CHAPTER 1 Introduction 1.1 Overview : There are many type type of voting process process occur in different different time and place place from early shape of hand rising to most modern type by using Internet . Microcontroller is one of the most powerful general purpose device which is used in this project to realizing the voting machine which have the ability to process data in high speed , precise result and work together with PC to manage the over all operation .
1.2 Historical Review : The past few decades have witnessed evolution of Microcontrollers. They have revi revita tali lize zed d a numb number er of prod produc ucts ts or equi equipm pmen entt in almo almost st all all fiel fields ds incl includ udin ing g teleco telecommun mmunica icatio tions, ns, medica medical, l, indust industrial rial,, and consum consumer er produc products. ts. These These embedd embedded ed Microcontroller systems now resides at the heart of modern life with a variety of applications in fields like consumer electronics, automotive systems, domestic, and even in aerospace products. Embedding a Microcontroller in an electronics instrument or product requires a specialized design skill which requires a synergy of hardware and software skills. [ 1 ] In our day-to-day life we come across a number of embedded products. When we switch on the washing machine or send an SMS on a cell phone one cannot prevent without thinking the mechanism and the co-working of hardware and software in the background. The market for such smart embedded products is occupying newer and newer applications seemingly impossible few years back. 1
A Microcontroller (or MCU) is a computer-on-a-chip used to control electronic devi device ces. s. It is a type type of micr microp oproc roces esso sorr emph emphas asiz izin ing g self self-su -suff ffic icie ienc ncy y and and cost cost-effectiveness, in contrast to a general-purpose microprocessor (the kind used in a PC). A typical Microcontroller contains all the memory and interfaces needed for a simple applic applicati ation, on, whereas whereas a genera generall purpos purposee microp microproc rocess essor or requi requires res additi additiona onall chips chips to provide these functions . [ 1 ]
A highly integrated chip that contains all the components comprising a controller. Typically this includes a CPU, RAM, some form of ROM, I/O ports, and timers. Unlike a gene genera rall-pu purp rpos osee comp comput uter er,, whic which h also also incl includ udes es all all of thes thesee comp compon onen ents ts,, a Microcontroller is designed for a very specific task – to control a particular system. As a result, the parts can be simplified and reduced, which cuts down on production costs . The defini definitio tions ns given given by variou variouss sources sources descri describe be Microc Microcont ontrol roller ler as an integr integrate ated d circuit (IC) with processor as well as peripherals on chip. But the crux of the matter is the widespread uses of Microcontrollers in electronic systems. They are hidden inside a surprising number of products such as microwave oven, oven, TV, TV, VCR, digital digital camera, cell phone, Camcorders, cars, printers, keyboards, to name a few. The last three decades and especially the past few years have witnessed the tremendous growth in the top-of-theline line proc proces esso sors rs used used for perso persona nall comp comput utin ing g and and digi digita tall sign signal al proc process essor or (DSP) (DSP) applications.
Today, oday, the use of Microcontrollers in embedded systems outnumbers the use of processors in both the PC and the workstation market. It is estimated that over 50% of the vast majority of the computer chips sold are Microcontrollers. The main reasons behind their huge success are powerful yet cleverly chosen customizable electronics, ease in programming, and low cost. These days Microcontrollers find increasing application even in areas where they could not be used previously. With With the decreasing costs and footprints, it is now possible to have small-sized and cost-effective 2
Microcontroller units (MCUs) for new applications. The Microcontrollers today are small enough to penetrate into the traditional market for 4-bit applications like TV remote controls, toys, and games. For the simplest of all control applications they can offer high value smart switch functionality for applications that previously used electromechanical devices. [ 1 ]
1.3 Aim of the project : The aim of the project is to design and implement an electronic voting machine that has several features over over present voting operation .
1.4 Report Layout : The report of this project consists of five chapter some of them for theory other for particular works as shown below
Chapter 1 : Introduction Chapter 2 : Microcontrollers and RS-232 Data interface Chapter 3 : System design and hardware implementation Chapter 4 : Software implementation Chapter 5 : Conclusion and future works
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CHAPTER 2 Microcontrollers Microcontrollers And RS-232 Data interface 2.1 Microcontrollers Overview The 8051 family of micro controllers is based on an architecture which is highly optimized for embedded control systems. It is used in a wide variety of applications from military equipment to automobiles to the keyboard on your PC . family of Microcontrollers is available in a wide array of variations from manufacturers m anufacturers such as Intel, Philips, Atmel and Siemens. These manufacturers have added numerous features and peripherals to the 8051 such as I²C interfaces, analog to digital converters, watchdog timers, and pulse width modulated outputs. Variations of the 8051 with clock speeds up to 40MHz and voltage requirements down to 1.5 volts are available. This wide range of parts based on one core makes the 8051 family an excellent choice as the base architecture for a company's entire line of products since it can perform many functions and developers will only have to learn this one platform. [ 4 ] Features of AT89C51 which is used in our project • Compatible with MCS-51TM Products • 4K Bytes of In-System Re-programmable Flash Memory • Endurance: 1,000 Write/Erase Write/Erase Cycles • Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 24 MHz • Three-level Program Memory Lock • 128 x 8-bit Internal RAM • 32 Programmable I/O Lines • Two 16-bit Timer/Counters • Six Interrupt Sources • Programmable Serial Channel • Low-power Idle and Power-down Modes [ 11 ] 4
A particularly particularly useful feature of the 8051 core is the inclusion of a boolean processing engine which allows bit-level boolean logic operations to be carried out directly and efficiently on internal registers and RAM. This feature helped cement the 8051's popularity in industrial control applications. Another valued feature is that it has four separate register sets, which can be used to greatly reduce interrupt latency compared to the more common method of storing interrupt context on a stack. The 8051 UARTs UARTs make it simple to use the chip as a serial communications interface. External pins can be configured to connect to internal shift registers in a variety of ways, and the internal timers can also be used, allowing serial communications in a number of modes, both synchronous and asynchronous. [ 1 ]
Figure 2.1 8051 layout 5
2.2 Microcontroller Applications The Microcontroller applications are mainly categorized into the following types (see Figure 2.2): •
Audio
•
Automotive
•
Communication/wired
•
Computers and peripherals
•
Consumer
•
Industrial
•
Imaging and video
•
Medical
•
Military/aerospace
•
Mobile/wireless
•
Motor control
•
Security
•
General Purpose
•
Miscellaneous
Automobile industry is the main driving force in propelling the growth of Microcontrollers. It is estimated that the Microcontrollers constitute 33% of the semiconductors used in a vehicle . Requirements of the automobile sector has forced the Microcontroller manufacturers to come out with the new bus protocols such as control area network (CAN) and local interconnect network (LIN). The 8- and 16-bit Microcontrollers are used for low-end applications and lower-cost vehicles vehicles while the 32-bit Microcontrollers are used for high-end application and high-end vehicles. It is estimated that currently 30% – 40% Microcontrollers are used in low-end vehicles and about 70% Microcontrollers are used in high-end vehicles.
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These requirements are continuously increasing and it is highly likely that the count of Microcontrollers in vehicles will further increase in the future . [ 1 ]
Figure 2.2 – application tree 7
2.3 Pin definitions and functions The capability to interface external memory has an impact on pin organization. In general, there are two types of Microcontrollers. First, those Microcontrollers which have on-chip Program Memory and are not capable to use external memory and second, Microcontrollers, such as the 8051, which can interface external memory. Of course, some of them lack internal Program Memory and must fetch instructions instructions from external external memory. In the second case, a large majority of the Microcontroller pins are occupied for for memo memory ry inte nterfa rface. ce. As ind indicat icated ed in Figu Figure re 2.3 2.3 , Port Port 0 and and Port Port 2 link ink the the Microcontroller with the external memory.
In addition, the parallel ports, the serial port, the interrupt system and the timer/counters need pins to interact with the environment. Figure 2.3 shows a pin configuration of the 8051 Microcontroller in a 40-pin dual in-line package. Port 0 can be used either as a general purpose port or to access external memory. memory. When external memory is used, Port 0 forms the low order byte of the external memory address (A0 - A7). Next, the byte being written or read is transferred through Port 0. External pull-ups resister resister are required when when Port 0 loaded . Port 1 is a general purpose port with internal pull-ups resister. and does not possess any other special function. Port 2 can be used either as a general purpose port or to emit the high-order address (A8- A16) and also with internal pull-ups resister. resister. Port 3 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pull-ups resister.[ 8 ]
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Figure 2.3 pin configuration
2.4 Memory Organization The 8051 architecture provides the user with three physically distinct memory spaces which can be seen in Figure 2.4 Each memory space consists of contiguous addresses from 0 to the maximum size, in bytes, of the memory space. Address overlaps are resolved by utilizing instructions which refer specifically to a given address space. The three memory spaces function f unction as described below. below. [ 8 ]
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Figure 2.4 Memory Organization
2.4.1 The Code Space The first memory space is the CODE segment in which the executable program resides. This segment can be up to 64K (since it is addressed by 16 address lines) . The processor treats this segment as read only and will generate signals appropriate to access a memory device such as an EPROM. However, this does not mean that the CODE segment must be implemented using an EPROM. Many embedded systems these days are using EEPROM which allows the memory to be overwritten either by the 8051 itself or by an external device. This makes upgrades to the product easy to do since new software can be downloaded into the EEPROM rather than having to disassemble it and install a new EPROM. Code memory is accessed based on the chip line EA. If the line is low, control goes to external memory. memory. If the line is high, initial control goes to internal memory. memory. The next line of code after the top of internal memory is external memory. memory. This transition is regardless of EA setting. The next address will be in sequence. In other words, the low external memory is inaccessible. [ 8 ]
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In addition to executable code, it is common practice with the 8051 to store fixed lookup tables in the CODE segment. To To facilitate this, the 8051 provides instructions which allow rapid access to tables via the data pointer (DPTR) or the program pr ogram counter with an offset into the table optionally provided by the accumulator. This means that oftentimes, a table's base address can be loaded in DPTR and the element of the table to access can be held in the accumulator. The addition is performed by the 8051 during the execution of the instruction which can save many cycles depending on the situation.
2.4.2 The Data Space The second memory space is the 128 bytes of internal RAM on the 8051, or the first 128 bytes of internal RAM on the 8052. This segment is typically referred to as the DATA segment. The RAM locations in this segment are accessed in one or two cycles depending on the instruction. This access time is much quicker than access to the XDATA segment because memory is addressed directly rather than via a memory pointer such as DPTR which must first be initialized. Therefore, frequently used variables and temporary scratch variables are usually assigned to the DATA segment. Such allocation must be done with care, however, due to the limited amount of memory in this segment. Variables stored in the DATA segment can also be accessed indirectly via R0 or R1. The register being used as the memory pointer must contain the address of the byte to be retrieved or altered. These instructions can take one or two processor cycles depending on the source/destination data byte. The DATA segment contains two smaller segments of interest. The first subsegment consists of the four sets of register banks which compose the first 32 bytes of RAM. The 8051 can use any of these four groups of eight bytes as its default register bank. The selection of register banks is changeable at any time via the RS1 and the RS0 bits in the Processor Status Word Word (PSW). These two bits combine into a number from 0 to 3 (with RS1 being the most significant bit) which indicates the register r egister bank to be used. Register bank switching allows not only for quick parameter quick parameter passing, but also opens the door for f or simplifying task switching on the 8051. 11
The second sub-segment in the DATA space is a bit addressable segment in which each bit can be individually accessed. This segment is referred to as the BDATA segment. The bit addressable segment consists of 16 bytes (128 bits) above the four register r egister banks in memory. memory. The 8051 contains several single bit instructions which are often very useful in control applications and aid in replacing external combinatorial logic with software in the 8051 thus reducing parts count on the target system. It should be noted that these 16 bytes can also be accessed on a "byte-wide" basis just like any other byte in the DAT DATA space. [ 8 ]
2.4.3 Special Function Registers [ 7 ]
Table 2.4 Special Function Registers
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2.5 Timing The control unit of a microprocessor or Microcontroller is responsible for the proper handling of the stream of instructions. Each instruction includes one or more steps (cycles). At the same time, an instruction can be viewed as a deeper level program whic which h perf perfor orms ms a seri series es of spec specif ific ic acti action ons. s. Exec Execut utin ing g this this prog progra ram, m, term termed ed microprogram or microcode, the control unit emerges as a processor within the CPU. There There can can be no doub doubt, t, every every proc proces esso sorr need needss memo memory ry to read read the the inst instru ruct ctio ions ns.. Consequently, the control unit must contain a ROM. Alternatively, the control unit can be designed as a sequential machine. machine. Practically, Practically, the users might not be interested in the internal architecture of the Microcontroller. Microcontroller. However, they should be aware of the timing parameters of the microcomputer and the essential design rules. The topics of this section are the following matters: • Basic timing: the interaction between the Microcontroller's CPU and memory. • The Microcontroller's instructions parameters: execution time and number of bytes. Figure 2.5 shows the basic timing diagram. A machine cycle includes 12 oscillator periods. The cycle is divided into 6 states - S1 through S6. Each state consists of 2 phases - P1 and P2. As an example of one-byte, one-cycle instruction we use INC A (Increment accumulator A). A fetch/execute fetch/execute cycle from external Program Memory includes the following steps: The opcode is read through Port 0 (Cycle 1, State 1)
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Figure 2.5 basic timing diagram
The low address byte (A0 - A7) is latched into the external register r egister buffer on the high-tolow transition of ALE pulse. The high address byte (A8 - A15) is emitted through Port 2. There is a fetch at Cycle 1, State 4, but it is a one-byte instruction and the byte read is ignored. The Program Counter is not incremented . The low address byte (A0 - A7) of the next opcode is prepared .[ 8 ]
2.6 Serial port The 8051 Microcontroller, like almost all other computers, processes data in parallel. At the same time, the communication between computers is often done by serial links. Inevitably, Inevitably, a serial bus would be slower than a parallel bus, but it is cost-effective and very popular for small embedded systems and personal computers. The rate of transmission is called the bit rate. The bit rate is frequently termed baud rate. Apart from the fact that bit rate and baud rate are not always equal, they are used synonymously in this text. The Microcontroller subsystem which converts the parallel data into a serial bit stream 14
and vice versa is called a serial port. The serial port is alternatively labeled Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter (UART). (UART). The serial port of the 8051 is a full duplex port and therefore it can transmit and receive simultaneously. simultaneously. The receive register is buffered and it is possible to go on reception of a second byte before a previously received byte has been read. The receive and transmit registers are both named SBUF. The serial port is controlled by a Serial port CONtrol register (SCON). (S CON). Moreover, the register SCON acts as a status register including a Transmit Interrupt flag (TI) and a Receive Interrupt flag (RI). Figure 2.6 shows the register SCON and its relation to the incoming and outgoing frames. A set interrupt flag TI indicates that the transmit buffer is empty and can be loaded again. The interrupt flag TI is set by hardware at the end of the 8th bit period in mode 0 or at the beginning of the stop bit in the other modes when the serial port transmits. The flag TI must be cleared by software. A set receive interrupt flag RI alarms that the receive r eceive buffer is full and should be read. The interrupt flag RI is set by hardware at the end of the 8th bit period in mode 0 or through the stop bit period in the other modes, when the serial port receives. Likewise, the flag RI must be cleared by software. As you might expect, mode 0 is one of four possible modes of operation that can be selected by bits SM0 and SM1from register SCON. Unlike what you might expect, the bit SM0 is the most significant bit (MSB) when the mode is coded. A bit REN from register SCON enables serial reception for all modes. It can be set by software to enable or cleared to disable the reception.[ 8 ]
2.6.1 Mode 0 This synchronous mode is used to interface shift registers. In mode 0 the serial bit stream goes either in or out through the line R×D (P3.0). The shift clock is generated on pin T×D (P3.1). Eight bits are either transmitted or received. The least significant bit (LSB) is transferred first.
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The baud rate is
Transmission is initiated by loading the register SBUF. SBUF. To start the reception, the following condition must be satisfied
The logic equation implies that the reception is allowed by setting the bit REN and by clearing the receive interrupt flag RI. The flag REN is cleared in the beginning. The flag RI is reset after each received byte. Mode 0 is commonly used for fast data transfer in conjunction with parallel-to-serial and serial-to-parallel registers.[ 8 ]
2.6.2 Mode 1 Mode 1 is the standard full-duplex mode. A data word word includes a start bit (low), 8 data bits and a stop bit (high). The LSB is transferred first. In mode 1, 2 and 3 the bit stream is transmitted through the pin T×D and received through the pin R×D. The baud rate can be programmed by Timer/Counter 1. Transmission is initiated by a move to the register SBUF. SBUF. Reception is initiated when the line R×D is switched from high to low. If the first bit after the transition is high, the receive circuit will be reset and go back to wait for another high-to-low transition. then the following actions will be performed: • The data received in an input shift register is moved into register SBUF S BUF.. • The stop bit from the frame is loaded into the flip-flop RB8 of the register SCON. • The receive interrupt flag RI is set. If the described conditions are not satisfied the received frame will be lost. [ 8 ]
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2.6.3 Mode 2 This mode facilitates multiprocessor communications. The frame includes a start bit (low), 8 data bits, an additional bit (D8) and a stop bit (high). ( high). The LSB is transferred first. The register PCON occupies the place between Timer/Counter 1 and the serial port . Figure 2.6 attempts to illustrate modes 2 and 3. The transmission is initiated again by a move to register SBUF. The additional additional bit D8 takes its value from fr om register SCON, bit TB8. The transmit interrupt flag TI is set at the beginning of the stop bit (shift register empty). As usual, the reception will be under way if the input R×D is changed from fr om high to low. the serial port will perform the following actions: • The data (D0-D7) from the input shift register is moved into register SBUF. SBUF. • The received additional bit D8 is stored into flip-flop RB8 of the register SCON. • The interrupt flag RI is set. Otherwise the received frame is lost. [ 8 ]
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Figure 2.6 The 8051 serial port control register SCON, mode 2 and 3
2.6.4 Mode 3 The baud rate in mode 3 is variable and sets up exactly the same as in mode 1. This allows 9-bit data transfer. Table 2.2 covers all possible combinations between the serial port and Timer/Counter 1 modes. In general, mode 0 and 2 have a fixed baud rate depending on oscillator frequency. frequency. Mode 1 and 3 possess a programmable baud rate option based on Timer/Counter Timer/Counter 1. If that's the case, the baud rate can be controlled by writing a certain code to register TH1. TH1. In this way either oscillator frequency fOSC or or external signal with frequency fT1 applied to input T1 is divided to form the desired baud rate. If the serial port in mode 1 and 3 is combined with Timer/Counter 1 in counter mode, the ceiling of the input frequency is 1/24 fOSC.
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Table 2.2 Baud rate selection selection
Table 2.3 illustrates several widespread baud rates and examples how they can be organized.
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Table 2.3 Baud rate examples.
2.7 RS-232 RS-232 is designed to handle communications between two devices with a distance limit of around 80 to 130 ft, f t, depending on the bit rate and cable type. RS-232 uses unbalanced, or single-ended, lines. Each signal in the interface has one dedicated line whose voltage is referenced to a common ground.
2.7.1 Signal In popular use, RS-232 refers to a serial interface that complies with much of the standard TIA-232Interface between Data Terminal Terminal Equipment. The name RS-232 RS- 232 dates to an earlier edition of the standard. The standard’s current publisher is the Telecommunications Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA). Previous versions were a product of the Electronics Industries Association Association (EIA) The standard designates 25 lines in the interface, but RS-232 ports rarely support more than the nine signals in Table Table 2.9. The additional signals are intended for use with synchronous modems, secondary transmission channels, and selecting a transmission speed on a dual-rate modem. Some applications
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require only three lines (or even two, if the link is one way). Much of the RS-232 terminology reflects its origin as a standard for communications between a computer terminal and an external modem. A “dumb” “dumb” terminal contains a keyboard, a display, display, a communications comm unications port for accessing a remote computer, and little else. An RS-232 link connects the terminal to a modem, which in turn accesses the phone lines that connect to the remote computer. PCs with modems and network interfaces have made this type of terminal connection nearly obsolete. These days, an RS-232 port is more likely to connect a PC to an embedded system or to connect two embedded systems. Much of the original RS-232 RS- 232 terminology thus doesn’t apply to modern applications, but the hardware interface remains useful. [ 2 ]
Table 2.4 RS-232 pin
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2.7.2 DTE & DCE The RS-232 standard calls the terminal end of the link the data terminal equipment, or DTE. The modem end of the link is the data circuit-terminating equipment, or DCE. The signals and their functions are named from the perspective of the DTE. For example, TX (transmit data) is an output on a DTE and an input on a DCE, while RX (receive data) is an input on a DTE and an output on a DCE. The RS-232 ports on PCs are almost always DTEs. It doesn’t matter which device in a link is the DTE and which is the DCE, but every connection between two computers must either have one of each or must emulate the absent interface (typically DCE) with an adapter called a null modem.
2.7.3 Voltage RS-232 logic levels are defined as positive and negative voltages rather than the positive-only voltages of TTL and CMOS logic . At an RS-232 data output (TX), logic 0 is defined as equal to or more positive than +5V, +5V, and logic 1 is defined as equal to or more negative than -5V. -5V. In other words, the data uses negative logic, where the more positive voltage is logic 0 and the more negative voltage is logic 1. the status and control signals use the same voltages, but with positive logic. A positive voltage indicates a logic 1 and a function that is On, asserted, or True, and a negative voltage indicates a logic 0 and a function that is Off, not asserted, or False. An RS-232 interface chip typically inverts the signals and converts between TTL/CMOS voltages and RS-232 voltages. On a UART’s UART’s output pin, a logic-1 data bit or an Off control signal is a logic high, which results in a negative voltage at the RS-232 output. A logic-0 data bit or asserted control signal is a logic low at the UART and results in a positive voltage at the RS-232 output. Because an RS-232 receiver r eceiver can be at the end of a long cable, by the time the signal reaches the receiver, the voltage may have attenuated or have noise riding on it. To allow for degraded signals, the receiver accepts smaller voltages as valid. A positive voltage of 3V or greater is a logic 0 at RX or asserted a sserted at a 22
control input. A negative negative voltage of 3V or greater (more negative) is a logic 1 at RX or Off at a control input. The logic level of an input between -3V and +3V is undefined. The noise margin, or voltage margin, is the difference between the output and input voltages. RS-232’s RS-232’s large voltage swings result in a much wider noise margin than 5V TTL or CMOS logic. For example, an RS-232 output of +5V can attenuate or have noise spikes as large as 2V at the receiver and will still be a valid logic 0. Many RS-232 outputs have wider voltage swings that result in even wider noise margins. The maximum allowed voltage swing is ±15V, ±15V, though receivers must accept voltages as high as ±25V without without damage. On the data lines, Space is logic 0 (positive voltage), voltage), and Mark is logic 1 (negative voltage). [ 2 ]
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CHAPTER 3 System Design And Hardware Implementation This chapter divide in to eight part for illustrate the circuit design and the the function of each unit in the project .
THE CIRCUIT DESIGN
3.1 system block digram overview The Microcontroller is connected to key pad to take user input and process the data to and arrange the operation . If it correct given a notification to the user and display the result on the seven segment display . After After complete the election , data send to the computer to manage the overall operation for all users data .
Figure 3.1 overview digram of the project project
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3.2 Keypad The circuit below describe the keypad keypad and how it work . the keypad contain 10 switches [0 – 9] each one of them connect to the ground from a terminal . The second second terminal connect to the Microcontroller Microcontroller ,which is put logic 1 [ 5 volt ] on that port and check periodically periodically if one or more pin go to logic 0[grounded] 0[grounded] if more than one key press at the same time , MCU does not take it as correct input . minimal time between successive press key is 0.5 second . this done by simple counter in Microcontroller .
Figure 3.2 keypad
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3.3 crystal oscillator
Figure 3.3 crystal oscillator
Capacitors = 30pf can take it between [20-40] pf crystal oscillator oscillator is 11.0592 11.0592 Mhz this is special crystal type which which is used for serial communication this give a minimal error rate
[3]
[3] such if 1200 baud rate is need and xtal is 12Mhz TH1 will be 229.95833. but if 1200 baud rate is need and xtal is 11.0592 Mhz TH1 will be 232 . there will be an error when convert it to hexadecimal number . 26
3.4 output display
Figure 3.4 hexadecimal display
Hexadecimal display IC have four data latch input and decoder . D ' input ' is the most significant bit A ' input ' is the least significant bit ic is til311
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3.5 RS-232 adapter
Figure 3.5 RS-232 db-9
In our project used usb-RS-32 converter . RS-232 cables can vary in length, number of wires, and shielding. Early versions of the RS-232 standard recommended limiting cable length to 50 ft, and this is still a good general guideline. For data rates of 20 kbps or less .
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3.6 Voltage converter As MCU MCU work on voltage of +5 and 0 volt volt and RS-232 need voltage between +13 and -13 volt therefor need a converters between these voltage . Max232 can do this
out
in
Figure 3.6 max232
Logic 0
to
+5 ~ +15
Logic 1
to
-5 ~ -15
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3.7 Power supply The circuit below describe how to convert from 220 V AC to 5 V DC
Figure 3.7 power supply
Transformer convert from 220 V AC to 5 V AC Wave rectification Smoothing capacitor eliminate the the ripple ripple that comes from the rectifier regulation regulate the output output power it give a constant constant 5 volt
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3.8 Circuit Description The system consist of : 1. Microcontroller 2. keypad (for user data input) 3. 2 hexadecimal display (show user data) 4. 2 LED (lower LED indicate most most significant hexadecimal number number read, and upper LED indicate least significant hexadecimal number read) 5. power supply 6. USB-RS-32 converter cable (to transfer data to the computer) as shown in the Figure
Figure 3.8 practical work
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CHAPTER 4 Software Implementation In this chapter we devoted on software implementation of the project and it can be divided in to two section one for Microcontroller programming and the second for interfacing program which is written in matlab language .
4.1 Microcontroller main program MCU can be programed in many language such c , c++ , java ,baisc and other language and by using compiler convert that code to assemble language which is the main programing language for it . In our case the program was written in assembly to reduce the memory space , operation time and more efficient works .
4.1.1 Program flowchart As shown in the Figure below below it illustrate the flow chart of the main program . as the power on for MCU it's first initialize it's ports , serial port . After that it will show the letters “ CC “ which mean Constituent . Then it's check for user input which is the user name . After he/she input the the data if it correct it will appear on the the displayer , then appear “ AA “ which mean Attribute , so it also wait user to enter it but this time it will give him a twice trial . If he enter invalid Attribute for the tow try it will back to user name stage . After enter it right it's appear “ EE “ which mean Election , wait user enter a numbers and then send it to master device through RS-232 .
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Figure 4.1 MCU program flowchart
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4.1.2 Setting the baud rate Baud rate is a bit rate used for for serial communication in term of bit/sec for MCU can can work in varying baud baud rate start from 150 to 76800 for ' atmel ' MCU note : Baud rate limitations depend on MCU vendor and it's application . to setup the MCU on a specific baud rate back to section 3.3 which has to equation help to give the precisely baud rate for example it choose 1200 mov TMOD,#20H ;Timer 1 Mode 2 anl PCON,#7FH ;SMOD = 0, K=1 mov TH1,#0e8H ;1200 BAUD @11.0592 MHz MOV tl1,#00h mov SCON,#50H ;Set SM1 & REN setb TR1 ;Start timer setb TI
4.1.3 Subroutine program for keypad MCU always check the keypad for any new data periodically , to preform an data input to keypad the data should be in form of 8 bit ' two BCD number ' so if if data will be be number 7 ''0111 in binary '' as an example , the data input should be as 07 ''00000111'' to take it . The main idea is to convert convert port input to data stored stored in the accumulator and then then shift it to accept the second number to form 8 bit number .
Note : Subroutine program below show who to check any new data on keypad , if the switch does not release , shift the data and two or more switch closed at the same time . getkey: mov p1,#0ffh ;set port 1 and 3 as input
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mov p3,#0fch scan: acall keydown ;keydown looks foe any key(s) down jz scan ;if a-00 then no key(s) down loop acall convert ;convert return flag set if not valid jbc 20,scan ;or a set to 00 to 09 for keys 0-9 rl a rl a rl a rl a mov r4,a ;store the value of a acall softtime ;wait a time to release the key mov p1,#0ffh mov p3,#0fch mov p0,#0fh scan1: acall keydown ;see if key is still down jz scan1 ;second number acall convert ;see if key is still valid and matches jbc 20,scan1 ;the original key found add a,r4 ;have total number 8 bit mov r4,a ;copy a to r4 register mov p0, #00h ret ;ret to the main program
Note : This subroutine subroutine show who to convert convert the data to BCD number and give it to the the main keypad program Note : Simply it check the whole keypad pin to defined pattern for each number if invalid pattern occur it will inform the main keypad keypad program .
keydown: MOV R0,p1 ;get state of p1 key to r0 mov a,p3 ;get state of p3 keys to a orl a,#0cfh ;make bits 0,1and 4-7ones anl a,r0 ;check for another keys down
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cpl a ;a=ff if all key release ret ;if a. ff then at least one key k ey pressed convert: clr 20 ;assume that key bit is valid clr a ;a contain first possible key (00) mov r1,p1 ;get p1 key pattert in r1 mov r3,p3 ;get p3 key pattern in r3 orl 03,#0cfh ;make r3 bits 0,1 and 4-7 ones cjne r1,#0feh,one ;search r1 for legal pattern sjmp check3 ;check p3 for no key down one: inc a ;a = 01 cjne r1,#0fdh,two ;search for valid pattern p attern sjmp check3 ;check p3 for no key down two: inc a ; a = 02 cjne r1,#0fbh,three ;search for legal pattern sjmp check3 ;check p3 for no key down three: inc a ; a= 03 cjne r1,#0f7h,four ;search for legal pattern sjmp check3 ;check p3 for no key down four: inc a ;a = 04 cjne r1,#0efh,five ;search for legal pattern sjmp check3 ;check p3 for no key down five: inc a ; a = 05 cjne r1,#0dfh,six ;search for legal pattern p attern sjmp check3 ;check p3 for no key down six: inc a ; a = 06 CJNE R1,#0bfh,seven ;search for legal pattern sjmp check3 ;check p3 for no key down seven: inc a ; a = 07 cjne r1,#7fh,eight ;search for legal pattern sjmp check3 ;check p3 for no key down eight: inc a ; a = 08 cjne r3,#0efh,nine ;now look for a key i n r3
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jnb p3.5,bad ;check that key 9 is up sjmp good ;go to the keyboard main program nine: inc a ; a = 09 cjne r3,#0dfh,bad ;redundant check good: ret check3: jnb p3.4,bad ;if r1 has key low r3 must all high jnb p3.5,bad ;if r1 has key low r3 must all high sjmp good bad: setb 20 ;signal an invalid key pattern mov p1,#0ffh mov p3,#0ffh ret ;return to main keyboard program
4.1.4 Subroutine program for time delay If we back to section 2.5 we found that each instruction take time to preform and it,s depend on crystal oscillator value , under this idea the delay program work . this program give a delay of 0.5 second softtime: MOV 05,#03h time: MOV 07,#245 decrement: mov 06h,#0ffh inter: djnz 06h,inter ; software timer djnz 07,decrement DJNZ 05,time RET
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4.1.5 Subroutine program for serial communication Serial combinations can be be done by initialized the serial port first as shown in section 4.1.2 then put put the data on Serial Buffer Register (SBUR) and wait wait if the last data does not send . serial: JNB TI,serial ;xmit busy so wait. clr TI ;clr for next xmit mov SBUF,r2 ;mov byte to serial tii: jnb ti,tii mov SBUF,r4 ;mov byte to serial mov p0,#0ffh ret
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4.2 Interfacing Program flowchart With Matlab We use matlab programming language to make m ake a program for interfacing the slave device with with the PC through serial port
Figure 4.2 interfacing program flowchart
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The main idea of the program is to prepare serial port on specific option 'baud rate , stopbit , parity .. ' Then make a matrix with user id and an empty matrix for user election . wait data to check if user make election before ignore his election else save s ave user id and his election and the program program will wait until all user complete election .
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CHAPTER 5 conclusion and future works In this chapter chapter , a conclusion with with some abbreviations abbreviations of how to upgrade the project
5.1 Conclusion Microcontroller has several feature over PC in industrial equipment from price , size , effectiveness and operation .
The EVM electronic voting machine has many option to be implemented , in any version it's need a change in algorithm , communication mean , keypad size , output displays .
Programming the MCU need to be learn carefully from simple program contain several several line to huge program contain several hundred of line .
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5.2 Future works Electronic voting machine can be developed by improved it's communication channel by replacing RS-32 cable by wireless link between the master unit and the slave's units and change the master unit to embedded system to increase the security of the over all operation which in our case the PC . Other thing as using using LCD instead of of 7-segment to change “ user and election “ numbers type to characters type , the keypad is associated with this option to be develop . It can be used Programmable Interface Controller (PIC) Microcontroller instead of 8051 Microcontrollers for system development due to their low cost, wide availability, large user base, extensive collection of application notes, availability of low cost or free development tools, and serial programming (and re-programming with flash memory) capability.
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Reference [ 1 ] JIVAN S. PARAB , Exploring c for Microcontroller , 2007 [ 2 ] Jan Axelson , Serial Port Complete , 2007 [ 3 ] Marcus O. Durham , System Design and the 8051 8051 2E , 2004 [ 4 ] Hassan Parchizadeh , 8051 Microcontrollers An Applications-Based Applications-Based Introduction , 2004 [ 5 ] Dogan Ibrahim , Microcontroller Projects in C for for the 8051 , 2000 [ 6 ] The final word on 8051 [ 7 ] Atmel , Atmel 8051 Microcontrollers Hardware Manual [ 8 ] Karakehayov , Embedded Em bedded Systems Design With With 8051 Microcontrollers , 1999 [ 9 ] Mackenzie , The 8051 Microcontroller 3rd Edition , 1995 [ 10 ] kenneth j. Ayala Ayala , The 8051 Microcontroller Architecture, Programming and Applications , 1991 [ 11 ] AT89C51 Data sheet
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