PROJECT ASSIGNMENT: FAMILY LAW II
REOPENING AND REUNION OF PARTITION (A STUDY THROUGH CASE LAWS) LAWS)
SUBMITTED BY: AMIT AGRAWAL ID. NO.: BLIL 1147 DATE OF SUBMISSION: 11 th A!"#$ %&&4.
NATIONAL LAW SCHOOL OF INDIA UNI'ERSITY$ BANGALORE.
TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CASES.............................................................................................................3 INTRODUCTION...............................................................................................................4 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY........................................................................................5 REOPENING OF PARTITION...........................................................................................6 MINOR COPARCENERS ........................................................................................6 FRAUD..........................................................................................................................8 MISTAE......................................................................................................................9 AFTER BORN SON................................................................................................11 ADOPTION................................................................................................................13 ABSENT AND DISUALIFIED DISUALIFIED COPARCENRERS COPARCENRERS.....................................14 REUNION.........................................................................................................................15 NATURE OF E'IDENCE ......................................................................................15 PARTITION AND PRESUMPTION THEREOF .............................................17 WHO MAY REUNITE............................................................................................18 CONSTRUCTION OF REUNION AGREEMENT ........................................19 CONCLUSION..................................................................................................................21 BIBLIOGRAPHY..............................................................................................................23
TABLE OF CASES 1. A Venkappa Bhatta *. Gangamma AIR 1+,, -! 1. %. Anant Bhikappa *. Shankar Ramchandra 4/ B0. L. R. 1. . Athilinga Goundar *. Ramaswami Goundar (1+44) II MLJ 14/. 4. Balaji Ganoba *. Annapurnabai AIR 1+2% N3 %. 2. Balasubramania Reddy *. Narayana Reddiar AIR 1+/2 M35 4&+. /. Balbux Ladhuram *. Rukhmabai (1+&) LR & IA 1&. 7. Bhagwan ayal *. Reoti e!i AIR 1+/% SC %,7. ,. Biyyala "hinna Narasamma *. Biyyala Venkata Narasi Reddy AIR 1+24 M35 %,%. +. ebabrata Ghose *. #nanendra AIR 1+/& C3# %,1. 1&. Ganeshi Lal *. Babu Lal 4& A## 74. 11. Ganpat *. Gopalrao 1,++) ILR % B0. //. 1%. $ira Singh *. %t& %angalan AIR 1+%, L3h 1%%. 1. #atti *. Banwari Lal (1+%) LR 2& IA 1+%. 14. Nanuram *. Radhabai AIR 1+4& N3 %41. 12. 'armanand L Bajaj *. "ommissioner o( )ncome *ax 12 ITR /7 (1+,%). 1/. 'arshuram *. $irabai AIR 1+27 B0 2+. 17. Ram Narain "haudhary *. 'an +uer (1+4) LR /% IA 1/. 1,. Ramchandra Shrini!as *. Ramkrishna +rishnarao MANU6MH6&1%261+2%. 1+. Ratnam "hettiar *. S % +uppuswami "hettiar AIR 1+7/ SC 1 %&. Sukhrani *& $ari Shanker AIR 1+7+ SC 14/.
INTRODUCTION Wh- 35 85-! 9h3t "!8;t3-;$ <8-;t"0; 0= 09-!;h" 30 H"58; 9-!- >!;t 0;"5-!-5$ 9- h3*- 0 -3; t0 -;t"3t-. S0 =3! 3; th-!- 93; 3? !85"-t3!? 0-t"0 0= 09-!;h" " -3!#? t"-;$ "t 93; =085 " th- =0! 0= 09-!;h" 0= !0-!t? @-" *-;t-5 " th- =3"#? "t;-#=$ 0! t0 8;- 3 05-! h!3;- 09-!;h" 93; 0!0!3t-.1 C0!0!3t09-!;h" 5-0t-; 3 -8#"3! "5 0= 09-!;h" 9h-!- 0 #"*" @-" "; th- ;0#- 09-! @8t th-!- 3!- -!t3" -!;0; 9h0 3!33-!; 0= th- !0-!t?. % H09-*-! "= th-!- "; 3? -@-! 0= th- H"58 J0"t F3"#? 9h0 "; h0-#-;;#? 5";;3t";>-5 9"th th33--t 0= th- 0"t -;t3t-$ h"; 0#? !--5? !-3"; " #3"" =0! 3!t"t"0. Th"; h- 3 3#93?; 50$ 3; th-!- "; 0 08#;"0 80 th- -@-!; 0= H"58 F3"#? t0 #"*- " 00. P3!t"t"0 3? @- --t-5 -"th-! 3"3@#? 0! th!08h "t-!*-t"0 0= th- 08!t. A=t-! 3 h3- " ;t3t8; @? 3!t"t"0$ 3 -@-! 3 0 #0-! @- 5---5 3; 3-t 0! !-!-;-t3t"*- 0= th- =3"#?. P3!t"t"0 0- 35- 3 0t 0!5"3!"#? @- !-0--5 =0! Sh3;t!3; ;3?$ 0- "; th- 3!t"t"0 0= "h-!"t3- 35-$ 0"; 3 53;-# "*- " 3!!"3-$ 35 0- 50-; 3 3 ;3?$ I "*- th-;- th!-- 3!- @? 005 - 50- 0- 35 =0! 3## . H09-*-! th-!- 3!- -!t3" 9-##!-0";-5 --t"0 t0 th"; !""#-. O- 0= ;8h "; -t"0-5 " Y33*3#3. A; -! Y33*3#3$ Th- ;-tt#-5 !8#- "; th3t 0h-"!; ;h08#5 33" 5"*"50 -<83# t-!; th3t 9-3#th 9h"h @-" 0-3#-5 @? 0- 0h-"! =!0 30th-! "; !-0*-!-5 3=t-! 3!t"t"0. 4 A =-9 0= 0th-! ;8h --t"0; 3!- 0= 9h-!- @? ";t3- ;t!3-! !0-!t? 93; "#85-5 9h"#- 3!t"t"0" 35 th- ;3- 93; #3t-! #0;t 9h-!3!t"t"0 93; 50- @? =!385. I= t90 0! 0!- 03!--!; 3=t-! 3!t"t"0 3!-- t0 38# th3!t"t"0 35 t0 #"*- t0-th-! 0"t#? 3; @-=0!- 35 3- 3 8t"0 0= th-"! !0-!t? 9"th 3-t"0$ 9"th th- 5-#3!3t"0 W M3!@?$ $indu and %ohamedan Law$ (D-#h": It-!I5"3 P8@#"3t"0;$ 1+77)$ . 4 2 .2. 3 R3h3*3h3!"$ et&al&$ $indu Law, 'rinciples and 'recedents (M35!3;: M35!3; L39 J08!3#$ 7 th -5"t"0$ 1+,&)$ .4+. 4 A 88;93"$ (-5.)$ %ayne-s *reatise on $indu Law . /sage$ (N-9 D-#h": Bh3!3t L39 H08;-$ 1 th -5"t"0$ 1++2)$ .72. 1
th3t "- "; th"- 35 th"- "; "-$ th-? 3!- ;3"5 t0 @!-8"t-5.2 H09-*-! th-!- 3!- -!t3" 0#"3t-5 <8-;t"0; !-#3t" t0 !-8"0 #"- 9h0 3? !-8"t-$ h09 t0 !-8"t-..-t . I th- -t =-9 3-; th- !-;-3!h-! h3; 35- 3 3tt-t t0 -#0!- *3!"08; "!8;t3-; 85-! 9h"h 3 3!t"t"0 3 @!-0--5 35 t0 3;9-! *3!"08; <8-;t"0; !-#3t" t0 !-8"0.
5
G Sa!a" et.al." A Treatise on Hindu Law" #Ca$%&''a( Ea)'*+ La, H-&)*" 5' */0'0-+" 1924 " . 47.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Aims and objectives: P!-;-t 3-! 3tt-t; t0 ;-th th- *3!"08; "!8;t3-; 85-! 9h"h 3 3!t"t"0 3 @- !-0--5 35 85-! 9h3t "!8;t3-; !-8"0 "; 0;;"@#-. Scope and Limitations: S0- 0= th- !-;-t 3-! "; t0 0-t83#";- th- 3;-; !-#3t" t0 !-0-" 35 !-8"0 0= 3!t"t"0. D8!" th- 08!;- 0= !-;-3!h 3-!$ 3; -! th- -!";;"0 0= 08!;- t-3h-! 0#? M"t3;h3!3 Sh00# h3; @-- 5-3#t 9"th. Wh"#- 9!"t" th- 3-! th- @"-;t h8!5#- th3t th- !-;-3!h-! h35 t0 =3- 93; 0= 83*3"#3@"#"t? 0= *"-9; 0= ;h0#3!; " th- =0! 0= 3!t"#-;. Researc !"estions: I h3*- 3tt-t-5 t0 3;9-! th- =0##09" <8-;t"0; " th!-;-t 3-!: Wh3t 3!- th- 5"-!-t "!8;t3-; 85-! 9h"h 3 3!t"t"0 3 @- !-0--5 Wh3t 3!- th- !-<8";"t-; =0! !-8"0 •
•
#apterisation: F"!;t h3t-! h3; 5-3#t 9"th th- *3!"08; ";t3-; 9h-!- 3 3!t"t"0 3 @- !-0--5. S-05 h3t-! 5-3#; 9"th *3!"08; !-<8"!--t; =0! !-8"0. St$%e o& 'ritin(: Th"; 3-! h3; #3!-#? 5-;!"t"*- ;t?#- 0= 9!"t". )ode o& #itation: A 8"=0! 05- 0= "t3t"0 "; =0##09-5 th!08h08t th- !0-t. B00; " th- !-;-t 3-! h3*- @-- "t-5 " th"; 3-!: N3- 0= th- 38th0! (0! E5"t0!)$ *itle o( the Book0 (P#3- 0= P8@#"3t"0: P8@#";h" C0.$ E5"t"0 ("= 3#"3@#-)$ Y-3!)$ '0#. N0. ("= 3#"3@#-)$ P3- N0..
So"rces o& Data: P!"3!? ;08!-; " th- =0! 0= #39 !-0!t; 35 ;-053!? ;08!-; " th- =0! 0= @00; h3*- @-- 8;-5 t0 3;9-! th *3!"08; !-;-3!h <8-;t"0;.
REOPENING OF PARTITION MINOR COPARCENERS A "0! 3=t-! @-0" 0= 3- 3 !-0- th- 3!t"t"0 "= h- 3 !0*- th3t th- 3!t"t"0 93; 0t =0! h"; @-->t 0! "t 93; 8=3"! 9"th !-3!5 t0 h". Th"; 3 @-;t @- -#3"-5 9"th th- h-# 0= th- 3;- 0= Ratnam "hettiar *. S % +uppuswami "hettiar /. I th"; 3;- t90 @!0th-!; 35- 3 3!t"t"0 35 3t th3t t"#3"t"; 9-!- "0!;. U5-! th- 3!t"t"0 5--5 @0th "0*3@#35 0*3@#- !0-!t? 9-!- 5"*"5-5 9"th th- h-# 0= =3"#? 385"t0! 0= 0- @!0th-!.
S1 #SM D*. 1
S2 #SMR D*. 5
S3P$a0+'0)S4
S5 D*.3
P#3"t"; h-!- 3##--5 th3t th- 3!t"t"0 93; ;-8!-5 @? !3t";" =!385 35 858- "8-- 35 @? ;8!-;;" #3!3;;-t; @-#0" t0 th- =3"#? 9h"h 9-!- t3- @? th-"! 8#(D-=.1) @? t3" 35*3t3- 0= th- 9-3-;; 0= th- #3"t";K =3th-! 9h0 93; 3 -!;0 0= 9-3 "t-##-t. A; -! t!"3# 08!t$ ;0 =3! 3; th- 3!t"t"0 0= th- 0*-3@#!0-!t"-; 93; 0-!-5 9h"h 93; 50- @? 3 ;-3!3t508-t 35 93; ;-*-!3@#- =!0 th- 3!t"t"0 0= th- 0*-3@#!0-!t"-;$ 93; -"th-! 88;t 0! 8=3"! ;0 3; t0 -t"t#- th"0!; t0 !-0- th- 3!t"t"0 3=t-! 3 #0 -!"05. Th- ;3- 93; 0>!-5 @? th- H"h C08!t. Th- H"h C08!t " th- !-;-t 3;35- 3 ;#"ht *3!"3t"0 " th- 5-!-- ";;8-5 @? th- t!"3# 08!t @? ;-tt" 3;"5- th- 5"!-t"0; 0= th- t!"3# 08!t =0! th- 30"t-t 0= 3 C0";;"0-! 35 @? <83t"=?" th- *3#8- 0= th- 5";3!"t? " th- ;h3!- 0= th- #3"t";$ @? "t;-#=. Th- S8!-- C08!t$ h-!- 3; !-3!5; "0*3@#- !0-!t? !--t-5 t0 !-0- th- 3!t"t"0 -*- th08h th- !0-!t"-; 9-!0t 3t83##? *3#8-5 30!5" t0 th- 3!-t !3t- 35 th3t 3 0t"03# *3#83t"0 h35 @-- "*- " th- 3!t"t"0 5--5. S8!-C08!t t00 th"; *"-9 58- t0 "t; 0#"? 0= 0t "t-!=-!" 9"th 6
AIR 1+7/ SC 1.
08!!" >5"; 0= t90 08!t; @-#09. 7 W"th !-3!5 t0 3!t"t"0 0= 0*-3@#- !0-!t? th- H0K@#- S8!-- C08!t 3=t-! 3" 3 5-t3"#-5 ;t85? 3#;0 !-3h-5 th- ;3- 0#8;"0 th3t "t 93; 3 8-<83# 3!t"t"0 35 th- ;"#-- 0= th- =3th-! (D-=. 2) 0! -*- h"; 3<8"-;-- " 3##09" h"; -#5-! @!0th-! t0 ;93##09 th- 308t 93; 0t 3 !85-t 3t 35 "t h35 38;-5 ;-!"08; 5-t!"-t t0 th- "t-!-;t; 0= th- "0!; 9h"h h- h35 t0 !0t-t$ @-38;- th- "0!; 3t th3t t"- 9-!- -@-!; 0= th- H"58 85"*"5-5 =3"#?. , Th- S8!-- C08!t #3"5 th- =0##09" !00;"t"0;:+ •
•
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A 3!t"t"0 --t-5 30 th- -@-!; 0= HUF 9"th 0;-t 30t @- !-0--5$ 8#-;; "t "; ;h09 th3t 0;-t "; 0@t3"-5 @? =!385$ 0-!"0$ ";!-!-;-t3t"0 0! 858- "8--. A ;t!"t !00= 0= =3t; "; !-<8"!-5 t0 !-0- th- 3!t"t"0 @-38;- 3 3t inter !i!os 30t @- #"ht#? ;-t 3;"5-. I= th- 3!t"t"0 "; 50- " 005 =3"th 35 " bona 1de 3-! --" "t0 308t th- "t-!-;t; 0= th- "0!;$ th- ;3- 9"## @- @"5" 80 th-. I= th- 3!t"t"0 --t-5 @-t9-- th- -@-!; 0= th- H"58 85"*"5-5 =3"#?$ 9h"h 0;";t; 0= "0!;$ "; !0*-5 t0 @88;t 35 8=3"! 35 "; 5-t!"-t3# t0 th- "t-!-;t; 0= th"0!; th- 3!t"t"0 3 @- !-0--5 "!!-;-t"*- 0= th#-th 0= t"- 9h- th- 3!t"t"0 t00 #3-. Wh-!- th-!- "; 3 3!t"t"0 0= "0*3@#- 35 0*-3@#!0-!t"-; @8t th- t90 t!3;3t"0; 3!- 5";t"t 35 ;-3!3@#- 0! h3*- t3- #3- 3t 5"-!-t t"-;$ "= "t "; =085 th3t 0#? 0- 0= th-;- t!3;3t"0; "; 88;t 35 8=3"! "t "; 0- t0 th- C08!t t0 3"t3" th- t!3;3t"0 9h"h "; 8;t 35 =3"! 35 t0 !-0- th- 3!t"t"0 th3t "; 88;t 35 8=3"!.
A ;""#3! !0@#- 3- 8 @-=0!- th- S8!-- C08!t " th- 3;0= Sukhrani *& $ari Shanker 1&. H-!- th- #3"t" 93; 3 "0! 3t )bid&$ 3!31&. )bid&$ 3!3 1. 9 )bid&$ 3!3 1+. 7 8
1
AIR 1979 SC 1436.
th- t"- 0= ";t"t8t"0 0= ;8"t =0! 3!t"t"0. I th- !-;-t 3;th-!- 9-!- 0!""3##? th!-- @!0th-!; 9h0 3!!"-5 08t th- @"5" 38=3t8!" @8;"-;;. A=t-! th- 5-3th 0= 0- 0= th- (P8;38)$ th- ;3- 93; 3!!"-5 08t @? !-3"" t90 @!0th-!;. H3!";h33! (P8;38) R33!3
P#3"t"
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B3@8#3# S0
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H09-*-! " 1+4, M38#3# !-!-;-t-5 t0 h"; @!0th-! th3t " 0!5-! t0 3*0"5 t3 th-!- ;h08#5 @- 0"3# 3!t"t"0 @-t9-- th- 35 80 th"; th- 0"t =3"#? @8;"-;; 93; 0*-!t-5 t0 3 3!t-!;h". H-!- M38#3#K; ;h3!- 93; 1& A;. , ;. A5 th3t 0= R33!3 93; 2 A;. 4 ;. L3t-! B3@8#3# 35 S85-!#3# 9-!3#;0 ;h09 3; 3!t-!;. E*- th- h08;-; @-#0" t0 th- =3"#? 9-!- 5"*"5-5 9h-!- M38#3# t00 %6 !5 ;h3!- 35 R33!3 t00 th- !-;t. O th-;- 3##-3t"0; th- #3"t" >#-5 th- ;8"t. It 93; 3!8-5 0 @-h3#= 0= 5-=-53t3-##3t th3t th- 3!t"t"0 08#5 0t @- !-0--5 ;"- th-!- 93; 0 =!385 0! ";!-!-;-t3t"0 35 ;"- 8-<83# ;h3!-; h35 @-- *0#8t3!"#? 3-t-5$ "t 93; @"5" 0 th- 3!t"-;. It 93; 3#;0 0"t-5 08t th3t th- #3"t" 35 h"; @!0th-!; 9-!- --t"*-#? !-!-;-t-5 @? th-"! =3th-! th-!-=0!- 3!t"t"0 30t @- 0--5 -!-#? 0 th- !085 0= "-<83#"t? 0= ;h3!-;. 11 H09-*-! th- S8!-- C08!t !-=-!!" t0 th- 3;- 0= Ratnam "hettiar *. S % +uppuswami "hettiar 1% h-#5 th3t -*- th08h th-!- 93; 0 =!385 0! ";!-!-;-t3t"0 0! 858- "8--$ 3 3!t"t"0 08#5 @- !-0--5 3t th- ";t3- 0= "0! 03!--! 5-;"t- th- =3t th3t h"; @!3h 93; !-!-;-t-5 @? h"; =3th-! 3t th- 3!t"t"0$ "= th- 3!t"t"0 93; 8=3"! 0! !-85""3# t0 th"t-!-;t 0= "0!.
11
Ibid." aa 3 Supra +. 6.
12
FRAUD A 3!t"t"0 3 @- !-0--5 " th- 3;- 0= =!385 " 5"*";"0 0= !0-!t?. A ";t3- 0= th"; 3 @- "*- th!08h th- 3;- 0= A Venkappa Bhatta *. Gangamma 1& I th- !-;-t 3;- >!;t 5-=-53t 93; th- 3!t3 0= th- =3"#?. O th- 5-3th 0= h-! h8;@35 #3"t" #3"-5 3!t"t"0 0= 164 th ;h3!- 0= th- -;t3t35 th- ;h3!- 0= !0>t;. Sh- h-!- 5";8t-5 th- 3!t"t"0 0 9h"h h-! ;"3t8!-; 9-!- t3- -!;835" h-! t0 th" th3t th- 3!t"t"0 5--5 93; 3 508-t t0 3*0"5 t3. '-3t-;h93!3 Bh3tt3
(S333)W H D-= 12 (P#3"t") D1
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H-!- t!"3# 08!t =085 th3t " th- 3!t"t"0 5--5 #-;; th3 th ;h3!- 93; "*- t0 th- 9"509 35 3#;0 th-!- 93; 0 ;-3!3t!0*";"0 =0! *""?03K. It =085 th3t #3"t"$ 3 0#5 #35?$ 93; -t"!-#? 5--53t 80 >!;t 5-=-53t. H-- "t 5-!--5 th;8"t " =3*08! 0= #3"t". Th- H0K@#- h"h 08!t #0;-#? -3"-5 th- 3!t"t"0 5--5. It =085 th3t "t 93; "t 93; 3 #-th? 35 0#- 508-t$ 9h"h 08#5 0t h3*- @-- 85-!;t005 @? #3"t". A0 ">!"t"-; "t 0"t-5 08t ;0- 0= th-;- 9-!#"- 3!t"t"0 5--5 5"5Kt ;3? 9h"h 0= th- 3!t"-; 3!- -t"t#-5 t0 9h"h 0= th- !0-!t"-;. It 93; 3#;0 h"h#? 88;t 35 "-<8"t3@#-. H-!- ;h- 93; -t"t#-5 t0 th 0= %2 35"-;$ %,& 8!3h; 0= 355? 35 24+& 008t;$ @8t ;h- 93; "*- 0#? t90 35"-;. R-35" th- 9h0#- 508-t t0-th-! 35 t3" " t0 308t 0th-! "!8;t3-; th- H0K@#- H"h C08!t ;3"5 th3t th- #35? 93; *-!? 8h 85-! th- "8-- 0= th- >!;t 5-=-53t 35 ;h- h35 0 ;0; 0! ;80!t t0 #00 t0. O th-;!085; "t 0>!-5 t0 5-";"0 0= th- t!"3# 08!t. 13
AIR 1+,, -! 1.
MISTAKE I th- 3;- 0= Balaji Ganoba *. Annapurnabai23 "t 93; h-#5 th3t 3!t"t"0 08#5 @- !-0--5 "= 3 !0-!t? 9h"h 50-;Kt @-#0 t0 th- 0"t =3"#? "; 9!0#? "#85-5 35 "t ;8@;-<8-t#? 3;;-; 08t 0= th- 0;;-;;"0 0= ;h3!-!. H-!- th- ;h3!-! 908#5 @-t"t#-5 t0 0-;3t"0 08t 0= th- ;h3!-; 0= 0th-! 3!t"-; 35 th- 3!t"t"0 "= --;;3!? 3? @- !-0--5 =0! !-358;t-t 0= ;h3!-;. I th- !-;-t 3;- th- @!3h 0= G30@3 93; ;-3!3t=!0 th3t 0= D353.
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'3#" O th- 5-3th 0= '"th3#$ h"; 0th-! h35 -t-!-5 "t0 0;;-;;"0 0= !0-!t"-; 35 !-3"-5 8t"# h-! 5-3th. O h-! 5-3th P3!93t"@3" t00 0;;-;;"0 0= 3## !0-!t?. Th- #3"t"; 35 5-=-53t; 9h0 3!- @!0th-!; ";t"t8t-5 3 ;8"t 33";t P3!93t"@3" 35 h-! 538ht-! =0! 0;;-;;"0 0= !0-!t? 3; -t !-*-!;"03!?. O th- 5-3th 0= S. T3"$ '3#" (th- "0!) 93; @!08ht 0 !-0!5. I th3t ;8"t 3 0!0";- 5-!-- 93; 3;;-5. U5-! th3t 0!0";- #3"t"; 0t ;0- !0-!t? 0 9h"h th-? --t-5 3!t"t"0. L3t-! 0 '3#" >#-5 30th-! ;8"t 35 #3"-5 3## th- !0-!t? #-=t @? G33@3" 35 0t th- 5-!-- " h"; =3*08!. A; 3 0;-<8-- 0= "t #3"t"; #0;t 0;t 0= th!0-!t? 3##0tt-5 0 3!t"t"0. P#3"t"; th-!-=0!- @!08ht 3 ;8"t =0! !-3!t"t"0. 14
AIR 1+2% N3 %.
D-=-53t h-!- !-#"-5 80 th- !8#- th3t 3!t"t"0 0- 503Kt @- !-0--5 --t 0 th- !085 0= =!385 0! ";t3- " "#85" 3 !0-!t? 9h"h 5"5Kt @-#0 t0 th- 0"t =3"#?. B8t " th- *"-9 0= th- H0K@#- H"h C08!t "= 3 !0-!t? h3; @-- 9!0#? "#85-5 35 "t ;8@;-<8-t#? 3;;-; 08t 0= th0;;-;;"0 0= 3 ;h3!-!$ h- "; -t"t#-5 t0 0-;3t"0 08t 0= th;h3!-; 0= th- 0th-! 3!t"-;. 12 H-!- th- C08!t <80t-5 th- 0""0 -!-;;-5 @? W3#;h J " Ganeshi Lal *. Babu Lal24 9h"h "; th!"ht "; @3;-5 ;"#? 80 th"; !""#-$ th3t 9h-!- 3!t"-; 3!!"*- 3t 3 3!t"t"0 -"th-! @? 3!---t 0! @? 3 5-!--$ th-!- "; 3 "#"-5 35 8t83# !"ht 0= "5-"t? 0! 0t!"@8t"0 " !-;-t 0= 3? 3!308t #3" @? 3 th"!5 3!t"-; 9h"h th!09; 3 @8!5- 0= #0;; 0t 0t-#3t-5 " th- 3!t"t"0 !0--5"; 8=3"!#? 80 0- 0= th- 3!t"-;. I= th- 0!""3# 5-";"0 h3; @-- 3!!"*-5 3t @? 3 00 ";t3-$ 9h"h$ 0= 08!;-$ " th- 3;- 0= 5-!-- "; 350t-5 @? th- C08!t " 3" th- 5-!-- th- ";t33 @- ;-t !"ht pro tanto.17 A0th-! 3;- " th"; !-3!5 "; th3t 0= ebabrata Ghose *. #nanendra1,. I th"; 3;- #3"t" ;08ht t0 !-0- 3 !-*"08; 3!t"t"0. T0 3!-"3t- th- =3t; 0= th- 3;- "t "; >!;t --;;3!? t0 h3*- 3 #00 3t th- =0##09" --3#0"3# t!--. D93!33th J0-5!3
(S"5h-;h93!)P353 Bh8-5!3
(R3-5!3)
J3-5!3
(N3-5!3)
L3@33#3t3 (D-=.)
(D-=.) D-@-5!3 P#3"t"
D93!33th Gh0;- 5"-5 " 1,+% 3=t-! h3*" 8@#";h-5 3 9"##. B? h"; 9"## h- !-3t-5 3 3@;0#8t- 5-@8tt-! " !-;-t 0= t90 0= h"; !0-!t"-; 35 @-<8-3th th- !-;t t0 h"; t90 ;0; R3-5!3 35 15 16
Ibid. aa 4.
4& A## 74 cited (rom0 Supra$ .14.
17
Ibid. Paa 5.
18
AIR 1+/& C3# %,1.
J0-5!3 " -<83# ;h3!-. R3-5!3 !-5--3;-5 h"; =3th-!. Hh35 3#;0 8@#";h-5 3 9"## @? 9h"h h- 30"t-5 h"; @!0th-! J0-5!3 3; th- --8t0! 35 @-<8-3th-5 h"; !0-!t"-; t0 h"; =08! ;0; " -<83# ;h3!-; ;8@-t t0 th- 3?-t 0= 3 --;; 308t t0 h"; ?08-;t ;0 N3-5!3. L3t-!$ Bh8-5!3$ J3-5!3 35 N3-5!3 th- th!-- ;0; 0= R3-5!3 th- 3#"*";t"t8t-5 3 ;8"t " th"; C08!t 33";t J0-5!3 35 0th-!; =0! 0;t!8t"0 0= th- 9"##; 0= 35 =0! 3!t"t"0. Th"; ;8"t -5-5 " 3 0;-t 5-!--. B? th- 0;-t 5-!-- th- 3!t"-; h35 th- -t"!-;t3t- 0= D93!33th "#85" th- t90 !-";-; 9h"h D93!33th h35 !-3t-5 5-@8tt-! " !-;-t 0=. B? th"; 5-!--$ 3## th- !0-!t"-; @-#0" t0 th- -;t3t- 0= D93!33th 9-!5"*"5-5 "t0 t90 3!t;. O- 3!t 9h"h "#85-5 0- 0= th5-@8tt-! !-";-; 93; 3##0tt-5 t0 J0-5!3 35 th- 0th-! 3!t 9h"h "#85-5 th- 0th-! 5-@8tt-! !-";- 93; 3##0tt-5 t0 thth!-- ;0; 0= R3-5!3 0"t#?. Th- th!-- ;0; 0= R3-5!3 ;8@;-<8-t#? 3!t"t"0-5 30 th-;-#*-; th- 0"t !0-!t?. I th"; 3!t"t"0 N3-5!3 0t th- !0-!t? " !-;-t 0= 9h"h th5-@8tt-! 93; !-3t-5. Th-!-3=t-!$ th- !0-!t? 3##0tt-5 t0 Bh8-5!3 h35 @-- ;0#5 " --8t"0 0= 3 5-!-- 3;;-5 33";t h". L3t-! th- #3"t" ;8-;;=8##? ";t"t8t-5 3 ;8"t t0 -;t3@#";h tht"t#- 0= 5-"t? " th- !-";-; 3##0tt-5 t0 N3-5!3 35 J0-5!3 9h"h 9-!- !-3t-5 5-@8tt-! @? D93!33th @8t 9-!;-8#3!";-5 @? th- 0;-t 5-!--. Th- !-;-t ;8"t 93; >#-5 @? th- #3"t" =0! 3!t"t"0 0= 0#? ;8h 0= th- !0-!t"-; @-#0" t0 th- 3!t"-; 3; 3!- ;t"## 9"th" th- =3"#?. H09-*-! J3-5!3 "#-35-5 th3t -*-! ;"- th- 393!5 3!t"t"0$ J3-5!3$ Bh8-5!3 35 N0-5!3 -t-!-5 "t0 0;;-;;"0 0= th- !0-!t"-; 3##0tt-5 t0 -3h 35 -*-! ;"- h3*@-- " 0;;-;;"0 0= th- !0-!t"-; ;0 3##0tt-5 3; th-"! 09 -#8;"*-#?$ 0-#? 35 35*-!;-#? t0 -3h 0th-!. 1+ Th- H0K@#- H"h C08!t h-!- h-#5 th3t th- ;8@-t 3tt-! 0= -3!#"-! 3!t"t"0 @? ";t3- "#85-5 th0;- !0-!t"-; 3#;0$ 9h"h 08#5Kt h3*- @-- th- ;8@-t 3tt-! 0= th- 3!t"t"0. Th0;"t"0 th-!-=0!-$ " th- 90!5; 0= P C M3##" J. 93; 0= 9h-!- " th- 3!t"t"0 3# th- 0"t =3"#? !0-!t? 9-!- 3##0tt-5 t0 19
Ibid." aa 3.
J3-5!3 35 Bh8-5!3 t0 th- t0t3# -#8;"0 0= N3-5!3. %& H- ;3"5$ th- 3!t"t"0 9h"h "#85-5 08t;"5- !0-!t? "; 0t "*3#"5 0! 3 8##"t? @8t "; -!-#? 3 "-<8"t3@#- 3!t"t"0 35 th08!t 0= E<8"t? h3; t0 "t-!*-- 0t @-38;- th-!- 93; 0 3!t"t"0 --t-5 9h"h "; *3#"5 " #39 @8t @-38;- th- 3!t"t"0 93; "-<8"t3@#- 35 "0;-5 h3!5;h" 0 0- 0= th- 3!t"-; 9h"h ;h08#5 @- 0!!-t-5 "= 0;;"@#-.%1 H09-*-! 0 th- =3t; 0= th- 3;-$ 08!t 5"5 0t 0!5-! =0! !-0-" 0= th- 3!t"t"0.%%
AFTER BORN SON I th- 3;- 9h-!- 3 ;0 "; @-0tt- 3; 9-## 3; @0! 3=t-! 3!t"t"0 "; -t"t#-5 t0 !-0- th- 3!t"t"0 9h-!- th- =3th-! h3; 0t !-;-!*-5 3 ;h3!- t0 h";-#= 0 3 3!t"t"0 9"th h"; ;0;. % O th- 0t!3!? 9h-!- =3th-! h3; !-;-!*-5 3 ;h3!- t0 h";-#=$ 3 ;0 9h0 "; @-0tt- 3; 9-## 3; @0! 3=t-! th- 3!t"t"0 "; 0t -t"t#-5 t0 #3" t0 !-0- th- 3!t"t"0.%4 Th"; 3 @- -8"3t-5 9"th th- h-# 0= 3;- 0= Athilinga Goundar *. Ramaswami Goundar %2& I th"; 3;- 3 H"58 9"th t90 9"*-; h35 0- ;0 @? h"; ;-"0! 9"=- 35 t90 ;0; @? h"; 8"0! 9"=-. A## th- ;0; 3t th- t"- 0= 3!t"t"0 9-!- "0!;. B? th3!t"t"0 0- ;h3!- 93; 3##0tt-5 t0 ;-"0! 9"=- 9"th h-! ;0 35 t90 ;h3!-; 9-!- 3##0tt-5 t0 8"0! 9"=- 9"th h-! t90 ;0;. F3th-! !-t3"-5 3 =-9 "t-; =0! h"; 3"t-3- 9"th08t h3*" 09-! 0= 3#"-3t"0. A=t-! h"; 5-3th th- !0-!t? " h"; h35; 9-!- t0 @- 5"*"5-5 -<83##? 30 th!-- ;0;. C0t-#3t" th;"t83t"0 0= 3 3=t-!@0! ;0 th- 3!t"t"0 5--5 0t3"-5 3 #38;- ;3?"$ 3#- h"#5!- 9h0 "ht h-!-3=t-! @0! 08t 0= ?08! #0"; (th- t90 9"*-;) ;h08#5 @- !0*"5-5 =0! 08t 0= th;h3!-; 3##0tt-5 t0 th- !-;-t"*- =3"#"-;. H-!- =3"#?K h35 !-=-!-- t0 th- t90 @!3h-; !-!-;-t-5 @? th- t90 9"*-;. 2 21
Ibid." aa 7. Ibid." aa 8.
I th- ";t3t 3;- ;" ?-3!; 3=t-! 3!t"t"0 35 3##0t-t$ N3-5!3 h35 --8t-5 3 0!t3- 0= !-";-; 3##0tt-5. I -=0!--t 0= th"; 0!t3-$ th- !0-!t? 93; ;0#5. L0 3=t-! th";$ th- ;8"t 93; ";t"t8t-5 @? th- 5-"t? #3"" th- ;8-!"0! t"t#- 9h"h 93; 8h-#5 @? th- C08!t. O th- =3- 0= th-;- =3t; "t 30t @- h-#5 th3t N3-5!3 3560! h"; h-"! h3; ;8-!-5 #0;; @? !-3;0 0= th- 5";#3--t 0= t"t#- @? th- 5-"t? " !-;-t 0= th- !0-!t? 3##0tt-5 t0 N3-5!3. "ited (rom$ Supra .1,$ 3!3 1. 23 S A D-;3" (-5.)$ %ulla5 'rinciples o( $indu Law$ (B8tt-!90!th; I5"3: -9 D-#h"$ 17th -5"t"0$ %&&&)$ . 2&. 24 Ibid." . 2&%. 25 (1+44) II MLJ 14/. 22
A ;0 9h0 93; @0! t0 th- 9"=- -3!#? 3 ?-3! 3=t-! th- 3!t"t"0 #3"-5 !-0-" 0= th- 3!t"t"0. Th- ;0; 0= 8"0! 9"=!-;";t-5 th- #3" @? ;3?" th3t 3 ;h3!- h35 3#!-35? @-- 3##0tt-5 t0 th- =3th-! 35 th- 3=t-! @0! ;0 93; -t"t#-5 t0 th3t ;h3!- 0#?. Th- 0t-t"0 0= 3=t-! @0! ;0 93; th3t h- 93; -t"t#-5 t0 !-0- th- 3!t"t"0 3; 0 ;h3!- h35 @-- ;-t 33!t =0! th- =3th-! 3t th- 3!t"t"0. Th- 08!t h-!- 5";t"8";h-5 th!-;-t 3;- =!0 th- 3;- 0= Ganpat *. Gopalrao%/ 9h-!- th=3th-! h35 !-;-!*-5 3 ;h3!- h";-#= 3t th- 3!t"t"0. It th-!-=0!3##09-5 th- !-0-" 0= th- 3!t"t"0. It h-#5 th3t th- !0*";"0 =0! "*" 3 ;h3!- t0 th- 3=t-!@0! ;0 @? h"; 8t-!"- @!0th-! 08t 0= th- !0-!t? 3##0tt-5 t0 h" 08#5Kt <83#"=? th- !"ht 0= th3=t-!@0! ;0 t0 !-0- th- 3!t"t"0 35 #3" 3 ;h3!- " th-t"!- !0-!t?. S0 @-0tt- 3t th- t"- 0= 3!t"t"0 @8t @0! 3=t-! 3!t"t"0 "; -t"t#-5 t0 3 ;h3!- 3; "= h- 93; " -";t-- 3t th- t"- 0= 3!t"t"0. I= 0 ;h3!- "; !-;-!*-5 =0! h" 3t th- t"- 0= 3!t"t"0$ h- "; -t"t#-5 t0 h3*- th- 3!t"t"0 !-0--5 35 ;h3!- 3##0tt-5 t0 h".%7
ADOPTION A -!;0 *3#"5#? 350t-5 t0 3 5--3;-5 03!-0! @? h"; 9"509 3=t-! th- 3!t"t"0 3? 3#;0 !-0- 3 3!t"t"0. Th"; 3? @-#3"-5 9"th th- h-# 0= th- 3;- 0= Ramchandra Shrini!as *. Ramkrishna +rishnarao%,. I th"; 3;- 0- Sh!""*3; h35 t90 ;0;$ R3h35!3 35 !";h3". !";h3" 5"-5 " 1+&. Sh!""*3; 35 R3h35!3 --t-5 3 3!t"t"0 @-t9-- (1,++) ILR % B0 //. I th"; 3;- 0- '-3t!3* 9h0 h35 th!-- ;0; --t-5 3!t"t"0. H- 3*- 16 !5 ;h3!- t0 h"; -#5-;t ;0 35 !-t3"-5 %6 !5 " h"; 09 0;;-;;"0 =0! th- @-->t; 0= h"; t90 0th-! "0! ;0;. L3t-! 0 hh35 30th-! ;0 @0! t0 h" 35 th3t ;0 ";t"t8t-5 3 ;8"t =0! =!-;h 3!t"t"0 "0!" th- -3!#"-! 0-. Th- #-3!-5 85- h-#5 th3t #3"t" 93; 0t -t"t#-5 t0 h3*- 3 =!-;h 3!t"t"0 3; th08h th- -#5-;t ;0 !--"*-5 0-th"!5 ;h3!- ";t-35 0= 0-=08!th t0 9h"h 3#0- h- "; -t"t#-5. H-!- th- --t 0= 3!t"t"0 93; t0 ;-3!3t- th- -#5-;t ;0 =!0 th- =3"#?. It 93; h-#5 th3t 3 ;0@0! 3=t-! 3!t"t"0 h3; 0 #3" 0 th- 9-3#th 0= th- ;-3!3t-5 @!0th-! 35 th3t h- h3; !-=-!-t"3# #3" 0*-! th- 9-3#th 0= h"; 3!-t; 0#?. S--$ Ibid." . 14,. 26
27 28
Supra +. 24.
MANU6MH6&1%261+2%.
th-;-#*-; 0 +1%1+%. Th"; 93; =0##09-5 @? 3 !-";t-!-5 5--5 0= 3!t"t"0 --8t-5 0 1/1%1+%. O th"; 53? "t;-#= S85!3@3" 350t-5 R3!";h3. Sh!""*3; th- 3#"-3t-5 th- !0-!t"-; 9h"h h35 =3##- t0 h"; ;h3!- @? --8t" t90 5--5; 0= "=t " =3*08! 0= R3h35!3K; ;0; A3" 35 D3tt3t!3?3$ 35 3 9"## " =3*08! 0= R3h35!3K; 538ht-! R-83@3". Sh!""*3; 5"-5$ " 1+4 35 th- th- 350t-5 ;0 @!08ht th- !-;-t ;8"t " 9h"h h- #3"-5 t0 !-0*-! h"; h3#= ;h3!- " th- !0-!t"-; 0= th=3"#?. H- 3!8-5 th3t th- 3!t"t"0 --t-5 @? Sh!""*3; 35 R3h35!3 @-t9-- th-;-#*-; 93; "t-5-5;0#-#? t0 5-=-3t h"; #3"; 3; 3 350t-5 ;0 35 th3t " =3t th- ;3"5 3!t"t"0 h35 t3- #3- 0t 0 +th D--@-! @8t 3=t-! h"; 350t"0 0 1/1% 1+%. A0!5" t0 th- #3"t" th- =3"#? 0= th- 3!t"-; 0t"8-5 t0 @- 0"t 0 th- 53t- 0= h"; ;8"t 35 h- 93t-5 h"; h3#= ;h3!- " th- !0-!t"-; 0 th3t =00t". Th- 5-=-53t; #3"-5 th3t th- 350t-5 ;0 93; 0t -t"t#-5 t0 #3" 3? ;h3!- " th- !0-!t? @-38;- th- 03!-3!? @-t9-- Sh!""*3; 35 R3h35!3 h35 @-- t-!"3t-5 @? 3 !"0! 3!t"t"0 @-t9-- th-. Th- C08!t h-!- @-=0!- "*" 3? 5-";"0 >!;t#? !-=-!!-5 t0 3 3;- 0= Anant Bhikappa *. Shankar Ramchandra %+. I th"; 3;- 3 -!;0 A3t$ 93; 350t-5 " 1+&$ 9h0 8!0!t-5 t0 -t-! th03!-3!? 0= 9h"h -;h3* 93; th- #3;t ;8!*"*0!. -;h3* h35 5"-5 " 1+17 35 th- !0-!t? *-;t" " h" 58!" h"; #"=-t"h35 " =3t 5-*0#*-5 @? ;8-;;"0 0 Sh33!. A3t @? h"; 350t"0 #3"-5 t0 @- th- 350t"*- @!0th-! 0= -;h3* 35 th-!-@? 5-35-5 th3t th- !0-!t"-;$ 9h"h Sh33! h35 0@t3"-5 @? ;8-;;"0 0 -;h3*K3 5-3th$ ;h08#5 @- !-t8!-5 t0 h". Th"; #3" 35- @? th- #3"t" 93; 5-!--5 @? th-"! L0!5;h"; 0= th- P!"*? C08"# 0 th- !-3;0" th3t @? th5-3th 0= th- ;0#- ;8!*"*" 03!--! th- t-!"3t"0 0= 03!-3!? "; 0t --t"*- 0! 0#-t- ;0 #0 3; th-!- "; 3? 0t-t"3# 0th-! " th- 0"t =3"#?. Th-!-=0!- "t ;3"5 th3t 0 th5-3th 0= -;h3* " 1+17$ th08h ;--"#? 03!-0!? h35 @-- t-!"3t-5 h09-*-! "t 93; !-*"*-5 @? th- 350t"0 35 th350t-5 ;0 -t-!-5 th"; 03!-3!? @? !-3;0 0= h"; 350t"0.
29
4/ B0. L. R. 1 cited (rom$ Ibid." 3!3 1&.
--" th"; " "5 th- H0K@#- 08!t h-#5 th3t th- !"ht; 0= 3 350t-5 ;0 3!- 0t 3-t-5 @? !-3;0 0= th- =3t th3t th 0"t ;t3t8; 0= th- =3"#? 9h"h h- ;--; t0 -t-! @? h"; 350t"0 h3; @-- t-!"3t-5 -"th-! @? 3 !"0! 3!t"t"0 @-t9-- th;8!*"*" 03!--!; 0! @? th- 5-3th 0= th- ;0#- ;8!*"*" 03!--!. I -"th-! 3;- th- 350t-5 ;0 "; -t"t#-5 t0 -t-! h"; 350t"*- =3"#? 0 th- @3;"; th3t th- =3"#? "; 3 0"t 35 85"*"5-5 H"58 =3"#? 35 h"; !"ht; " th- !0-!t? 0= th=3"#? 8;t @- 5-"5-5 0 th3t @3;";. & Th- 08!t h-!- "0!t3t#? ;3"5 th3t th- 3;- 0= 350t-5 ;0 8;t @- "#85-5 " th- #";t 0= th- --t"0 t0 th- !8#- th3t 3!t"t"0 3 @- 35- 0#? 0-. G3-5!3353!$ J " th!-;-t 3;- -<83t-5 th- 0;"t"0 0= 3 350t-5 ;0 t0 th3t 0= 3 ;0 9h0 93; " h"; 0th-!K; 90@ 3t th- t"- 0= th- 3!t"t"0$ @8t 9h0 "; @0! th-!-3=t-!. O th- @3;"; 0= 3@0*--t"0-5 !-3;0" "t 93; h-#5 th3t th03!-3!? 9h"h h35 @-- 5-t-!"-5 @? th- 3!t"t"0 @-t9-- Sh!""*3; 35 R3h35!3 93; !-*"*-5 @? th- 350t"0 0= th- #3"t" 35 th3t th- #3"t"K; #3" ;h08#5 @- t!-3t-5 3; 3 #3" =0! !-0-" 3 3!t"t"0 9h"h h35 @-- 35- 9"th08t !-0";" h"; ;h3!- " th- =3"#? !0-!t"-;. O th"; @3;"; th#3"t" 93; h-#5 t0 @- -t"t#-5 t0 #3" 0-h3#= ;h3!- " th!0-!t"-; " ;8"t.
ABSENT AND DISQUALIFIED COPARCENRERS Th08h 3!t"t"0 30t @- 5-#3?-5 @? th- 3@;-- 0= 03!--!$ h09-*-! h"; ;h3!- 3Kt @- "0!-5 @-38;- 0= th-!- =3t th3t h- 93; 83@#- t0 #3" =0! h";-#= 3t th- t"- 0= 3!t"t"0. I= 3t th- t"- 0= 3!t"t"0 0 ;h3!- "; 3##0tt-5 t0 h" 0! 3 8-<83#$ 8=3"! ;h3!- "; 3##0tt-5 t0 h"$ 0 h"; !-t8! h- "; -t"t#-5 t0 !-0- th- 9h0#- 3!t"t"0.1 U5-! H"58 #39 3 -!;0 ;8-!" =!0 3 5";3@"#"t? th3t 5";-t"t#-; h" t0 "h-!"t 30t #3" 3 ;h3!- 0 3!t"t"0 @8t "; -t"t#-5 t0 3"t-3-. H09-*-! "= th- 5-=-t "; !-0*-5 @? -5"3-t; 3t 3 -!"05 ;8@;-<8-t t0 3!t"t"0$ th- !"ht 0= 3
Supra" +.28" aa 1.
31
Supra$ .$ ..
3!t""3t"0 t3-; --t @? 33#0? t0 th- 3;- 0= 3 ;0 @0! 3=t-! ;-3!3t"0. %
REUNION NATURE OF EVIDENCE It 93; h-#5 " th- 3;- 0= Bhagwan ayal *. Reoti e!i th3t t0 0;t"t8t- 3 !-8"0 th-!- 8;t @- 3 "t-t"0 0= th- 3!t"-; t0 !-8"t- " -;t3t- 35 "t-!-;t. It 93; h-#5 th3t "t "; "#""t " th0-t 0= !-8"0 th3t th-!- ;h3## @- 3 3!---t @-t9-- th3!t"-; t0 !-8"t- " -;t3t- 9"th "t-t"0 t0 !-*-!t t0 th-"! =0!-! ;t3t8; 0= -@-!; 0= 3 0"t H"58 =3"#?. It 93; 3#;0 h-#5 th3t ;8h 3 3!---t --5 0t @- -!-;;$ @8t 8;t @#-3!#? "#"-5 =!0 th- 058t 0= th- 3!t"-;. I th- !-;-t 3;- #3"t" 3!8-5 th3t L3h3 P!3;35$ h"; ;0; 35 5-;-53t; 0;t"t8t-5 3 0"t =3"#?. Pt. L3h3 P!3;35 3;h"
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AIR 1+/% SC %,7.
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1+%4 R3 L3#$ " 1+14 B393!" L3#$ " 1+14 35 R3h8@3! D3?3#$ " 1+. P#3"t" h-!- 3;;-!t-5 th3t th-!- 93; -*-! 3 3!t"t"0 " th- =3"#? 35 th3t th3t th-!- 93; -*-! 3 3!t"t"0 " th- =3"#?$ 35 th3t 3;h" R3$ R3h8@3! D3?3# 35 Bh393 D3?3#$ 0"t#? ;t3!t-5 3 @8;"-;; 3t A!3. D8!" th- 08!;- 0= @8;"-;; th-? 0"t#? 3<8"!-5 ;0- !0-!t"-;. H- ;3"5 th3t 3=t-! th- 5-3th 0= 3;h" R3$ th- @8;"-;; 35 th- !0-!t"-; 3<8"!-5 58!" h"; #"=- t"- 5-*0#*-5 80 th- #3"t" 35 R3h8@3! @? ;8!*"*0!;h"$ 35 th3t 3=t-! th- 5-3th 0= R3h8@3! th- ;3"5 !0-!t"-;$ 3#0 9"th th- !0-!t"-; 3<8"!-5 58!" th- #"=-t"- 0= R3h8@3! 3;;-5 0 @? ;8!*"*0!;h" -#8;"*-#? t0 th- #3"t". Th"; "; 0t-;t-5 @? 9"509 0= R3h8@"!. P#3"t" h35 3#;0 8t =0!th 3 3#t-!3t"*- 3!8-t 0 th- -*- 0 th3;;8t"0 th3t th-!- 93; 3 3!t"t"0 " th- =3"#? 0= L3hh3 P!3;35$ 3 !-8"0 ;h08#5 @- "=-!!-5 =!0 th- 058t 0= th;3"5 th!-- -@-!; 58!" th- #"=-t"- 0= 3;h" R3 35 th-!-3=t-!. C08!t h-!- 0 3 5-t3"#-5 -3"3t"0 0= =3t =085 th3t 3;h" R3 h35 #-=t th- 3-;t!3# h0- #0 30 35 0"-5 "#"t3!? 35 ;t3!t-5 @8;"-;; " A!3 9"th "; 09 ;3*"; 3=t-! <8"tt" th- 0@. C08!t 3#;0 0@;-!*-5 th3t 0- 0= th- 508-t; --8t-5 58!" th- #"=-t"- 0= 3;h" R3 5-0t- th- !0-!t"-; 3; t0 @- 0"t. H-!- "t 93; 3#;0 =085 th3t R3 L3# 35 B393!" L3# #"*-5 ;-3!3t- =!0 #3"t". T3" "t0 0;"5-!3t"0 3## th=3t; 08!t h-#5 th3t th- =3"#? 0= L3h3 P!3;35 93; 5"*"5-5. Th- -t <8-;t"0 93; 9h-th-! th-!- 93; 3 !-8"0 @-t9-- 3;h" R3$ R3h8@"! D3?3# 35 Bh393 D3?3#. P#3"t" h-!3!8-5 th3t ;"- th- ;t3!t 0= th- @8;"-;; " A!3$ "t h3; @-- 3!0"3t-#? 2& ?-3!; 35 th- 0;";t-t 058t 0= th- 3!t"-; 58!" th3t -!"05 -;t3@#";h-; th3t th-!- h3; @-- 3 !-8"0 @-t9-- th-. S8@@3!30 J. h-!-$ h-#5 th3t 058t 0= th- 3!t"-; 8;t ;h09 3 "t-t"0 t0 !-*-!t @3 t0 th- ;t3t8; 0= 0"t =3"#?. H- 3#;0 h-#5 th3t " ;8h 3 3;- @8!5- "; h-3*? 0 th- 3!t"-; ;--" t0 -;t3@#";h th3t th-!- 93; !-8"0. Th-!-=0!- 3@"808; "--; 0= -*"5-- 3Kt ;8;t3" #-3 0= !-8"0. O th- =3t; 0= th- 3;- th- 08!t h-#5 th3t th- #3"t" =3"#-5 t0 -;t3@#";h !-8"0. H-!- " 0- 0= th- 508-t th-!- "; -t"0 0= th- !0-!t? @-" 0"t. O th- 0t!3!? th-!-";t-5 508-t;$ 9h"h ;3"5 th3t th-!- "; 0 0;h3!-! 0! 0 3!t-! " th- !0-!t?. A## th-;- =3t; 9-!- h-#5 t0 @- 5-";"*-
0= th- =3t th3t 3;h" R3 93; 0t 3 -@-! 0= 0"t =3"#?. C08!t h-!- 3#;0 h-#5 th3t 03!-3!? "; 3 !-3t8!- 0= H"58 #39 35 th- ;3- 30t @- !-3t-5 @? 3!---t 0= 3!t"-; --t " th- 3;- 0= !-8"0. It "; 3 0!0!3t- @05? 0! 3 =3"#? 8"t. Th-!-=0!- -@-!; 0= 5"-!-t @!3h-; 0= 0"t =3"#? 30t =0! 3 ;8@0!5"3t- 0"t =3"#?. A0th-! 3;- 0 th"; ";;8- "; th3t 0= 'arshuram *. $irabai4. I th- !-;-t 3;- 3 H"58 =3"#? 0;";t-5 0= 0- R33!3 35 H"!3@3" 35 th-"! ;" ;0;. O- 0= th- ;0; 93; P3!;h8!3 9h0 "; #3"t" " th- !-;-t 3;-. B-=0!- th- !-;-t ;8"t th#3"t" h3; >#-5 30th-! ;8"t t0 !-0*-! @? 3!t"t"0$ 0;;-;;"0 0= h"; 16, th ;h3!-. L09-! 08!t " th3t 3;- h35 !3t-5 3 5-!-" =3*08! 0= th- #3"t". Th"; 93; t3- t0 3-3#. Th"; 3-3# 93; #3t-! 9"th5!39. H09-*-! 58!" th- -5-? 0= th3-3# R33!3 h35 5"-5. N09 #3"t" 33" 9-t t0 08!t ;--" t0 3-5 h"; 5-!-- ;0 3; t0 "!-3;- h"; ;h3!- =!0 16,th t0 167th. O- 0= th- <8-;t"0; th3t 08!t h-!- h35 t0 5-3# 9"th 93; 9h-th-! th- ;-3!3t"0 --t-5 @? 5-!-- " th-3!#"-! ;8"t$ 93; 3 ;-3!3t"0 0= #3"t" =!0 5-=-53t; 2 0! th-!- 93; ;-3!3t"0 0= 3## th- -@-!; 0= th- 0"t =3"#? =!0 -3h 0th-!. F0! th"; -3"-5 th- 5-!--. Th- 5-!-- 5-#3!-5 th- ;h3!-; 0= th- 5-=-53t; 35 "t -3@#-5 -3h 0= th5-=-53t; t0 -t h"; ;h3!- ;-3!3t-5 0 3?-t 0= --;;3!? ;t3 58t?. It 3#;0 0t3"-5 th- !0*";"0; =0! th- 3!!"3- 0= 538ht-!; 0= 0- 0= th- 5-=-53t;. D-=-53t; 3#;0 3!8-5 th3t 0t9"th;t35" th- 5-!-- =0! 3!t"t"0$ 9h"h @!08ht 3@08t ;-*-!3- " th- 0"t ;t3t8;$ th- 5-=-53t; 3!--5 t0 !-3" 8"t-5. Th"; 93; t!"-5 t0 @- !0*-5 @? th- 9"## 508-t 0= H"!3@3" 9h-!- "t 93; 9!"tt- th3t "0- 0= 5-=-53t N0.1 93; 8;-5 =0! 3## th- 5-=-53t; 35 h- 93; th- 33-! 0= th=3"#?. A#;0 th3t th- "0- 0= =3"#? #35; 93; 8;-5 =0! 3## 5-=-53t;. Th- H0K@#- C08!t th- h-#5 th3t " th- 3;- 9h-!- 3!t"t"0 93; @!08ht 3@08t @? th- 5-!--$ 0- 908#5 !-<8"!- ;t!0 -*"5-t0 ;h09 th3t 9h3t 93; @!08ht 3@08t @? th- 5-!-- 93; 5";#3-5 @? ;0- ;-"> 3!---t @-t9-- th- -@-!; 0= =3"#?. / AIR 1+27 B0 2+. H-!- 5-=-53t; 9-!- R33!3$ H"!3@3" 35 th-"! !-;t 0= th- >*- ;0;. 36 Supra$ . 4$ 3!3 +. 34 35
PARTITION AND PRESUMPTION THEREOF It 93; h-#5 " th- 3;- 0= #atti *. Banwari Lal 7 th3t 9h- 0-@-! 0= 3 0"t =3"#? ;-3!3t-; th-!- "; 0 !-;8t"0 th3t !-3"" -@-!; !-3"-5 8"t-5. I th- !-;-t 3;- th-!9-!- =08! @!0th-!; I;h3! D3;$ H3!@h393$ R8 Ch35 35 D3?3 R3$ 9h0 #"*-5 3; 3 H"58 0"t =3"#?. I 1,7/ I;h3! D3; 0t ;-3!3t-5. Th-!-3=t-! @8;"-;; 93; 3!!"-5 08t @? th- th!-!-3"" @!0th-!;. I 1+&2 R8 Ch35 h35 5"-5 35 " th1+14 h"; 9"509 !3";-5 th- !-;-t ;8"t 33";t th- !-3"" @!0th-!; #3"" th- 16 !5 0= th- 3!t-!;h" 3;;-t;. D-=-53t; 8t =0!th th- 5-=-- th3t th08h I;h3! D3; h35 ;-3!3t-5 " 1,7/$ 0th-! @!0th-!; !-3"-5 0"t 35 th3t " 0;-<8-- 0= th- 5-3th 0= R8 Ch35$ th- #3"t" h35 0#? th- !"ht 0= 3"t-3-. C08!t h-!- h-#5 th3t th-!- "; 0 !-;8t"0$ 9h- 0- 03!--! ;-3!3t-; =!0 0th-!;$ th3t th- !-3""; !-3" 8"t-5. H09-*-! C08!t 5-"5-5 " =3*08! 0= 5-=-53t; 0 th@3;"; 0= 0th-! t-h"3# ";;8-;. A0th-! 3;- 0 th"; 0"t "; th3t 0= Biyyala "hinna Narasamma *. Biyyala Venkata Narasi Reddy ,& I th"; 3;- th-!9-!th!-@!0th-!; 3-#?$ '-3t3!3;3 (#3"t")$ H383th3$ 35 S93" R-55?. H383th3 R-55? h35 -t-!-5 "t0 3!t-!;h" 9"th th"!5 3!t"-; =0! t!35-. A=t-! h"; 5-3th '-3t3!3;3 >#-5 ;8"t; =0! 5";;0#8t"0 0= 3!t-!;h";$ #-35" th3t h- 35 h"; @!0th-! H383th3 0;t"t8t-5 3 0"t =3"#? 3t th- t"- 0= H383th3K; 5-3th. D8!" th- 08!;- 0= th- 3!8-t; "t 93; =085 th3t #3"t"K; @!0th-! S93" R-55? h35 ;-3!3t-5 =!0 th- 3? 3 ?-3!; 30 th!08h 3 !-=-!-t0 th- 3!@"t!3t0!;. Th-!-=0!- th- <8-;t"0 @-=0!- th- 08!t t0 @5-"5-5 93; 9h-th-! #3"t" 35 H383th3 0;t"t8t-5 0"t =3"#? 8 t0 th- t"- 0= #3tt-!K; 5-3th -*- 3=t-! th- 3!t"t"0. H-!- -*- 3=t-! S93" R-55?K; ;-3!3t"0$ #3"t" 0t"8-5 t0 #"*- 9"th h"; @!0th-! (th- 5--3;-5) " th- =3"#? h08;- 9h-!- h5"-5. Th"; 93; ;h09 3; t0 =8!th-! th- 3!8-t th3t th5--3;-5 35 #3"t" 9-!- 0"t 3t th- t"- 0= 5-3th 0= H383th3K; 5-3th. U0 th"; th- 08!t -h3t"3##? ;t3t-5 37 38
(1+%) LR 2& IA 1+%. AIR 1+24 M35 %,%.
th3t th-!- "; 0th" "0;";t-t @-t9-- 5"*";"0 " ;t3t8; 35 3 0t"83t"0 0= #"*" t0-th-! " th- =3"#? h08;-. H-!- 08!t 3#;0 0;"5-!-5 9h-th-! #"*" t0-th-! -*- 3=t-! 3!t"t"0 308t; t0 !-8"0 0! 0t. I th- *"-9 0= th- 08!t " 3 3;9h-!- "t-t"0 t0 ;-3!3t- h3; @-- -!-;;-5 th!08h 3 508-t 3; "t 93; " th- !-;-t 3;-$ "t "; !-3;03@#- t0 --t th3t th- "t-t"0 t0 !-8"t- 9"## 3#;0 @- -!-;;-5 th!08h 508-t. H09-*-! th- 08!t " th- !-;-t 3;- !-=8;-5 t0 5-"5- >3##? 0 th- ";;8- 0= #3"t" @-" 0"t 9"th th5--3;-5 35 5";0;-5 0 th- 3tt-! 0 0th-! !085;.
WHO MAY REUNITE I th- 3;- 0= Balbux Ladhuram *. Rukhmabai+ "t 93; h-#5 th3t 3 !-8"0 08#5 t3- #3- 0#? @-t9-- th- 3!t"-; 9h0 9-!3!t"-; t0 th- 0!""3# 3!t"t"0. I th- !-;-t 3;- th-!- 9-!th!-- @!0th-!; 3-#? G"!5h3!" L3#$ 8?3!3 35 L35h8!3. At 3@08t 1,/+ 8?3!3 ;-3!3t-5 =!0 th- =3"#? @? t3" h"; ;h3!-. N09 th- 3-;t!3# ;h0 93; !8 @? G"!5h3!"#3#. At 3@08t th- t"- 0= 3!t"t"0 L35h8!3 h35 ;-t h"; 9"=- 35 ;0 t0 th0th-! #3- 35 h- h";-#= 9-t t0 #"*- 9"th th- 3=t-! ;0-t"9"th08t 5!39" 3? ;h3!- =!0 th- 3-;t!3# ;h0. N09 th3-;t!3# ;h0 93; !8 @? G"!5h3!"#3#. A=t-! th- 5-3th 0= L35h8!3$ G"!5h3!"#3# 3##-5 =0! ;0 35 9"509 0= L35h8!3. A=t-! G"!5h3!"#3#K; 5-3th th- @8;"-;; 93; !8 @? th- 9"509; 0= G"!5h3!"#3# 35 L35h8!3. N09 B3#@8 3=t-! 3tt3"" th- 3- 0= 30!"t? #3"-5 th- -t"!- !0-!t? 0 th- 308t 0= @-" th0#? ;8!*"*0!. H-!- t90=0#5 3!8-t 93; t3- @? th- #3"t";. F"!;t#? th-!93; 0 3!t"t"0 @-t9-- L35h8!3 35 G"!5h3!"#3#. A#t-!3t"*-#? "t 93; 3!8-5 th3t th-!- 93; 3 !-8"0 @-t9-- th#3"t"K; 0th-! 35 #3"t" 35 G"!5h3!"#3# ?-3!; @-=0!- th#3tt-!K; 5-3th. U0 th"; th- 08!t h-#5 th3t 3 !-8"0 08#5 t3#3- 0#? @-t9-- th- -!;0; 9h0 9-!- 3!t"-; t0 th- 0!""3# 3!t"t"0. C08!t 3#;0 0@;-!*-5 th3t 3!---t t0 !-8"0 08#5Kt h3*- @-- 35- @? 0! 0 @-h3#= 0= th- "0!#3"t". S""#3!#? " th- 3;- 0= Balasubramania Reddy *. Narayana Reddiar 4& "t 93; h-#5 th3t !-8"0 "; !058t 0= 3!---t 35
39 4
(1+&) LR & IA 1&. AIR 1+/2 M35 4&+.
"0! "; "0-t-t t0 0t!3t th-!-=0!- 3 3!---t 3Kt 3!-- t0 !-8"t-.41 H09-*-! "t 8;t @- !--@-!-5 th3t 3; "t "; 0- t0 =3th-! 0! 0th-! 3; h"; 83!5"3 t0 --t 3 ;-3!3t"0 0 @-h3#= 0= th"0! 03!--!$ "t 908#5 @- -<83##? 0- t0 th- =3th-! 0! 0th-! 3; h"; 83!5"3 t0 3!-- t0 3 !-8"0 0 @-h3#= 0= th"0!. I th- 3;- 0= Nanuram *. Radhabai4% "t 93; h-#5 th3t "t "; 0#? 3#-; " 3 H"58 =3"#? 0- ;-3!3t-5 th3t 3 8"t- 35 0#? 9"th" #""t-5 !3-. I th"; 3;- th-!- 93; 3 3 3-#?$ ";3 ;h"5- 9h0 h35 t90 9"*-; 35 th!08h -3h 9"=- h- h35 3 ;0. H-!- 3!t"t"0 t00 #3- " th- =3"#? 3t ";t3- 0= ;0;. S0; t00 th-"! 0->=th ;h3!- 35 -0?-5 "t ;-3!3t-#?. O th- 0th-! h35 ";3 h35 5";0;-5 0 !0-!t"-; @-=0!- h"; 5-3th " 355"t"0 t0 9h3t 93; h"; 09 ;h3!-. P#3"t"; 0t-5-5 th3t hh35 0 38th0!"t? t0 50 ;0 3; th-? 9-!- 0#? t-3t " 00. D-=-53t; 0 th- 0th-! h35 5-"-5 3? 3!t"t"0. Th-? 3#;0 #-35-5 th3t 3;;8" 3!t"t"0 h3; @-- ;-t 08t$ -*-!th-#-;; "t 93; t90 ;0; 9h0 0t ;-3!3t-5 =!0 th- =3"#? 35 th- 0th-!; !-3"-5 0"t. H09-*-! th- 08!t h-!- 0@;-!*-5 th3t th3!t"t"0 93; 0t 0#? --t-5 @-t9-- th- ;0; @8t 3#;0 @-t9-- th- 0th-!;. A#t-!3t"*-#? "t 93; 3!8-5 th3t th-!- h35 @-- 3 !-8"0 @-t9-- ";3 35 h"; 9"*-;. U0 th"; th- 08!t h-#5 th3t "t "; 0#? 3#-; " 3 H"58 =3"#? 0- ;-3!3t-5 th3t 3 8"t- 35 0#? 9"th" #""t-5 !3-. A 9"=- 35 h8;@35 0- ;-3!3t-5 3 0t !-8"t-. O th"; @3;"; 0= !-3;0" th08!t 5-"5-5 th- 3;-. It-!-;t"#? " th- 3;- 0= $ira Singh *. %t& %angalan4 9h-!!-8"0 93; -*-! 3!8-5 th- 08!t 0@;-!*-5 th3t "t "; th-#--t3!? !""#- 0= H"58 L39 0= M"t3;h3!3 Sh00# th3t 3 -@-! 0- ;-3!3t-5 3 8"t- 0#? 9"th h"; =3th-!$ @!0th-! 0! 3t-!3# 8#- @8t 0t 9"th 3? 0th-! !-#3t"0.
Supra0 .4$ .72/. AIR 1+4& N3 %41. 43 AIR 1+%, L3h 1%%. 41 42
I th- 3;- 0= Ram Narain "haudhary *. 'an +uer 44 th- <8-;t"0 @-=0!- th- 08!t 93; 9h-th-! R3 ";h0!- 35 R3 N3!3" 9h0 9-!- 5";t3t 08;"; 08#5 !-8"t-. Th- 08!t 3;9-!-5 th<8-;t"0 " -3t"*-. I th- !-;-t 3;- th- 08!t !-"t-5 th3!3; % 35 0= h3t-! %$ ;-t"0 + " M"t3;h3!3 9h"h !-35 3; =0##09; %. --t; 9h"h h3*- @-- 5"*"5-5 35 9h"h 3!33" "-5 t0-th-! 3!- t-!-5 !-8"t-5. H- t0 9h0 ;8h 3-!t3" "; !-8"t-5 3!--!. . Th3t 30t t3- #3- 9"th 3? -!;0 "5"-!-t#?$ @8t 0#? 9"th 3 =3th-!$ 3 @!0th-! 0! 3 3t-!3# 8#-$ 3; B!"h;3t" 5-#3!-;$ H- 9h0 @-" 0;-3!3t-5 59-##; 33" th!08h 3-t"0 9"th h"; =3th-!$ @!0th-! 0! 3t-!3# 8#- "; t-!-5 !-8"t-5.K 42
CONSTRUCTION OF REUNION AGREEMENT A "t-!-;t" <8-;t"0 3- @-=0!- th- 3!3t33 H"h C08!t 9"th !-3!5 t0 !-8"0 " th- 3;- 0= 'armanand L Bajaj *. "ommissioner o( )ncome *ax4/ 93; th3t 9h-th-! 3 #38;- " !-8"0 3!---t th3t 3!t"-; --5 0t 8t 3## th- !0-!t"-; 3<8"!-5 0 -3!#"-! 3!t"t"0 9"th th- !0-!t? 0= !-8"t-5 =3"#? "*3#"53t-; !-8"0. I th- !-;-t 3;- P3!335 L B33 93; 3!th3 0= HUF !"0! t0 1+2/ 9h"h 0;";t-5 0= H";-#=$ h"; 9"=-$ th!-- ;0; 35 t90 538ht-!;. D8!" th- -!"05 0= 1+2/ t0 1+/ 3## th- ;0; 0t ;-3!3t-5 @? 3" 5-#3!3t"0; @-=0!M3";t!3t-. H09-*-! " 1+71 =3th-! 35 th!-- ;0; -t-!-5 "t0 !-8"0 3!---t th3t 0t3"-5 3 0t!0*-!;"3# #38;-$ 9h"h !-35 3; =0##09;: () Th- !0-!t"-; 0t @? th- 3!t"-; t0 th"; 3!---t 0 3!t"t"0 !"0! t0 th"; !-8"0 ;h3## 0t"8- t0 @- th-"! !-;-t"*- ;-3!3t- !0-!t"-; 8#-;; th!09 "t0 00 h0th0t 0= th- HUF 9h"h h3; 0- "t0 -";t-- @? *"!t8- 0= th"; 3!---t. W"th" th- th!-- 53?; 0= th- 3!---t th- =3th-! th!-9 !0-!t"-; 0= ;3##-! HUF "t0 th- #3!-! HUF. N09 3; -! T!"@83# th-!- 93; 0 !-8"0$ 3; th- th!-- ;0; h35 0t @!08ht th- !0-!t"-;$ 9h"h th-? h35 0t 0 3!t"t"0 35 9h"h 9-!- ;t"## " th-"! 0;;-;;"0. Th- H"h C08!t h-!- @-=0!- !-3h" t0 3? 0#8;"0 !-35 th (1+4) LR /% IA 1/. Ibid." .%&. 46 12 ITR /7 (1+,%). 44 45
!-8"0 3!---t 508-t 35 0th-! "!8;t3-; 3; 3 9h0#- 35 0@;-!*-5 th- =0##09" 47: (1) F3th-! 35 th- th!-- ;0; =0!-5 3 HUF -3!#"-!. (%) Th-!93; 3 3!t"t"0 @-t9-- th-. () R-8"0 @-t9-- =3th-! 35 th!-- ;0; "; -!";;"@#- 85-! H"58 #39. (4) Th- =3t 0= !-8"0 "; -*"5--5 @? 3 9!"tt- 508-t. (2) At 0= P3!3353 B33 (=3th-!) @? 8tt" h"; !0-!t? " th- 00 00# "; -*"5-- 0= ;8@;-<8-t 058t 0= 3t #-3;t 0- 0= th03!--!;. (/) Th-!- "; 0 05"t"0 th3t th- !0-!t? th!09 "t0 h0th0t 3=t-! th- 53t- !-8"0 ;h3## 0t @- 3*3"#3@#- =0! 00 -0?-t. W"th !-3!5 t0 #38;- () th- 08!t 0@;-!*-5 th3t "t "; 0t 5-;t!8t"*- 0= !-8"0$ 3; 30!5" t0 th- #38;- -*-!? !-8"t" -@-! 3 8t h"; !0-!t? "t0 th- 0"t =3"#? !0-!t"-;. Th-!-=0!- th- 08!t h-#5 th3t @? !-8"0 93; -;t3@#";h-5 " th!-;-t 3;- @8t #38;- () @-" !-83t t0 !-8"0 "; "*3#"5 0t *"-*-!;3.
47
)bid&$ ./,7.
CONCLUSION C0#8;"0; 0= th- ;t85? 3? th8; @- ;83!";-5 3; @-#09: Reopenin( o& Partition: •
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I= 3 3!t"t"0 "; 8=3"! 35 5-t!"-t3# t0 th- "t-!-;t; 0= "0!; th- ;3- 3 #3t-! @- !-0--5. A 3!t"t"0 3 @- !-0--5 3t th- ";t3- 0= "0! "= th3!t"t"0 93; 8=3"! 0! !-85""3# t0 th- "t-!-;t 0= "0! -*- 9h-!- th-!- 93; 0 =!385 0! ";!-!-;-t3t"0 0! 858- "8-- 35 5-;"t- th- =3t th3t h"; @!3h 93; !-!-;-t-5 @? h"; =3th-! 3t th- 3!t"t"0. A 3!t"t"0 3 @- !-0--5 " th- 3;- 0= =!385 " 5"*";"0 0= !0-!t?. Wh-!- 3t th- t"- 0= 3!t"t"0 ;t!3-! !0-!t? 93; "#85-5 @? ";t3- 35 th- ;3- "; #3t-! 5";#3-5 @? th#3" 0= @-tt-!t"t#- h0#5-!$ 3!t"t"0 3 @- !-0--5. A ;0 @-0tt- 35 @0! 3=t-! 3!t"t"0 3 !-0- th3!t"t"0 9h-!- th- =3th-! h3; 0t !-;-!*-5 3 ;h3!- t0 h";-#= 0 3 3!t"t"0 9"th h"; ;0;. Wh-!- th- =3th-! h3; !-;-!*-5 3 ;h3!- t0 h";-#=$ 3 ;0 9h0 @-0tt- 35 @0! 3=t-! th- 3!t"t"0 "; 0t -t"t#-5 t0 !-0- th- 3!t"t"0. A -!;0 *3#"5#? 350t-5 t0 3 5--3;-5 03!--! @? h"; 9"509 3=t-! th- 3!t"t"0 3? 3#;0 !-0- 3 3!t"t"0. P3!t"t"0 3 @- !-0--5 @? th- 3@;-t-- 03!--! 0 !-t8! =0! 9h0 th- ;h3!- 93; 0t !-;-!*-5. P3!t"t"0 3 3#;0 @- !-0--5 @? th- 5";<83#">-5 03!--! 9h0;5";<83#">3t"0 h3; @-- !-0*-5.
Reunion:
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T0 0;t"t8t- 3 !-8"0 th-!- 8;t @- 3 "t-t"0 0= th3!t"-; t0 !-8"t- " -;t3t- 35 "t-!-;t. It "; "#""t " th0-t 0= !-8"0 th3t th-!- ;h3## @- 3 3!---t @-t9-- th- 3!t"-; t0 !-8"t- " -;t3t- 9"th "t-t"0 t0 !-*-!t t0 th-"! =0!-! ;t3t8; 0= -@-!; 0= 3 0"t H"58 =3"#?. M-@-!; 0= 5"-!-t @!3h-; 0= 0"t =3"#? 30t =0! 3 ;8@0!5"3t- 0"t =3"#?.
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Wh-!- 3!t"t"0 "; --t-5 @? 5-!--$ 0- --5; ;t!0 -*"5-- t0 ;h09 th3t -@-!; 0= th- =3"#? !-8"t-5. Wh- 0- -@-! 0= 3 0"t =3"#? ;-3!3t-; th-!- "; 0 !-;8t"0 th3t !-3"" -@-!; !-3"-5 8"t-5. A 3!---t t0 !-3" 8"t-5 0! t0 !-8"t- 8;t @- !0*-5 #"- 3? 0th-! =3t. Wh-!- "t-t"0 t0 ;-3!3t- h3; @-- -!-;;-5 th!08h 3 508-t$ "t-t"0 t0 !-8"t- ;h08#5 3#;0 @- -!-;;-5 th!08h 3 508-t. R-8"0 3 t3- #3- 0#? @-t9-- th- 3!t"-; 9h0 3!3!t? t0 th- 0!""3# 3!t"t"0. A 3!---t 0= !-8"0 30t @- 35- @? 0! 0 @-h3#= 0= "0!. O#? 3#-; " 3 H"58 =3"#? 0- ;-3!3t-5 3 8"t-. U5-! M"t3;h3!3 #39 3 -@-! 0- ;-3!3t-5 3 8"t0#? 9"th h"; =3th-!$ @!0th-! 0! 3t-!3# 8#- @8t 0t 9"th 3? 0th-! !-#3t"0. A !-8"0 3!---t 8;t @- !-35 t0-th-! 9"th 0th-! =3t; 3; 3 9h0#- t0 -;t3@#";h !-8"0.
BIBLIOGRAPHY BOOS •
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A 88;93"$ (-5.)$ %ayne-s *reatise on $indu Law . /sage$ (N-9 D-#h": Bh3!3t L39 H08;-$ 1 th -5"t"0$ 1++2). G S3!3!$ et&al&$ A *reatise on $indu Law$ (C3#8tt3: E3;t-! L39 H08;-$ 2 th -5"t"0$ 1+%4 ). R3h3*3h3!"$ et&al&$ $indu Law, 'rinciples and 'recedents (M35!3;: M35!3; L39 J08!3#$ 7 th -5"t"0$ 1+,&). S A D-;3" (-5.)$ %ulla5 'rinciples o( $indu Law$ (B8tt-!90!th; I5"3: -9 D-#h"$ 17 th -5"t"0$ %&&&). W M3!@?$ $indu and %ohamedan Law$ (D-#h": It-!I5"3 P8@#"3t"0;$ 1+77).
