. Electrical connections are made in series to achieve a desired output voltage and/or in parallel to provide a desired current capability. The conducting wires that take the current off the panels may contain silver, copper or other non-magnetic conductive transition metals. The cells must be connected electrically to 22
one another and to the rest of the system. s ystem. Externally, popular terrestrial usage photovoltaic panels use MC3 (older) or MC4 connectors to facilitate easy weatherproof connections to the rest of the t he system. Bypass diodes may be incorporated or used externally, in case of partial panel shading, to maximize the output of panel sections still illuminated. The p-n junctions of mono-crystalline silicon cells may have adequate reverse voltage characteristics to prevent damaging panel section reverse current. Reverse currents could lead to overheating of shaded cells. Solar cells become less efficient at higher temperatures and installers try to provide good ventilation behind solar panels. Some recent solar panel designs include concentrators in which light is focused by lenses or mirrors onto an array of smaller cells. This enables the use of cells with a high cost per unit area in a cost-effective way
4.1.2 Solar power generation Solar power is the generation of electricity electr icity from sunlight. This can be direct as with photo voltaic (PV), or indirect as with concentrating solar power (CSP), where the sun's energy is focused to boil water wate r which is then used to provide power. Solar power has the potential to provide over 1,000 times total world energy consumption in 2008, though it provided only 0.02% of the total that year. If it continues to double in use every two to three years, or less, it would become the dominant energy source this century. The largest solar power plants, like the 354 MW SEGS, are concentrating solar thermal plants, but recently multi-megawatt photovoltaic plants have been built. Completed in 2008, the 46 MW Maura photovoltaic power station s tation in Portugal and the 40 MW Waldpolenz Solar Park in Germany are characteristic characterist ic of the trend toward larger photovoltaic power stations. Much larger ones are proposed, such as the 100 MWFort Peck Solar Farm, the 550 MW Topaz Solar Farm, and the 600 MW Rancho Cielo Solar Farm.Terrestrial solar power is a predictably intermittent energy source, meaning that whilst solar power is not available at all times, we can predict with a very ver y good degree of accuracy when it will and will not be available. Some technologies, such as solar thermal concentrators have an element of t hermal storage, such as molten salts. These store spare solar energy in the form of heat which can be made available overnight or during periods that solar power is not available to produce electricity. Orbital solar power collection (as in solar power power satellites) avoids this intermittent issue, but requires satellite launching and beaming of the collected power to receiving antennas on Earth. The increased intensity of sunlight above the atmosphere also increases generation effi ciency.
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Fig.11. Solar power system
4.1.3 Principle of Solar Power Generation: The principle of power generation behind the solar cells consists of the utilization of the photo voltaic effect of semiconductors. When such a cell is exposed to light, electron-hole pairs are generated in proportion to the intensity of the light. Solar cells are made by bonding together ptype and n-type semiconductors. The negatively charged electrons move to the n-type semiconductor while the positively charged holes move to the p-type semiconductor. They collect at both electrodes to form a potential. When the two electrodes are connected by a wire, a current flows and the electric power thus generated can be transferred to an outside application.
Fig.12. Principal of solar power generation
4.1.4 Benefits i.
Highest Efficiency: Panel Efficiency: Panel efficiency of 18.1% is the highest commercially available for residential applications.
24
ii.
Attractive Design: Unique Design: Unique design combines high efficiency and an elegant, all-black appearance. iii.
More Power: Delivers Power: Delivers up to 50% more power per unit area than
conventional solar panels iv. Reliable iv. Reliable and Robust Design: Proven Design: Proven materials, tempered front glass, and a sturdy anodized frame allow panel to operate reliably reliabl y in multiple mounting configurations.
4.2 Rack and Pinion Mechanism A rack and pinion is a type of o f linear actuator actuator that comprises a pair of of gears which convert rotational motion into linear motion. A circular gear called "the "the pinion" engages teeth on a linear "gear" bar called "the rack"; rack"; rotational motion applied to the pinion causes the rack to move, thereby translating the rotational motion of the pinion into the linear motion of the rack.
Fig.13 Rack and pinion mechanism
For every pair of conjugate involute profile, there is a basic rack. This basic rack is the profile of the conjugate gear of infinite pitch radius. A generating rack is a rack outline used to indicate tooth details and dimensions for the design of a generating tool, such as a hob or a gear shaper cutter.
4.2.1 Applications i. Rack and pinion combinations are often used as part of a simple linear actuator, where the rotation of a shaft powered by hand or by a motor is converted to linear motion. ii. The rack carries the full load of the actuator directly and so the driving pinion is usually small, so that the the gear ratio r educes educes the torque required. This force, thus torque, may still be substantial and so it is common for there to be a reduction gear immediately before this by either a gear or worm gear r eduction. eduction. iii.
Rack gears have a higher ratio, thus require a greater driving torque, than screw actuators
25
4.3 DC Motors DC power systems are not very common in the contemporary engineering practice. However, DC motors have been used in industrial applications for years Coupled with a DC drive, DC motors provide very precise control DC motors can be used with conveyors, elevators, extruders, marine applications, material handling, paper, plastics, rubber, steel, and textile applications, automobile, aircraft, and portable electronics, in speed control applications.
4.3.1 Principle of DC Motor This DC or direct direct current motor works on the principal, when a current carrying carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic field, it experiences a torque and has a tendency to move. This is known as motoring action. If the direction of of current in in the wire is reversed, the direction of rotation also reverses. When magnetic When magnetic field and and electric field interact they produce a mechanical force, and based on that the working principle of dc motor established. The direction of rotation of a this motor is given by Fleming’s left hand rule, which states that if the index finger, middle finger and thumb of your left hand are extended mutually perpendicular to each other and if the index finger represents the direction of of magnetic field, middle finger indicates the direction of current, then the thumb represents the direction in which f orce is experienced by the shaft of the dc motor. Structurally and construction wise a direct direc t current motor is exactly similar to a DC generator, but generator, but electrically it is just the opposite. Here we unlike a generator we supply electrical energy to the input port and derive mechanical energy from the output port. We can represent it by the block diagram shown below.
Fig.14. Principle of DC motor
Here in a DC motor, the supply voltage supply voltage E and and current I is I is given to the electrical port or the input port and we derive the mechanical output i.e. torque T and speed ω from the mechanical port or output port. The input and output port variables of the direc t current motor are related by the parameter K T =K I and E =K ω
26
So from the picture above we can well understand that motor is just the opposite phenomena of a DC generator, and we can derive both motoring and generating operation from the same machine by simply reversing the ports.
4.3.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of DC Motors
Advantages i.
It is easy to control their speed in a wide range; their torque-speed characteristic has, historically, been easier to tailor than that of all AC motor categories. This is why most traction and servo motors have been DC machines.
ii.
Their reduced overall dimensions permit a considerable space saving which let the manufacturer of the machines or of plants not to be conditioned by the exaggerated dimensions of circular motors.
Disadvantages i.
Since they need brushes to connect the rotor winding. Brush wear occurs, and it increases dramatically dramatically in low pressure pressure environment. environment.
ii.
Sparks from the brushes may cause explosion if the environment contains explosive materials.
iii.
RF noise from the brushes may interfere with nearby TV sets, or electronic devices, Etc.
iv.
DC motors are also expensive relative to AC motors.
4.3.3 Construction of DC motor The construction of DC motors motors are given below:
Fig.15. Construction of DC motor
I.
Stator 27
The stator generates a stationary magnetic field that surrounds the rotor. This field is generated by either permanent magnets or electromagnetic windings. II.
Rotor The rotor, also called the armature, is made up of one or more windings. When these windings are energized they produce a magnetic field. The magnetic poles of this rotor field will be attracted to the opposite poles generated by the stator, causing the rotor to turn. As the motor turns, the windings are constantly being energized in a different sequence so that the magnetic
poles generated by the rotor do not overrun overrun the poles generated in the stator. This switching of the field in the rotor windings is called commutation. III.
Brushes and Commutator
Unlike other electric motor types, BDC motors do not require a controller t o switch current in the motor windings. Instead, the commutation of the windings of a BDC motor is done mechanically. A segmented copper sleeve, called a commutator, resides on the axle of a BDC motor. As the motor turns, carbon brushes slide over the commutator, coming in contact with different segments of the commutator. The segments are att ached to different rotor windings, therefore, a dynamic magnetic field is generated inside the motor when a voltage is applied across the brushes of the motor. It is important im portant to note that the brushes and commutator are the parts of a BDC motor that are most prone to wear wear because they are sliding past each other.
Fig.16. Working of commutator
As the rotor turns, the commutator terminals also turn and continuously reverse polarity of the current it gets from the stationary stati onary brushes attached to the battery.
4.4 Solar Battery Charger This is the most simple and affordable solar battery charger that the hobbyist can make. It has a few drawbacks over other similar controls, but offers numerous advantages. It is intended for charging lead-acid batteries, but may also be used for charging any battery at a constant voltage. Voltage output is adjustable. 28
Advantages
i. Simple, small & inexpensive. ii. Uses commonly available components. iii. Adjustable voltage. iv. when sun is not shining s hining
ZERO battery discharge
Disadvantages
i.
High drop-out voltage may be marginal for 6V application.
ii.
Current limited to 1.5A
iii.
No LED indicators — no no bells or whistles
4.4.1 Solar battery charger specifications
i. ii.
Output voltage range: 5 to 14V (adjustable) (may be reduced further by shorting R2)
iii.
Max power dissipation: 10W (includes power dissipation of D1)
iv.
Typical dropout voltage: 2 to 2.75V (depending upon load current)
v.
Maximum current: 1.5A (internally limits at about 2.2A)
vi.
Voltage regulation: ±100mV (due to regulation of series rectifier)
vii.
Battery discharge: 0mA (this control will not discharge the battery ba ttery when the sun doesn’t
Solar panel rating: 20W (12V) or 10W (6V)
shine)
4.4.2. 12V Application
i.
Output voltage: Set for 14V
ii.
Input voltage: Set for 12V
iii.
Battery discharged: (12V): 14.75V Min at 1.5A
iv.
Battery charged: (14V): 16V Min
4.4.3 Minimum Head Voltage This is also referred to “drop“drop-out voltage.” The input voltage must exceed the output voltage by about 2.75V at 1.5A. Fortunately, when the battery discharged, the output voltage is lower so the solar panel voltage will also be lower. When fully charged, the battery voltage will be high, but the current is very low — low — at at this point, the drop-out voltage reduces to about 2V and the open circuit solar panel voltage also comes into play. The schottky rectifier rect ifier was selected to reduce this t his head voltage volta ge requirement requir ement — — the the voltage drop of the schottky is about 0.5V at 1.5A or about half that of a typical silicon rectifier. More advanced controls have a much lower head voltage requirement and will function better under marginal conditions. 29
4.4.4 Maximum Power Dissipation In this solar battery charger project the power is limited by the thermal resistances of both the LM317T and the heat sink. To keep the junction temperature below the 125°C Max, the power must be limited to about 10W. If a smaller or less effective heat sink is used, the maximum power dissipation must be de-rated. Fortunately, the LM317 has internal temperature limiting so that if it gets too hot, it shuts down thus protecting itself from damage. Max power comes into effect when charging a 12V battery at 1.5A: e.g. battery vol tage = 12V, solar panel = 18V. P = (18V – (18V – 12V) * 1.5A = 9W. So thermally, it is carefull y matched to the current rating. If a solar panel that is characterized for 12V is applied with a 6V battery, the maximum current must be reduced to about 0.7A: e.g. battery voltage = 6V, solar panel v oltage = 18V. P = (18V – (18V – 6V) 6V) * 0.7A = 9.6W. In this case, the solar panel power may not exceed 10W. When charging, the heat sink normally runs warm. When beginning to “top off” or completing the charge at maximum voltage, the heat sink runs hot. When fully charged, the heat sink runs cool. This heat is not exactly wasted power — it it is excess power that is unneeded in the process of charging a battery.
4.4.5 Current Limiting Current limiting is provided by the solar panel — panel — it it is not a commonly understood fact that the solar panel tends to be a constant current device. For this reason, a solar panel can withstand a short circuit. Therefore, the control does not need current limiti ng.
4.4.6 Float Charge of Lead-Acid Batteries This control charges the battery at a constant voltage and also maintains a charged battery (float charge). The float charge voltage specification is a little lower, so to accommodate both charge and float charge voltage, a compromise is reached by simply reducing the voltage slightly-that sli ghtly-that is how ALL automotive systems operate. To obtain maximum charge in a 12V battery, set the control to 14.6V. Automotive systems further reduce voltage to 13 to 13.5V in order to accommodate high temperature operation as the battery is usually located in the hot engine compartment — — battery has a negative thermal coefficient of voltage.
4.4.7 12V Solar Inverter Battery Charger Charger Here is an energy saving solar inverter battery charger. It harvests solar energy to replenish 12 volt inverter battery. It has auto cut off facility to stop charging when the battery attains full charge. The charger uses a 24 volt solar panel as input. The circuit uses a variable voltage regulator IC LM 317 to set the output voltage steady around 16 volts. Variable resistor VR controls the output voltage. When the solar panel generates current, 30
D1 forward biases and Regulator IC gets input current. Its output voltage depends on the setting of VR and the output current is controlled by R1. This current passes through D2 and R3. When the output voltage is above (as set by VR) 16 volts, zener diode ZD2 conducts and gives stable 15 volts for charging. Charging current depends on R1 and R3. Around 250 to 300 mA current will be available for charging. Green LED indicates charging status. When the battery attains full voltage around 13 volts, Zener diode ZD1 conducts and T1 forward biases. This drains the output current from the regulator IC through T1 and charging process stops. When the battery voltage reduces below 12 volts, ZD1 turns off and battery charging starts again.
4.4.8 Solar Inverter Battery Charger Circuit Schematic
Fig.17. Solar Inverter Battery Charger Circuit
Connect the circuit to the solar panel and measure the input voltage. Make sure that it is above 18 volts. Connect the circuit to the battery with correct polarity and adjust VR till LED lights. This indicates the conduction of ZD2 and output voltage. Use heat sinks f or LM317 and TIP 122 to dissipate heat.
4.5 Battery In the modern era, electrical energy is normally converted from mechanical energy, solar energy, and chemical energy etc. A battery is a device that converts chemical energy to electrical energy. ener gy. Daniel cell as an improved version of the voltaic cell, the battery has been the most popular source of electricity in many daily life applications.
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In our daily life, we generally use two types of battery one of them is which can be used once before it gets totally totall y discharged. Another type t ype of battery batter y is rechargeable which means it can be used multiple times by recharging it externally. The former is called primary battery and the later is called secondary battery. Batteries can be found in different sizes. A batter y may be as small as a shirt button or may be so big in size that a whole room will be required to install a battery bank. With this variation of sizes, the battery is used anywhere from small wrist watches to a large lar ge ship. We often see this symbol in many diagrams of electrical elect rical and electronics network. This is the most popularly used symbol s ymbol for battery. batter y. The bigger bi gger lines represent positive terminal of the cells and smaller lines represent negative terminal of the cells connected in the battery. We are often confused about the terms battery cell and battery. We generally refer a battery as a single electro-chemical cell. But literally, literall y, battery does not mean that. Battery means a number of electro-chemical cells connected together to meet a certain voltage and current level. Although there may be a single cell battery, batter y, literally, battery and cell are different. diff erent.
4.5.1 Working Principle of Battery To understand the basic principle of battery properly, first, we should have some basic concept of electrolytes and electrons affinity. Actually, when two dissimilar metals or metallic compounds are immersed in an electrolyte, there will be a potential difference produced between these metals or metallic compounds. It is found that, when some specific compounds are added to water, they get dissolved and produce negative and positive ions. This type of compound is called an electrolyte. The popular examples of electrolytes are almost all kinds of salts, acids, and bases etc. The energy released during accepting an electron elect ron by a neutral atom is known as electron elect ron affinity. As the atomic structure for different materials are different, the electron affinity of different materials will differ. If two different kinds of metals meta ls or metallic compounds are immersed in the same electrolyte solution, one of them will gain electrons and the other will release electrons. Which metal (or metallic compound) will gain electrons ele ctrons and which will lose them depends upon the electron affinities of these metals or metallic metall ic compounds. The metal with low electron affinity will gain electrons from the negative ions of the electrol yte solution. On the other hand, the metal with high electron affinity will release electrons and these electrons come out into the electrolyte solution and are added to the positive ions of the solution. In this way, one of these metals or compounds gains electrons and another one loses electrons. As a result, there will be a difference in electron concentration between these two metals. This difference of electron concentration 32
causes an electrical potential difference to develop between the metals. This electrical potential difference or emf can be utilized as a source of voltage in any electronics or electrical circuit. This is a general and basic principle of battery.
4.5.2 Lead 4.5.2 Lead acid battery This was the first form of rechargeable secondary battery. secondary battery. The The lead acid battery is is still in use for many industrial purposes. It is still the most popular to be used as ca r battery . It was a carbon-zinc wet cell cell battery known as the Leclanche cell. Crushed manganese dioxide mixed with a bit of carbon forms the positive electrode and a zinc rod is used as the negative electrode. Ammonium chloride solution is used as a liquid electrol yte. After some years, Georges Leclanche himself improved his own design by replacing liquid ammonium chloride solution with ammonium chloride. This was the invention of the first dry cell. Thomas Alva Edison discovered the alkaline accumulator. Thomas Edison's basic cell had iron as the anode material (-) and nickel oxide as the cathode material (+).
4.5.3 Lead-acid wet cell Where high values of load current are necessary, the lead-acid cell is the type most commonly used. The electrolyte is a dilute solution of sulfuric acid (H ₂SO₄). In the application of battery power to start the engine in an auto mobile, for example, the load current to the starter motor is typically 200 to 400A. One cell has a nominal output of 2.1V, but lead-acid cells are often used in a series combination of three for a 6-V battery and six for a 12-V batter y. The lead acid cell type is a secondary cell or storage cell, which can be recharged. The charge and discharge cycle can be repeated many times to restore the output voltage, as long as the cell is in good physical condition. However, heat with excessive charge and discharge currents shortens the useful life to about 3 to 5 years for an automobile battery. Of the different types of secondary cells, the lead-acid type has the highest output voltage, which allows fewer cells for a specified battery voltage.
4.5.4 Construction Inside a lead-acid battery, the positive and negative electrodes consist of a group of plates welded to a connecting strap. The plates are immersed in the electrolyte, consisting of 8 parts of water to 3 parts of concentrated sulfuric acid. Each plate is a grid or framework, made of a lead-antimony alloy. This construction enables the active material, which is lead oxide, to be pasted into the grid. In manufacture of the cell, a forming formi ng charge produces the positive and negative electrodes. In the forming process, the active material in the positive plate is changed to lead peroxide (pbo₂). The negative electrode is spongy lead (pb). 33
Automobile batteries are usually shipped dry from the manufacturer. The electrolyte is put in at the time of installation, and then the battery is charged With maintenance-free batteries, little or no water is needed to be added in normal service. Some types are sealed, except for a pressure vent, without provision for adding water.
4.5.5 Chemical action Sulfuric acid is a combination of hydrogen and sulfate ions. When the cell discharges, lead peroxide from the positive electrode combines with hydrogen hydrogen ions to form water and with sulfate ions to form lead sulfate. Combining lead on the negative plate with sulfate ions also produces sulfate. Therefore, the net result of discharge is to produce more water, which dilutes the electrolyte, and to form lead sulfate on the plates . As the discharge continues, the sulfate fills the pores of the grids, retarding circulation of acid in the active material. Lead sulfate is the powder often seen on the outside terminals of old batteries. When the combination of weak electrolyte and sulfating on the plate lowers the output of the battery, charging is necessary. On charge, the external D.C. source reverses the current in the batter y. The reversed direction of flow of ions in the electrolyte results in a revers al of the chemical reactions. Now the lead sulfates sulf ates on the positive plate reacts with the water and sulfate ions to produce lead peroxide and sulfuric acid. This action re-forms the positive plates and makes the electrolyte stronger by adding sulfuric acid. At the same time, charging enables the lead sulfate on the negative plate to react with hydrogen ions; this also forms sulfuric acid while reforming lead on the negative plate to react with hydrogen ions. It also results in formation of current which can restore the cell to full output, with lead peroxide on the positive plates, spongy lead on the negative plate, and the required concentration of sulfuric acid in the electrolyte. The chemical equation for the lead-acid cell is
Charge Pb + pbO₂ + 2H₂SO₄ 2pbSO ₄ + 2H₂O
Discharge On discharge, the pb and pbo ₂ combine with the SO ₄ ions at the left side of the equation to formlead sulfate (pbSO₄) and water (H₂O) at the right side of the equation. One battery consists of 6 cells, each having an output voltage of 2.1V, which are connected in series to get a voltage of 12V and the same 12V battery is connected in series, to get an 24 V battery. They are placed in the water proof iron casing box. box. 34
4.5.6 Caring For Lead-Acid Batteries Always use extreme caution when handling batteries and electrolyte. Wear gloves, goggles and old clothes. “Battery acid” will burn skin and eyes and destroy cotton and wool clothing. The quickest way of ruining lead-acid batteries is to discharge them deeply and leave them stand “dead” for an extended period of time. When they discharge, there is a chemical change in the positive plates of the battery. They change from lead oxide (when charged) to lead sulfate when discharged. If they remain in the lead sulfate state for a few days, some part of the plate does not return to lead oxide when the battery is recharged. If the battery remains in a discharged state for a longer time, a greater amount of the positive plate will remain lead sulfate. The parts of the plates that become “sulfate”, “ sulfate”, no longer store energy. Batteries that are deeply discharged, and then charged partially on a regular basis can fail in less then one year. Check your batteries on a regular basis to be sure they are getting charged. Use a hydrometer to check the specific gravity of your lead acid batteries. If batteries are cycled very deeply and then recharged quickly, the specific gravity reading will be lower than it should be because the electrolyte at the top of the battery may ma y not have mixed mi xed with the “charged” electrolyte. Check the electrolyte level in the t he wet-cell batteries at least four times a year and top each cell with distilled water. Do not add water to discharged batteries. Electrolyte is absorbed when batteries are discharged. If you add water at this time, and then recharge rechar ge the battery, electrolyte will overflow and a nd make a mess. Keep the top of your batteries clean and check that cables are tight. Do not tighten or remove cables while charging or discharging. Any spark around batteries can caus e a hydrogen explosion inside, and ruin one of the cells. On charge, with reverse current through the electrolyte, the chemical action is reversed. Then the pb ions from the lead sulfate on the right right side of the equation re-form the lead and lead peroxide electrodes. Also the SO₄ ions combine with H ₂ ions from the water to produce more sulfuric acid at the left side of the equation.
4.6 Belt conveyor The belt conveyor is an endless belt moving over two end pulleys at fixed positions and used for transporting horizontally or at an incline up or down. The structural diagram of conveyer are shown below.
35
Fig.18. Belt Conveyor The
main components of a belt conveyor are: i.
The belt that forms the moving and supporting surface on which the conveyed material rides. It is the tractive element. The belt should should be selected considering the material to be transported.
ii.
The idlers, which form the supports for the carr ying and return stands of the belt.
iii.
The pulleys that support and move the belt and controls its tension. iv.
The
drive
that imparts power to one or more pulleys to move the belt and its loads. v. The structure that supports and maintains the alignments of the idlers and pulleys and support the driving machinery.
4.6.1 Advantages and limitations of conveyor belt
Advantages i.
A wider range of material can be handled which pause problems in other transportation means. Belt conveyor can be used for abrasive, wet, dry, sti cky or dirty material
ii.
Higher capacity can be handled than any an y other form of conveyor at a considerably lower cost per tonne kilometre.
iii.
Longer distances can be covered more economically than any other transportation system. A single belt conveyor or a series s eries of belt conveyors can do this. Belt conveyors can be adopted for cross-country laying.
iv.
By the use of many forms of ancillary equipment such as mobile trippers or spreaders bulk material can be distributed and deposited whenever required. required.
v.
Many other functions can be performed with the basic conveying like weighing, sorting, picking, sampling, blending, blending, spraying, cooling, drying etc.
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vi.
Structurally it is one of the lightest forms of conveying machine. It is comparatively cheaper and supporting structures can be used for many otherwise impossible structures such as crossing rivers, streets and valleys.
vii.
The belt conveyor can be adopted for special purposes (fire resistant, wear resistant, corrosion resistant, high angle negotiation etc.) and can be integrated with other equipment.
viii.
It can be horizontal, incline or decline or combination of all.
ix.
Minimum labour is required for the operation and maintenance of belt conveyor system.
limitations i.
The loading and transfer points need to be properly designed.
ii.
Numbers of protective devices have to be incorporated to save the belt from getting damaged by operational problems.
iii.
The belt needs higher initial tension (40-200% of useful pull). iv.
The use of belt is
restricted by the lump size. v.
Conveying of sticky material is associated with problems of cleaning and discharge causing poor productivity.
vi.
Higher elongation of the belt (4% elongation may take place at the working load).
4.6.2 Applications Conveyor belts are widely used in mineral industry. Underground mine transport, opencast mine transport and processing plants deploy conveyor belts of different kinds to adopt the specific job requirements.
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Chapter 5 5.1 Conclusions In India, the concept of automated parking is still rest ricted to large cities. Some of the problem in this system as felt by b y the industry is the absence of a regular body for monitoring the quality of such systems, lack of skilled labour. With less land available, parking is a growing concern in the Indian context. Various technological options are rapidly catching demand, as there are considerable technology providers for these for the past few years. These seem to be getting absorbed in the Indian context as there as these are easy to install and operate, capital costs are relatively cheaper than fully automatic parking systems, and involve lesser consumption of electrical energy by using solar energy. there are various projects are available of multilevel parking system, but it mostly works on using electrical energy not using solar energy. We are trying to make it simple not so much complex trough showing in our prototype of multilevel car parking system by using solar power, We so that t hat system can easily easil y implemented in the future.
5.2 Future scope i.
Optimal utilization of space.
ii. Can be constructed on minimum available space. iii. Low construction cost. iv. Low maintenance and operational cast. v. Safety of vehicle. vi. Environment friendly. vii. Benefits to the humans.
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References i.
http://www.paricarparking.com/types_of_systems/multi_level
ii. http://www.nbmcw.com/products/car-parking/24450 http://www.nbmcw.com/products/car-parking/24450-multilevel-car-parking-systems. -multilevel-car-parking-systems. iii. http://www.electroschematics.com/6275/pv-power-systems iv.
http://www.slideshare.net/search/slideshow?searchfrom=header&q=multilevel+car+par king+system
v.
http://www.electroschematics.com/6888/solar-battery-charger-circuit
vi.
http://www.parkingsystemsolutions.com/multi-floor
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